The warmth of the sun fresh air and water are the main criteria for life on Earth. Numerous climatic zones have led to the division of the territory of all continents and waters into certain natural zones. Some of them, even separated by huge distances, are very similar, others are unique.
Natural areas of the world: what are they?
This definition should be understood as very large natural complexes (in other words, parts of the Earth’s geographic zone), which have similar, homogeneous climatic conditions. The main characteristic of natural areas is the flora and fauna that inhabit the given territory. They are formed as a result of the uneven distribution of moisture and heat on the planet.
Table “Natural areas of the world”
Natural area | Climate zone | average temperature(winter/summer) |
Antarctic and Arctic deserts | Antarctic, Arctic | 24-70°C /0-32°C |
Tundra and forest-tundra | Subarctic and subantarctic | 8-40°С/+8+16°С |
Moderate | 8-48°С /+8+24°С |
|
Mixed forests | Moderate | 16-8°С /+16+24°С |
Wide deciduous forests | Moderate | 8+8°С /+16+24°С |
Steppes and forest-steppes | Subtropical and temperate | 16+8 °С /+16+24°С |
Temperate deserts and semi-deserts | Moderate | 8-24 °С /+20+24 °С |
Hardleaf forests | Subtropical | 8+16 °С/ +20+24 °С |
Tropical deserts and semi-deserts | Tropical | 8+16 °С/ +20+32 °С |
Savannas and woodlands | 20+24°С and above |
|
Subequatorial, tropical | 20+24°С and above |
|
Permanently wet forests | Equatorial | above +24°С |
This characteristic of the natural zones of the world is only for informational purposes, because you can talk about each of them for a very long time, and all the information will not fit into the framework of one table.
Natural zones of the temperate climate zone
1. Taiga. It surpasses all other natural zones of the world in terms of land area (27% of the territory of all forests on the planet). It is characterized by very low winter temperatures. Deciduous trees cannot withstand them, so the taiga is dense coniferous forests (mainly pine, spruce, fir, larch). Very large areas Taigas in Canada and Russia are occupied by permafrost.
2. Mixed forests. More typical for Northern Hemisphere Earth. It is a kind of border between taiga and deciduous forest. They are more resistant to cold and long winters. Tree species: oak, maple, poplar, linden, as well as rowan, alder, birch, pine, spruce. As the table “Natural Zones of the World” shows, the soils in the mixed forest zone are gray and not highly fertile, but are still suitable for growing plants.
3. Broad-leaved forests. They are not adapted to harsh winters and are deciduous. They occupy most of Western Europe, the south of the Far East, northern China and Japan. Suitable for them is maritime climate or temperate continental with hot summers and fairly warm winters. As the table “Natural zones of the world” shows, the temperature in them does not fall below -8°C even in the cold season. The soil is fertile, rich in humus. Characteristic the following types trees: ash, chestnut, oak, hornbeam, beech, maple, elm. The forests are very rich in mammals (ungulates, rodents, predators), birds, including game birds.
4. Temperate deserts and semi-deserts. Their main distinguishing feature is the almost complete absence of vegetation and sparse fauna. There are quite a lot of natural areas of this nature; they are located mainly in the tropics. There are temperate deserts in Eurasia, and they are characterized by sharp changes in temperature across the seasons. Animals are represented mainly by reptiles.
Arctic deserts and semi-deserts
They are huge areas of land covered with snow and ice. A map of the natural zones of the world clearly shows that they are located in North America, Antarctica, Greenland and the northern tip of the Eurasian continent. In fact, these are lifeless places, and only along the coast are polar bears, walruses and seals, arctic foxes and lemmings, and penguins (in Antarctica). Where the ground is free of ice, lichens and mosses can be seen.
Equatorial rainforests
Their second name is rain forests. They are located mainly in South America, as well as in Africa, Australia and the Greater Sunda Islands. The main condition for their formation is constant and very high humidity (more than 2000 mm of precipitation per year) and hot climate(20°C and above). They are very rich in vegetation, the forest consists of several tiers and is an impenetrable, dense jungle, which has become home to more than 2/3 of all types of creatures now living on our planet. These rain forests are superior to all other natural areas in the world. The trees remain evergreen, changing foliage gradually and partially. Surprisingly, the soils of humid forests contain little humus.
Natural zones of the equatorial and subtropical climate zone
1. Variably humid forests, they differ from rain forests in that precipitation falls there only during the rainy season, and during the period of drought that follows, the trees are forced to shed their leaves. The flora and fauna are also very diverse and rich in species.
2. Savannas and woodlands. They appear where moisture, as a rule, is no longer sufficient for the growth of variable-humid forests. Their development occurs in the interior of the continent, where tropical and equatorial air masses dominate, and the rainy season lasts less than six months. They occupy a significant part of the territory subequatorial Africa, the interior of South America, parts of Hindustan and Australia. More detailed information about the location is reflected in the map of natural areas of the world (photo).
Hardleaf forests
This climate zone is considered the most suitable for human habitation. Hard-leaved and evergreen forests are located along sea and ocean coasts. Precipitation is not so abundant, but the leaves retain moisture due to their dense leathery shell (oaks, eucalyptus), which prevents them from falling. In some trees and plants they are modernized into spines.
Steppes and forest-steppes
They are characterized by an almost complete absence of woody vegetation, due to the poor level of precipitation. But the soils are the most fertile (chernozems), and therefore are actively used by humans for farming. The steppes occupy large areas in North America and Eurasia. The predominant number of inhabitants are reptiles, rodents and birds. Plants have adapted to the lack of moisture and most often manage to complete their life cycle in a short spring period, when the steppe is covered with a thick carpet of greenery.
Tundra and forest-tundra
In this zone the breath of the Arctic and Antarctic begins to be felt, the climate becomes more severe, and even coniferous trees cannot withstand it. There is an abundance of moisture, but there is no heat, which leads to swamping of very large areas. There are no trees at all in the tundra; the flora is mainly represented by mosses and lichens. It is considered to be the most unstable and fragile ecosystem. Due to the active development of gas and oil fields it is on the verge of an environmental disaster.
All natural areas of the world are very interesting, be it the seemingly absolutely lifeless desert, the endless arctic ice or thousand-year-old rain forests with boiling life inside.
The Russian Federation stretches from west to east and from north to south for many kilometers, so the zoning of the territory is clearly visible. The sun illuminates and warms different parts of the earth differently. The most heat occurs at the equator, the least - at the North and South poles. IN different zones The globe receives a certain amount of heat, light, and moisture. These conditions define individual zones with their own special climate.
There are the following natural zones: arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga, forests, forest-steppes, steppes, semi-deserts, deserts, subtropics.
A natural zone is a territory that is determined by uniform climatic conditions, soil characteristics, vegetation and fauna. The names of natural zones correspond to the name of the predominant vegetation in this zone.
Arctic desert zone or ice zone
Zone arctic deserts located in the very north of Russia, on the islands of the Arctic Ocean. Most of the zone's territory (about 85%) is covered with glaciers. In mid-summer the temperature here is no more than 2-4 degrees Celsius, and in winter there is frost down to -50°C, strong winds, and fog. The climate is very harsh.
