Remember
What do you know from your 6th grade geography course about the conditions that determine climate?
Climate is determined by the latitude of the area (angle of incidence of sunlight), the nature of the underlying surface, general circulation atmosphere.
This I know
1. List the main climate-forming factors. What is the most important factor?
The main climate-forming factors are geographic latitude, general atmospheric circulation and the nature of the underlying surface. Most main factor– geographical latitude of the area.
2. Explain how the underlying surface affects the climate of the territory?
Firstly, different temperature conditions and humidity are formed over the surface of the oceans and land. Above the oceans there is greater humidity and less temperature fluctuations. On land, the climate changes as you move further inland from the coasts. At the same time, temperature fluctuations are increasing, cloudiness and precipitation are decreasing. Climate is influenced by currents. Cold currents off the coast make the climate of the coasts cool and very dry. Warm currents make the climate milder. Relief and absolute altitude terrain.
3. Give examples of the influence of distance from the oceans on the climate of the territory.
A striking example of the influence of distance from the oceans on climate is the difference between the climate of the coasts and interior regions of Eurasia. The coasts of the continents have a mild climate with warm summer and mild winters with frequent thaws. Up to 800 mm of precipitation falls here. Inland areas are characterized by dry, hot summers and very frosty winters with little snow.
4. How does the main climate zone differ from the transition zone?
In the main climate zone, one air mass dominates throughout the year. In the transition zones there are two air masses replace each other.
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5. According to the map " Climate zones and regions of the Earth” name the main and transitional climatic zones.
Transitional belts have the prefix “sub-” in their name.
6. Determine the climate type based on a set of characteristics: January temperature -10...-150C, July +20...+250C. precipitation occurs throughout the year, but with a summer maximum. The annual precipitation is 250-300 mm. Which continents have this type of climate?
This is a temperate continental climate type. It is represented in Eurasia and North America.
7. Using the climate diagram (see Figure 35), determine the type of climate.
The climate is characterized by small temperature fluctuations. The air temperature does not drop below 10 0C in winter, summer temperatures are +20...+250C. Precipitation has a winter maximum. The subtropical Mediterranean type of climate may have these characteristics.
8. Fill out the table
This is interesting to me
9. Which climate zone would you like to go on vacation in the summer? What clothes will you especially need while traveling?
For a summer vacation, I would go to the subtropical Mediterranean climate zone. Mediterranean climate extremely favorable for human life, which is why the most famous summer resorts are located here. Valuable subtropical crops are grown here: citrus fruits, grapes, olives.
When traveling, you will need light clothing made from natural fabrics that does not leave exposed skin, beachwear and hats.
Climate is decisive for geographical location natural areas. Where deserts are dry and hot, where it rains and the sun shines all year round, there is lush vegetation. equatorial forests. But, in one climatic zone there may be boundaries of several natural zones.
Climatic zones and natural zones
First of all, let's look at the table.
Table “Natural zones of climatic zones”
Features of the climate of natural zones of the world
Equatorial forests
It is very hot here all year round and there are tropical rains. The average temperature in winter is +15°, in summer about 30°. More than 2000 mm of precipitation falls annually. There is no clear division into seasons; all months are warm and humid.
Savannah
Winter is tropical, summer is equatorial. There are two distinct periods: drought in winter and rainy season in summer. About 500 mm of precipitation falls annually. The average temperature in winter is +10°, in summer about 26°.
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Rice. 1. Drought in the savannah
Deserts
The climate is arid, with rapid temperature changes observed throughout the day. In winter, it can even be below zero at night. In summer, the sun warms the dry air by 40-45°.
Rice. 2. Frost in the desert
Steppes and forest-steppes
Winters are moderate, summers are dry. Even during the warm period of the year, at night the air temperature can drop to below zero. Precipitation falls mainly in winter - up to 500 mm per year. Feature steppe zone are cold, piercing winds blowing from the north.
Deciduous and mixed forests
They are characterized by pronounced winters (with snow) and hot summers. Precipitation falls evenly throughout the year.
