What a pressure in a moderate belt. Moderate belt - wind, earth, temperature, precipitation

Main questions.What is a climatic belt? What features of the climate are characteristic of each of the climatic belts? What is the impact of climatic conditions for population posting?

Climatic (Greek.kLIMATOS - Tilt) Differences on Earth are directly related to the inclination of the sun's rays to the earth's surface. Climatic zonality is manifested in the placement of climatic belts (Fig. 1) Climatic belts are territories that are solid or interruptedstonestrip ishing the land. They are They differ from each other by temperature, atmospheric pressure, air masses that dominate winds, quantity and regimen. They are stretched from the West to the East and replace each other from the equator to the poles. Stand out maintenance and transitional Climatic belts. In the main climatic belts, one type of air mass is dominated during the year. In transient climatic belts - 2 types of air masses. They change with the shift of the year. Other factors affect the distribution of temperature and precipitation inside the belts: the proximity of the oceans, warm and cold flows, relief. Therefore, inside climatic belts, large differences are observed and climatic regions are allocated. Each of them have a specific type of climate.

Maintenance Climatic belts correspond to the distribution of four main air masses: equatorial, two tropical, two moderate, arctic and antarctic Climatic belts (Think about their name).

Between the main belts are located transitional Climatic belts: two subequatorial, two subtropical, subarctic and subanartic. The name of them depends on the dominant types of air masses, and the prefix "sub" (Lat.sub - Under) Indicates a secondary role in the system of general circulation of the atmosphere. For example, the subeequatorial means located near the Equatorial. Air masses in transitional belts change by season: in winter, air masses are dominated by the main belt, neighboring the pole, in the summer - from the side of the equator. (Fig.).

Equatorial belt Formed in the area of \u200b\u200bthe equator between 5 ° Sh. - 10 ° C. sh. During the year, equatorial air masses prevail here. There are always high temperatures and a large amount of precipitation. The average monthly temperatures from - + 25 to +28 ° C. The precipitation falls 1500-3000 mm per year. This belt is the most moistened part of the earth's surface. This is due to the high position of the sun over the horizon throughout the year and the uplink air currents characteristic of low pressure belts.

For subscance belts (approximately 20 ° C. and Yu. Sh.) are characterized by two seasons: in the summer dominates equatorial air and very humid, and in winter - tropical Air and very dry. In winter, the rays of the sun fall at right angles in the southern hemisphere and therefore tropical Air mass in this belt comes from the north and is installed dry weather. Winter is not much colder than summer. The average temperature of the air in all months varies within +20 - + 30 ° C. Annual precipitation on the plains is up to 1000-2000 mm, and on the slopes of the mountains - up to 6000- 10,000 mm. Almost all the sediments fall out in the summer. (Recall the impact on the formation of climate are the winds of the Passats).

Tropical belts stretched from 20 to 30 ° S.Sh. and Yu.Sh. on both sides of the tropics. Remember why in tropical latitudes the air is lowered and high pressure dominated? A whole year is dominated by continental tropical air. Therefore, the climate in the central regions of the continents is hot and dry. The winds of the trade winds prevail. The average temperature of the warmest month is +30 - + 35 ° C, the coldest is not lower than + 10 ° C. Cloudy insignificant, precipitation away from the oceans drops a little, not more than 50-150 mm per year. Their quantity increases in the eastern parts of the continents, which are under the influence of warm flows and the Passows, which breathe from the ocean. In the West and in the center of the mainland, the climate is dry, deserted. (Determine the climatic map differences in the climate of the outskirts and central areas of the tropical belt in Africa).

Subtropical belts (30-40 ° C. and Yu. Sh.) Are formed under the influence of the tropical air masses in summer and temperate in winter. Summer is dry, roast, with the average temperature of the warmest month of about 30 ° C. Wet wet, warm, but possible short-term decreases of temperatures. Snow falls very rarely. it Mediterraneanclimate. (Explain why the eastern coasts of the mainland climate subtropical monsoon, with hot rainy summer and cool dry winter?). In the central parts of the mainland climate subtropical continental, With hot and dry summer and relatively cold winter with a small amount of precipitation.

