Municipal budgetary educational institution "Primary school-kindergarten"
G. Essentuki
Project
KINGDOM OF MUSHROOMS
Completed by students
1st class
Class teacher: Gabboeva Alla Issaevna
2015-2016 academic year
Goals:
acquaintance with various types of edible and poisonous mushrooms; development of logical thinking, speech, memory;
education of love and respect for nature. develop the horizons of students
Tasks:
to get acquainted with the distinctive features of edible mushrooms and twin mushrooms;
show the danger to human life posed by poisonous mushrooms;
together with the guys, deduce the rules for collecting mushrooms;
contribute to the broadening of children's horizons and the development of the ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships; the ability to work with additional material
contribute to the formation of a caring attitude towards nature.
After completing the project, students will be able to:
Know the secrets of poisonous mushrooms;
Features of the structure of mushrooms;
Edible and inedible mushrooms;
Collection and storage rules;
First aid for mushroom poisoning;
To be able to distinguish the signs of mushrooms, to distinguish them from other kingdoms of living nature.
Be able to distinguish edible mushrooms from non-edible
Introductory part
Mounting mushrooms
The structure of the mushroom
Edible mushrooms
Ditties to mushrooms
Poisonous (inedible) mushrooms
Scene "Election of the President"
Mushrooms of our area
Mushrooms in folk medicine
Mushroom picking rules
Folk wisdom
Mushroom dishes
Conclusion Conclusion
Introductory part
White, boletus, mushrooms…. This list can be continued for a long time, but try to answer the question: how much is all
there are types of mushrooms? It turns out that there are about one hundred thousand different species, but many of them cannot be seen with the naked eye. Mushrooms are amazing creatures, because they cannot be called plants or animals. They form a special independent kingdom and occupy an intermediate position between animals and plants.
Study mushrooms mycologists... It was they who established that the most important characteristics of fungi are that which are characteristic of the separate animal and plant kingdoms. Mushrooms grow everywhere, but most often on the ground, forest floor, rotting or living wood. Less commonly, they are found on garbage or manure heaps and at the site of fires.
Mushrooms need proper temperature and humidity to grow. Observations show that the mushroom grows well in calm, calm weather, light is not so important for them. The body of fungi or myceliums, being in the soil or in another nutrient medium, grows in all directions. The lifespan of mushrooms varies from one year to several decades. In nature, mushrooms perform an important function: they eliminate the remains of dead animals and plants. This contributes to the circulation of substances in nature. Man uses the beneficial properties of mushrooms in various industries. In the food industry, yeast and mold are used. In medicine, antibiotics are made from some mushrooms. Man from time immemorial began to pick mushrooms, which brings him pleasure and joy. And also delivers a delicious and nutritious product to his table.
Unfortunately, mushrooms are not only a source of joy, but also sadness. Recently, we hear about frequent cases of poisoning with certain types of mushrooms.
The consequences are very sad, there are cases of death. Therefore, we chose this project topic in order to get acquainted with the variety of mushrooms, to learn how to distinguish an edible mushroom from a poisonous one.
Mushrooms have long been known in Russia. In the old days, they were called lips for convex spongy caps. Fried, boiled, salted mushrooms did not leave the table on weekdays and holidays, in winter and summer.
Mushrooms can be found in a wide variety of places - in fresh and sea water, in the field and in the garden, in the meadow and in the mountains. Among them there are microscopic species, there are also giants. For example, in 1988, a mushroom of incredible size was found in Japan. It could not fit into any box, and a truck was required for delivery. When the giant was weighed, they were even more surprised - he pulled 168 kg.
Mushrooms that grow in the forests of our country have beneficial properties. They are often called forest meat and are quite nutritious. Equally important is the presence of fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and mineral salts in them.
Mounting
Our teacher entered the classroom
And he asked slyly:
What do we know about mushrooms?
What are they needed for?
If a mushroom grows in the forest,
If it's edible
Everyone knows that his
Can be put in a bucket.
And coming home
Let's cook mushroom soup together.
In a red hat with a white foot, Amanita grows in a bush
Only you make him nervous
Save for the elk.
If biologists study animals,
And botanical plants,
Mycologists were found for the mushrooms,
Studying their diversity.
But there are mushrooms in nature
Different shapes, multi-colored,
Others are not visible.
So why are they needed?
A) The mushroom is useful, very important.
In Vietnam, for example, soy sauces are prepared using molds.
B) Penicillin is used in medicine - obtained from the mushroom
Penicilla.
C) Some mushrooms help fight insects. D) Mushrooms - yeast is used in baking.
But not all mushrooms
So good.
And, of course, you need to know
What harm to expect from them.
The mushroom can harm the garden.
Can harm the book
Kill the plant
Due to inattention
To cause a disease in a person.
We did not perform for a long time,
We don't want to bore you.
You can't list all the mushrooms,
After all, mushrooms are everywhere with us.
We must take care of them and study them.
We will tell you a secret
It was not easy for all of us.
We have read many books
We learned about mushrooms.
You take a look
You will not regret it either.
The structure of the fungus and its mycelium .
With the help of the drawing, we showed all the parts of the mushroom and its mycelium.
Edible mushrooms
When mushrooms grow
Mushrooms grow everywhere: in forests and meadows, in gardens and parks, under hedges and bushes. They can be found at the very border of the forest, high in the mountains and in the lowlands, in the river valleys. They follow a person to cities and industrial centers, settling in tiny green areas in the middle of city streets and squares, in garbage heaps or factory areas, penetrating even mining mines.
The list of places where mushrooms are found is endless. The end of summer and autumn is the main season for mushrooms, when the number of their species and types becomes almost limitless. Late autumn also brings a good harvest
On the mushroom growth- both in terms of the period and in terms of their quantity - factors such as humidity and temperature have a decisive influence.
Oyster mushrooms feel at home in any deciduous forest. With special eagerness, she settles on dead dead trees. Oyster mushrooms are most often found on poplars, willows and larch trees. Probably, the number of these mushrooms near those farms where they are bred as "veal veal" is constantly increasing with the help of the wind.
The cap of the porcini mushroom (boletus) is brown and the leg is not entirely white.
But porcini mushrooms (boletus) always remain white - both in a frying pan, in soup, and in dried form. That's why they are white. The mushroom has a thick leg. Therefore, he looks important, pompous. Scientists identify about two dozen varieties of this mushroom.
"Mushrooms of our area ».
Brown birch trees.
Milk mushrooms.
Russula.
Pigs
Honey mushrooms
Blue legs
Volnushki
Butterlets
Chastushki about mushrooms
Put your ears on the tops of your heads, Listen carefully: Let's sing ditties about mushrooms Very wonderful.
How old are you, morel? You look like a little guy.
Surprised the fungus me:
My age is only two days.
And in the basket we have
Everything you need in mushroom soup: Honey mushrooms and boletus,
There is also a golden mushroom.
Multi-colored toadstools themselves climb into the meadows. We do not need any, Let's bypass them.
The goggle-eyed fly agaric sat sideways on the slope - Looks, smiles, Wants everyone to please.
We are called "chanterelles" for a reason - We are crafty sisters: Old yellow foliage
We took cover with our heads.
There are edible mushrooms, there are also poisonous ones.
We need edibles - We are lovers of them.
We sang ditties to you, Enlightened you for an hour.
And now - grab baskets, For mushrooms all in the woods!
The most dangerous poisonous mushrooms
The poem is read by a student.
Is mushroom deceit known among the people? Twin mushrooms exist in nature. Be careful when walking into the forest, do not forget: A mistake will end your life. Learn poisonous mushrooms, know
Recognize them unmistakably in the forest.
We must always remember that in addition to joy, mushrooms can also bring sorrow. Poisoning most often occurs when a person does not know how to recognize mushrooms or
does it casually. There are not so many poisonous mushrooms that cause fatal or severe poisoning compared to edible or harmless mushrooms. Therefore, anyone who wants to pick mushrooms for food must learn to recognize at least 20-25 species of poisonous mushrooms that can cause dangerous poisoning.
To make mushroom picking bring us joy and we would not be afraid for our health, it is always better to pick only a few types of mushrooms that we know well for food. It is very risky to pick mushrooms that we are not sure about. The pursuit of quantity can be fatal for many mushroom pickers. Unfortunately, there is no practical recommendation on how to distinguish edible poisonous mushrooms. In the past, there was a belief that a silver device or onion would turn black in contact with poisonous mushrooms, but this is not true. And it is also not true that all poisonous mushrooms sting the tongue and have a bitter taste and an unpleasant odor. On the contrary, the most dangerous poisonous mushrooms, such as pale toadstool. fly agarics have a smell and taste. It is also not true that the mushrooms that gnaw snails and eat insect larvae are non-venomous. The most poisonous mushroom is death cap and two similar species - fly agaricwhite andfly agaricsmelly These three species are the most common culprits in fatal poisoning. Most of all poisoning is caused by pale toadstool, as this is the most common type of poisonous mushrooms.