Rice. 3. Winter in a deciduous forest
Taiga
It is characterized by cold, dry winters, but hot summers, which last 4-5 months. Precipitation falls approximately 1000 mm. in year. The average temperature in January is 25°, in summer +16°.
Tundra and forest-tundra
The climate is harsh. Winter is long, cold, dry, about 9 months. Summer is short. Arctic winds often blow.
Arctic and Antarctic deserts
Eternal winter zone. Summer is very short and cold.
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In order to define such a concept as a climate zone, it is necessary to distinguish between such concepts as climate and weather.
Climate is usually called the average established weather regime, and the definition of weather sounds like the state of the troposphere at a certain time in certain place. What is a climate zone, and what are its types?
The concept of a climate zone and its features
Latitudinal band earth's surface, which differs from other bands in the intensity of solar heating and atmospheric circulation, is usually called the climate zone.
In total, there are 7 types of climate zones on planet Earth. But these types also have their own classification; they are divided into two types of climatic zones: main and transitional. The main belts are also called permanent belts.
Main and transition belts
The main or permanent type of climate zone is considered to be the zone in which one air mass predominates throughout the year. And transitional ones are characterized by a change in air masses - colder ones come in winter, and hotter ones come in summer. Titles transition zones written with the prefix “sub”.
The equatorial, temperate, arctic and tropical zones are considered to be permanent climatic zones. And among the variables, the subequatorial belt, subtropical and subarctic are distinguished.
Equatorial belt
This type of permanent belt is located in the equator region. It is considered to be the only belt that is torn into several parts. Throughout the year it is influenced by one air mass, which is also called equatorial.
Main characteristics of the belt: heat (temperature from 20°C), a large number of precipitation – up to 7000 mm per year, high humidity. The natural zone of this belt is rain forests, in which many poisonous animals and plants live.
The equatorial belt includes the Amazon Lowland, which is located in South America, the Greater Sunda Islands and equatorial Africa.
Subequatorial belt
This type of belt is located between tropical and equatorial. This means that throughout the year two air masses of these belts alternate on its territory.
Subequatorial belt typical for the north South America, the Hindustan Peninsula, Northern Australia and Southeast Asia.
Tropical and subtropical zones
The tropical type of climate zone is characteristic of tropical latitudes. In the tropics, the weather will depend on the height of the sun above the horizon. For tropical zone characterized by sudden changes in temperature - from cold to hot.
For this reason it natural area presented in the form of semi-deserts and deserts, plant and animal world of which is very scarce. The tropical zone is typical for Mexico, North Africa, the Caribbean islands, southern Brazil and Central Australia.
The subtropical zone is located between the temperate and tropical zones. They separate the southern and northern subtropical zones. In summer, tropical heat reigns here, which is characterized by dryness, and in winter a moderate cold air mass prevails.
The subtropical zone is located in the territory North America(USA), it is characteristic of southern Japan, North Africa and the Great Chinese Plain. And in the southern hemisphere, the subtropical zone occupies the north of New Zealand, the south of Australia and the south of Africa.
Temperate zone
The main characteristic of this belt is that the temperature of one air mass varies by season: cold winter, hot summer, spring and autumn can be clearly distinguished. The temperate zone is characterized by negative temperatures.
The weather in certain parts of our planet is always determined climatic zone. There are few of them, but in each hemisphere one or another natural area has its own characteristics. Now we will look at the main climatic zones of our planet and transitional ones, and note their main features and position.
A few general words
Our planet, as you know, consists of land and water. In addition, these two components have different structures (on land there may be mountains, lowlands, hills or deserts, the ocean can have a cold or warm current). That is why the impact that the Sun has on the Earth with the same intensity is displayed completely differently in different areas. Such interaction caused the formation of the main climatic zones of the world and the transitional ones that lie between them. The first ones have large area, characterized by stable weather conditions. The latter stretch in narrow stripes parallel to the equator, and the temperature in their different areas can be very diverse.