The soils in this zone are very weak, there is no fertile layer, and there are many stone ruins. Only mosses and lichens grow on the rocks.
Reindeer and polar bears live in the Arctic desert, and seabirds live on the rocky shores of the ocean: auks, gulls, polar owls and partridges. In the Arctic Ocean there are baleen whales, seals, walruses, seals, belugas.
As humans invade, the Arctic desert is changing. Thus, industrial fishing has led to a reduction in their populations, which is one of the environmental problems of this zone. Every year the number of seals and walruses, polar bears and arctic foxes decreases here. Some species are on the verge of extinction due to human activities. In the Arctic desert zone, scientists have discovered significant reserves of minerals. Sometimes accidents occur during their extraction, and oil is spilled on the territory of ecosystems and enters the atmosphere. harmful substances, global pollution of the biosphere occurs. It is impossible not to touch upon the topic global warming. Human activities contribute to the melting of glaciers. As a result, the territories of Arctic deserts are shrinking and the water level in the World Ocean is rising. This contributes not only to changes in ecosystems, but also to the movement of some species of flora and fauna to other habitats and their partial extinction.
Tundra zone
The Arctic tundra stretches along the coast of the Arctic Ocean. The climate of the tundra is harsh. In this cold natural zone, summers are short, cool, and winters are long, with severe frosts and winds from the Arctic Ocean.
The vegetation is sparse, mainly mosses and lichens. Further to the south, in the middle part of the zone there is a lichen-moss tundra with islands of moss and lichens, among them moss and many cloudberries. In the south of the zone there is a shrub tundra with more abundant vegetation: bush willows, dwarf birches, herbs and berries. Tundra soils are usually swampy, poor in humus, and highly acidic.
For the most part, there are no trees in the tundra. Low-growing plants huddle close to the ground, using its warmth and hiding from strong winds. Lack of heat, strong wind, and lack of moisture for the root system prevent shoots from growing into large trees. In the south of the tundra zone, dwarf birches and shrubby willows grow. In winter, the lack of food for animals is compensated by evergreen plants that overwinter under the cover of snow.
The swamps are home to ducks, geese, brant geese and waders. Herds of reindeer wander across the tundra in search of moss, their main food. Deer, white partridges, owls, and crows constantly live in the tundra.
Forest-tundra zone
Forest-tundra is a transition zone from the harsh tundra to the taiga forests. The width of the forest-tundra territory ranges from 30 to 300 km in different regions of the country. The climate is warmer than in the tundra. The forest-tundra has warmer summers and the winds are weaker than the tundra. Winter is cold and snowy for more than 9 months.
The soils of the forest-tundra are permafrost-swamp, peat-podzolic. These are low fertile soils with a low content of humus and nutrients, with high acidity.
The flora of the tundra - meadows with willow bushes, sedge and horsetail grasses - serve as good pasture for deer. Due to the harsh climate, the forest islands are very sparse. These forests contain Siberian spruce, larches and birches.
Animals of the forest-tundra - wolves, arctic foxes. In summer, lakes and swamps are inhabited by geese, ducks, and swans. In summer, the forest-tundra is full of blood-sucking horse flies and mosquitoes. Closer to the south, in the forest-tundra there are squirrels, moose, brown bears, wood grouse.
Taiga zone
Taiga is the largest natural zone in Russia; to the south of it there is a forest zone, or forest-steppe. Winter here is quite warm, 16-20 degrees below zero, in summer 10-20 degrees above zero. There are significant natural differences within the zone as it is located in two climatic zones- subarctic and temperate. The large rivers Ob, Yenisei and Lena flow from south to north of the zone.
The taiga is rich in swamps, lakes, and groundwater. The amount of heat and moisture is sufficient for the formation of fertile podzolic and bog-podzolic soils.
Coniferous trees grow in the taiga - pine, spruce, fir, cedar and deciduous trees: birch, aspen, alder, larch. There are many meadows in the forests, there are swamps, and many berries and mushrooms.
There are many different animals in the taiga - sable, capercaillie, hazel grouse, elk, squirrel. Brown bears, wolverines, and lynxes are widespread. There are many blood-sucking insects in the taiga.
Zone of mixed and deciduous forests
To the south of the taiga, on the East European Plain and in the Far East, there is a forest zone. It has a lot of heat and moisture, many deep rivers, lakes, and much fewer swamps than in the taiga. Summers are long and warm (18-20 degrees Celsius), winters are quite mild. This zone has large reserves of timber, and in the bowels of the earth there are deposits of minerals.
The vegetation of the zone has been greatly modified by humans; most of the territory is used for agriculture and cattle breeding.
Soils are formed by litter under trees and are rich in ash elements. They have a top layer of fertile humus. The soils are soddy-podzolic, in the southern part - gray forest soils.
In this zone different trees: in the northern part there are mixed forests with deciduous and coniferous trees: spruce, pine, birch, maple and aspen. Closer to the south, broad-leaved trees predominate: oak, elm, linden, maple. There are many shrubs in the forests: elderberry, raspberry; berries and mushrooms; abundance of herbs.
Availability of food all year round allows animals and most birds to live in the forest. There are many different animals in the forests: squirrels, owls, pine martens, moose, brown bear, foxes, and among birds - orioles, woodpeckers, etc.
Forest-steppe
The forest-steppe zone is part of the temperate climate zone. This is a transition zone between the forest zone and the steppe zone, combining forest belts and meadows covered with grasses. The flora and fauna are represented by plants and animals and forests and steppes. The closer to the south, the less forests, the fewer forest animals.
Steppe
The south of the forest-steppe passes into the steppe zone. The steppe zone is located on plains with grassy vegetation in a temperate and subtropical climate. In Russia, the steppe zone is located in the south near the Black Sea and in the valleys of the Ob River.
The soil in the steppe is fertile black soil. There are many arable lands and pastures for livestock. The climate of the steppes is characterized by very dry weather, hot summers, and lack of moisture. Winters in the steppe are cold and snowy.
The vegetation is mainly grasses growing in tufts with bare soil between them. There are many different types of feather grass that can serve as food for sheep.
In summer, animals are active mainly at night: jerboas, ground squirrels, marmots. Birds typical of the steppe: bustard, kestrel, steppe eagle, lark. Reptiles live in the steppe.
Semi-deserts
The semi-desert zone is located in the southeast of the East European Plain, along the northwestern edge Caspian lowland.
A characteristic feature of semi-deserts is the dominance of wormwood-cereals plant communities. The vegetation cover is very sparse and does not have a continuous distribution: patches of drought-resistant turf-like grasses and clumps of wormwood alternate with areas of bare soil.
Semi-deserts are dry and harsh continental climate. This is due to the fact that cyclones are extremely rare here, and anticyclones constantly come from the depths of Eurasia. The annual amount of precipitation varies between 250-400 mm, which is 2.5-3 times less than the evaporation value. Despite the southern position, winter in the semi-desert is cold. The average temperature in January is from -5 to -8, and on some days the thermometer drops to -30. The average July temperature is +20 - +25.
The soils of semi-deserts are light chestnut, which brings them closer to the steppe, and brown - desert, often saline.