Poisoning toadstool it is very dangerous already because its first signs appear only 8-72 hours after eating mushrooms. In case of poisoning, nausea, weakness, headache, dizziness and cold sweat appear. Then there is severe vomiting and diarrhea, which last 2-3 days and completely exhaust the patient. After an apparent improvement, after a few hours, severe pains appear in the stomach and intestines, the skin turns yellow, the person loses consciousness and death occurs. In mild cases, the patient recovers very slowly and the consequences of poisoning make themselves felt for a very long time, not rarely until the end of life.
Much milder poisoning causes fly agaric and a related fly agaric royal. However, poisoning with red fly agaric is very rare, since almost everyone knows and shuns it. Amanita muscaria bright yellow and porphyry fly agaric are moderately poisonous.
It is highly poisonous pink plate poisonous... Signs of poisoning appear in 20-30 minutes, at the latest in 2-4 hours. The patient begins vomiting and severe diarrhea, stomach pains and headaches, a feeling of thirst and severe weakness. With mild poisoning, these accompanying symptoms gradually disappear, but finally disappear after a few days. At a higher concentration, the poisonous rose leaf can also cause death.
Of the spiderwebs, it is very poisonous cobweb orange red.
The first signs of poisoning with this fungus usually appear very late (after 3-14 days). Toxic substances of orange-red cobweb primarily affect the kidneys and liver. The first signs of poisoning are intense thirst, dryness and burning in the mouth. Then comes nausea, vomiting, headache and abdominal pain, constipation and chills. The symptoms of poisoning become more intense and death occurs in 2-3 weeks, sometimes even after several months. In case of mild poisoning, the patient's treatment lasts a very long time, from several weeks to several months.
Poisoning false foaming with Black and yellow can have more serious consequences. Several years ago, they added to the list of poisonous mushrooms pig t onkuyu, which in the mycological literature has been cited as an edible mushroom. Since 1963, many pigs have been poisoned and scientists have found that frequent consumption of this mushroom causes the destruction of red blood cells. False raincoat oh bull is poisonous only when it is consumed in large
quantity. And if you only eat two or three slices, nothing will happen. Well-known edible mushrooms can also cause poisoning if you use old fruit bodies found in the forest already spoiled for cooking. If there are any signs of mushroom poisoning, you should immediately call a doctor. But even before the doctor comes, it is necessary to induce vomiting in the patient in order to get rid of the food that caused the poisoning. To do this, you need to drink plenty of warm water. After vomiting, take a laxative such as castor oil or give an enema. The most dangerous of the poisonous mushrooms - death cap. It looks like a champignon. But in the champignon, the plates are pink, purple with age, and in the toadstool - pure white. The top of the cap of the pale toadstool is greenish.
It is almost impossible to save a person who has been poisoned by it.
Scene about mushrooms
Scene "Mushroom Talk. Presidential elections "
Once in the Podberezovaya Republic, mushrooms decided to choose
the president
Once a red fly agaric bragged to mushrooms: Fly agaric
After all, I am only decorating the border, And everyone knows this very well.
How dressed I am, how clever!
And my hat, well, just a dream! They say to me "You are a fly agaric Among mushrooms toadstool"
But I am proud of my beauty And red panama.
I heard you kill flies And you feed the moose in the forest I know - I know that it is good
You don’t go to the basket.
There is little use in your outfit You are good-looking father
But you are very poisonous
Silence! Forest people I - take self-rejection.
You are both summer and autumn Meat you are even healthier You are boiled, salted, fried And praised at any dinner
Toadstool
I'm a pale toadstool
Besides, I’m not poor yet. I’m not used to
Honey mushrooms
And we honey mushrooms- very friendly guys We grow on stumps in the forest
Like freckles on my nose
Well, of course, we guys are too early for the presidency We are all together as soldiers Then we go to the deputies
Whoever eats me will be poisoned
What am I not for you? To the fly agaric
From a fox you breed Sly you are from nature
You are thin, slim, dressed with Poison, you are full at the same time
Chanterelle People are surprised They lead a wonderful round dance Red-haired sisters
Chanterelle mushrooms
No, now I understand everything I am withdrawing the candidacy
Volnushka
At the top of the head With red curls.
Modestly hid behind a bump, Hiding the top of her head under a leaf.
Shun the forest people
A wave for the presidency
No, I'm a redhead fungus Better jump into the box
Birch
I'm an easier fungus Growing in a birch grove
If you scold everyone in the forest and excite everyone with the President, you will not be
Boletus
I am a boletus I grow under the aspens
Boletus
As you wish for the presidency I will not go, I do not want
Birch
I'm not used to rule either
Let boletus become president
Borovik
I am a white mushroom, I am a boletus, I am used to rule in the forest.
And I was the mushroom king. Apparently it's my turn -
I will become the first president. Well, people, I agree!
Old, important boletus The most important forestry. And mushrooms from all sides Give the white man a bow.
Mushrooms in medicine
People have always tried to find a universal remedy that will help cope with all diseases. Medicines derived from mushrooms can be one of such remedies. Mushrooms are of great importance in medicine. Even in ancient times, they began to be used in folk medicine along with herbs, fruits and berries.
People, who were popularly called healers, accumulated their knowledge in the field of healing, passed it on by inheritance, keeping
secret from strangers. When writing appeared in Russia, handwritten "Herbalists" played an important role. They contained interesting information about various means and methods of healing.
In folk medicine, they are quite widely used
fly agarics ... They prevent the development of cancerous tumors, treat angina,
rheumatism, tuberculosis, skin diseases, they rub the joints with tincture.
In folk medicine, other cap mushrooms were also used. For example, brick red and sulfur yellow mushrooms recommended as a laxative and emetic.
Pepper we load treated tuberculosis. autumn mushroom... This mushroom
used as a laxative, it helps better digestion of food.
In folk medicine, a decoction was widely used chaga. A decoction of chaga improves the condition of patients, promotes the treatment of gastritis and other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, treats cancer, tuberculosis, and stops bleeding.
Mushroom saffron milk cap received a good medicine that inhibits the development of harmful bacteria.
Mushroom talker used in medicine for the treatment of tuberculosis of the skin and bones.
Medicine derived from mushrooms chanterelles, can treat purulent diseases, blood poisoning.
Honey mushroom Meadow proved to be useful in the fight against E. coli and other microbes, heals the thyroid gland
From champignons a new drug has been obtained, which is successfully used to treat typhoid and paratyphoid fever.
Widely popular among the people is tea mushroom.
The peoples of many countries of the world contain it at home. The infusion of this mushroom is drunk before meals to stimulate appetite or quench thirst throughout the day.
The medicine obtained from whitemushroom promotes rapid healing from frostbite, reduces pain in heart disease. The oil has been found to have a substance that helps with headaches.
Medicinal mushrooms
Fly agaric- treats angina, rheumatism, tuberculosis, skin disease, rubbing the joints with tincture.
Honey mushrooms - help digestion.
Milk mushrooms treat tuberculosis
Mushroomchaga- heals stomach, tuberculosis, cancer, stops bleeding.
Ryzhiki- kill harmful bacteria
Talker- cures tuberculosis of the skin and bones
Chanterelles- treat purulent diseases, blood poisoning
Champignons- treat typhoid
White mushroom (boletus) - heals from frostbite, reduces pain in the heart.
Tea mushroom- increases appetite
Mushroom picking rules .
It is necessary to remember these rules
You need to go to the forest for mushrooms in comfortable clothes and shoes - a walk should bring you pleasure.
Collect only mushrooms that are well known to you. If in doubt, consult a specialist. And if the specialist doesn’t, don’t take the dubious mushroom.
You cannot pick mushrooms in the city, and outside the city along the highways.
Do not use old, overripe mushrooms. Even in edible boletus, boletus, microorganisms poisonous to humans can multiply.
Don't put your loot in plastic bags! The mushrooms in them crumple and break. In addition, the temperature inside the bag is so high that the mushrooms "suffocate and spoil."
You need to process mushrooms as soon as you return home from the forest. Otherwise, the mushrooms will succeed in worming for a few hours.
It is better to cut the mushrooms with a knife. But you can also gently twist it out of the ground. The main thing is not to stir up, not to rake moss, dry leaves, needles under the "root", not to destroy the mushroom.
Do not knock fly agarics and toadstools, do not treadmill.
Cut the mushroom off with a sharp knife.
Don't touch unfamiliar and inedible mushrooms.
Do not turn dry foliage and moss.
Do not pick mushrooms that you don’t know.
Do not knock down or trample inedible mushrooms.
Do not pick mushrooms whose edibility there is even the slightest doubt. Continuously replenish your knowledge of mushrooms.
A game
Game "Edible - inedible"
The host throws the ball, calling mushrooms. If the mushroom is not edible, then the player must hit the ball, and if it is edible, then catch the ball.
Butter dish, breast, death cap , boletus, boletus, boletus,
fly agaric , saffron milk cap , false honey , champignon, chanterelles, honey mushrooms.