Main natural areas
For the first time, geographers identified the main climatic zones of the planet in the mid-19th century, and then they were predominantly descriptive. From then until today there have been four of them: polar, temperate, tropical and equatorial. In addition, it is important to highlight that scientists now divide the polar climate into two different zones - Arctic and Antarctic. The fact is that the Earth's poles are not symmetrical, and therefore the weather in each of these areas is different. In the north, oddly enough, the climate is milder; in the polar regions there is even vegetation, since in the summer it goes down snow cover. You won’t find such phenomena in the south, and seasonal temperature fluctuations there exceed 60 degrees. Below is a list of the world belts, by looking at which you can quickly navigate to their location.
Equatorial climate over land
Location of this natural area - Northern part South America; the countries of Central Africa and the Congo River basin, as well as the upper Nile; most of the Indonesian archipelago. Each of these places has a very humid climate. Annual quantity precipitation here is 3000 mm or more. For this reason, many areas that fall within the zone of equatorial cyclones are covered with swamps. Comparing all other climatic zones and regions of our world with the equator, we can say with complete confidence that this is the most wet zone. It is worth noting that in summer it rains here much more often than in winter. They fall in the form of short-term and very heavy showers, the consequences of which dry up in minutes, and the sun warms the earth again. There are no seasonal temperature fluctuations here - throughout the year the thermometer stays between 28-35 above zero.
Marine equatorial climate
The strip that stretches along the equator across the ocean is called the dynamic minimum zone. The pressure here is as low as over land, which provokes great amount precipitation - over 3500 mm per year. Among other things, such humid climatic zones and areas above the waters are characterized by clouds and fogs. Very thick air masses form here due to the fact that both the air and, in fact, the water surface are filled with moisture. The currents are warm everywhere, due to which the water evaporates very quickly and its natural circulation occurs constantly. The temperature regime remains within +24 - +28 degrees without inter-seasonal fluctuations.
Tropical zone over land
Let us immediately note that the main climatic zones of our world are very different from each other, and this does not depend on how close they are to each other. A striking example This is done by the tropics, which, in fact, are not so far from the equator. This natural zone is divided into two parts - North and South. In the first case, it occupies a significant part of Eurasia (Arabia, South part Iran, the extreme points of Europe in the Mediterranean Sea), North Africa, and Central America(mostly Mexico). In the second, these are the territories of some states of South America, the Kalahari Desert in Africa and central part mainland Australia. It's dry and hot climate with very sharp temperature changes. The amount of precipitation per year is 300 mm, cloudiness, fog and rain are extremely rare. Summer is always very hot - over +35 degrees, and in winter the temperature drops to +18. The temperature fluctuates just as sharply within a day - during the day it can be as much as +40, and at night it will be only +20. Very often, monsoons fly over the tropics - strong winds that destroy rocks. That is why so many deserts have formed in this zone.
Tropics over the oceans
The table of climate zones of the world gives us the opportunity to understand that over the ocean the tropics have slightly different characteristics. It is more humid here, but also cooler, it rains more often and the winds blow more strongly. The amount of precipitation per year is 500 mm. The average summer temperature is +25 degrees, and the average winter temperature is +15. Currents are also considered a feature of the oceanic tropical climate. Cold waters run along the western coasts of America, Africa and Australia, which is why it is always cooler and drier here. And the eastern shores are washed warm waters, and here there is more rain and the air temperature is much higher.
Largest natural area: temperate climate. Features over land
The main climatic zones of the planet cannot be imagined without temperate zone which dominates for the most part Eurasia and this region are characterized by seasonal changes - winter, spring, summer, autumn, during which humidity and temperature fluctuate significantly. Conventionally, the continental zone is divided into two subtypes:
Polar regions of the Earth
Zones high pressure located in the Far North and Far South of our planet. In the first case, this is a water area Arctic Ocean and all the islands there. In the second case, this is Antarctica. A map of the world's climate zones often shows us both zones as identical in their weather conditions areas. In fact, there is a difference between them. In the north annual fluctuations temperatures are approximately 40 degrees. In winter, the temperature drops to -50, and in summer it warms up to +5. In Antarctica, the temperature difference is as much as 60 degrees, in winter the frosts here are extremely severe -70 or more, and in summer the thermometer does not rise above zero. Characteristic phenomenon for both poles - polar day and night. In summer, the sun does not go beyond the horizon for several months, and in winter, accordingly, does not appear at all.