Moderate belt stretched in moderate latitudes from 40 to 60 ° C.Sh. and Yu.Sh. They receive much less solar heat compared to previous climatic belts. Throughout the year, moderate air masses are dominated here, but the Arctic and tropical air penetrates. Western winds predominate in the West, in the east of the continents - mussons. The climate of the moderate belt is diverse due to the influence of various climatic factors on its territory. A large annual amplitude of air temperature (in summer - +22 - 28 ° C, and in winter - -22 - 33 ° C) is characteristic of the territories of the central part of the mainland. It increases when moving deep into mainland. Similarly, depending on the position of the territory in relation to the ocean and the relief, a different amount of precipitation falls. In winter, snow drops. On the west coasts of the mainland climate nautical, with relatively warm and wet winter, cool and cloudy summer, plenty of precipitation. On the eastern coasts - monsoon Climate with cold dry winter and not hot rainy summer, and in the interior - continentalclimate.

IN subarctic (subanctic) Arctic (Antarctic) air dominates the belts in winter, and in summer - air masses of moderate latitudes (Determine the geographical location of the belts on the map).Winter is long-term, with an average temperature in winter to - 40 ° C. Summer (in the southern hemisphere - winter) short and cold, with an average temperature not higher than + 10 ° C. Annual precipitation is small (300-400 mm), and evaporation is even less. Air raw, more cloudy.

Approximately a quarter of the world's population lives in a temperate climatic belt.In a tropical desert climate, only 5% of the population of the Earth lives.

1. Show climatic belts on the physical map of the world. 2. Fill the climatic belt table: the name of the climatic belt, the geographical position, the prevailing air masses, the characteristics of the climate (temperature, precipitation). * 3. In which climatic belt is Belarus? Name the main features of the climate, attracting knowledge of its locality. ** 4. What is the climatic belt (region) the most favorable conditions for recreation and recovery of people? Justify the answer.

Moderate belt is one of the two geographical belts of the globe. In the northern hemisphere, a temperate climatic belt is between 40 ° and 65 ° S.Sh., in the southern - between 42 ° and 58 ° Yu.Sh. The territory lying in these belts is 25% of the surface area of \u200b\u200bthe planet. This is a much larger area of \u200b\u200bterritories occupied by any other climatic belt. In the northern hemisphere to 55% of the territory falls on land, in southern - only 2%, the rest is occupied by the ocean.

A characteristic feature of a moderate belt is a change in temperature clearly by season of the year. This is precisely due to the frequency of climatic, biological and hydrological processes.

Three seasons distinguish:
1. Two basic - cold winter and hot summer.
2. Two transition - autumn and spring.

For winter, a temperature is characterized less than 0 ° C, for summer - more than +15 ° C. In the cold season, constant snow cover is formed. The average annual precipitation is 400-500 mm, in the summer period may increase to 750 mm. To the outskirts of the mainland, the amount of precipitation increases to 1500-2000 mm. Throughout the year, the Troposphere is carried out by the Western transfer of air masses, due to which, as well as active cyclonic activities, the water vapor is transferred from the oceans on the mainland and the intercussion exchange of thermal energy. According to the peculiarities of summer and winter, the subspecies of the moderate climate are distinguished: moderately continental, marine, monsoon, sharply continental.

On the land of moderate belt, there is a significant amount of surface runoff, as well as high water flow, which provoke intensive erosion dismemberment of the earth's surface. The flow rate in the northern hemisphere becomes less from the north to south. For a moderate belt, the presence of a large number of lakes is characterized.

Subspecies of moderate climates

On the entire territory of the moderate belt there is a variety of vegetation, except for evergreen forms. The most common type of vegetation of moderate belt - forests (taiga, mixed, wide). In some localities, steppe landscapes are formed due to insufficient moisture. Accordingly, in the fauna predominantly forest forms of animals that lead a settling lifestyle. Inhabitants of open spaces are less common.