Game "Gather mushrooms"
The driver is blindfolded. Children-mushrooms run along the bottom. If a fly agaric comes in, the children shout: "Don't take it!" The winner is the one who "picks up" the most "mushrooms" in a certain time.
Folk wisdom. Puzzles
We are all familiar with this mushroom: With a lace collar, It stands on a white leg, Among the grass by the path.
Bright red panama
White fashionable peas ... I picked it for my mother,
But she said, “Oh!
Although your mushroom looks beautiful,
But for us it is poisonous! " (Amanita) Here are noticeable in the grass
Multi-colored hats. Remember their name
But don't eat it raw! (Russula) Very friendly guys,
Hemp lives ... (Honey mushrooms) White Panama,
Death cap)
The king of mushrooms on a thick leg The best for a basket. He holds his head boldly,
Because he is a mushroom ... (White) Under a pine tree at the edge
Preut red tops.
In the fragrant moss, two pigtails Hiding cunning ... (Chanterelles)
Crossword "Guess the mushroom by description" Horizontal:
5. This mushroom grows in a grove, among birches.
Vertically:
This mushroom has an unremarkable cap, and in damp weather it shines as if oiled.
This mushroom can have multi-colored caps: burgundy, yellow, pink, white. They grow up with families. Some of them may be raw.
This mushroom has a bright orange color. The hat looks like a funnel. They grow in groups. The name is associated with the forest redbeast.
The king of mushrooms. It is also called a boron.
This mushroom grows up more.
Horizontally: 5. Boletus.
Vertical: 1. Oiler. 2. Russula. 3. Chanterelle. 4. White. 6. Honey mushroom.
Quiz questions.
Which forest dweller dries mushrooms on trees? (Squirrel)
Name the mushrooms, by the name of which you can judge the place of their growth. (Boletus, boletus, boletus)
For which forest dweller does amanita serve as a medicine? (For moose) Which of the cap mushrooms is the most poisonous? (Death cap)
What are the first mushrooms to appear in our forests? (Stitches and morels appear in the spring)
List ways to use mushrooms for food. (Dried, fried, boiled, salted, pickled)
What are the names of mushrooms that come in different colors? (Russula)
Does the squirrel eat fresh mushrooms? (No)
What kind of mushrooms does the summer end? (Again) What kind of weather portends a mushroom harvest? (Rainy)
Game "Mushroom box".
Teams receive a "basket" - a bag for "picking mushrooms", where there is a card with syllables:
NUSH - IK - KA - IN - PE - MOK - VOL - OV - O
and 8 blank leaves.
The teacher reads the condition of the game: Along the path in full spirit
A rooster rushes through the forest. He shouts: “Ku-ka-re-ku! Honor and glory to the mushroom picker! I filled my body
And I’ll run home quickly. ” The hedgehog shouted from under the tree:
"You shake all the mushrooms!"
The hedgehog is right - the rooster
There is one dust in the box:
KA - RO - MAS - LE - SY - EZH - VIK NOK - POD - AXIS - VIK - RY - KA - ZHIK KA - SICH - LI - POD - RE - BE - ZO –NO
NUSH - IK - KA - IN - PE - MOK - VOL - OV - O.
Connect the legs and caps of the mushrooms together. Do not be surprised if you do not find them nearby: they can be at the bottom of the basket or lie on top. Who will fill their box with mushrooms faster? "Mushrooms" are syllables from which it follows
"Collect" the names of the mushrooms.
Each group "puts mushrooms" in their box for two minutes and hands it to the teacher. (Butter dish, boletus, volushka, russula, boletus, mushroom, honey mushroom, chanterelle.)
Games
Game "Experts of Proverbs"
The text of the proverb is cut. Who will quickly collect and explain the meaning:
Fungus to fungus - pick up a basket.
Game "Nimble mushroom pickers"
The mushrooms are placed on the floor, there are fewer of them than the participants in the game. Children dance to the music. When the music ends, every player rushes
"Pluck" the mushroom. Whoever was left without the fungus leaves the game.
Put the fungus on the floor. Show yourself in the dance. Finish playing the music, we must take the mushroom faster.
Game "Man's buff with a mushroom"
The players become ina circle.Some of them have a mushroom bell.shouldidentify this player by sound.
Conclusion. Conclusion
So our journey into the world of mushrooms ends. It is surprisingly large and diverse. Today we only visited the cap mushrooms, but there are also other types of mushrooms - mold. Each mushroom has its own characteristics, each is wonderful in its own way. And the amazing science is studying mushrooms - "mycology". And today each of you has become almost a real mycologist. I wish you continued success in your exploration of the mushroom kingdom.
The benefits of mushrooms
Fresh mushrooms also contain fat-soluble vitamins A and D, B vitamins, ascorbic (vitamin C) and nicotinic (vitamin PP) acids.
Mushrooms are also used for medicinal purposes; in scientific medicine, the importance of penicillin and other antibiotics contained in mushrooms for the treatment of infectious diseases is well known. Kombucha, which has anti-inflammatory and anesthetic properties, is widely used in oriental medicine. In folk medicine, for the treatment of diseases of the nervous system, fly agaric is used, alcoholism - dung beetle, radiation leukopenia and tumors - birch chaga, other mushrooms.
About the dangers of mushrooms
At the same time, doctors more and more often fix mushroom poisoning.
The reasons are the inability to distinguish between edible and inedible mushrooms, the purchase of mushrooms on the spontaneous market, the lack of information about the impact of global human activity on the biochemical and species composition of mushrooms, etc. Often mushrooms are collected by destroying the mycelium. Overripe, wormy and softened mushrooms are not suitable for food, because can cause
gastrointestinal diseases. At the same time, they are a source of spores that renew mycelium.
It is important to remember that after cutting the mushroom, it must be processed as soon as possible, because after 3-5 hours, secondary metabolites accumulate in it due to the onset of the proteinaceous tissue of the fungus body at room temperature. Mushrooms can be kept in the cold longer, but no more than a day after harvesting.
Mushrooms of edible species can accumulate toxic substances, growing near major highways with busy traffic, military training grounds, chemical industries, zones of environmental disasters and in radiation-hazardous areas, each such situation requires special consideration.
Mushrooms are rich in proteins. This is the undoubted benefit of mushrooms. But protein is poorly absorbed and can cause indigestion. This is harm. Mushrooms contain vitamins and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Of course, "plus" in the piggy bank. We will not prove the harm of mushrooms that are poisonous. An obvious fact. The proteins of edible mushrooms can also cause allergies, which is not the best for the health of the mushroom eater. At the same time, due to the heaviness for digestion and low calorie content, mushrooms can be included in weight loss diets. Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that mushrooms are useful, but you need to know certain rules for their use. For example:
You need to know the poisonous mushrooms and collect only the "correct". It seems to be a simple rule, but every year people are hospitalized with severe mushroom poisoning. There are even deaths, so this is not a joke, but a very real threat to life.
When using it, it should be borne in mind that mushroom protein is poorly absorbed even before bedtime, hard work, sauna, etc. it is better to eat something more easily for stomach.
Before cooking mushrooms, boil them 1-2 times in clean water, boil them.
It is advisable for children under 5-7 years old not to eat mushrooms, however, as well as to the elderly because of the heavy load on the gastrointestinal tract.
Moose, hedgehogs, squirrels, and mice feed on mushrooms in nature.
Always remember the main rule of the mushroom picker:
If you don't know - don't take it
!
Literature
Literature: magazine "Primary school" No. 7 1989.
Mazin V.V., Shashkova L.S. "Mushrooms, Plants and People" - Moscow: Agropromizdat, 1986
Cherepanova N.P., Pshedetskaya L.I. "Mushrooms" - Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1990 - p. 93
Mushrooms are the most numerous living organisms on Earth. They are found - in soil, in water, and even in the air. Modern biologists know about 100 thousand species. With the word "mushroom", a basket of edible mushrooms familiar from childhood is immediately presented: multi-colored russula, red-headed boletus, mushrooms and chanterelles. But mushrooms are not only those that grow in the forest, other fungi, such as mold, are also found in nature. A gray coating has appeared on the crust of bread, the apple has deteriorated - all this is the work of mushrooms. This is the mushroom mucor, which forms mold. This mushroom often appears on bread and vegetables in the form of a fluffy white coating, which turns black after a while. Scientists believe that mold appeared on Earth 200 million years ago among the very first living organisms, despite numerous studies, it still remains unexplored. In my work, I decided to try to reveal a little the secret of "common mold". I was curious to know how mold appears. Why do people need molds and what benefits or harm do they bring?
The object of research is mold fungi. The purpose of my work is to study the conditions for the development of molds. My hypothesis: does mold belong to the kingdom of fungi, and what role does it play in human life? The relevance of this study is determined by the wide spread of mold on Earth, every year scientists discover new properties and characteristics of molds. I chose this particular topic because I am interested in understanding the importance of molds in our life and why they are needed.