Transitional climate zones of the planet
These natural areas are located between the main ones. Despite this, they have their own characteristics that make them stand out from the general background. Typically, such transition zones are places where milder weather, normal humidity and moderate winds. Transitional climate zones were discovered at the end of the 19th century, their classification remains unchanged to this day. Every schoolchild knows their names - subequatorial, subtropical and subpolar. Now we will look at each of them.
Brief overview of transitional natural zones
- Subequatorial climate. Characterized by seasonal changes in weather. In winter, the wind direction brings tropical air masses here. Therefore, there is very little precipitation, the air becomes cooler, and the clouds dissipate. In summer, the wind direction changes and equatorial cyclones come here. Due to this, a huge amount of precipitation falls - 3000 mm, and it becomes very hot.
- Subtropical. It is located between the tropics and temperate latitudes. The situation is similar here. In summer, winds blow from the tropics, making it very hot and sunny. In winter, cyclones arrive with temperate latitudes, it gets cold sometimes snowing, but no permanent cover is formed.
- Subpolar climate. Dynamic minimum zone, with high humidity and very low temperatures- more than -50. It is noteworthy that in the subpolar zone it occupies mainly land, and in the South it is a continuous water area in the Antarctic region.
What are the climate zones in Russia?
Our country is located in the Northern Hemisphere and at the same time in the Eastern. The climate here begins to form in the waters of the Arctic Ocean and ends on the shores of the Black Sea, in the Caucasus. Now we will list all the names of the main climatic zones that are found in Russia: Arctic, subarctic, temperate, subtropical. Most of the country's territory is occupied by a temperate zone. It is conventionally divided into four types: moderate and monsoon. Humidity levels and temperature changes depend on how deep the continent is. geographical feature. In general, the state is characterized by the presence of all four seasons, hot and dry summers and cold winters, with constant snow cover.
Conclusion
The characteristics of a particular climate on the planet largely depend on the relief over which it is located. The north of the Earth is largely covered by land, which is why a zone of the so-called dynamic maximum has formed here. There is always low precipitation, strong winds and large seasonal temperature fluctuations. Main climate zones northern hemisphere- this is the polar zone, temperate, and tropical. In the south of the planet, most of the territory is occupied by water. The climate here is always more humid, temperature changes are less. Most of the countries here are located in subequatorial latitudes, tropics and subtropics. The temperate zone covers only a small area of land in South America. Also, a significant part of the land is occupied Antarctic zone, which is located above the continent of the same name.
Due to the uneven heating of our planet by the Sun and the distribution atmospheric precipitation across the earth's surface, the Earth's climates are very diverse. The first climate classifications appeared in the 70s of the 19th century and were of a descriptive nature. According to the classification of Moscow State University professor B.P. Alisov, there are 7 types of climates on Earth that make up climate zones. 4 of them are basic, and 3 are transitional. The main types include:
Equatorial climate zone. This type of climate is characterized by the dominance of equatorial air masses throughout the year. On the days of the spring (March 21) and autumn (September 21) equinox, the Sun is at its zenith above the equator and greatly heats the Earth. The air temperature in this climate zone is constant (+24-28°C). At sea, temperature fluctuations can generally be less than 1°. The annual amount of precipitation is significant (up to 3000 mm); on the windward slopes of the mountains, precipitation can fall up to 6000 mm. The amount of precipitation here exceeds evaporation, so the soils equatorial climate swampy, and dense and tall rainforests grow on them. The climate of this zone is also influenced by the trade winds, which bring an abundance of precipitation here. The equatorial climate type is formed over northern regions South America; on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, over the Congo River basin and the upper Nile, including the shores of Lake Victoria in Africa; over most of the Indonesian archipelago and the adjacent Indian and Pacific Oceans in Asia.
