August 6, 1945 Giant three-meter bomb with uranium charge was discarded on nothing suspect Hiroshima ... "Dazzling greenish flash, explosion, all around
Lights up. Silence and then unheard of power rumble
Crack flame flames. Under the wrecks
The collapsed building is lying people in the flame dying
Women ... MiG - and people falling out of people
Hands, face, chest, Bugger blisters burst, burst,
And the skin rags slide on the ground ... This is the lead. FROM
raised hands they move the crowd to the air
cries of pain. On the ground, a breast child, mother is dead. But
No one has the strength to come to the rescue, raise. Stunned
and burnt people, distracial, knocked out a roaring crowd and
blindly say, looking for a way out ... on crippleth people
Black rain streams poured, and the wind brought a suffocating
SMRR ... "- so described this terrible event eyewitnesses
Explosion.
Types of nuclear explosions.
Air.Ground (surface).
Underground (underwater) Center of the nuclear explosion - point, in
which occurred an explosion.
Epicenter nuclear explosion -
Projection point to the surface
Earth (water).
The focus of nuclear lesion -
Territory exposed
Direct exposure
Agrowing nuclear factors
Explosion.
Characteristics of the focus of nuclear lesion.
Mass destruction, dawns.Accidents in networks of communal energy economy.
Fires.
Radioactive infection.
Significant loss of population.
The focus of nuclear lesion is divided into zones:
Full destruction zone - excessivePressure over
50 kPa.
Zone of severe destruction - excessive
Pressure from 50 to 30 kPa.
Medium destruction zone - excessive
Pressure from 30 to 20 kPa.
Zone of weak destruction - excessive
Pressure 20-10 kPa.
Air nuclear explosion.
Explosion, luminouswhose cloud is ne.
Turns to the surface
Earth (water).
Radioactive
Locality
practically
absent.
Ground (surface) nuclear explosion.
Glowing areaThe explosion concerns
Surfaces of the Earth
(water) and has
The shape of the hemisphere.
Strong
Radioactive
infection
terrain and s
Travel trail
Radioactive
Clouds.
Underground (underwater) nuclear explosion.
ExplosionEarth (under water).
Basic striking
Factor - a compression wave,
extending B.
Ground or water.
Agrowing factors of nuclear weapons.
Shock wave.Light radiation.
Penetrating radiation.
Radioactive infection.
Electromagnetic impulse.
Shock wave.
Shock wave.
The main striking factornuclear explosion.
Its source is a huge
Pressure
Explosion and reaching in the first
Moments of billion atmospheres.
The striking effect of the shock wave in the focus of the lesion:
The zone of complete destruction.Zone of strong destruction.
Medium destruction zone.
Zone of weak destruction.
Defeat of people shock wave:
Excessive pressure 20-40 kPa lungsLosses (bruises, contusion).
Excessive pressure of 40-60 kPa - lesions
Middle severity (loss of consciousness,
Hearing damage, dislocation
limbs, bleeding from the nose and ears).
Overpressure over 60 kPa - strong
contusion, fractures of limbs, defeat
internal organs.
Excessive pressure over 100 kPa - extremely
severe lesions, often with fatal
Exodus.
Electromagnetic impulse.
Electric and magnetic fields,arising from the result
The effects of gamma rays of nuclear
Environmental explosion
and education in this flow environment
electrons and positive ions.
Agrowing the factors of an electromagnetic pulse.
Radio electronic damageEquipment.
Violation of radio and
Radio electronic means.
When the fields are discharged
(Contact with equipment) can
cause death.
Protection - shelter.
Light radiation.
Light radiation.
The flow of radiant energy includingultraviolet, visible and
Infrared rays.
The source is the luminous area,
milled for millions
degrees of explosion products.
Spread instantly, lasts up to 20
seconds.
Agrowing light radiation factors.
Causes burns openbody sections (1,2,3,4 degrees).
Amazing eyes.
Charred and flammifies
Various materials.
Causes fires on big
distances from the epicenter.
Protection - opaque
Materials, any obstacle,
Creating shadow.
Penetrating radiation.
The flow of gamma rays and neutrons. Lasts 1025 seconds.Source serve nuclear reactions,
flowing in ammunition at the moment
Explosion.
Agrowing factors of penetrating radiation.
Passing through live fabric, gamma emission and neutrons ionizeAtoms and cell molecules, in
The result is violated
Biological cell functions,
organs and the body as a whole that
leads to the occurrence of radiation
Diseases.