Purpose of research: 1. To find out in what conditions the mucor mold multiplies. 2. On what kind of bread does the mucor mold reproduce better? Objectives: to get acquainted with the structural features and the way of feeding molds; to carry out experimental work on the cultivation of molds; to expand knowledge about the importance of mushrooms in human life and economic activity.
What is mold? This is a special kingdom of living nature, representatives of which have both similarities and differences with bacteria, plants, animals. Molds or molds belong to the class of oomycetes, imperfect or marsupial fungi. This fungus, although tiny, grows very quickly. It spreads through microscopic spores that fly through the air, looking for a suitable habitat.
Mukor mushroom. Mucor is an aerobic fungus, but in some cases it can live in anoxic conditions. The type of food is saprophytic. Mucor fungi are widespread in nature, they constantly live in the soil, develop on organic residues. Mucor often grows on feed, food products, causing spoilage and mold. When examining mucor through a magnifying glass or under a microscope, transparent branchy filaments are visible. The mycelium is one multinucleated branched cell, not divided by septa
Conclusions: 1. After conducting research, we found out that mold develops in a humid and warm environment. In plastic bags, moisture and heat are retained, therefore, it is not advisable to store bread in them. 2. Molds develop more slowly on rye bread than on white bread. 3. Homemade white bread is dry, no mold on it on the 5th day.
Proven scientifically…. Mukorovye fungi actively settle on bread - the main human food product, making it unsuitable for nutrition that the air, in an insufficiently or not at all ventilated room, contains a large amount of mold microspores, which "our filters" cannot cope with when breathing, due to which, this infection safely settles in our lungs and penetrates deep into the lung tissue. that some types of mold can cause allergies that develop into asthma and even diathesis in young children. Most of the molds activate the oncogene mechanism. That mold spores contribute to: migraines, otitis media, rhinitis, bronchitis and bronchial asthma, mycotoxicosis, food allergies and cardiovascular diseases.
Our recommendations 1. If bread is stored in a plastic bag, it is better in a cold place. 2. If you need long-term storage of bread, it must be dried. 3. It is more useful and environmentally friendly to store bread in a linen napkin, as our ancestors did. 4. Gray and black bread is more healthy and is more slowly affected by mold. 5. You can protect bread from the hated fungus as follows. We take a cotton swab, drip 5-7 drops of iodine on it, put it in a clean glass vial or test tube, plug it with a clean cotton swab and in a bag of bread. We tie the bag tightly. In this state, bread can exist for a week - mold is not afraid of it.
Elena Antonevich
Mushroom Kingdom Project
Project« Kingdom of mushrooms»
Age of participants the project: children 4-5 years old.
Compound project team: educators and children of the senior group, musical director, parents of pupils.
View the project: cognitive and playful.
Terms of implementation the project: 3-4 week of September.
Project split into four stage: each includes a daily activity plan.
Problem the project: children do not know enough about mushrooms growing in the forests of the Smolensk region.
Relevance of the topic the project:
Everyone should love and protect nature. And you need to instill love for her from early childhood. So in kindergarten, we constantly turn to this problem, considering it with children from all possible angles. In order for a child to have a desire to protect and preserve nature, he must learn to see its beauty and understand its value to humans. Not every modern parent goes to the forest with their children. But it is impossible to get to know nature closely enough without visiting the forest at different times of the year. The autumn forest is extraordinarily beautiful. September has come in our forests mushroom time... Many children with their parents went to the forest for mushrooms... And in the group they constantly asked questions about the appearance. mushrooms, their names, structure, constantly made sketches, talked about mushrooms... In my opinion, there was a need to give children deeper and broader knowledge about mushrooms... It was decided to purposefully deal with this topic.
That is why the guys and parents and I undertook to implement project« Kingdom of mushrooms» ... Stepping up the stairs to the finale project activities, the guys and I will learn a lot of new and interesting things about our native nature, get acquainted with various species mushrooms, the peculiarities of their growth and useful properties, both for humans and for animals, birds. Together with the parents, we will arrange exhibitions in a group and decorate our site.
The intended result:
Consolidation of knowledge and ideas of children about mushrooms;
Expansion and activation of the speech stock of children on the basis of deepening and generalization of ideas about the environment, as well as in the process of acquaintance with stories, poems, proverbs, riddles about mushrooms;
Application of the formed skills of coherent speech in various communication situations;
Reflection of knowledge accumulated in the implementation process the project, in various activities (visual, theatrical, mental, fictional);
The interest and active participation of parents in the educational process of the kindergarten.
Stage 1 - setting goals and objectives
Target: to expand children's understanding of the forests of their native land in general and mushrooms in particular, through the organization of various types of activities, create conditions for increasing the activity of parents' participation in the life of a kindergarten, a group.
Tasks the project:
Child development tasks nka:
Form children's ideas about mushrooms, about their structure, functions and purpose of parts, about their place in the forest community;
Develop logical thinking (composing riddles, inventing fairy tales about mushrooms)
Tasks of the pedagogical activities:
Introduce diversity mushrooms;
Introduce the properties of edible and inedible mushrooms;
To form the ability to receive information from various sources.
Stage 2 preparatory
1. Drawing up a plan for joint work with children, parents;
2. Development of OD abstracts;
3. Selection of material and equipment for ML, conversations, games with children;
4. Selection of artistic material;
5. Preparation of information sheets for parents on vocabulary topics
« Mushrooms» ;
6. Making folders - moving for parents on the topic the project;
7. Conversation with parents about the necessary participation of them in project, about a serious attitude to the educational process in the preschool educational institution.
3. Work plan with children for implementation the project« Kingdom of mushrooms»
Educational areas
Form of work with children
Cognitive
FCKM development « Mushrooms»
Di "Find a Pair"
Di “Find a similar fungus»
D / and "Collect edible (inedible) mushrooms»
FEMP “In the autumn forest - mushrooms»
Di "Which one?"
Di "Find the same amount"
Construction and manual labor "Borovichki"
Social and communicative development
Role-playing game "In the woods".
Target: develop children's independence in the game, teach to imitate adults; to clarify the features of behavior in the forest and the rules for collecting into the forest; teach collective play, attentive attitude to each other.
Board print lotto game « Mushrooms» .
Target: expand the horizons and enrich the vocabulary of children, develop coherent speech.
Word games "Continue the story", "Edible, inedible".
Target: expand children's knowledge about the world around them, teach them to distinguish between edible and inedible mushrooms, develop speech, memory.
Games - dramatizations: « "Under mushroom» (according to V. Suteev)
« Mushroom - boletus» (staged using theater from waste material)
Life Safety Conversation "Edible and inedible mushrooms»
Artistic and aesthetic
Development Constructing from natural materials "Brothers - mushrooms»
Applique made of colored paper and dry leaves "Autumn Guest"
Plasticineography « Mushroom basket» (various mushrooms: boletus, chanterelle, boletus.)
Drawing "Amanita", "Honey mushrooms"
Molding "Pyenek honey agaric"
Musical and theatrical activities.
Target: to learn to listen to music, to perform movements to the beat of the music as shown by the teacher and other children, to develop friendliness towards each other.
Physical
Development of P / i "At the Bear in the Forest"
Fizminutka "We are going to the autumn forest"
Finger gymnastics "We we collect mushrooms»
Speech development Reading and retelling of V. Kataev's story « Mushrooms»
P. Potemkin "Amanita"
N. Sladkov "Fly agaric"
Conversation: "Who are useful mushrooms» ,
"Rules of conduct in the forest",
"What are mushrooms» .
Reading proverbs and sayings about mushrooms, guessing riddles. Verbal games: “Describe in words mushroom» ,
"Autumn in the forest",
"Remember - name",
"One - many",
"Be careful"
Activities for working with parents:
1. Poster information for parents, consultation « Mushrooms» ;
2. Making a folder - moving on the topic "Poisonous mushrooms» (making crafts from natural material);
3. Familiarization of parents with information sheets on these topics;
4. Competition of family crafts made from natural materials « Mushroom glade» ;
5. Organization of exhibitions of children's works;
6. Joint creativity of children and parents in the manufacture of a book - baby;
7. Engaging parents in creating a photo newspaper "We mushroom pickers!»
4. Product project activities:
1. Family crafts made from natural material « Mushroom glade»
2. Photo exhibition "We - mushroom pickers»
Target: develop children's interest in collecting mushrooms, discuss the value mushrooms for the human body, to get acquainted with the family traditions of children, to involve parents in joint activities with children.
3. Exhibition of children's creativity "Everything mushrooms are good!»
Presentation the project:
1. Re-enactment of V. Suteev's fairy tale "Under mushroom» ;
2. Exhibition of crafts « Mushroom glade»
3. Photo exhibition "We mushroom pickers»
results project activities:
As a result the project in children replenished, systematized knowledge and ideas about mushrooms, about diversity mushrooms;
Based on the deepening and generalization of ideas about the environment, in the process of getting to know stories, poems, proverbs, riddles about mushrooms, in children, the speech reserve expanded and became more active;
There was a desire to independently engage in creativity - to compose your own riddles and short stories about mushrooms, illustrate them, work together on a common project;
Most of the parents took an active part in the implementation the project.