Tropical climate zone. This type of climate forms two tropical climate zones (in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere) over the following areas.
In this type of climate, the state of the atmosphere over the continent and the ocean is different, therefore continental tropical climate and oceanic tropical climate.
Continental climate zone: a large area is dominated by an area of high pressure, so very little precipitation falls here (from 100-250 mm). The mainland tropical climate is characterized by very hot summers (+35-40°C). In winter, the temperature is much lower (+10-15°C). There are large daily temperature fluctuations (up to 40 °C). The absence of clouds in the sky leads to the formation of clear and cold nights (clouds could trap heat coming from the Earth). Sharp daily and seasonal temperature changes contribute to destruction rocks, which produces a lot of sand and dust. They are picked up by winds and can be transported over considerable distances. These are dusty sandstorms are great danger for a traveler in the desert.
The mainland tropical climates of the western and eastern coasts of the continents are very different from each other. Cold currents pass along the western coasts of South America, Africa and Australia, so the climate here is characterized by relatively low air temperatures (+18-20°C) and low precipitation (less than 100 mm). Along the eastern coasts of these continents there are warm currents Therefore, temperatures here are higher and there is more precipitation.
The oceanic tropical climate is similar to the equatorial climate, but differs from it in less cloudiness and stable winds. Summer over the oceans is not so hot (+20-27°C), and winter is cool (+10-15°C). Precipitation falls mainly in summer (up to 50 mm). Moderate. There is a significant impact western winds, bringing precipitation all year round. Summer in this climate zone is moderately warm (from +10°C to +25-28°C). Winter is cold (from +4°C to -50°C). Annual precipitation ranges from 1000 mm to 3000 mm on the outskirts of the continent and up to 100 mm in the interior. The differences between the seasons of the year are clearly visible. This type of climate also forms two zones in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and forms over areas of temperate latitudes (from 40-45° northern and southern latitudes to the polar circles). A region is formed above these territories low pressure, active cyclonic activity. Temperate climates are divided into two subtypes:
sea, which dominates in the western parts of North America, South America, Eurasia, is formed under the direct influence of westerly winds from the ocean to the mainland, therefore it is characterized by cool summers (+ 15-20 ° C) and warm winter(from +5°С). Precipitation brought westerly winds, fall out all year round(from 500 mm to 1000 mm, in the mountains up to 6000 mm);
continental, dominant in central regions continents, differs from it. Cyclones penetrate here less frequently than in coastal areas, so summers here are warm (+17-26°C), and winters are cold (-10-24°C) with stable snow cover for many months. Due to the significant extent of Eurasia from west to east, the most pronounced continental climate is observed in Yakutia, where average January temperatures can drop to -40°C and there is little precipitation. This happens because the interior of the continent is not exposed to the same influence of the oceans as the coasts, where moist winds not only bring precipitation, but also mitigate the heat in summer and frost in winter.
Monsoon subtype temperate climate, dominant in the east of Eurasia from Kamchatka to Korea and in the north of Japan, in northeast China, is characterized by a change in stable winds (monsoons) over the seasons, which affects the amount and regime of precipitation. It blows here in winter cold wind from the continent, so winter is clear and cold (-20-27°C). In summer the winds with Pacific Ocean bring warm rainy weather. In Kamchatka and Sakhalin, precipitation falls from 1600 to 2000 mm.
In all subtypes of temperate climates, only moderate air masses dominate.
Polar climate type. Above 70° north and 65° south latitudes, a polar climate prevails, forming two zones: Arctic and Antarctic. Polar air masses prevail here all year round. The sun does not appear at all for several months (polar night) and does not go below the horizon for several months (polar day). Snow and ice emit more heat than they receive, so the air is very cool and the snow cover does not melt all year. Throughout the year, a high pressure area dominates over these areas, so the winds are weak and there are almost no clouds. There is very little precipitation, the air is saturated with small ice needles. As they settle, they provide a total of only 100 mm of precipitation per year. The average summer temperature does not exceed 0°C, and winter -20-40°C. Long drizzle is typical for summer.
