Compared to extratropical cyclones, tropical cyclones are more modest in size, but have more significant energy resources The diameter of tropical cyclones can be tens and hundreds of kilometers, and the horizontal pressure gradient, as well as wind speeds, far exceed the capabilities of even intense extratropical cyclones.
Tropical cyclones originate in the calm zone above the oceans (mainly between latitudes 5 and 20°) both in the northern and southern hemisphere and move along isobars from east to west (Fig. 53). In the northern hemisphere, tropical cyclones that arise over the Pacific Ocean, moving along the trade winds, approach the southeastern coast of Asia, and then turn to the right and move towards Japanese islands. On average, over 20 typhoons originate off the southeastern coast of Asia per year. Over the Atlantic, tropical cyclones also move along the trade winds. Once they reach the Gulf of Mexico and Florida, they turn north. Finding themselves in a zone of large temperature contrasts in the middle latitudes, tropical cyclones deepen again, turning into ordinary extratropical cyclones with well-defined temperature asymmetry. Tropical cyclones are often observed on the Indochina Peninsula, on the Pacific coast of China and Japan. In some cases they appear in the Soviet Far East and the Atlantic coast North America. Tropical cyclones form less frequently in the northern Indian Ocean.
In the southern hemisphere, tropical cyclones occur in equatorial zone Indian and Pacific oceans. They do not form over the South Atlantic. The circulation system in tropical cyclones is similar to the circulation in cyclones at extratropical latitudes - counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere, clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
Causes of tropical and extratropical cyclones are different. If large horizontal gradients of temperature and pressure in the troposphere are necessary for the emergence of cyclones at extratropical latitudes, then at the beginning of the formation of tropical cyclones they are almost absent. Therefore, in a tropical cyclone system atmospheric fronts, as a rule, are not detected. The causes of tropical cyclones are not yet well known. It is assumed that their formation is associated with the high thermal instability of air with sufficient moisture content.
It should be noted that in the zone where tropical cyclones occur, the temperature of the surface waters of the oceans usually fluctuates between 26° and 27°. Cyclones usually occur when water temperatures reach 27°C or more. Then the air becomes unstable stratified. If, at the same time, cold air invades from the north or south at altitudes, then instability increases and, apparently, optimal conditions are created for the formation of tropical cyclones. Since the temperature of + 27° on the surface of the oceans in the northern hemisphere appears in summer and autumn, tropical cyclones form here mainly in the second half of summer and autumn. In spring and the first half of summer they rarely occur, and in January - April they do not occur at all. But August, September and October are the months in which tropical cyclones most often form. In the southern hemisphere, in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, they most often occur in December - March, and in May - October tropical cyclones appear in isolated cases.
Tropical cyclones occur in the so-called intertropical convergence zone, which is observed in the summer hemisphere between the tropics and the equator. In the wind convergence zone, orderly upward movements of air appear, which enhance thermal convection. The latter contributes to the development of instability and the occurrence of intense upward movements of moist air, leading to condensation of water vapor and the release huge amount energy.
Before meteorological work artificial satellites On Earth, not all tropical cyclones could be taken into account. It is now obvious that there are much more of them than previously thought. However, not all of them reach destructive power. Emerging tropical cyclones enter the storm stage if conditions are present that favor their development.
The speed of movement of tropical cyclones is noticeably less than the speed of movement of cyclones of middle and high latitudes. IN low latitudes their speed of movement rarely exceeds 15-20 km/h., or 350-500 km/day, i.e. corresponds to the speed of the trade winds. Tropical cyclones are called differently depending on the place of their origin: in the Pacific Ocean it is typhoon, which means "strong wind" in Chinese North Atlantic they are called hurricanes, which also means "strong wind" (in Indian), in India it is cyclones, and in Australia - willy-willy and etc.
By agreement between meteorologists since 1953, every typhoon or hurricane in the northern hemisphere that has reached the intensity of a storm, i.e. wind speed 17 m/sec, gets femdom given name, in the southern hemisphere - a male proper name. Usually a list of these names is compiled in advance and includes names located in alphabetical order, from Latin "A" to "Z».
Naturally, a timely forecast of the paths of tropical cyclones is very necessary. However, this is fraught with difficulties, since a cyclone can suddenly change its trajectory, which often happens when approaching the mainland. Even if you accurately calculate the trajectory of a cyclone, it is still impossible to prevent the enormous destruction that it usually causes during its passage. The passage of tropical cyclones is accompanied not only by destruction, but by many casualties when they pass through densely populated areas of our planet. This happens annually and several times a year.