Natural conditions, especially in the northern hemisphere, are diverse, which is explained by the large differences in humidity and heat, changes in the direction of winds. This is due to the active activity of cyclones. There are three types of sectors on land: intramicious, Western Wine-Eanic, East Peniocyanic. The boundaries between them are blurred. In the first and second sectors, such landscape zones are distinguished as solar radiation and reduction of moisturizing: forest, forest-steppe, steppe, semi-desert, desert natural zones. For the eastern-acyanic sectors, landscapes of forest zones are characterized, the formation of which occurs in the conditions of the monsoon climate, which is particularly pronounced in East Asia.

The sushiness of the sushi of a moderate belt by the economic activity of a person reaches the greatest level in the Adhesias of Europe and North America. There are industrial anthropogenic landscapes. Agricultural anthropogenic landscapes are common in the steppe and forest-steppe intra-engineity regions.

The characteristic of climatic belts (table is shown below) is the topic of this article. We will tell about what types of climate exist on our planet, and consider in detail each of them. To this end, we recall that the climate is called weather regime established years, which depends on the specific territory, its geographical position.

Equatorial belt

This climatic belt is characterized by low pressure, as well as the year-round presence of air masses. There are no separate climatic areas inside the belt. As for the temperature regime, it is hot here. During the year there are many precipitation, moisturizing in excess. The weather here is changing very sharply during the day. The first half is sultry, and the second begins with abundant rains.

The names of climatic belts are associated with their features. Equatorial belt is located near the equator, therefore it has such a name.

The subequatorial belt is characterized by changing the air masses, which occurs seasonally. In the summer, equatorial air masses prevail, and in winter there are more tropical. Weather conditions in the summer fully correspond to the equatorial type of climate, while the weather is reminded by the conditions of the tropical belt. Winter dry and a little colder summer.

Tropical belt

As we already know, the names of climatic belts are associated with their location. For this type of climate, the tropical air masses are characterized by the whole year. Continental air. This tropical belt weather is high pressure and temperature, a large temperature difference not only during the year, but also during the day. Water in such a climate is very lacking. It is very hot and dry here, often dry winds. There is almost no rainy. The weather is usually dry and sunny.

However, the tropical belt is deceptive. Eastern shores of continents, which are washed by warm currents, are also in this belt, but have another climate. Air turopical air, abundant precipitation, monsoon. Climatic conditions are similar to the equatorial climate.

For subtropical belts, the air mass change is characteristic. In the summer, the tropical climate prevails, in winter - moderate. Pressure jumps in summer and winter are quite high. In winter, the pressure is low, and in the summer - high. Despite the strong difference in temperature and precipitation during the year, on the thermometer all the year above zero. Sometimes the temperature may fall even to negative values. Snow falls at such periods. On the plain localities, he melts quickly, but in the mountains can lie for several months. As for the winds, in winter they rule in the summer - trade winds.

Temperate zone

The temperature of the climatic belts is largely depends on the air masses that prevail over the territory. In a temperate belt, as it is clear from the name, moderate climate. But not always. Sometimes tropical or arctic air masses invade. Moderate climate is characterized by a large temperature difference. Summer roast, and winter frosty and long. Comparatively low pressure, cyclone, instability of weather conditions in winter. Western winds are blowing throughout the year, summer sometimes there are trade winds, and in winter - northeastern wind. Every winter massive snow cover.

Arctic and Antarctic belt

In the characteristic of climatic belts in the table, you can see which temperatures prevail in these belts. Features of these belts at low temperatures all year, strong winds and cold summer. The precipitation is very small.

Subarctic and subnutrctic belt

These belts are distinguished by the fact that a moderate climate is dominated in the summer. Because of this, there is a large amplitude of temperature fluctuations. In these belts there are a lot of eternal permafrost. In winter, northeastern and southeastern winds prevail, and in the summer - Western. The belt has 2 climatic areas, about them below.

Territories of climatic belts

Each belt is characteristic of a certain territory. The natural climatic belts were formed on the planet for a long time, so it is safe to designate certain areas in which the climate belt is pronounced.