Despite the harsh climatic conditions, the flora in the deserts and semi-deserts of Russia is relatively diverse. Vegetation - steppe turf grasses and desert wormwood, subshrubs and others
The fauna of semi-deserts has a number of features associated with specific living conditions. Many animals have adaptations for digging holes. Most have a protective coloring. In the animal world of the semi-deserts important role rodents play, their activity led to the formation of a tubercular microrelief.
Many semi-deserts and deserts have significant reserves of oil and gas, as well as precious metals, which has become the reason for the development of these territories by people. Oil production increases the level of danger; in the event of an oil spill, entire ecosystems are destroyed. But the main environmental problem is the expansion of desert areas. Thus, many semi-deserts are transitional natural zones from steppes to deserts, but under the influence of certain factors they increase in territory and also turn into deserts. This process is most stimulated by anthropogenic activities - cutting down trees, killing animals (poaching), building industrial plants, and depleting soil. As a result of this, the semi-desert lacks moisture, plants die out, as do some animals, and some migrate. So the semi-desert quickly turns into a desert.
Desert zone
Desert - area with flat surface, sand dunes or clay and rocky surfaces. In Russia, there are deserts in the east of Kalmykia and in the south of the Astrakhan region.
The desert grows drought-resistant small shrubs and perennials that bloom and grow in early spring when there is moisture. Some herbaceous plants, after they dry out, turn into balls of dry branches, they are called tumbleweeds. The wind drives them across the desert, scattering the seeds.
Deserts are inhabited by hedgehogs, gophers, jerboas, snakes, and lizards. Birds include larks, plovers, bustards.
The main environmental problem of deserts is their expansion due to irrational human activities. The problem of nuclear testing and nuclear waste disposal is also on the list of environmental problems of the desert. Previously, many tests were carried out in deserts, this led to a problem radioactive contamination. There is a problem of pollution from military waste. Various burial sites, military and nuclear, lead to pollution groundwater, extinction of the animal and plant world.
Today, desert and semi-desert territories are a specially protected natural zone of Russia. The desert and semi-desert are divided into special reserves, such as Astrakhansky, Bogdinsko-Baskunchaksky and Caucasian, as well as reserves - Ilmenno-Bugrovoy, Stepnoy, Burley Sands and other protected areas.
Most of the plants and animals of the Russian desert were listed in the Red Book, and more than 35 natural monuments were created in the vast region of the Caspian lowland.
Subtropical zone
In Russia, the subtropical territory is small - it is a narrow part of the coastal land near the Black Sea to the Caucasus Mountains. This zone has hot summers and warm winters. According to climatic conditions, Russian subtropics are divided into dry and wet. From south coast Crimea to the city of Gelendzhik is dry subtropics. Summer is dry and only drought-tolerant plants survive: thorny blackberries and rose hips. Pitsunda pine and shrubs grow here: juniper, cherry plum. Further along the coast, the amount of precipitation in summer increases and from Gelendzhik to the border with Georgia, including the Sochi region, this is humid subtropics. The flora is very diverse and rich.
The mountains are covered with a thick green carpet of trees and bushes. There are broad-leaved trees - oaks, chestnuts, beech, notable coniferous yew, growing evergreen shrubs: laurel, rhododendron and boxwood.
In the forests near Sochi you can meet bears, wolves, forest cats, badgers, jackals. There are many rodents in the forests - squirrels, mice, and snakes. There are a lot of mollusks on the coast: snails, slugs. Birds live in the mountains - kites, eagles, owls.
On the map, each natural zone is usually designated by its own color:
Arctic deserts – blue, light purple.
Tundra – purple.
Forest-tundra is swampy.
Taiga, forests - different shades of green.
Forest-steppe – yellow-green.
Steppes – yellow.
Semi-deserts and deserts – orange.
High belt areas are brown.
It's sad to realize, but even minor interference by people in life natural world always leads to some changes, and not always to favorable ones. Deforestation, destruction of animals (poaching), environmental pollution - these are the main environmental problems that exist in Russia, regardless of climate zone. And a lot depends on people in changing the deplorable environmental situation for the better.
Natural zones of the world or physical-geographical zone - part of the geographical envelope of the Earth with special climatic characteristics, as well as the characteristics of flora and fauna.
Table “Natural zones of Russia” (grade 4)
For the first time this topic is discussed in lessons on the surrounding world in elementary school. To systematize the data, they usually create a table that includes all the main characteristics of natural zones in Russia.
All natural zones are represented on the territory of Russia, except the tropical one. They replace each other as they move towards the Northern and South poles. The largest zone is the forest zone.
Rice. 1. Natural areas of Russia on the map
|
Natural area |
Geographical position |
Climate |
Vegetable world |
Animal world |
Human activity |
|
Arctic desert |
Islands located near the North Pole. |
Long winter and short, 2-3 months, cold summer. Precipitation in the form of snow. Distinctive feature: long polar day and equally long polar night. |
Extremely scarce, mainly mosses and lichens, although in summer you can find bluegrass, cotton grass, polar poppy, sedge, dwarf willows, and birches. |
Polar bears and numerous pinnipeds: seals, seals, walruses, elephant seals. Many birds: geese, gulls, eiders, terns, waders. |
Mainly industrial activities, limited hunting and fishing, and scientific activities are carried out. There are no large cities, many nature reserves. |
| Tundra |
Coast of the Barents Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, Far East, Kamchatka. |
Long and Cold winter, short summer. There is little precipitation in the form of rain, mainly in the form of snow. The soil does not thaw completely. At a depth of 20-25 cm there is permafrost. |
Low-growing plants: mosses, lichens, dwarf birches. |
Rich and varied fauna: ptarmigan, snowy owl, gyrfalcon, geese and cranes; reindeer, wolves, hares, foxes, martens, it is possible to meet both polar and brown bears. |
Mining of oil and gas; in the agricultural sector - reindeer husbandry. |
|
Forest-tundra |
A transition zone characterized by characteristics of both tundra and taiga. |
||||
|
Ural, Trans-Urals, Far East |
The climate changes moving from West to East from mild to sharply continental. The West has warm summers and mild winters, the East has short summers and long, cold winters, temperatures can drop to -60 degrees. There is not much precipitation, but the level of evaporation is low, so that a significant part of the taiga is occupied by lakes, swamps and wet woodlands |
The flora is very rich. Taiga is the same “lungs of the planet” as the Amazon forests. Pine, larch, cedar, spruce, and fir are common. Birch, rowan, aspen, and alder are less common. Lots of shrubs, mosses, lichens, mushrooms. |
The fauna is diverse and unique. You can find: brown bear, elk, lynx, white hare, squirrel, jay, wood grouse, musk deer, chipmunk, wolverine, sable, nutcracker, Ussuri tiger. There are a lot of different reptile and amphibian species. |
Mining, logging, limited hunting, livestock farming. |
|
|
Forest zone: mixed, broad-leaved |
European territory of Russia, up to the Urals. Some are in the Far East |
Warm and long summer, high humidity, mild winter. |
Deciduous and broad-leaved forests: spruce, pine, birch, maple and aspen, oak, elm, linden, maple. Lots of shrubs, herbs, mushrooms. |