The destructive power of tropical cyclones is enormous. Often the wind speed in them reaches 300-400 km/h Such wind speeds cannot be measured. They are judged only by the results of the destruction that cyclones leave behind.
The maximum wind force at the surface of the earth on a 12-point scale corresponds to a speed of 100 km/h Outside tropical latitudes near the surface of the earth, even winds of this strength are rare. You can imagine the enormous destruction typhoons and hurricanes bring. Here are some examples.
The typhoon that passed over Japan on November 21, 1934, partially or completely destroyed 700,000 homes, disabled more than 11,000 ships, caused flooding and caused huge damage. The typhoon that passed over Japan on September 26, 1959 had almost the same destructive power. According to newspaper reports, during the passage of the typhoon the wind speed reached 180 km/h Such a wind tears off the roofs of houses, uproots trees, and destroys everything in its path. The strong winds, torrents of rain and sea waves that accompanied the typhoon caused destruction in many cities and villages. Up to 1.5 million people were left homeless. More than 5,000 people were killed or missing, and over 15 thousand people were injured. 180 thousand houses were destroyed, and about 300 thousand houses were flooded. Were injured railway transport, sea vessels, etc.
According to the newspaper Pravda dated September 20, 1961, in the summer of 1961, tropical cyclones caused terrible destruction on the shores of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. One of them, named "Karla", moved from the Gulf of Mexico on September 6 V states of Texas and Louisiana. The city of Galveston, located on the shores of this bay, was almost completely destroyed. Wind speed over 200 km/h wooden buildings and residential buildings were carried away. Another tropical cyclone (“Debbie”), which originated near the Cape Verde Islands, moved to the British Isles, where it caused enormous destruction, and then filled in the Norwegian Sea.
Cyclones of even greater destructive power arose over the Pacific Ocean. Typhoon Pamela originated in the Marshall Islands on September 4, and a few days later it raged on the island of Taiwan. In Taipei city alone, 800 houses were destroyed.
A few days later, cyclone Nancy arose near the same Marshall Islands, in which the wind speed exceeded 300 km/h On September 15 he approached southern shores Japan and passed along the islands to the northeast, destroying more than 450 thousand houses, 400 bridges and dams along the way. According to incomplete data, more than 150 people were killed and over 2,000 were injured. In many areas, railway communications were interrupted and the supply of electricity was cut off. The passage of Typhoon Nancy was accompanied by heavy rainfall. Coastal areas were flooded by ocean waves. On September 17, the typhoon entered the Sea of Okhotsk and caused destruction in the southern part of Sakhalin.
Sometimes typhoons cause damage and settlements Soviet Far East, when they move slightly west of their usual path.
Tropical Cyclone Nancy is one of the most destructive in recent years.
The city of Santo Domingo suffered enormous destruction in Dominican Republic September 3, 1930 and Chetumal (Mexico) on the night of September 28, 1955 during the passage of Hurricane Jeannette. In Chetumal, a city of about 2,500 people, only four heavily damaged buildings remained, while the rest were completely destroyed.
Hurricane winds break and uproot trees and destroy crops. The strip of wind damage in tropical cyclones lasts an average of 100-200 km, and in some of the most powerful Pacific typhoons it can reach up to 1000km.
A TASS report on July 10, 1967 reported that the typhoon that rushed over Japan in the areas of the Kyushu Islands and the western part of Honshu killed 200, 140 were missing and 430 were injured. About 1,500 houses were destroyed and washed away, and water flooded 47 thousand buildings, etc.
According to observational data, the tropical cyclone "Rime", which passed from September 23 to October 10, 1966, traveled from the coast of Africa to Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, was the most intense. Since Hurricane Flora (1963), this cyclone caused the greatest destruction. The wind speed in its system reached 85 m/sec or more than 300 km/h Over the Lesser Antilles the wind speed reached 50-60 m/sec. On the island of Guadeloupe, 40 people were killed and 70 were injured, and about six thousand were left homeless. The next two days on the island of Haiti, this hurricane destroyed thousands of houses and killed more than 500 people. The maximum wind speed reached 85 m/sec. Upon arrival in Cuba, the wind speed decreased to 40- 50 m/sec, but here, too, destruction was carried out. In early October he went to Atlantic Ocean and reappeared over Cuba and the Gulf of Mexico, and then passed into Mexico and lost its intensity, but still managed to destroy 2.5 thousand houses. On October 6-7, this hurricane in Havana dropped 300 mm precipitation.