Project
"Kingdom of mushrooms"
completed by students
5E class
2014-2015 academic year
Goals:
acquaintance with various types of edible and poisonous mushrooms;
development of logical thinking, speech, memory;
education of love and respect for nature;
develop the horizons of students.
Tasks:
to acquaint with the distinctive features of edible mushrooms and mushrooms -
twins;
show what danger to human life is posed by poisonous
mushrooms;
together with the children, deduce the rules for picking mushrooms;
contribute to the broadening of the horizons of children and the development of skills
establish causal relationships; ability to work with
additional material
contribute to the formation of a respectful attitude towards nature.
After completing the project, students will be able to:
Know the secrets of poisonous mushrooms;
Features of the structure of mushrooms;
Edible and inedible mushrooms;
Collection and storage rules;
First aid for mushroom poisoning;
To be able to distinguish the signs of mushrooms, to distinguish them from other kingdoms of living nature;
Be able to distinguish edible from inedible mushrooms.
G and p about tez and:
Are all mushrooms
useful to humans?
Content:
Introductory part
Mushroom montage
The structure of the fungus
Edible mushrooms
Chastushki about mushrooms
Poisonous (inedible) mushrooms
Scene "Election of the President"
Mushrooms of our area
Mushrooms in folk medicine
Mushroom picking rules
Folk wisdom
Mushroom dishes
Games
Conclusion. Conclusion.
Introductory part
White, boletus, mushrooms ... This list can be continued for a long time,
but try to answer the question: how many types of mushrooms are there?
It turns out that there are about one hundred thousand different species, but many of
they cannot be seen with the naked eye. Mushrooms are amazing
creatures, because they can not be called plants or animals. They are
form a special independent kingdom and occupy an intermediate
position between animals and plants.
Mycologists study mushrooms. They found that the most important
the signs of fungi is that which is characteristic of an individual animal
and the plant kingdoms. Mushrooms grow everywhere, but most often on the ground,
forest floor, on decaying or living wood. Less often they meet
on garbage or manure heaps and at the site of fires.
Mushrooms need proper temperature and humidity to grow.
Observations show that the mushroom grows well in a calm, calm
weather, light is not so important to them. The body of mushrooms or myceliums, being in
soil or other nutrient medium, grows in all directions.
The lifespan of mushrooms varies from one year to several
decades.
In nature, mushrooms perform an essential function: they eliminate
remains of dead animals, plants. It promotes circulation
substances in nature. Man uses the beneficial properties of mushrooms in
various fields of industry. In the food industry
use yeast and mold. In medicine from some mushrooms
make antibiotics. From time immemorial, man began to collect
mushrooms, which brings him pleasure and joy. And also delivers him to
the table is a delicious and nutritious product. Unfortunately, mushrooms are not
only a source of joy, but also sorrow. Lately we've been hearing about
frequent cases of poisoning with certain types of mushrooms. The consequences are very
sad, there are cases of death. Therefore, we have chosen this
the topic of the project to get acquainted with the variety of mushrooms, learn
to distinguish an edible mushroom from a poisonous one.
Mushrooms have long been known in Russia. In the old days they were called lips for
convex spongy caps. Fried, boiled, salted mushrooms did not go away
from the table on weekdays and holidays, in winter and summer.
Mushrooms can be found in a wide variety of places - in fresh and
sea water, in the field and in the garden, in the meadow and in the mountains. Among them there are
microscopic species, there are giants. For example, in 1988 in Japan
a mushroom of incredible size was found. He could not fit in any
box body, and it took a truck for delivery. When the giant was weighed
they were even more surprised - he pulled 168 kg.
Mushrooms that grow in the forests of our country have
useful properties. They are often called forest meat, they are enough
nutritious. Equally important is the presence in them of fats, carbohydrates, vitamins,
mineral salts.
Mushroom montage
Our teacher entered the classroom
And he asked slyly:
– What do we know about mushrooms?
– What are they needed for?
If a mushroom grows in the forest,
If it's edible
Everyone knows that his
Can be put in a bucket.
And coming home
Let's cook mushroom soup together.
In a red hat with a white leg
Amanita grows in a bush.
Just don't tear it,
Save for the elk.
If biologists study animals,
And botanical plants,
Mycologists were found for the mushrooms,
Studying their diversity.
But there are mushrooms in nature
Different shapes, multi-colored,
Others are not visible.
So why are they needed?
A) The mushroom is useful, very important.
In Vietnam, for example, molds are used to prepare soybeans
sauces.
B) Penicillin is used in medicine - obtained from the mushroom
Penicillin.
C) Some mushrooms help fight insects.
D) Mushrooms - yeast is used in baking.
But not all mushrooms
So good.
And, of course, you need to know
What harm can we expect from them.
The mushroom can harm the garden.
Can harm the book
Kill the plant
Due to inattention
To cause a disease in a person.
We did not perform for a long time,
We don't want to bore you.
You can't list all the mushrooms,
After all, mushrooms are everywhere with us.
We must take care of them and study them.
We will tell you a secret
It was not easy for all of us.
We have read many books
We learned about mushrooms.
You take a look
You will not regret it either.
The structure of the fungus and its mycelium.
With the help of the drawing, we showed all the parts of the mushroom and its mycelium.
Edible mushrooms
Where do mushrooms grow?
Mushrooms grow everywhere: in forests and in meadows, in gardens and parks, under
hedges and bushes. They can be found at the very edge of the forest.
high in the mountains and in the lowlands, in the river valleys. They follow the man
to cities and industrial centers, settling on tiny green
areas in the middle of city streets and squares, on garbage heaps or
factory territories, even penetrating into mountain mines. Enumeration of places,
where mushrooms are found, you can go on and on. The end of summer and
autumn is the main season for mushrooms, when the number of their species and types
becomes almost immeasurable. Late autumn also brings
good harvest.
On the growth of mushrooms - both in relation to the period, and in relation to their
quantities - factors such as humidity have a decisive influence
and temperature.
Oyster mushroom feels at home in any deciduous forest. With a special
hunt, she settles on dead dead treesOyster mushroom most often
found on poplars, willows and larch trees. Probably the amount of these mushrooms
not far from those farmswhere they are bred as "vegetable veal",
constantly increasing with the assistance of the wind.
Hat atporcini mushroom (boletus) brown and the leg is off-white.
Butporcini mushrooms (boletus) always remain white - both in the pan and in
soup, and dried. That's why they are white. The mushroom has a thick leg. therefore
it looks important, intense. Scientists identify about two dozen
varieties of this mushroom.
Mushrooms of our area
Birch trees
Milk mushrooms
Russula
Pigs
Honey mushrooms
Blue legs
Volnushki
Butterlets
Chastushki about mushrooms
Put your ears on top of your head
Listen carefully:
Let's sing ditties about mushrooms
Very good.
– How old are you, morel?
You look like an old man.
The fungus surprised me:
– My age is only two days.
And in the basket we have
Everything you need in mushroom soup:
And mushrooms, and boletus,
There is also a golden mushroom.
Multicolored toadstools
They themselves climb into the meadows.
We don't need one
Let's bypass them.
Goggle-eyed fly agaric
Sitting sideways on a slope -
Looks, smiles,
He wants to please everyone.
We are not called "chanterelles" for nothing -
We are crafty sisters:
Old yellow foliage
We took cover with our heads.
There are edible mushrooms,
There are also poisonous ones.
We need edibles -
We are lovers of them.
We sang ditties to you,
Enlightened you for an hour.
Now grab the baskets
For mushrooms, everyone in the woods!
The most dangerous poisonous mushrooms
The poem is read by a student
Is mushroom deceit known among the people?
Twin mushrooms exist in nature.
Be careful when going into the forest, do not forget:
A mistake will end your life.
Learn poisonous mushrooms, know
Recognize them unmistakably in the forest.
We must always remember that in addition to joy, mushrooms can also bring sorrow.
Poisoning most often occurs when a person does not know how
recognize mushrooms or do it casually. Poisonous mushrooms that
are the cause of fatal or severe poisoning not so many
compared to edible or harmless mushrooms. So whoever wants
pick mushrooms for food, must learn to recognize at least 20-25
types of poisonous mushrooms that can cause dangerous poisoning.
So that mushroom picking brings us joy and we would not be afraid for our
health, it is always better to collect only a few types of mushrooms for food,
which we know well. It is very risky to pick mushrooms in which
we are not sure. The pursuit of quantity can be fatal for many
mushroom pickers. Unfortunately, practical advice on how to distinguish
an edible mushroom from a poisonous one does not exist. In the past there was
belief that a silver device or bow in contact with
poisonous mushrooms will turn black, but this is not true. And it is also not true that
all poisonous mushrooms sting the tongue and have a bitter taste and an unpleasant odor.