Protection - shelter.
Reducing the intensity of penetrating radiation.
Twice weakenThe intensity of gamma rays:
steel with a thickness of 2.8 cm,
concrete - 10 cm, soil - 14 cm,
Wood - 30 cm.
Radioactive infection.
Source - nuclear fission productsCharge and radioactive isotopes,
resulting as a result
The effects of neutrons on materials,
of which is made nuclear
Ammunition.
The greatest danger in the first hours
After falling out precipitation from
radioactive cloud forming
Radioactive trail.
Agrowing factors of radioactive infection.
Terrainbuildings, crops,
reservoirs, air.
Development of radiable
Diseases.
Zone of radioactive infection.
3 - moderate zoneinfection (level
Radiation 8 Rad / h)
2 - zone of dangerous
infection (240 Rad / h)
1 - extreme zone
dangerous infection
(800 Rad / h).
Dose of irradiation and radiation disease.
The first degree is 100-200 glad.The second degree - 200-400 is happy.
The third degree - 300-600 is happy.
The fourth degree is over 600 happy.
Radiation sickness.
Accompanied by nausea, vomiting.Total weakness.
Hemorrhage.
Hair loss.
Eye damage.
Education of ulcers.
Especially dangerous hidden (latent period)
Diseases.
Neutron weapons. Neutron ammunition.
The basis is thermonuclearcharges in which are used
Nuclear fission and synthesis reactions.
Affecting the action mainly for
Powerful penetrating radiation account
(up to 40% of rapid neutrons).
Features of damage to neutron weapons.
Area of \u200b\u200bthe zone of the defeatpenetrating radiation
The area of \u200b\u200bthe zone exceeds
damage shock wave in
several times that leads to
The death of a larger number of people.
Protection is the same as
nuclear explosions.
Tools of collective protection.
Protective facilities1.Working;
2. For easy shelter:
a) gap
b) trenches
Means of protection
Breath organs
(gas mask, respirator,
Difficult
Tissue masks, barley dressings).
Means of protection
Skin cover.
The definition of a nuclear weapon is a weapon of mass lesion of explosive, based on the use of intrathoreric energy, isolated during chain reactions of dividing heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or with thermonuclear fusion synthesis reactions of hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) in heavier, for example, isotope kernels helium.
Among modern means of armed struggle, nuclear weapons occupy a special place - it is the main means of defeating the enemy. The nuclear weapon allows you to destroy the means of mass defeat of the enemy, in a short time to apply large losses in the lively strength and military equipment, to destroy structures and other objects, infect the area with radioactive substances, and also to provide a strong moral and psychological impact and thereby create the party, Applying nuclear weapons, favorable conditions to achieve victory in the war.
Sometimes, depending on the type of charge, more narrow concepts use, for example: atomic weapons (devices that use chain fission reactions), thermonuclear weapons. The features of the affecting actions of the nuclear explosion in relation to personnel and military equipment depend not only on the power of the ammunition and the type of explosion, but also on the type of nuclear charger.
Devices intended for the implementation of the explosive process of release of intracererial energy are called nuclear charges. The power of nuclear ammunition is made to characterize the TNT equivalent, i.e. In such a number of treads in tons, with an explosion of which the same amount of energy is distinguished as in the explosion of this nuclear ammunition. Nuclear ammunition is conditionally divided into: ultra-shaped (up to 1 CT), small (1-10 CT), medium (CT), large (100 CT - 1 MT) super-broom (over 1 mt).
Types of nuclear explosions and their amazing factors depending on the tasks solved using nuclear weapons, nuclear explosions can be produced: in the air, on the surface of the earth and water, underground and water. In accordance with this, the explosions distinguish: air, ground (surface), underground (underwater).
This is an explosion produced at an altitude of up to 10 km when the luminous area does not concern Earth (water). Air explosions are divided into low and high. Strong radioactive contamination of the terrain is formed only near the epicenters of low air explosions. Failure to follow the clouds of a significant impact on the actions of personnel does not have.
The main affixing factors of the air nuclear explosion are: an air shock wave penetrating radiation, light radiation, an electromagnetic pulse. With air nuclear explosion in the epicenter area, the soil is obsessed. The radioactive infection of the area affecting the combat actions of the troops is formed only from low air nuclear explosions. In the areas of use of neutron ammunition, induced activity in the soil, technique and structures, which may cause the damage (irradiation) of personnel.