There are many different animals in the forests: squirrels, owls, pine martens, moose, brown bear, foxes, and among birds - orioles, woodpeckers, etc. |
The natural area has been greatly altered by humans, many major cities, industrial production, hydroelectric power plants. |
|
Forest-steppe |
Transition zone. The signs are characteristic of both forests and steppes. The further south you go, the drier it is. |
||||
|
In the south of the Black Sea, in the valleys of the Ob River |
Long, dry summer, little snowy winter. |
Cereals, feather grass |
Small, nocturnal animals: jerboas, ground squirrels, marmots. |
Developed agriculture. Growing grain crops, melons. Spread of sheep farming. |
|
|
Semi-deserts |
Transition zone. There are signs characteristic of both the steppe and the desert. |
||||
|
In the lower reaches of the Volga, near the Caspian Sea, in the south of Eastern Siberia, on the border with Kazakhstan |
Long summer, short, 2-3 months, but cold winter. Temperatures can drop to -20 degrees. Almost no precipitation, strong winds. |
All plants are low-growing, with long roots, and the leaves are narrow. Common: camel thorn, saxaul, sedge, wormwood, bluegrass, poppies, tulips, buttercups. Some plants appear only during the rainy season, most often in mid-spring. |
Doesn't have much variety. The animals are mostly small, leading night look life. Common: jerboas, gophers, turtles, snakes, tarantulas, shrews, scorpions, goitered gazelle, monitor lizards, pheasant, lark, jay, Bactrian camel. |
Lesson possible agriculture: cotton growing, viticulture; livestock and mining |
|
|
Subtropics |
Black Sea coast of the Caucasus |
Favorable climatic conditions. Short and wet winter. Long and warm summer. This is the largest recreational area in Russia |
Rich flora. It is represented by evergreen hard-leaved trees and shrubs, including boxwood, laurel, and cherry laurel. Forests of oak, beech, hornbeam, and maple are common. The thickets of trees are intertwined with liana, ivy, and wild grapes. There are bamboo, palm trees, cypress, eucalyptus. |
Among the representatives of the animal world, we note chamois, deer, wild boar, bear, pine and stone marten, and Caucasian black grouse. |
The abundance of heat and moisture makes it possible to grow subtropical crops such as tea, tangerines, and lemons here. Significant areas are occupied by vineyards and tobacco plantations. |
Natural areas of the Earth
A comprehensive scientific study of nature allowed V.V. Dokuchaev to formulate the law in 1898 geographical zoning, Whereby climate, water, soil, relief, vegetation and fauna in a certain territory are closely interconnected and must be studied as a whole. He proposed dividing the Earth's surface into zones that are naturally repeated in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
Different geographical (natural) zones Earth characterized by a certain combination of heat and moisture, soils, flora and fauna and, as a consequence, characteristics economic activity their population. These are zones of forests, steppes, deserts, tundra, savanna, as well as transitional zones of forest-tundra, semi-deserts, forest-tundra. Natural areas are traditionally named according to the predominant type of vegetation, reflecting the most important features of the landscape.
A regular change in vegetation is an indicator of a general increase in heat. In the tundra, the average temperature of the warmest month of the year - July - does not exceed + 10°C, in the taiga it fluctuates between + 10... + 18°C in the strip of deciduous and mixed forests + 18... + 20°C, in the steppe and forest-steppe +22...+24°С, in semi-deserts and deserts - above +30°С.
Most animal organisms remain active at temperatures from 0 to +30°C. However, temperatures from + 10°C and above are considered the best for growth and development. Obviously, such a thermal regime is typical for the equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical, and temperate climatic zones of the Earth. The intensity of vegetation development in natural areas also depends on the amount of precipitation. Compare, for example, their number in the forest and desert zones (see atlas map).
So, natural areas- these are natural complexes that occupy large areas and characterized by the dominance of one zonal type of landscape. They are formed mainly under the influence of climate - the distribution of heat and moisture, their ratio. Each natural zone has its own type of soil, vegetation and animal life.
The appearance of a natural area is determined by the type vegetation cover. But the nature of vegetation depends on climatic conditions - thermal conditions, moisture, light, soil, etc.
As a rule, natural zones are extended in the form of wide stripes from west to east. There are no clear boundaries between them; they gradually transform into one another. The latitudinal location of natural zones is disrupted by the unequal distribution of land and ocean, relief, distance from the ocean.
General characteristics of the main natural zones of the Earth
Let us characterize the main natural zones of the Earth, starting from the equator and moving towards the poles.
There are forests on all continents of the Earth, except Antarctica. Forest zones have both common features and special ones, characteristic only of taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests or tropical forests.
General features of the forest zone include: warm or hot summers, fairly a large number of precipitation (from 600 to 1000 or more mm per year), large deep rivers, predominance of woody vegetation. Equatorial forests, occupying 6% of the land, receive the greatest amount of heat and moisture. They rightfully belong to the first place among forest zones Earth by diversity of plants and animals. 4/5 of all plant species grow here and 1/2 of all land animal species live here.
Climate equatorial forests hot and humid. Average annual temperatures+24... + 28°С. The annual precipitation is more than 1000 mm. It is in the equatorial forest that you can find the largest number of ancient animal species, such as amphibians: frogs, newts, salamanders, toads or marsupials: possums in America, possums in Australia, tenrecs in Africa, lemurs in Madagascar, lorises in Asia; Ancient animals include such inhabitants of equatorial forests as armadillos, anteaters, and lizards.
In equatorial forests, the richest vegetation is located in several tiers. Many bird species live in the treetops: hummingbirds, hornbills, birds of paradise, crowned pigeons, numerous species parrots: cockatoos, macaws, Amazons, Grays. These birds have tenacious legs and strong beaks: they not only fly, but also climb trees very well. Animals that live in treetops also have prehensile paws and tails: sloths, monkeys, howler monkeys, flying foxes, tree kangaroos. The largest animal that lives in the treetops is the gorilla. Such forests are home to many beautiful butterflies and other insects: termites, ants, etc. There are various types of snakes. Anaconda is the largest snake in the world, reaching a length of 10 m or more. The high-water rivers of the equatorial forests are rich in fish.
The largest areas of equatorial forests occupy in South America, in the Amazon River basin, and in Africa - in the Congo River basin. The Amazon is the deepest river on Earth. Every second she endures Atlantic Ocean 220 thousand m3 of water. The Congo is the second most water-rich river in the world. Equatorial forests are also common on the islands of the Malaysian archipelago and Oceania, in the southeastern regions of Asia, and in northeastern Australia (see map in the atlas).
Valuable tree species: mahogany, black, yellow - the wealth of equatorial forests. Harvesting valuable timber threatens the conservation of the Earth's unique forests. Space images showed that in a number of areas of the Amazon the destruction the forest is coming at a catastrophic pace, many times faster than their recovery. At the same time, many species are disappearing unique plants and animals.