Hurricane-force winds in tropical cyclones are caused by large horizontal pressure gradients. Although the diameter
tropical cyclones are small in comparison with extratropical ones (usually tens and hundreds of kilometers), pressure gradients are large. In their system, the pressure gradient reaches 20-40 mb by 100 km, and the wind speed exceeds 100-150 km. However, there are often cases when the pressure gradient is 40-60 mb by 100km.
In tropical cyclones, the pressure in the center averages 960-970 mb, but in in some cases pressure registered at 900 mb and below. The latter are observed 1-2 times a year. Of the known cyclones, the lowest pressure at the sea surface is -877 mb was recorded at the center of Typhoon Ida on September 24, 1958.
Figure 54 shows a map of surface pressure for 15 hours on August 28, 1959. Here, among the extratropical cyclones and anticyclones, one cyclone with densely drawn isobars attracts attention. This is a tropical cyclone over the Pacific Ocean - Typhoon Joan. At its center the pressure is 900 mb, and on the periphery 1000 MB. Therefore, the pressure difference between the center and the periphery is 100 mb, and the pressure gradient is 10 mb by 100 km. Naturally, the wind speeds in the cyclone were hurricane-force and it caused great destruction along its path.
Tropical cyclone with strong winds covers the troposphere usually up to heights of 8-12 km. Wind speeds decrease with height, but also by 4-5 km they still remain strong, and the speed is not the same in all parts. The most high speeds are observed in that part of the cyclone where the direction of rotational movement in the tropical vortex system coincides with the direction of its movement. In the northern hemisphere, the right (in the direction of movement) part of the cyclone turns out to be the most dangerous; sailors call it the “dangerous semicircle.”
As a cyclone approaches, the pressure quickly drops and rises just as quickly after its center passes through the observation point.
As you can see, the structure of a tropical cyclone has much in common with an extratropical one. But, besides the differences in size, conditions of occurrence and wind speeds, there is one more feature in its structure that remains unexplained. This is the so-called"eye of the storm"
It has long been known that when a tropical cyclone approaches, destructive winds of one direction first appear, then there is a lull and even blue sky. After this, hurricane winds begin again, but in the opposite direction. The calm zone is located in the middle part of the cyclones (“the eye of the storm”). This is due to the presence of downward air movements in the center, while throughout the entire system of tropical cyclones there is an intense rise of air, causing cloud formation and heavy rainfall.
Figure 55 shows a diagram vertical structure hurricane off the southeastern coast of North America. It shows the distribution of cloudiness and precipitation, as well as horizontal and vertical movements in its system and the position of the tropopause. The photograph (Fig. 56) shows the cloud system and the “eye of the storm” in Hurricane Grace on September 28, 1959. As you can see, in the location of the “eye of the storm” there are breaks in the clouds, with water visible below.
A ship caught in the “eye of the storm” is sometimes forced to move with it until the opportunity presents itself to escape beyond its boundaries.
Hurricane-force winds in a cyclone cause huge tides sea water, which also cause destruction. For example, a powerful typhoon over Japan with a central pressure of 920 mb led to a rapid rise in water in the Osaka area by 2 m in 10 minutes and caused extensive damage to two major cities in Japan - Osaka and Kobe. About 3 thousand people died, and more than 15 thousand were wounded and missing.
So, every year tropical cyclones originating in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, cause enormous damage population of South-Eastern, East and South Asia (India and Pakistan), Australia, Madagascar, central and southeastern North America.
The study of tropical cyclones began in XVIIIcentury, but until the 30s XXcenturies, everything was limited to their description. Only in the 40s, with the help of airplanes and radars, was it possible to establish the nature of the distribution of clouds in their system, determine the structural features, etc.
In the coastal regions of southeastern North America and eastern Asia, a network of radar stations has been created, the responsibility of which is to warn the population of impending danger. Airborne reconnaissance is also used for this purpose.
Currently, with the help of meteorological satellites, images of clouds are obtained almost all over the globe. From these images it is easy to determine where tropical cyclones originate, trace their trajectory and promptly warn the population about the danger. Figure 57 shows a photograph
cloudiness, taken by the meteorological satellite "Kos-mos-144" on April 10, 1967 during typhoon "Violetta" off the southeastern 1 coast of Asia. The image allows us to judge the structure of the clouds, as well as the structural features of this tropical vortex.