Equatorial climate is characteristic of Oceania, countries of South America and Africa. The subequatorial climate is characteristic of Northern Australia and Southeast Asia. The central part of Australia and North Africa is a tropical belt. Subtropics are characteristic of the internal regions of the continents. Moderate climate dominates in the western and eastern outskirts of Eurasia. The belt prevails in North America and the northern part of Eurasia. The Arctic and Antarctic belt is characteristic of Australia and the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic Ocean.

Table climatic belts

The table shows the characteristics of the zones.

Climatic areas of belts

Subtropical belts have three climatic areas:

1. Mediterranean climate. Prevails in the northern hemisphere, on the southern and western banks of the mainland. In the summer there is a continental climate, and in winter - continental and sea air masses. Summer arid and warm, and winter is relatively cool, wet. Moisturizing is insufficient.
2. Monsoon climate. Widged on the eastern banks of the mainland. Summer monsoons cause severe heat and a lot of precipitation, and winter monsions - coolness and dryness. Moisturizing in this area moderate. The precipitation is characteristic of winter season.
3. Sea climate. Distributed on the mainland of the southern hemisphere. Characterized sea air masses. Summer and winter warm. Moisture is enough, it is distributed evenly throughout the year.

Moderate belt consists of 5 climatic areas:

1. Moderate Prevails on the western banks of the continents. The weather is formed under the influence of warm currents and western winds. Winter is pretty soft, and summer is warm. For the year there will be a lot of precipitation. Winter is characterized by abundant and frequent snowfall. Moisture is more than enough. The geography of the climatic belt contributes to the instability of the weather.
2. Continental moderate climate. It is characterized by a warm summer and cold winter. Arctic air masses sometimes provoke a sharp cooling, and tropical air masses - warming. Precipitation is a bit, they are uniform (cyclonal and frontal).
3. Continental climate. It applies only to the northern hemisphere. Throughout the year, moderate air masses are dominated here. Sometimes arctic air masses appear (in this area, their invasion is possible in the summer). In the warm season, precipitation is greater, but in general they are insignificant. A small amount of snow and the predominance of low temperatures contribute to the existence of permafrost.
4. Sharply continental climate. It is characteristic of the internal regions of North America and Eurasia. The territory is almost isolated from the influence of the seas and oceans and is located in the center of high pressure. Sometimes summer is hot, winter is always frosty. There are a lot of eternal freezlot. Weather type - anticyclonal. The precipitation is a bit, the moisturia is not enough.
5. Monsonic climate. Distributed on the eastern side of the mainland. Characterized by seasonality of air masses. Summer wet and warm, and winter dry and cool. Summer precipitation is more numerous, excessive moisturizing.

Subarctic and subnutrctic belts have two areas:

• continental climate (harsh, but short winter, little precipitation, wetlability of the territory);
• ocean climate (fog, a lot of precipitation, soft winter and cool summer).

The characteristic of climatic belts in the table does not include two areas of Arctic and Antarctic belts:

• continental (little precipitation, the whole year the temperature is lower than zero);
• ocean climate (cyclones, little precipitation, negative temperatures).

The temperature in the oceanic climate can rise to +5 during the polar day.

Summing up, let's say that the characteristic of climatic belts (in the table) is needed to every educated person.

Climatic belts of land

Due to the uneven heating of our planet, the Sun and the distribution of atmospheric precipitation on the earth's surface, the climates of the Earth are very diverse. The first classifications of climates appeared in the 70s of the XIX century and had a descriptive character. According to the classification of Professor MSU B. P7 Alice, there are 7 types of climates that make up climatic belts. 4 of them are the main, and 3 transition. The main types include:

Equatorial. For this type of climate, the dominance of equatorial air masses is characterized throughout the year. In the days of the Spring (March 21) and the autumn (September 21), the sun over the equator stands in the zenith and heats up the land. Air temperature in this climatic belt is constant (+ 24-28 ° C). At sea, temperatures fluctuations can generally be less than 1 °. The annual precipitation amount is significant (up to 3000 mm), at the winding slopes of precipitation can fall out to 6000 mm. The amount of precipitation here exceeds evaporation, so the soil in the equatorial climate is marshy, and thick and high wet forests grow on them. The climate of this belt is influenced by the Passats, bringing the abundance of precipitation here. Equatorial climate type is formed over the northern regions of South America; On the coast of the Guinean Bay, on the Congo River Basin and the Nile Verkhovyev, including the shores of Lake Victoria in Africa; Above mostly, the Indonesian archipelago and the adjacent part of the Indian and Pacific Oceans in Asia.

Tropical. This type of climate forms two tropical climatic belts (in the northern and southern hemisphere) over the following territories.

In this type of climate, the condition of the atmosphere over the mainland and the ocean is different, so the mainland tropical climate and the ocean tropical climate are distinguished.

Mainland: the area of \u200b\u200bhigh pressure dominates over a significant area, therefore very few precipitation falls here (from 100-250 mm). The mainland tropical climate is very hot in summer (+ 35-40 ° C). In winter, the temperature is significantly lower (+ 10-15 ° C). Daily daily fluctuations (up to 40 ° C). The absence of clouds in the sky leads to the formation of clear and cold nights (the clouds could delay the heat coming from the Earth). Sharp daily and seasonal temperature differences contribute to the destruction of rocks, which gives a mass of sand and dust. They picked up with winds and can be transferred to considerable distances. These dust sand storms are a big danger for the traveler in the desert.

The mainland tropical climates of Western and Oriental coasts of continents are very different from each other. Along the Western Coast of South America, Africa and Australia, cold currents are undergoing cold flows, therefore the climate here is characterized by a relatively low air temperature (+ 18-20 ° C) and a small amount of precipitation (less than 100 mm). Along the eastern coasts of these continents, warm currents pass, so the temperatures here above and precipitation falls more.

The ocean tropical climate is similar to equatorial, but differs from less cloudiness and resistant winds. Summer over the oceans is not so roast (+ 20-27 ° C), and the winter is cool (+ 10-15 ° C). The preciputes fall predominantly in summer (up to 50 mm).

Moderate. There is a significant influence of Western winds bringing precipitation all year. Summer in this climatic belt is moderately warm (from + 10 ° C to + 25-28 ° C). Winter is cold (from + 4 ° C to -50 ° C). Annual precipitation from 1000 mm to 3000 mm in the outskirts of the mainland and up to 100 mm in the inner areas. Vividly manifest differences in season seasons. This type of climate also forms two belts in the northern and southern hemispheres and is formed over the territories of moderate latitudes (from 40-45 ° Northern and southern latitude to the polar circles). Above these territories the area of \u200b\u200blow pressure, active cyclonic activity is formed. Moderate climate is divided into two subtypes:

- Sea, which prevails in the western parts of North America, South America, Eurasia, is formed with the direct impact of Western winds from the ocean on the mainland, therefore it is characterized by a cool summer (+ 15-20 ° C) and warm winter (from + 5 ° C). The precipitate, brought by Western winds, falls out all year round (from 500 mm to 1000 mm, in the mountains up to 6000 mm);

- Continental, dominant in the central regions of the mainland, is different from him. Cyclones here penetrate less frequently than in seaside areas, so summer is warm (+ 17-26 ° C), and winter cold (-10-24 ° C) with a stable multi-month snow cover. Due to the significant length of Eurasia from the west to the east, the most bright continental climate is observed in Yakutia, where the average January temperatures can be lowered to -40 ° C and there are little precipitation. This is because the inner areas of the mainland are not subjected to such an influence of the oceans as the coast, where the wet winds not only bring precipitation, but also soften the heat in summer and frost in winter. The monsoon subtype of a moderate climate, dominating in the east of Eurasia from Kamchatka to Korea and in the north of Japan, in the north-east of China, is characterized by a change in stable winds (monsoons) by season, which affects the amount and regime of precipitation. In winter, the cold wind is blowing here from the continent, so winter is clear and cold (-20-27 ° C). Summer winds from the Pacific Ocean bring warm rainy weather. In Kamchatka, Sakhalin drops from 1600 to 2000 mm of precipitation.