Variably wet monsoon forests
Variably humid monsoon forests can also be found on all continents of the Earth except Antarctica. If in the equatorial forests it is summer all the time, then three seasons are clearly defined here: dry cool (November-February) - winter monsoon; dry hot (March-May) - transitional season; humid hot (June-October) - summer monsoon. The hottest month is May, when the sun is almost at its zenith, rivers dry up, trees shed their leaves, and the grass turns yellow.
The summer monsoon arrives at the end of May with hurricane winds, thunderstorms, and torrential rains. Nature comes to life. Due to the alternation of dry and wet seasons, monsoon forests are called variable-wet.
Monsoon forests India is located in the tropical climatic zone. They grow here valuable species trees, characterized by the strength and durability of wood: teak, sal, sandalwood, satin and ironwood. Teak wood is not afraid of fire and water, it is widely used for the construction of ships. Sal also has a durable and strong wood. Sandalwood and satin trees are used in the manufacture of varnishes and paints.
The fauna of the Indian jungle is rich and diverse: elephants, bulls, rhinoceroses, monkeys. Lots of birds and reptiles.
Monsoon forests of tropical and subtropical regions are also characteristic of South-East Asia, Central and South America, northern and northeastern regions of Australia (see map in the atlas).
Temperate monsoon forests
Temperate monsoon forests are found only in Eurasia. Ussuri taiga- a special place in the Far East. This is a real thicket: multi-tiered, dense forests, intertwined with vines and wild grapes. Cedar, walnut, linden, ash, and oak grow here. The lush vegetation is the result of abundant seasonal rainfall and a fairly mild climate. Here you can meet Ussuri tiger- himself major representative of its own kind.
The rivers of the monsoon forests are fed by rain and overflow during the summer. monsoon rains. The largest of them are the Ganges, Indus, and Amur.
Monsoon forests have been heavily cut down. According to experts, in Eurasia only 5% of the former remains forest areas. Monsoon forests suffered not so much from forestry, but also from agriculture. It is known that the largest agricultural civilizations appeared on fertile soils in the valleys of the Ganges, Irrawaddy, Indus rivers and their tributaries. The development of agriculture required new territories - forests were cut down. Agriculture has adapted for centuries to alternating wet and dry seasons. The main agricultural season is the wet monsoon period. Crops are dedicated to it most important crops- rice, jute, sugar cane. In the dry, cool season, barley, legumes, and potatoes are planted. In dry hot season Agriculture is possible only with artificial irrigation. The monsoon is capricious, its delay leads to severe droughts and destruction of crops. Therefore, artificial irrigation is necessary.
Temperate forests
Temperate forests occupy significant areas in Eurasia and North America (see map in the atlas).
In the northern regions it is taiga, to the south - mixed and deciduous forests. In the forest zone of the temperate zone, the seasons of the year are clearly defined. Average temperatures in January are negative throughout, in some places down to - 40°C, in July + 10... + 20°C; the amount of precipitation is 300-1000 mm per year. The vegetation of plants stops in winter, and there is snow cover for several months.
Spruce, fir, pine, and larch grow both in the taiga of North America and in the taiga of Eurasia. The animal world also has a lot in common. The bear is the owner of the taiga. True, in the Siberian taiga it is called a brown bear, and in the Canadian taiga it is called a grizzly bear. Can be found bobcat, elk, wolf, as well as marten, ermine, wolverine, and sable. Flow through the taiga zone largest rivers Siberia - Ob, Irtysh, Yenisei, Lena, which in terms of flow are second only to the rivers of the equatorial forest zone.
To the south, the climate becomes milder: mixed and broad-leaved forests grow here, consisting of species such as birch, oak, maple, linden, among which there are also conifers. Characteristic of the forests of North America are: white oak, sugar maple, yellow birch. Red deer, elk, wild boar, hare; Among the predators, the wolf and the fox are representatives of the animal world of this zone known to us.
If the northern taiga is considered by geographers to be a zone slightly modified by humans, then mixed and broad-leaved forests have been cut down almost everywhere. Their place was taken by agricultural areas, for example, the “corn belt” in the United States; many cities and transport routes are concentrated in this zone. In Europe and North America natural landscapes These forests are preserved only in mountainous regions.
Savannah
Savannah - natural area low latitudes in the subequatorial, tropical and subtropical zones of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Occupies about 40% of the territory of Africa (sub-Saharan Africa), distributed in South and Central America, Southeast Asia, Australia (see map in the atlas). The savanna is dominated by herbaceous vegetation with isolated trees or groups of trees (acacia, eucalyptus, baobab) and bushes.
The fauna of African savannas is surprisingly diverse. To adapt to the conditions of endless dry spaces, nature endowed animals with unique properties. For example, the giraffe is considered the tallest animal on Earth. Its height exceeds 5 m, it has a long tongue (about 50 cm). The giraffe needs all this in order to reach the high branches of the acacia trees. The crowns of acacias begin at a height of 5 m, and giraffes have practically no competitors, calmly eating tree branches. Typical savannah animals are zebras, elephants, and ostriches.
Steppes
Steppes are found on all continents of the Earth, except Antarctica (in the temperate and subtropical zones of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres). They differ in abundance solar heat, low precipitation (up to 400 mm per year), as well as warm or hot summers. The main vegetation of the steppes is grass. Steppes are called differently. In South America, the tropical steppes are called pampa, which in the Indian language means “a large area without forest.” Animals characteristic of the pampa are the llama, the armadillo, and the viscacha, a rodent similar to a rabbit.
In North America, steppes are called prairies. They are located in both temperate and subtropical climate zones. The bison have long been the “kings” of the American prairies. TO end of the 19th century centuries they were almost completely exterminated. Currently, through the efforts of the state and the public, the number of bison is being restored. Another resident of the prairies - coyote - steppe wolf. Along the banks of rivers in the bushes you can find a large spotted cat - a jaguar. Peccaries are a small boar-like animal also typical of the prairies.
The steppes of Eurasia are located in the temperate zone. They are very different from the American prairies and African savannas. It has a drier, sharply continental climate. In winter it is very cold (average temperature - 20°C), and in summer it is very hot (average temperature + 25°C), with strong winds. In summer, the vegetation of the steppes is sparse, but in spring the steppe is transformed: it blooms with many varieties of lilies, poppies, and tulips.
The flowering time does not last long, about 10 days. Then drought sets in, the steppe dries out, the colors fade, and by autumn everything turns yellow-gray.
The steppes contain the most fertile soils on Earth, so they are almost completely plowed. The treeless spaces of the temperate steppes are characterized by strong winds. Wind soil erosion occurs here very intensively - frequent dust storms. To preserve soil fertility, forest belts are planted, organic fertilizers and light agricultural machinery are used.
Deserts
Deserts occupy vast areas - up to 10% of the Earth's land area. They are located on all continents and in different climatic zones: temperate, subtropical, tropical and even polar.
The desert climates of the tropical and temperate zones have common features. Firstly, an abundance of solar heat, secondly, a large amplitude of temperatures between winter and summer, day and night, and thirdly, a small amount of precipitation (up to 150 mm per year). However, the latter feature is also characteristic of polar deserts.
In the deserts of the tropical zone, the average summer temperature is +30°C, winter + 10°C. The greatest tropical deserts on Earth are located in Africa: the Sahara, Kalahari, Namib.