Source---
Poghosyan, Kh.P. Atmosphere of the Earth / H.P. Poghosyan [and others]. – M.: Education, 1970.- 318 p.
The destructive power of cyclones, typhoons and hurricanes lies primarily in the colossal speed of the wind, which affects the land and causes disturbances at sea. The destructive effect of cyclones is associated with the turbulent, vortex movement of air particles. Destruction during cyclones is also associated with low pressure in their center, the eye. Extremely abundant showers that cause floods.
Tropical cyclones occur in tropical latitudes. They are characterized by a clear concentration of energy in a small space, large pressure drops and high wind speeds. Every year over earth's surface A total of 70-80 tropical cyclones are formed, but only a small part of them reaches destructive power, and of these, in turn, only a part captures land.
According to definitions, wind speeds in tropical cyclones must exceed 34 m/s. However, most of them are characterized by speeds significantly higher than 50 m/s; speeds of more than 100 m/s (that is, more than 360 km/h) have been recorded.
Let's consider the structure of a tropical cyclone. The diameter of its inner part - the eye, where calm reigns and the sky is clear, most often fluctuates between 10 and 20 km. The eye is surrounded by a so-called wall where the winds reach maximum speed. Not only vortex, but also upward movement of air takes place in the wall. Some of the air in the outlying zones of the cyclone is drawn in, while the other part is released.
Tropical cyclones form all the time. This happens near the equator, most often in the band between 5 and 10° north or south latitude.
Cyclones most often move at a speed of 30-50 km/h. In the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, they first move west, then turn north and northeast. Over land, their routes become irregular: they turn, go back and cross their route. Such cyclones are especially dangerous. They are called wandering. Cyclone Flora, which in 1963 devastated eastern part Cubes. East Asian cyclones (typhoons) first move straight to the west, and near land they turn north. Bay of Bengal cyclones move in a northwesterly direction directly over land.
The energy of tropical cyclones is colossal, and it is difficult to accurately calculate it. It is believed that a medium-severity cyclone releases approximately the same amount of energy as 50,000 atomic bombs with a capacity of 30 kilotons. The ocean and moist air are needed by the cyclone as energy suppliers. The vapor rises, the pressure at altitude drops, and the vapor condenses. This condensation is the main source of energy that supports the life of the cyclone.
Hurricanes These are winds of force 12 on the Beaufort scale, i.e. winds whose speed exceeds 32.6 m/s (117.3 km/h).
Hurricanes occur during the passage of deep cyclones and represent the movement of air masses (wind) at enormous speed. During a hurricane, the air speed exceeds 32.7 m/s (more than 118 km/h). Sweeping over the earth's surface, a hurricane breaks and uproots trees, tears off roofs and destroys houses, power and communication lines, buildings and structures, and disables various equipment. As a result of a short circuit in electrical networks, fires occur, the supply of electricity is disrupted, the operation of facilities stops, and other problems may occur. harmful consequences. People may find themselves under the rubble of destroyed buildings and structures. Debris from destroyed buildings and structures and other objects flying at high speed can cause serious injuries to people.
Having reached its highest stage, a hurricane goes through 4 stages in its development: tropical cyclone, pressure depression, storm, intense hurricane.
Hurricanes typically move at 15 km per hour along a westerly path and often gain speed, usually deflecting towards the north pole at a line of 20-30 degrees northern latitude. But they often develop according to a more complex and unpredictable pattern. In any case, hurricanes can cause enormous destruction and staggering loss of life.
Modern weather forecasting methods make it possible to warn the population of a city or an entire coastal region about an approaching hurricane (storm) several hours or even days in advance, and the civil defense service can provide necessary information about the possible situation and actions in the current conditions.
When spreading over the sea, a hurricane causes huge waves height of 10-12 m or more, damages or even leads to the death of the vessel.
After the hurricane, NASF, together with the entire working population of the facility, carries out rescue and emergency restoration work; rescue people from littered protective and other structures and provide them with assistance, restore damaged buildings, power and communication lines, gas and water pipelines, repair equipment, and carry out other emergency restoration work.
Tornadoes.