On the contrary, the most dangerous poisonous mushrooms, such as pale toadstool,
fly agaric do not smell and taste. It is also not true that mushrooms,
which gnaw snails and eat insect larvae are not poisonous.
The most poisonous mushroom is the pale toadstool and two similar to it
species - white fly agaric and smelly fly agaric.
These three species are the most common culprits in fatal poisoning.
Most of all poisoning is caused by pale toadstool, since this is the most
a common species of poisonous mushrooms.
Toadstool poisoning is very dangerous because the first
Signs appear only 8-72 hours after eating mushrooms in
food. In case of poisoning, nausea, weakness, headache appears,
dizziness and cold sweat. Then violent vomiting appears.
and diarrhea that lasts 2-3 days and is completely exhausting
sick. After a seeming improvement after a few hours
severe pains appear in the stomach and intestines, the skin turns yellow,
the person loses consciousness and death occurs. In mild cases, the patient
recovers very slowly and the consequences of poisoning make themselves felt
for a very long time, not rarely until the end of life.
Much milder poisoning causes fly agaric and related
Him a fly agaric royal. However, poisoning with red fly agaric is very
rare, as almost everyone knows and shuns him. Moderately poisonous
are bright yellow fly agaric and porphyry fly agaric.
Strongly poisonous is the poisonous rose leaf. Signs
poisoning occurs in 20-30 minutes, at the latest in 2-4
hours.
The patient begins vomiting and severe diarrhea, stomach pains and
headaches, thirst and great weakness. With lungs
poisoning, these accompanying symptoms gradually disappear, but
finally disappear after a few days. At greater concentration
poisonous rose-leaf can also cause death.
Of the cobwebs, the orange-red cobweb is very poisonous.
The first signs of poisoning with this fungus usually appear very late.
(after 3-14 days). The poisonous substances of the spiderweb are orange-red,
primarily the kidneys and liver are affected. The first signs of poisoning
are intense thirst, dryness and burning sensation in the mouth. Then comes
nausea, vomiting, headache and abdominal pain, constipation and chills.
Signs of poisoning become more intense and death occurs
after 2-3 weeks, sometimes even after several months. With lungs
poisoning, the patient's treatment lasts a very long time, from several weeks to
several months.
Sulfur-yellow false foam poisoning may have more severe
consequences.
A few years ago, a thin pig was added to the list of poisonous mushrooms,
which in the mycological literature is cited as an edible mushroom. WITH
1963 there was a lot of pig poisoning and scientists
found that frequent consumption of this mushroom causes
destruction of red blood cells.
An ordinary raincoat is poisonous only if
when consumed in large quantities. And if you eat only two or
three slices, nothing will happen.
Known edible mushroom species can also cause poisoning if
use old fruiting bodies that have been
found in the forest already tainted.
For any signs of mushroom poisoning, you must immediately
call a doctor. But even before the doctor comes, it is necessary to
the patient to induce vomiting to get rid of the food that caused the poisoning.
To do this, you need to drink plenty of warm water. After
vomiting, a laxative such as castor oil or
put an enema.
The most dangerous of the poisonous mushrooms is the pale toadstool. She looks like
champignon. But the champignon has pink plates, with age
purple, and the toadstool has pure white Above the cap of the pale toadstool
greenish. It is almost impossible to save a person who has been poisoned by it.
Scene about mushrooms
Scene "Mushroom Talk. Presidential elections "
Once in the Podberezovaya Republic, mushrooms decided to choose
the president
Ved.
Once a red fly agaric
Bragged to mushrooms:
Fly agaric
After all, I am the only one who decorates the pine forest,
And everyone knows this very well.
How dressed I am, how clever!
And my hat, well, just a dream!
They say to me “You are a fly agaric
Toadstool among mushrooms "
But I'm proud of my beauty
And a red panama hat.
Ved.
I heard the flies you kill
And you feed the moose in the forest
I know - I know that it will come in handy
You don’t go to the basket.
There is little use in your outfit
You are good-looking father
But you are very poisonous
Flies-r.
Silence! Forest people
I - take a rejection.
Honey mushrooms
And we are honey agarics - very friendly guys
We grow on stumps in the forest
Like freckles on my nose
Ved.
You are both summer and autumn
You are even healthier than meat
You are boiled, salted, fried
And in any dinner they praise
Honey mushrooms
Well, of course we guys
It's too early for the presidency
We are all together as soldiers
Then we go to the deputies
Toadstool
I'm a pale toadstool
Besides, she's not poor yet
I'm not used to liking who eats me will be poisoned
Ved.
You are thin, slim, dressed
You are full of poison at the same time
Toadstool
That I don't suit you?
I'm going to the fly agaric
Chanterelle
The people are surprised
They lead a wonderful round dance
Red sisters
Chanterelle mushrooms
Veda
You are of the fox breed
You are tricky by nature
Chanterelle
No, now I understand everything
I withdraw the candidacy
Volnushka
At the top of the wave
With reddish curls.
Modestly hid behind a bump,
Hiding the top of the head under the leaf.
Shun the forest people
A wave for the presidency
Veda
If you are in the forest
Scold and excite everyone
You will not be the president
Waves
No, I'm a redhead fungus
I better jump into the box
Boletus
I am a boletus
I grow under the aspen trees
Birch
I'm a simpler fungus
I grow in a birch grove
Boletus
How do you want for president
I won't go, I don't want
I'm not used to rule either
Let boletus become president
Borovik
I am a white mushroom, I am a boletus,
I'm used to reigning in the forest.
And I was the mushroom king.
Apparently it's my turn -
I will become the first president.
Well, people, I agree!
Veda
Old, important boletus
The most important forestry.
And mushrooms from all sides
They bow to the white man.
Mushrooms in medicine
People have always tried to find a universal remedy that
will help to cope with all diseases. One of thesefunds can
become medicines derived from mushrooms. Mushrooms haveimportant
importance in medicine. Even in ancient times they beganapply in
folk medicine along with herbs, fruits and berries.
People, who were popularly called healers, accumulated their knowledge in
areas of healing, passed them on by inheritance, keeping secret from
outsiders. When writing appeared in Russia, a big role
played handwritten "Herbalists". They contained interesting information about
various means and methods of healing. In folk medicine, quite
widely usedfly agarics ... They prevent cancers from developing
tumors, treat angina, rheumatism, tuberculosis, skin diseases,
tincture rub the joints.
In folk medicine, other cap mushrooms were also used.
For example,
brick-red and sulfur-yellow mushrooms recommended as
laxative and emetic.
Pepper load treated for tuberculosis.
In folk medicine, it is usedautumn mushroom ... This mushroom is used
as a laxative, it helps better digestion of food.
In folk medicine, it was widely useddecoction of chaga ... Chaga decoction improves
the condition of patients, promotes the treatment of gastritis and other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, treats cancer, tuberculosis, stops
bleeding.
Mushroomsaffron milk cap got a good medicine that slows down
the development of harmful bacteria.
Mushroomtalker used in medicine for the treatment of tuberculosis
skin and bones.
Medicine derived from mushroomschanterelle , can treat purulent
diseases, blood poisoning.
Meadow honey proved to be useful in the fight against E. coli and
other microbes, heals the thyroid gland
Fromchampignons a new drug has been obtained that is successfully used
for the treatment of typhoid, paratyphoid fever.
Widely popular among the people istea mushroom .
The peoples of many countries of the world contain it at home. Infusion
this mushroom is drunk before meals to stimulate appetite or appease
thirst all day long. The medicine obtained fromporcini mushroom
promotes rapid healing from frostbite, reduces pain in
heart disease.
Haveboletus found a substance that helps with headaches.
However, it is not recommended to treat yourself, it is necessary
consult your doctor first.
Mushroom picking rules.
We must firmly remember these rules.
You need to go to the forest for mushrooms in comfortable clothes and shoes - a walk
should please you.
Collect only mushrooms that are well known to you. If
if you have doubts, consult with experts. And if a specialist
not near, do not take a dubious mushroom.
You cannot pick mushrooms in the city, and outside the city along the highways
Do not use old, overripe mushrooms. Even in edible boletus,
boletus boletus can reproduce poisonous to humans
microorganisms.
Don't put your loot in plastic bags! Mushrooms in them
crumple and break. In addition, the temperature inside the bag can be
so high that the mushrooms "suffocate and deteriorate."
You need to process mushrooms as soon as you return home from the forest.
Otherwise, the mushrooms will have time to become fermented in a few hours.
It is better to cut the mushrooms with a knife. But you can also gently twist out of
land. The main thing is not to stir up, not to rake moss under the "spine", dry
leaves, needles, do not destroy the mycelium.
Do not knock fly agarics and toadstools, do not trample with your feet.
Carefully cut the mushroom with a sharp knife.
Don't touch unfamiliar and inedible mushrooms.
Do not turn dry foliage and moss.
Don't pick mushrooms you don't know.
Do not knock down or trample inedible mushrooms.