Plants and animals of deserts adapt to dry and hot climates. For example, a giant cactus can store up to 3000 liters of water and “not drink” for up to two years; and the Welwitschia plant, found in the Namib Desert, is capable of absorbing water from the air. Camel - indispensable assistant man in the desert. It can be without food and water for a long time, storing it in its humps.
The largest desert in Asia, the Rub al-Khali, located on the Arabian Peninsula, is also located in the tropical zone. The desert regions of North and South America and Australia are located in the tropical and subtropical climate zones.
The temperate deserts of Eurasia are also characterized by low precipitation and a large temperature range, both annual and daily. However, they are characterized by lower winter temperatures and a pronounced flowering period in the spring. Such deserts are located in Central Asia east of the Caspian Sea. The fauna here is represented by various species of snakes, rodents, scorpions, turtles, and lizards. Typical plant- saxaul.
Polar deserts
Polar deserts are located in the polar regions of the Earth. The absolute minimum temperature recorded in Antarctica is 89.2 °C.
On average, winter temperatures are -30 °C, summer temperatures are 0 °C. Just like in the deserts of the tropical and temperate zones, the polar desert receives little precipitation, mainly in the form of snow. The polar night lasts almost half a year here, and the polar day lasts almost half a year. Antarctica is considered the highest continent on Earth, given the thickness of its ice shell at 4 km.
Indigenous inhabitants of the polar deserts of Antarctica - emperor penguins. They cannot fly, but they swim perfectly. They can dive greater depth and swim vast distances, escaping from their enemies - the seals.
Northern polar region The land - the Arctic - got its name from the ancient Greek arcticos - northern. The southern, as if opposite, polar region is Antarctica (anti - against). The Arctic occupies the island of Greenland, the islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, as well as the islands and waters of the Arctic Ocean. This area is covered with snow and ice all year round. The polar bear is rightfully considered the owner of these places.
Tundra
Tundra is a treeless natural area with vegetation of mosses, lichens and creeping shrubs. The tundra is distributed in the subarctic climate zone only in North America and Eurasia, which are characterized by harsh climatic conditions (little solar heat, low temperatures, short cold summers, low precipitation).
The moss lichen was called " reindeer moss", because it is the main food of reindeer. Arctic foxes and lemmings - small rodents - also live in the tundra. Among the sparse vegetation there are berry bushes: blueberries, lingonberries, blueberries, as well as dwarf trees: birch, willow.
Permafrost in the soil is a phenomenon characteristic of the tundra, as well as the Siberian taiga. As soon as you start digging a hole, at a depth of about 1 m you will encounter a frozen layer of earth several tens of meters thick. This phenomenon must be taken into account during construction, industrial and agricultural development of the territory.
Everything grows very slowly in the tundra. This is precisely why the need for careful attention to its nature is connected. For example, pastures overrun by deer are restored only after 15-20 years.
Altitudinal zone
Unlike flat areas, climatic zones and natural zones in the mountains change according to the law of vertical zonation, i.e. from bottom to top. This is due to the fact that the air temperature decreases with altitude. Consider, as an example, the greatest mountain system in the world - the Himalayas. Almost all natural zones of the Earth are represented here: tropical forest grows at the foot, at an altitude of 1500 m it is replaced by broad-leaved forests, which in turn turn into mixed forests at an altitude of 2000 m. Further, as you climb the mountains, coniferous forests of Himalayan pine begin to predominate, fir and juniper. In winter, there is snow here for a long time and frosts persist.
Above 3500 m, shrubs and alpine meadows begin; they are called “alpine”. In summer, the meadows are covered with a carpet of brightly blooming herbs - poppies, primroses, gentians. Gradually the grasses become shorter. From approximately 4500 m altitude lie eternal snow and ice. Climatic conditions It's very harsh here. They live in the mountains rare species animals: mountain goat, chamois, argali, snow leopard.
Latitudinal zonation in the ocean
The world's oceans occupy more than 2/3 of the planet's surface. Physical properties And chemical composition Ocean waters are relatively constant and create an environment favorable for life. It is especially important for the life of plants and animals that oxygen and oxygen coming from the air dissolve in water. carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis of algae occurs mainly in the upper layer of water (up to 100 m).
Marine organisms live mainly in the surface layer of water illuminated by the Sun. These are the smallest plant and animal organisms - plankton (bacteria, algae, small animals), various fish and marine mammals(dolphins, whales, seals, etc.), squid, sea snakes and turtles.
There is life on the seabed too. These are bottom algae, corals, crustaceans, and mollusks. They are called benthos (from the Greek benthos - deep). The biomass of the World Ocean is 1000 times less than the biomass of the Earth's land.
Distribution of life in world ocean uneven and depends on the quantity solar energy, arriving at its surface. Polar waters are poor in plankton due to low temperatures and the long polar night. The largest amount of plankton develops in the waters of the temperate zone in summer. The abundance of plankton attracts fish here. Temperate zones The lands are the most fishy areas of the World Ocean. In the tropical zone, the amount of plankton decreases again due to the high salinity of the water and high temperatures.
Formation of natural areas
From today's topic, we learned how diverse the natural complexes of our planet are. The natural zones of the Earth are replete with evergreen forests, endless steppes, various mountain ranges, hot and icy deserts.
Each corner of our planet is distinguished by its uniqueness, varied climate, relief, flora and fauna, and therefore different natural zones are formed on the territories of each continent.
Let's try to figure out what natural areas are, how they were formed, and what was the impetus for their formation.
Natural zones include those complexes that have similar soils, vegetation, fauna and similarities temperature regime. Natural zones received their names based on the type of vegetation, and are called such as taiga zone or deciduous forests etc.
Natural zones are diverse due to the uneven redistribution of solar energy on the Earth's surface. This is the main reason for the heterogeneity of the geographical envelope.
After all, if we consider one of the climatic zones, we will notice that those parts of the belt that are located closer to the ocean are more humidified than its continental parts. And this reason lies not so much in the amount of precipitation, but rather in the ratio of heat and moisture. Because of this, on some continents we experience a more humid climate, while on others we experience a drier climate.
And with the help of the redistribution of solar heat, we see how the same amount of moisture in some climate zones leads to excess moisture, and in others to a lack of moisture.
For example, in a hot tropical zone, a lack of moisture can cause drought and the formation of desert areas, while in the subtropics, excess moisture contributes to the formation of swamps.
So you learned that due to the difference in the amount of solar heat and moisture, different natural zones were formed.
Patterns of natural zones location
Natural zones of the Earth have clear patterns of their location, extending in the latitudinal direction and changing from north to south. Most often, a change in natural zones is observed in the direction from the coast making its way inland.
In mountainous areas there is altitudinal zone, which changes one zone to another, starting from the foot and moving towards the mountain peaks.
In the World Ocean, zones change from the equator to the poles. Here, changes in natural areas are reflected in the surface composition of waters, as well as differences in vegetation and fauna.
Features of the natural zones of the continents
Since planet Earth has a spherical surface, the Sun heats it unevenly. Those areas of the surface above which the Sun is high receive the most heat. And where Sun rays only glide over the Earth - a more severe climate prevails.