Equatorial, tropical, temperate, polar climate types are considered the main ones, since within their zones the air masses characteristic of them dominate throughout the year. Between the main climatic zones there are transitional ones, which have the prefix “sub” (Latin for “under”) in their names. In transitional climate zones, air masses change seasonally. They come here from neighboring belts. This is explained by the fact that as a result of the movement of the Earth around its axis, climatic zones shift either to the north or to the south.
There are three additional climate types:
Subequatorial climate. In summer, this zone is dominated by equatorial air masses, and in winter by tropical ones.
Summer: a lot of precipitation (1000-3000 mm), average temperature air +30°C. Even in the spring the sun reaches its zenith and burns mercilessly.
Winter is cooler than summer (+14°C). There is little precipitation. Soils dry out after summer rains, so subequatorial climate, unlike the equatorial one, swamps are rare. The territory is favorable for human settlement, which is why many centers of civilization are located here - India, Indochina, Ethiopia. According to N.I. Vavilov, many varieties originated from here cultivated plants. The northern subequatorial belt includes: South America (Isthmus of Panama, Venezuela, Guinea); Africa (Sahel belt); Asia (India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, all of Indochina, South China, Philippines). The southern subequatorial belt includes: South America (Amazonian lowland, Brazil); Africa (centre and east of the continent); Australia ( north coast mainland).
Subtropical climate. Here in summer tropical air masses dominate, and in winter air masses of temperate latitudes invade here, carrying precipitation. This circulation of air masses determines the following weather in these areas: hot, dry summer(from +30 to +50°C) and a relatively cold winter with precipitation, a stable snow cover is not formed. Annual precipitation is about 500 mm. Inside the continents in subtropical latitudes there is little precipitation even in winter. The climate here is dominated by dry subtropics with hot summers (up to +50°C) and unstable winters, when frosts down to -20°C are possible. Precipitation in these areas is 120 mm or less. The western parts of the continents are dominated by a Mediterranean climate, which is characterized by hot, partly cloudy summers without precipitation and cool, windy and rainy winters. The Mediterranean climate receives more precipitation than the dry subtropics. The annual precipitation here is 450-600 mm. The Mediterranean climate is extremely favorable for human life, which is why the most famous summer resorts are located here. Valuable subtropical crops are grown here: citrus fruits, grapes, olives.
The subtropical climate of the eastern coasts of the continents is monsoon. Winter here compared to other climates subtropical zone cold and dry, and summers are hot (+25°C) and humid (800 mm). This is explained by the influence of the monsoons, which blow from land to sea in winter, and from sea to land in summer, bringing precipitation in summer. Monsoon subtropical climate well expressed only in the Northern Hemisphere, especially on the east coast of Asia. Heavy rainfall in summer time allow lush vegetation to develop. On fertile soils Agriculture is developed here, supporting the lives of more than a billion people.
Subpolar climate. In summer, humid air masses come here from temperate latitudes, so summers are cool (from +5 to +10°C) and about 300 mm of precipitation falls (in the northeast of Yakutia 100 mm). As elsewhere, precipitation increases on windward slopes. Despite the small amount of precipitation, the moisture does not have time to evaporate completely, therefore, in the north of Eurasia and North America, small lakes are scattered in the subpolar zone, and large areas are swampy. In winter, the weather in this climate is influenced by Arctic and Antarctic air masses, so there are long, cold winters, temperatures can reach -50°C. Subpolar climate zones are located only on the northern edges of Eurasia and North America and in the Antarctic waters.
If you look at the map, you will notice that the boundaries of climatic zones do not run strictly along parallels, but deviate either to the north or to the south. This is explained by the fact that the formation of climate zones is influenced not only by the uneven heating of the Earth and the geography of precipitation, but also by other climate-forming factors: relief, ocean currents, glaciers and others.