Do not pick mushrooms that have even the slightest edibility
doubt. Constantly improve your knowledge of mushrooms.
Games
Game "Edible - inedible"
The host throws the ball, calling mushrooms. If the mushroom is not edible, then
the player must hit the ball, and if edible, catch the ball.
Butter can, milk mushroom, pale toadstool, boletus, boletus, boletus,
fly agaric, saffron milk, volushka, false honey agaric, champignon, chanterelles,
honey fungus
Game "Gather mushrooms"
The driver is blindfolded. Children-mushrooms run along the bottom. If you get caught
fly agaric, children shout: "Don't take it!" The winner is the one who for a certain
time will "collect" the most "mushrooms".
Game "Mushroom box".
Teams receive a "basket" - a bag for "picking mushrooms", where
there is a card with syllables:
NUSH - IK - KA - IN - PE - MOK - VOL - OV - O
and 8 blank leaves.
The teacher reads the condition of the game:
Along the path in full spirit
A rooster rushes through the forest.
He shouts: “Ku-ka-re-ku!
Honor and glory to the mushroom picker!
I filled my body
And I’ll run home quickly. ”
The hedgehog shouted from under the tree:
"You shake all the mushrooms!"
The hedgehog is right - the rooster
There is one dust in the box:
KA - RO - MAS - LE - SY - Hedgehog - VIK
NOK - UNDER - AXIS - VIK - RY - KA - ZHIK
KA - SICH - LEE - UNDER - RE - BE - ZO - NO
NUSH - IK - KA - IN - PE - MOK - VOL - OV - O.
Connect the legs and caps of the mushrooms together. Don't be surprised if you don't find
they are near: they can be at the bottom of the basket or lie on top. Who quickly
fill your box with mushrooms? "Mushrooms" are syllables from which it follows
"Collect" the names of the mushrooms.
Each group "puts mushrooms" in their box for two minutes and
hands it to the teacher. (Butter dish, boletus, boletus, russula,
boletus, mushroom, honey mushroom, chanterelle.) Mushroom dishes
Game "Experts of Proverbs"
The text of the proverb is cut. Who will quickly collect and explain the meaning:
Fungus to fungus - pick up a basket.
Game "Nimble mushroom pickers"
The mushrooms are placed on the floor, there are fewer of them than the participants in the game. Children
dancing to the music. When the music ends, every player rushes
"Pluck" the mushroom. Whoever was left without the fungus leaves the game.
Put the fungus on the floor.
Show yourself in the dance.
Stop the music playing
The mushroom must be taken faster.
Game "Man's buff with a fungus"
The players stand in a circle. One of them has a mushroom bell. Driving
should identify this player by sound.
Puzzles
Take the baskets
Let's go to the familiar forest
We are mushrooms now
We will certainly find
"Tell me a word"
Fun in my heart
And the sadness goes away
When in your basket
The first one got caught ... (lump )
Under the fallen leaves
Mushrooms hid together.
These are sly sisters
These are yellow ... (chanterelles )
Among the young pines
A wonderful mushroom grows ... (oiler )
Our hats are like rings
Like rings of waves by the river.
We are friends of russula
We are called mushrooms ... (waves )
Huddled together like chickens
Hemp has mushrooms ... (honey mushrooms )
1. I stand on a smooth thick leg
Under the brown hat
With a delicate velvet pad (White mushroom )
2. This is a smart mushroom
It grows with an aspen next to it
Put on the head
Bright red beret. (boletus )
3. It is a fungus -
Birch sonny.
Who will find him
Everyone puts in a basket (boletus )
4. Yellow-red sisters,
They magnify us ... (chanterelles )
5. Here is a bright red mushroom,
You found out. This is… (mushroom )
6. Near stumps and on the lawn
We always walk in a flock.
Very friendly guys
They call us ... (honey mushrooms )
7. Strong little fungus,
Oily as a pancake. (boletus )
8. And I am the most common mushroom.
You can find me in almost every forest.
My plate hats are pinkish
Burgundy, greenish.(russula )
We are all familiar with this mushroom:
With a lace collar
He stands on a white leg
Among the grass by the path.
Bright red panama
In trendy white peas ...
I ripped it off for my mom
But she said, “Oh!
Although your mushroom looks beautiful
But for us it is poisonous! " (Fly agaric
)
Here in the grass are noticeable
Multi-colored hats.
Remember their name
But don't eat it raw! (Russula )
Very friendly guys
They live at the hemp ... (Honey mushrooms )
White Panama,
Pale ... (Toadstool )
The king of mushrooms on a thick leg
The best for a basket.
He holds his head boldly
Because he is a mushroom ... (White )
Under a pine tree at the edge
Preut red tops.
Two pigtails in fragrant moss
The cunning are hiding ... (Chanterelles )
Proverbs about mushrooms
Beans are not mushrooms: without sowing, they will not sprout.
To be afraid of wolves, to be mushroom-free.
There will be rain, there will be fungi; and there will be fungi, there will be a box.
To live near the forest - not to be hungry
They take every mushroom in their hands, but not every mushroom is put in the back.
The torn out mushroom has died forever, cut off under the root - gives the offspring a bag.
Forest pharmacy
Amanita - a beautiful mushroom, only very poisonous
Moose only eat it and at the same time say
There is no more reliable medicine, I ate it and there is no temperature
Cures whooping cough and bronchitis, ate and does not have a sore throat
Amanita is a healing mushroom, it is not poisonous for us.
.
Quiz questions .
-What kind of forest dweller dries mushrooms on trees? (Squirrel)
-Name the mushrooms, by the name of which you can judge the place of them
growth. (Boletus, boletus, boletus)
-For which forest dweller is the mushroom a medicine? (For moose)
-Which of the cap mushrooms is the most poisonous? (Death cap)
-Which mushrooms appear in our forests first? (In the spring
lines and morels appear)
-List the ways to use mushrooms for food. (Dried, fried, boiled,
salted, pickled)
-What are the names of mushrooms, which come in different colors? (Russula)
-Does the squirrel eat fresh mushrooms? (No)
-The appearance of which mushrooms marks the end of summer? (Again)
-What weather foreshadows the mushroom harvest? (Rainy)
The benefits of mushrooms
Mushrooms contain proteins (more than 5% of the mass of mushrooms), fats (about 1%),
carbohydrates (3%), as well as macro- and microelements necessary for a person -
potassium, calcium, zinc, copper, iron, cobalt.
Calcium contained in mushrooms, the daily requirement for which -
120mg, is a universal regulator of vital functions in
in combination with phosphorus, it is found in bones and teeth.
Fresh mushrooms also contain fat-soluble vitamins A and
D, B vitamins, ascorbic (vitamin C) and nicotine (vitamin
PP) acid.
Mushrooms are also used for medicinal purposes, in scientific medicine well
the value of penicillin and other antibiotics contained in mushrooms is known,
for the treatment of infectious diseases. Kombucha having
anti-inflammatory and anesthetic properties, widely used
in oriental medicine. In folk medicine for the treatment of diseases
the nervous system uses fly agaric, alcoholism - dung beetle, radiation
leukopenia and tumors - chaga birch mushroom other mushrooms
Antineoplastic and tonic properties are also possessed by edible
porcini mushroom (boletus), better known for its taste. His
called the king of mushrooms. By correctly harvesting and processing mushrooms,
they can be used all year round.
About the dangers of mushrooms
At the same time, doctors more and more often fix mushroom poisoning.
Reasons - inability to distinguish between edible and inedible mushrooms, purchase
mushrooms on the spontaneous market, lack of information on the impact of the global
human activity on the biochemical and species composition of fungi, etc.
Often they collect mushrooms, destroying mycelium. Overripe, wormy and
softened mushrooms are not suitable for food, because can cause
gastrointestinal diseases. At the same time, they are the source
spores that renew mycelium.
It is important to remember that after cutting the mushroom, you need it as soon as possible.
recycle, because after 3-5 hours due to the onset of proteinaceous tissue of the body of the fungus at
at room temperature, secondary metabolites accumulate in it. Mushrooms
can be stored in the cold for longer, but no more than a day after collection.
Edible mushrooms can accumulate toxic substances,
growing near major motorways with heavy traffic
transport, military ranges, chemical plants, zones
environmental disasters and in radiation-hazardous areas, each
this situation requires special consideration.
Mushrooms are rich in proteins. This is the undoubted benefit of mushrooms. But the protein
poorly absorbed and can cause indigestion. This is harm. There are mushrooms
vitamins and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Of course, a plus in
piggy bank. We will not prove the harm of mushrooms that are poisonous. Evident
fact. Proteins from edible mushrooms can also cause allergies, which are not
has the best effect on the health of the mushroom eater. In the same time,
due to the heaviness for digestion and low calorie content, mushrooms can
go into weight loss diets. Based on the above, you can do
the conclusion that mushrooms are useful, but you need to know certain rules for them
use. For example:
You need to know poisonous mushrooms and collect only the "correct" ones. Like
would be a simple rule, but every year people are admitted to hospitals with
severe mushroom poisoning. There are even deaths, so
that this is not a joke, but a very real threat to life.