And although on different continents the vegetation and animals have similar features, they are influenced by climate, topography, geology and people. Therefore, historically, due to changes in relief and climate, different species of plants and animals live on different continents.
There are continents where endemics are found, where only a certain type of living beings and plants live, which are peculiar to these continents. For example, polar bears can only be found in nature in the Arctic, and kangaroos can only be found in Australia. But in African and South American shrouds there are similar species, although they have certain differences.
But human activity contributes to changes that occur in the geographical environment, and under such influence natural areas also change.
Questions and tasks to prepare for the exam
1. Create an interaction plan natural ingredients in the natural complex and explain it.
2. How do the concepts “natural complex”, “geographical envelope”, “biosphere”, “natural zone” relate to each other? Show with a diagram.
3. Name the zonal type of soil for tundra, taiga, mixed and deciduous forest zones.
4. Where soil cover Is it more difficult to recover: in the steppes of Southern Russia or in the tundra? Why?
5. What is the reason for the difference in the thickness of the fertile soil layer in different natural zones? What does soil fertility depend on?
6. What types of plants and animals are characteristic of the tundra and why?
7. What organisms live on the surface of the waters of the World Ocean?
8. Which of the following animals can be found in the African savanna: rhinoceros, lion, giraffe, tiger, tapir, baboon, llama, hedgehog, zebra, hyena?
9. In what forests is it impossible to determine its age from the cut of a cut tree?
10. What measures, in your opinion, will help preserve the human habitat?
Maksakovsky V.P., Petrova N.N., Physical and economic geography of the world. - M.: Iris-press, 2010. - 368 pp.: ill.
A natural zone is a part of the earth's surface with the same type of relief, soil, flora and fauna. The main forming factor of a natural zone is climate. Eight natural complexes have formed on the territory of Russia. They replace each other from north to south. Largest territory It is occupied by the taiga zone, and the smallest is the region of semi-deserts and deserts. Below is a distribution map and geographical description of all natural zones in Russia, as well as a table with brief description each natural area.
Read also:
Map of Natural Areas of Russia
Arctic desert
The upper boundary of the region runs along the Franz Josef Land archipelago, the lower boundary - on Wrangel Island. The main feature is the presence of ice and snow throughout the year. The average temperature in winter is about -50º C. During this period, a lot of snow falls and strong winds blow. The polar night lasts 4 months. Summer temperatures average +4º C. August is considered the warmest month of the year.
There are no lakes or swamps. The flora is represented mainly by lichens. Here you can count several endemics: arctic willow, cotton grass, forget-me-not and chickweed. few due to sparse flora. IN cold desert Polar bears, Arctic foxes, reindeer and lemmings feel great. The rocky coasts are favored by eiders, guillemots and other birds. The shores of some islands are complete bird colonies.
Tundra
The natural complex stretches from the Kola Peninsula to Chukotka. Its area is an eighth of the entire area of Russia. characterized by plains, only mountains and hills appear near the Urals. This region is characterized by harsh winters with average temperatures around -32º C and lasting more than six months. During the winter season, strong winds blow, which remove layers of snow from the soil. Because of this, the soil freezes and becomes waterlogged during the thaw. The polar night lasts from December to February.
The sun has not set since mid-summer. It does not rise high above the horizon, therefore, most of the rays are scattered in the atmosphere. The so-called polar day is coming. Average summer temperatures in the tundra do not exceed +5º C. Among the vegetation, lichens of all kinds and mosses are especially widespread. Perennial crops are represented by saxifrage, lingonberry, wild rosemary, cassandra and cloudberry. are a food source for reindeer and hares. In addition to them, wolves, arctic foxes and partridges. During the short summer you can observe loons, waders and geese.
Forest-tundra
The region stretches from the tundra to the taiga. The climate in this transition zone is much milder than in the neighboring northern one. In January, the thermometer does not rise above -40º C, and cold winds constantly blow. However, there is constant snow cover. Winter lasts up to eight months. The average summer temperature is 15º C. Due to high humidity and relatively low summer temperatures, the soil is very swampy.
Forest-tundra is characterized by forests consisting of deciduous trees, birch and spruce. Another feature of the plant world is meadows. In late spring, medicinal herbs bloom on them. The marshy area is rich in peat and mosses. In this natural area moss grows, which is a source of food for deer. The world of mammals is more diverse than in the tundra. You can observe wolverines, bears, wolves and arctic foxes. Swamps, lakes and rivers are inhabited by waterfowl: ducks, swans and loons. The forest-tundra is home to unique birds: peregrine falcons, Siberian Cranes and geese. Some birds, such as the snowy owl and partridge, live in this natural area all year round without flying anywhere.
Taiga
Stretches from the western borders to the Pacific coast. The area of the biome is about 15 million km². Most The territories are occupied by forests. For the most part, the area is virtually untouched by humans. Taiga winter is cold, the average temperature is -29° C. Snow cover does not melt for more than three months. Summer temperatures average +18º C. Precipitation comes in the form of heavy rains, which increases the humidity level.
The natural zone is represented by numerous rivers, lakes and other bodies of water. The soil layer consists of humus and a large amount of minerals. and unique. IN taiga zone Coniferous and deciduous forests are widely represented. In addition to them there are wetlands and meadows. Thanks to the stable climate and the absence of extreme temperatures, most animals do not change their habitat all year round. The hazel grouse, nutcracker, and capercaillie do not fly away, but constantly nest in the taiga.
The climate turned out to be harsh. A few frogs and lizards go into suspended animation with the onset of persistent frosts. The world is represented by wolverine, lynx, elk, brown bear, and sable. The taiga is full of blood-sucking insects that swarm in huge quantities. Frequently, midges are carriers of infectious diseases.
The territory extends from the East European Plain to the Far East. The biome is characterized by a mild climate. Winter temperatures do not exceed -25° C. Numerous anticyclones form over the Far East during this period. Snow evenly covers the entire area natural complex. Summers are mostly mild and humid. The July air warms up to +20º C. The warm period lasts 4 months. At this time the maximum amount of rain falls.
The area of mixed and deciduous forests is known for its water potential. There are long flood rivers and lakes here. There are practically no swamps. The earth is saturated with nitrogen, magnesium, calcium and aluminum. Korean cedar, Manchurian walnut, Amur linden, and larch grow in the forests. A lot of bushes. Mosses and lichens cover the soil only in dark and damp places. The forests are rich in fruit and berry plants and mushrooms. This creates conditions for comfortable living for many species of animals. These forests are most used by humans in their activities. The greatest species diversity is found in lands untouched by humans.
Among the inhabitants, one can distinguish the viper, viviparous lizard, and snake. The forests are home to various birds: hazel grouse, black grouse, crossbill, eagle owl, and owl. The natural area is rich in predators - wolves, stoats, foxes, martens are its permanent inhabitants. IN Lately The number of deer has decreased significantly. The forests remain home to hedgehogs, badgers, nutria, moles, hares and marsh turtles.