Arctic and Antarctic belts
In the Arctic and Antarctic zones, Arctic air predominates throughout the year. Snow and ice surfaces reflect well Sun rays, which here fall at an angle close to 180°. Therefore, the temperature and humidity here are very low, only in some places in summer months the thermometer rises to +5 ° C. In Antarctica, temperatures in winter (in August) sometimes reach -71 ° C, and in the warmest months they rise only to - 20 ° C. There is little precipitation at the poles.
In the subarctic and subantarctic zones, a change in air masses occurs: in winter, Arctic (Antarctic) air dominates, in summer - moderate air masses. Winter is long (up to 9 months) and cold: the average temperature of the coldest months reaches -40 ° C and even lower. In summer, the thermometer rises only a few degrees above zero. There is excessive moisture, although up to 200 mm/year falls here. This is due to low volatility. Complex climatic conditions aggravated by frequent and strong winds. Subpolar belts pass through the northern coast of Eurasia and North America, the Commander and Aleutian Islands, as well as the Antarctic islands.
Temperate zone
In the temperate climate zone, westerly winds predominate, and monsoons prevail on the eastern coasts. Precipitation in temperate zone varies greatly and depends on proximity to the sea and the nature of the terrain. As you move deeper into the continents, the amount of precipitation becomes less. In the northern and western parts of the continents, moisture is excessive, and in the southern and central parts it is insufficient. The temperate zone is characterized by significant temperature differences between summer and winter, as well as between land and sea. Winter temperatures here are significantly lower than in the previous zone, so the falling snow forms a cover that lasts up to several months.
In the temperate zone there are 4 climatic regions: marine temperate climate (western coasts of the continents) - relatively warm winter, cool and rainy summer, transitional from maritime to continental, continental climate - maximum amount Precipitation falls during the warm season and the monsoon - cold and dry winters, cool and rainy summers.
Tropical and subtropical zones
In tropical climate zones, dry and hot tropical air prevails throughout the year. Difference temperature regime between winter and summer more significantly. Average temperatures warm month are +30-35 ° C, cold ones - usually not lower than +10 ° C. The tropical zone is characterized by significant temperature differences between night and day. Sometimes they reach 40 ° C, and the annual average is about 20 ° C. In the tropics there is very little precipitation: 50-150 mm/year. The only exceptions are the coasts of the continents, to which moisture is brought from the ocean.
In subtropical climate zones, dry tropical air dominates in summer, and more humid temperate air in winter. Characterized by the presence of dry and wet periods. Naturally, summers here are dry and hot (average temperatures around 30°C). Winter is humid and warm, although sometimes temperatures still drop below 0 ° C. Sometimes snow even falls here, but snow cover does not form. Precipitation is generally insufficient (200 - 500 mm/year). In the subtropics, several climatic regions are distinguished: Mediterranean (dry and hot summers and warm, rainy winters), subtropical monsoon (hot and rainy summers, cold and dry winters), continental subtropical (hot and dry summers, relatively cold winters with little precipitation).
Equatorial and subequatorial belts
Average monthly temperatures in the equatorial belt are 25-28 ° C, and their differences are small. This belt is characterized by weak winds and high humidity(1000-2000 mm of precipitation falls per year). IN equatorial belt There are two rainy periods separated by less rainy ones. The equatorial belt passes through the Amazonian lowland of South America, the coast of the Gulf of Guinea and the Congo lowland in Africa, the Malacca Peninsula, the Sunda Islands and New Guinea.
To the south and north of the equatorial belt there are subequatorial belts. In summer, humid equatorial air comes here, in winter - dry tropical air. Due to this, the amount of precipitation falling in summer is much higher than this parameter in winter. The average annual precipitation is excessive - 1000-1500 mm/year, and on the mountain slopes it reaches 6000-10000 mm/year. Average temperatures in the subequatorial zone range from 22 to 30 ° C. Their difference between winter and summer is relatively small, but is already greater than in the equatorial belt. The subequatorial belt runs through the Brazilian and Guinean highlands of South America, in Central Africa, in Hindustan and Indochina and Northern Australia.
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