When consumed, it must be borne in mind that mushroom protein is bad
assimilated before bedtime, hard work, sauna, etc. better to eat
something lighter on the stomach.
It is also important to know the territory where you are going to hunt for
mushrooms. If it is contaminated, then the benefits and harms of mushrooms will be in
undesirable proportions
... Before cooking mushrooms, you need to boil them 1-2 times in
clean water, pour the broth.
It is advisable for children under 5-7 years old not to eat mushrooms, however, like
elderly people due to the heavy load on the gastrointestinal tract.
Moose, hedgehogs, squirrels, and mice feed on mushrooms in nature.
Always remember the main rule of the mushroom picker:
If you don't know - don't take it!
Conclusion. Conclusion
So our journey into the world of mushrooms ends. He's amazingly big
and diverse. Today we only visited the cap mushrooms,
but there are other types of fungi - mold. Each mushroom has its own
features, each is remarkable in its own way. And an amazing study of mushrooms
science is "mycology". And today each of you has become almost real
mycologist. I wish you continued success in your study of the mushroom
kingdom.
Literature
Literature: magazine "Primary school" No. 7 1989.
Mazin V.V., Shashkova L.S. "Mushrooms, Plants and People" - Moscow:
Agropromizdat, 1986
- p.208
Cherepanova N.P., Pshedetskaya L.I. "Mushrooms" - Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1990 - p. 93
North-Eastern District Education Department
Department of Education of the city of Moscow
State budgetary educational institution of the city of Moscow
COLLEGE №1577
"Forest meat."
Biology project
Completed:
student 5 "G" class
GBOU Gymnasiums 1577
Patrakeev Matvey
Supervisor
Biology teacher
Deulina I.Yu.
Moscow city
Introduction 3 pp.
1) Hypothesis 3 p.
2) Goal 3 p.
3) Objectives 3 p.
4) Methods of collecting information 3 pp.
Main part 4 p.
1) Classification of mushrooms 4-5 p.
A) Edible
B) Conditionally edible
C) Inedible
D) Poisonous
2) Mushroom picker rules 5 p.
3) Sociological survey of schoolchildren 5-6 pages.
4) Results of the survey 7-8 p.
5) How to distinguish false mushrooms from edible ones? 9 pp.
6) Interesting facts 10p.
Conclusion p. 10
Literature p. 11
1. Introduction.
Forest meat.
The choice of the research topic was determined in the "Biology" lesson, when we studied the topic "Mushrooms". We got acquainted with mushrooms. We talked about what mushrooms we saw or collected this summer. Then the question arose: "Are mushrooms a part of living nature?" Then they decided to conduct their own research.
Hypothesis: Edible mushrooms are a popular food product from which a variety of delicious and healthy dishes are prepared.
Target : To form knowledge about mushrooms, their importance in nature and human life.
Tasks:
Learn to recognize edible and inedible mushrooms.
Formulate the rules for picking mushrooms.
Purposefully foster emotional responsiveness to nature.
Information collection methods:
Biology lessons.
Internet information resources, books, encyclopedias.
Excursions to the children's, school library.
Sociological survey of schoolchildren.
2.The main part
1.Classification of mushrooms.
Our meeting with mushrooms begins in spring, when lines and morels appear among last year's grass, and summer is the time for a real mushroom hunt.
Mushrooms grow everywhere, but most often on the ground, forest floor, rotting or living wood. Less commonly, they are found on garbage or manure heaps and at the site of fires.
1) Edible mushrooms.
Edible - can be eaten immediately after cleansing.
In summer and autumn, many mushrooms appear in the forest. The porcini mushroom is especially good. He has a sturdy brown hat and a solid thick leg. If you come across such a mushroom, you must definitely look nearby.
It's nice to find a boletus in the forest. The cap of such a mushroom is elegant, bright orange - the color of red and orange aspen leaves.
But more often than other mushrooms in the forest there are russula with caps of pink, green, yellow.
From time immemorial, man began to pick mushrooms, which brings him pleasure and joy. And also delivers a delicious and nutritious product to his table. Mushroom pickers with baskets go to the forest early in the morning. The autumn air is cool and fresh, smells of falling leaves.
People return home with full baskets. At home, the collected mushrooms are dried, fried, soup made, salted. Mushrooms are tasty in any form. Wild animals also eat mushrooms. The squirrel dries mushrooms for the winter, putting them on thin twigs.
2) Conditionally edible
Conditionally edible - first you need to boil, dry or soak, only after that you can fry, stew, etc.
3) Inedible mushrooms
Inedible — Has an unpleasant odor, taste, or hard flesh.
But not all mushrooms are equally good for humans. There are inedible mushrooms. Some inedible mushrooms are poisonous. The most poisonous mushroom is the pale toadstool. Amanita is also poisonous.
Never take mushrooms you don't know. This is dangerous! Do not pick or shoot mushrooms in vain: many animals feed on mushrooms. And with some mushrooms, animals and birds are treated. This is their medicine. For example, moose sometimes need fly agarics - they eat them.
4) Poisonous.
Poisonous - poisonous after processing.
Don't touch bright fly agarics!
There is no need to shoot down or pluck big old mushrooms in the same way. We do not need them, and many young mushrooms grow in the forest near them.
2.Rules of mushroom picker:
1. You need to go to the forest for mushrooms in comfortable clothes and shoes - a walk should give you pleasure.
2. Collect only those mushrooms that are well known to you, do not take a dubious mushroom.
3. You can not pick mushrooms in the city, and outside the city along the highways.
4. Do not take old overripe mushrooms. Even in edible boletus, boletus, microorganisms poisonous to humans can multiply.
5. Don't put your loot in plastic bags! Mushrooms in them crumple and break. In addition, the temperature inside the bag is so high that the mushrooms "suffocate and deteriorate."
6. You need to process mushrooms as soon as you get home from the forest. Otherwise, the mushrooms will have time to become fermented in a few hours.
7.Mushrooms are best cut with a knife. But you can also gently twist it out of the ground. The main thing is not to stir up, not to rake moss, dry leaves, needles under the "root", not to destroy the mycelium. Sprinkle the hole where the mushroom was sitting with fallen leaves and needles. Do not tear the ground around the mushroom you find, this will prevent other mushrooms from growing in this place.
8.Do not knock fly agaric and toadstools, do not trample underfoot.
3.Sociological survey of schoolchildren:
The purpose of the survey: to find out the knowledge of schoolchildren about edible and inedible mushrooms, their purpose, rules of collection.
1. What edible mushrooms do you know?
2. Boletus
3. Boletus
4 white lump
5 chanterelle
6 rump
8 the flower
9 nose
10. Oiler
2. What kind of edible mushrooms do you collect?
Select all that apply
1.White 8.Wolf
2. Boletus 9. Snuff
3. Boletus 10. Butter
4.White lump 11.Others
5 chanterelle
6 rump
3. Why do you use edible mushrooms as food?
Select all that apply
3.Rich in protein
4.Give dishes a unique taste and aroma
4. Do you know the rules of compulsory processing of mushrooms when preparing them?
3.Not quite sure
5. What kind of mushroom dishes can you cook? Please write their names. Maybe share a recipe?
4. Results of the survey.
6. Interesting facts.
1.In the Yoruba tribe in southwestern Nigeria, unknown mushrooms are tested for edibility simply: they crumble and give chickens. If the chickens bite them, it means that the mushrooms are not poisonous.
2. The plush webcap (Cortinarius orellanus) is extremely poisonous. The insidiousness of this fungus lies in the longest incubation period: the poisons begin to act two or even three weeks after they enter the body! In this case, it is enough to eat 30 grams. mushrooms - this is even less than that of a pale toadstool! And then a long agony begins, ending fatally ... Kidneys are affected and fail. But the cobweb is rare and tastes bitter.
3. The French physician Pierre Bastienne ate it in August 1981 to demonstrate his method of detoxifying the poisons of the pale toadstool. In a quantity of 70 gr., Fried in oil in front of live TV cameras. After 2 years, Bastien repeated the experiment. After the first signs of poisoning appeared, he underwent treatment, which consisted in the intravenous administration of large doses of vitamin C, drinking plenty of potassium and disinfecting the intestines with ercefuril and the antibiotic abiocin. But it was not possible to convince the skeptical doctors and they still have a negative attitude to this experiment.
3.Conclusion:
As a result of the work done, I learned that mushrooms are part of wildlife. They are necessary on Earth, although they bring both benefit and harm to humans. A person, like a good owner, must learn to use the beneficial properties of mushrooms. In the future, when picking mushrooms, I will be more careful. I will teach others how to navigate the world of mushrooms, going on a "quiet hunt".
4.Literature:
1. L.V. Garibova. In the kingdom of mushrooms. M., 1998. Second edition.
2. Children's encyclopedia.
Reader's Digest, printed in France, 2005.
4. “Mushrooms. Determinant."
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