In all subtypes of moderate climate, only moderate air masses dominate.

Polar climate type. Above 70 ° Northern and 65 ° South latitudes dominates the polar climate forms two belts: Arctic and Antarctic. All year the polar air masses are dominated here. Sun for several months does not appear at all (polar night) and several months does not go beyond the horizon (polar day). Snow and ice emit more heat than it is received, so the air is very cooled, the snow cover does not become all year. Throughout the year over these territories, the area of \u200b\u200bhigh pressure is dominated, so the winds are weak, there are almost no clouds. The precipitation falls very little, the air is saturated with small icy needles. Sundaying, they give in the amount of only 100 mm of precipitation per year. The average temperature of the summer does not exceed 0 ° C, and winter -20-40 ° C. For summer, a typical continuous crust.

Equatorial, tropical, moderate, polar climate types are considered basic, since air masses characteristic of them are prevalent within their belts. Between the main climatic belts there are transitional, having a "sub" prefix in the title (Lat. "Under"). In transient climatic belts, air masses change over the seasons. They come here from adjacent belts. This is due to the fact that as a result of the movement of the Earth around its axis, there is a shift of climatic belts to the north, then to the south.

Three additional climate types are distinguished:

Subscance climate. In the summer, equatorial air masses dominate this belt, and in winter - tropical.

Summer: a lot of precipitation (1000-3000 mm), the average air temperature + 30 ° C. The sun is still in the spring reaches zenith and mercilessly palette.

Winter is cooler than summer (+ 14 ° C). The precipitates falls little. Soils after summer rains enhanced, therefore, in the sub-screen climate, unlike the equatorial, the swamps are rare. The territory is favorable for population people, so it is here that many civic centers are located here - India, Indochina, Ethiopia. According to N. I. Vavilov, it was from here that many varieties of cultivated plants occurred. To the northern subequatorial belt include: South America (Panaman End, Venezuela, Guinea); Africa (Sachel belt); Asia (India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, All Indochina, South China, Philippines). The southern subequatorial belt includes: South America (Amazonian lowland, Brazil); Africa (Center and East of the Mainland); Australia (North Coast of the mainland).

Subtropical climate. Here, in summer, air tropical masses dominate, and in winter, air masses of moderate latitudes are invaded here, bearing precipitation. Such circulation of air masses determines the following weather in these areas: roast, dry summer (from +30 to + 50 ° C) and relatively cold winter with precipitation, sustainable snow cover is not formed. Annual precipitation of about 500 mm. Inside the continuity in subtropical latitudes of precipitation little and winter. It is dominated by the climate of dry subtropics with hot summer (up to + 50 ° C) and unstable in winter, when frosts are possible to -20 ° C. In these areas of precipitation drops 120 mm and less. In the western parts of the mainland, the Mediterranean climate is dominated, which is characterized by hot, incentive summer without precipitation and cool, windy and rainy winter. In the Mediterranean climate, precipitation falls more than in dry subtropics. The annual precipitation amount here is 450-600 mm. The Mediterranean climate is extremely favorable for a person's life, so it is here that the most famous summer resorts are located. Square subtropical cultures are grown here: citrus, grapes, olives.

The subtropical climate of the eastern shores of the mainland is monsoon. Winter here is relatively comparatively with other climates of the subtropical belt Cold and dry, and the summer is roast (+ 25 ° C) and wet (800 mm). This is explained by the influence of monsoons that flow in winter from sushi to the sea, and in the summer from the sea to land and bringing sediments in the summer. The monsoon subtropical climate is well expressed only in the northern hemisphere, especially on the east coast of Asia. Abundant precipitation in summer make it possible to develop lush vegetation. On fertile soils, agriculture, supporting the lives of more than a billion people, is developed here.