A tornado is one of the cruel, destructive phenomena of nature. According to V.V. Kushina, tornado - This is not wind, but a “trunk” of rain twisted into a thin-walled tube, which rotates around an axis at a speed of 300-500 km/h. Due to centrifugal forces, a vacuum is created inside the pipe and the pressure drops to 0.3 atm. If the wall of the “trunk” of the funnel breaks, encountering an obstacle, then outside air rushes inside the funnel. Pressure drop 0.5 atm. accelerates the secondary air flow to speeds of 330 m/s (1200 km/h) or more, i.e. up to supersonic speeds. Tornadoes are formed when the atmosphere is in an unstable state, when the air in the upper layers is very cold, and in the lower layers it is warm. Intense air exchange occurs, accompanied by the formation of a vortex of enormous force.
Such vortices arise in powerful thunderclouds and are often accompanied by thunderstorms, rain, and hail. Obviously, it cannot be said that tornadoes occur in every storm cloud. As a rule, this happens on the verge of fronts - in transition zone between warm and cold air masses. It is not yet possible to predict tornadoes, and therefore their appearance is unexpected.
A tornado does not live long, since pretty soon the cold and warm air masses are mixed, and thus the cause that supports it disappears. However, even over a short period of its life, a tornado can cause enormous destruction.
Until now, the tornado is in no hurry to reveal its other secrets. So, there are no answers to many questions. What is a tornado funnel? What gives its walls a strong rotation and huge destructive force? Why is a tornado stable?
Investigating a tornado is not only difficult, but also dangerous - with direct contact, it destroys not only the measuring equipment, but also the observer.
Comparing descriptions of tornadoes of the past and present centuries in Russia and other countries, one can see that they develop and live according to the same laws, but these laws are not fully understood and the behavior of the tornado seems unpredictable.
During the passage of tornadoes, naturally everyone hides and runs, and people have no time for observations, much less measuring the parameters of tornadoes. That little bit about internal structure The funnel that we managed to find out is due to the fact that the tornado, taking off from the ground, passed over the heads of people, and then it was possible to see that the tornado was a huge hollow cylinder, brightly illuminated inside by the brilliance of lightning. A deafening roar and buzzing sound comes from inside. It is believed that the wind speed in the walls of a tornado reaches sound speed.
A tornado can suck in and lift up a large portion of snow, sand, etc. As soon as the speed of snowflakes or grains of sand reaches a critical value, they will be thrown out through the wall and can form a kind of case or cover around the tornado. Characteristic feature This case-cover is that the distance from it to the wall of the tornado along the entire height is approximately the same.
Meteorological natural disasters are very dangerous, as they entail huge loss of life, clear example Moreover, Hurricane Katrina in the USA is associated with the destruction of buildings and structures, causing great damage to humanity, which, of course, is a problem on a global scale.
In the homeland of hurricanes, in the tropics, air masses are highly heated and saturated with water vapor - the temperature of the ocean surface at these latitudes reaches twenty-seven to twenty-eight degrees Celsius. As a result, powerful ascending currents of air arise and the release of stored air solar heat and condensation of the vapors contained in it. The process develops and grows, a kind of giant pump is obtained - neighboring masses of the same warm and steamy air, and thus the process spreads even wider, capturing more and more areas on the surface of the ocean.
When you pour water from your bathtub through the drain hole, it creates a whirlpool. Approximately the same thing happens with the air rising upward at the origin of the cyclone - it begins to rotate.
The giant air pump continues to work, more and more moisture condenses on its funnel-shaped top, and more and more heat is released. (American meteorologists have calculated: within one day, over a million tons of water can be lifted upward - in the form of steam, with which the surface layer of the atmosphere is continuously saturated; the energy released during condensation in just ten days would be enough for such a highly industrialized state, like the USA, for six years!). An average cyclone is believed to release approximately the same amount of energy as 500,000 atomic bombs with the yield dropped over Hiroshima. Atmosphere pressure in the center of the emerging cyclone and on its outskirts it becomes unequal: there, in the center of the cyclone, it is much lower, and a sharp pressure drop is the reason strong winds, soon developing into hurricanes. In a space with a diameter of three hundred to five hundred kilometers, the strongest winds begin their furious whirlwind.
Having arisen, cyclones begin to move at an average speed of 10-30 km/h, sometimes they can hover over the area for some time.
Cyclones (regular and tropical) are large-scale eddies with a diameter: regular from 1000 to 2000 km; tropical from 200 to 500 km and altitude from 2 to 20 km.