Forest-steppe zone
The territory that united the East European Plain, the West Siberian Plain and Southern Urals, and is transitional between forests and steppes. Winter in the western part of the natural area is very mild and snowy. Temperatures in the east drop to -20° C and little snow falls. Summer temperatures average +18º C, and there is little rainfall.
It is characterized by a combination of forests and grass cover. In the European part, maple, oak, and linden grow. In the Asian zone, aspen and birch trees predominate. The steppe regions are rich in bluegrass and clover. Almost the entire steppe is used for agriculture. People cultivate corn, rye, and wheat. Animals such as squirrel, marten, gopher, bustard, and elk live here.
The anthropogenic factor has led the forest-steppe zone to desertification; the land and water bodies are polluted with toxic substances and nitrates. Unsustainable flora cannot recover from human activity. The natural forest-steppe complex is gradually disappearing in Russia.
Steppe zone
The natural area is located on the East European Plain and in Western Siberia. In winter, the eastern part of the zone is colder than the west. In summer, the average temperature is +20° C. Maximum precipitation occurs in June. There is an alternation of wet and dry seasons. The soil is chernozem, well suited for growing cereals. Some areas are undergoing erosion.
The steppe is dominated by herbaceous vegetation: clover, bluegrass, and wild oats. Sometimes there are shrubs in the area: broom, spirea, wolfberry and blackthorn. All plants are excellent food sources for animals. In the steppes there are a large number of voles, marmots and pikas. The world is represented by ferrets, foxes and wolves. This natural complex is home to birds of prey: owls, hawks, harriers and buzzards.
Semi-deserts and deserts
The territory stretches from the Caspian lowland to the borders with Kazakhstan. In winter, the thermometer drops to -16º C, and gusty winds blow. There is practically no snow, so the soil freezes deeply. Maximum number precipitation occurs during a short spring period. The average temperature in summer is +25° C. The lands are saline, there is a lot of sand and salt marshes.
The flora is not diverse. Only here you can see remaria, malcomia, acacia, camel thorn, cacti and some cereals. During drought, some plants wither, preserving underground organs. The most recognizable desert tree is saxaul. There are practically no leaves on it, which significantly reduces moisture evaporation. From herbaceous plants famous is black wormwood, which covers the ground, protecting it from drought.
Desert Dwellers Lead. Ground squirrels, jerboas and gerbils may hibernate when the weather gets hot. The amphibian world is represented by geckos, boas and monitor lizards. Predators include corsairs, wolves and foxes. Saiga antelope and camel are considered large. Birds include lark, sajja and lapwing.
Table of natural zones of Russia
| Name of the natural area | Geographical location | Climate | Soils | Animals and plants |
| Arctic desert | The upper boundary of the zone runs along the Franz Josef Land archipelago, the lower boundary - on Wrangel Island. | The average temperature in winter drops to -50ºС. Summer temperatures average +4ºC. August is considered the warmest month. | Permafrost | Animals: polar bears, arctic foxes, reindeer, lemmings, eiders and guillemots; Plants: lichens, arctic willow, cotton grass, forget-me-not and chickweed. |
| Tundra | The tundra stretches from the Kola Peninsula to Chukotka, and occupies an eighth of the entire area of Russia. | The region is characterized by harsh winters with average temperatures around -32º C and lasting more than six months. Summer average temperatures in the tundra do not exceed +5º C. | Tundra-gley and peaty | Animals: wolves, arctic foxes, hares, reindeer and partridges. During the short summer you can observe loons, waders and geese. Plants: lichens and mosses. Perennial plants are represented by saxifrage, lingonberry, wild rosemary, cassandra and cloudberry. |
| Forest-tundra | The region extends from the tundra to the taiga. | The climate is much milder than in the tundra. In January, the thermometer does not rise above -40º C, and cold winds constantly blow. The average summer temperature is 15º C. | Peat-gley, peat-swamp and gley-podzolic | Animals: lemmings, shrews, reindeer, brown bears, arctic foxes, partridges, polar owls, a variety of species of migratory and waterfowl. Plants: forests consisting of deciduous trees, birch and spruce. Grasses grow in the meadows, and the marshy areas are rich in mosses and lichens. |
| Taiga | The taiga zone stretches from the western borders of the country to the Pacific coast. The area of the taiga is about 15 million km² | Winter is cold, the average temperature is -29° C. The snow cover does not melt for more than three months. Summer temperatures average +18º C. Precipitation comes in the form of heavy rain and snow. | Sod-podzolic | Animals: lynxes, wolverines, wolves, foxes, brown bears, otters, sables, weasels, stoats, hares, shrews, beavers, chipmunks, mice, voles, squirrels, flying squirrels, northern and red deer, moose, roe deer. Plants: coniferous and deciduous trees, juniper, honeysuckle, currants, blueberries, lingonberries and various types of herbs. |
| Broad-leaved and mixed forests | The territory extends from the East European Plain to the Far East. | The climate of the zone is mild. Winter temperatures do not exceed -25° C. Snow evenly covers the entire territory of the natural complex. Summers are mostly mild and humid. The July air warms up to +20º C. The warm season lasts 4 months. At this time the maximum amount of precipitation falls. | Sod-podzolic | Animals: wolves, stoats, foxes, martens, hedgehogs, badgers, nutria, moles, hares, marsh turtles, vipers, viviparous lizards, snakes, hazel grouse, black grouse, crossbills, eagle owls, owls. Plants: Korean cedar, Manchurian walnut, Amur linden, larch. There are a lot of shrubs and herbs. Mosses and lichens cover the soil only in dark and damp areas. The forests are rich in fruit and berry plants and mushrooms. |
| Forest-steppe | Transitional zone between forests and steppes. | Winter in the western part of the natural area is very mild and snowy. Temperatures in the east drop to -20° C and little snow falls. Summer temperatures average +18º C. | Chernozem | Animals: squirrels, martens, ground squirrels, bustards, moose. Plants: In the European part, maple, oak, and linden grow. In the Asian region, aspen and birch trees predominate. The steppe regions are rich in bluegrass and clover. People cultivate corn, rye, wheat, etc. |
| Steppe | The natural zone is located on the East European Plain and Western Siberia. | In winter, it is colder in the eastern part of the steppe than in the west. In summer, the average temperature is +20° C. Maximum precipitation occurs in June. There is an alternation of wet and dry seasons. | Chernozem | Animals: voles, marmots, pikas, ferrets, foxes, wolves, owls, hawks, harriers and buzzards. Plants: clover, bluegrass, wild oats, broom, spirea, wolfberry and sloe. |
| Semi-deserts and deserts | The territory stretches from the Caspian lowland to the borders with Kazakhstan. | In winter, the thermometer drops to -16º C, and gusty winds blow. There is practically no snow, so the soil freezes deeply. The maximum amount of precipitation occurs during the short spring period. The average temperature in summer is +25°C. | The soils are saline, there is a lot of sand, solonetzes and salt marshes. | Animals: gophers, jerboas, gerbils, geckos, boa constrictors, monitor lizards, corsairs, wolves, foxes, saigas, larks, sajs and lapwings. Plants: remaria, malcomia, acacia, camel thorn, cacti, cereals, saxaul and black wormwood . |
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