Subpochar climate. In summer, wet air masses come here from moderate latitude, so summer is cool (from +5 to + 10 ° C) and about 300 mm of precipitation falls (in the northeast of Yakutia 100 mm). Like everywhere, the precipitation increases on the above-ground slopes. Despite the small amount of precipitation, the moisture does not have time to evaporate completely, therefore, in the north of Eurasia and North America, small lakes are scattered in the subepolar belt, large territories are swallowed. In winter, the weather in this climate is influenced by the Arctic and Antarctic air masses, therefore there are long, cold winters, the temperature can reach and -50 ° C. Subolar climatic belts are located only on the northern outskirts of Eurasia and North America and in the navaltarctic waters.

If you look at the card, then you can see that the boundaries of climatic belts are not strictly in parallels, but deviate to the north, then to the south. This is explained by the fact that not only the uneven heating of the Earth and the geography of atmospheric precipitation is influenced by the formation of climatic belts, but also other climate-forming factors: relief, ocean flows, glaciers and others.

On earth, depending on the prevailing type of climate, such climatic belts differ: two polar (arctic and antarctic), two moderate, two tropical, one equatorial and transition - two subequatorial, two subtropicals, two subolar.

Equatorial belt Applies to the pools of the Amazon and Congo rivers, the shores of the Guinean Bay, the Zonda Islands. Completely the sun occupies a high position, so that the earth is heated greatly. The average annual temperatures in this climatic belt range from 25 to 28 ° C. At the same time, high humidity is characterized for this territory (70-90%). Annual precipitation is usually more than 2000 mm, and throughout the year they are distributed evenly. Due to the constant hot weather and high humidity, prerequisites are created for the development of lush vegetation - equatorial jungle.

Subscance belts Encompasses a huge territory, in particular Central Africa north and east of the Kong River basins, Brazilian Highlands in South America, Indoostan Peninsula and Indochina, North Australia. The characteristic feature of the climate of this belt is the change of type of air masses during the season of the year: during the summer period, the entire territory is covered by equatorial masses, in winter - tropical. Accordingly, two seasons distinguish: summer wet and winter tropical. For most of the territory of the belt there are palpal and savanna.

Tropical belt It is located on both sides of the tropics at sea and on land. Here the tropical air masses are dominantly dominated. In the presence of high atmospheric pressure and minor clouds, it is characterized by high temperatures. The average monthly temperature of the hottest month is more than 30 ° C. The precipitation here falls extremely small (less than 200 mm). It is in this belt that the most extensive deserts of the world - sugar, the desert of the Arabian Peninsula, West Australian.

Subtropical belt It takes place between 25 ° and 40 ° of northern and southern latitude. The climate here is characterized by changing the types of air masses, respectively, season seasons. So, in the summer the tropical air is dominated, in winter - air masses of moderate latitudes. This belt is divided into three climatic regions: Western, East and Central. For the summer of the Western region, a clear and arid weather is characterized, for winter - warm and wet. This is the so-called Mediterranean climate. In the central and eastern regions, the climate is somewhat different.

Temperate zone It applies to the north and south of the subtropical and reaches polar circles. In the southern hemisphere, it is characterized by the oceanic type of climate, in the north it is divided into three climatic regions: West, Central and East. In the western region and southern hemisphere dominates wet sea air. The annual amplitudes of temperatures are small. The distribution of precipitation throughout the year is uniform. A decrease in temperature in winter is observed due to the movement of arctic (antarctic) air masses. In the eastern region, the climate is monson. Continental air masses of moderate latitudes are accumulated in the central region, sharp temperature differences are characterized during the year. Transitional subarctic and subnutrctic belts extend the north of temperate leaks of two hemispheres. They are characterized by changing the air masses in accordance with the shifts of the seasons of the year. Summer is short and cold, winter is long, snowy, with frosts, blizzards. The Arctic and Antarctic belt lie in the polar regions. The climate here is formed with high atmospheric pressure with cold air masses. A characteristic feature of these belts are polar nights and days durable to six months. Ice cover does not melt and covers Antarctica and Greenland.

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