Air masses move in the cyclone area in a spiral, twisting towards its center (counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere, vice versa in the southern hemisphere) at a speed of:
Regular no more than 50-70 km/h;
Tropical 400-500 km/h
In the center of the cyclone, the air pressure is lower than at the periphery, which is why, moving in a spiral, air masses tend to the center, where they then rise upward, generating heavy cloudiness.
If in the center:
For a conventional cyclone, the air pressure compared to atmospheric pressure (760 mm r.s.) is 713-720 mm r.s.;
Then in the center of a tropical cyclone the pressure drops to 675 mm r.s.
At the center of a tropical cyclone there is an area low pressure With high temperature, with a diameter of 10-40 km, where calm reigns - eye of the typhoon.
Every year on Globe At least 70 tropical cyclones arise and fully develop.
When a tropical cyclone (typhoon, hurricane) approaches the coast, it carries huge masses of water in front of it. storm shaft accompanied by strong rains And tornadoes. He swoops in coastal areas, destroying everything in its path.
Example
In 1970 there was a typhoon. which broke through the mouth of the Ganges River (in India) and flooded 800,000 km 2 of coastline. Had a wind speed of 200-250 m/s. Sea wave reached a height of 10 m. About 400,000 people died.
Today there are modern methods forecasting tropical cyclones (typhoons, hurricanes). Each suspicious cluster of clouds, where it did not appear, is photographed by meteorological satellites from space, and weather service planes fly to the “eye of the typhoon” to obtain accurate data. This information is put into computers to calculate the path and duration of a tropical cyclone (typhoon, hurricane) and notify the population in advance of the danger.
Hurricane
A hurricane is a wind with a force of 12 points (up to 17 points) on the Beaufort scale, i.e. at a speed of 32.7 m/s (over 105 km/h) and reaches up to 300 m/s (1194 km/h)
Hurricane– strong small-scale atmospheric vortex, in which the air rotates at a speed of up to 100 m/s. It has the shape of a pillar (sometimes with a concave axis of rotation) with funnel-shaped extensions at the top and bottom. The air rotates counterclockwise and at the same time rises in a spiral, drawing in dust, water, various items. A hurricane on land is called storm, and by the sea storm.
The main characteristics of hurricanes are:
Wind speed;
Movement paths;
Dimensions and construction;
Average duration actions.
Most important characteristic hurricanes is the wind speed. From the table below (on the Beaufort scale) you can see the relationship between wind speed and the name of the modes. average speed Hurricane movement in Ukraine is 50-60 km/h.
Hurricane sizes vary widely. Usually its width is taken to be the width of the zone of catastrophic destruction, which can be measured in hundreds of kilometers. The hurricane front reaches a length of up to 500 km. Hurricanes occur at any time of the year, but are more common from July to October. In the remaining 8 months they are rare, their paths are short.
The average duration of a hurricane is 9-12 days. In Ukraine, hurricanes do not last long, from a few seconds to several hours.
A hurricane is almost always clearly visible, and a strong buzzing sound is heard as it approaches.
Hurricanes are one of the most powerful forces elements. In terms of their harmful effects they are not inferior to such terrible natural disasters like earthquakes. This is explained by the fact that they carry colossal energy. Its amount released by an average hurricane during one hour is equal to the energy nuclear explosion at 36 mgt.
A hurricane poses a triple threat to people who find themselves in its path. The most destructive are wind, waves and rain.
Often, downpours accompanied by a hurricane are much more dangerous than the hurricane wind itself, especially for those people who live on or near the coast. A hurricane creates waves up to 30 m high on the coast, can cause downpours, and later cause the emergence of an epidemic, for example, a hurricane storm tide, coinciding with a normal tide, caused a gigantic flood on the coast of India in 1876, during which the wave rose 12-13 m About 100,000 people drowned and almost as many died from the consequences of the ferocious epidemic.
When a hurricane spreads over the sea, it causes huge waves 10-12 meters high or more, damaging or even leading to the death of ships.
Greatest danger during a hurricane they represent objects lifted from the ground and spun to enormous speed. Unlike storms, a hurricane travels in a narrow band, so it can be avoided. You just need to determine the direction of its movement and move in the opposite direction.
Hurricane wind destroys strong and demolishes light buildings, devastates sown fields, breaks wires and knocks down power and communication lines, damages highways and bridges, breaks and uproots trees, damages and sinks ships, causes accidents on utility and energy networks in production . There were cases when hurricane winds destroyed dams and dams, which led to large floods, threw trains off the rails, tore bridges from their supports, knocked down factory chimneys, and washed ships ashore.
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