The air nuclear explosion begins a short-term dazzling outbreak, the light from which can be observed at a distance of several tens and hundreds of kilometers. Following the flash, a luminous area appears in the form of a sphere or hemisphere (with ground explosion), which is the source of powerful light radiation. At the same time, a powerful stream of gamma radiation and neutrons, which formed during the chain nuclear reaction, is applied to the surrounding medium, which is formed during the chain nuclear reaction and during the decay of radioactive fragments of nuclear charge division. Gamma quanta and neutrons emitted with a nuclear explosion are called penetrating radiation. Under the action of instant gamma radiation, the ionization of the ambient atoms occurs, which leads to the occurrence of electrical and magnetic fields. These fields, due to their short-term action, is made called the electromagnetic pulse of the nuclear explosion.
In the center of the nuclear explosion, the temperature instantly rises to several million degrees, as a result of which the charge substance turns into a high-temperature plasma emitting X-ray radiation. The pressure of gaseous products at first reaches several billion atmospheres. The sphere of hot gases of the luminous area, striving to expand, compresses the adjacent air layers, creates a sharp pressure drop on the boundary of the compressed layer and forms a shock wave, which extends from the center of the explosion in various directions. Since the density of the gases that make up a fireball, much lower than the density of the surrounding air, the ball quickly rises up. At the same time, a cloud of a mushroom shape, containing gases, water pairs, fine particles of soil and a huge number of radioactive explosion products. Upon reaching the maximum height, the cloud under the action of air currents is transferred over long distances, and radioactive products are scattered onto the surface of the Earth, creating a radioactive contraction of the terrain and objects.
Ground (surface) nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced on the surface of the earth (water), in which the luminous region concerns the surface of the Earth (water), and the dust (water) post from the moment of formation is connected to the explosion cloud. The characteristic feature of the ground (surface) nuclear explosion is a strong radioactive contraction (water) both in the explosion area and in the direction of the movement of the explosion cloud.
Ground (surface) nuclear explosion with ground nuclear explosions on the surface of the Earth are formed the explosion funnel and a strong radioactive contraction of the terrain both in the explosion area and along the trail of a radio-active cloud. With terrestrial and low air nuclear explosions in the ground there are seismic waves, which can outwind overlooking structures.
Underground (underwater) Nuclear explosion This is an explosion produced under the ground (under water) and characterized by emissions of a large amount of soil (water) mixed with nuclear explosive products (Uranium-235 or Plutonium-239 division fragments). The striking and destroying effect of the underground nuclear explosion is determined mainly by seismic waves (the main factor), the formation of a funnel in the ground and a strong radioactive contamination of the terrain. Light radiation and penetrating radiation are missing. A characteristic of the underwater explosion is the formation of the Sultan (Water Post), the base wave formed during the collapse of the Sultan (Water Post).
The underground (underwater) nuclear explosion is the main affixing factors of the underground explosion are: seismic waves in the ground, air shock wave, radioactive contamination of the terrain and atmosphere. With a commifer explosion, the main affixing factor is seismic waves.
The surface nuclear explosion of the surface nuclear explosion is called an explosion carried out on the surface of the water (contact) or at such a height from it, when the luminous explosion area concerns the surface of the water. The main ammunition factors of the surface explosion are: air shock wave, underwater shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, electromagnetic pulse, radioactive infection of the water area and coastal zone.
The main afflicting factors of the underwater explosion are: underwater shock wave (tsunami), air shock wave, radioactive infection of the water area, sectors of the coast and coastal objects. With underwater nuclear explosions, the thrown can overwrite the river bed and cause flooding of extensive areas.
The high-altitude nuclear explosion of the high-rise nuclear explosion is the explosion produced above the boundaries of the land troposphere (above 10 km). The main affected factors of high-rise explosions are: an air shock wave (at an altitude of up to 30 km), penetrating radiation, light radiation (at an altitude of up to 60 km), X-ray radiation, gas stream (flying explosion products), electromagnetic impulse, ionization of the atmosphere (at height Over 60 km).
Space nuclear explosion Space explosions differ from stratospheric not only by the values \u200b\u200bof the characteristics of their physical processes accompanying them, but also by physical processes themselves. The striking factors of cosmic nuclear explosions are: penetrating radiation; X-ray radiation; the ionization of the atmosphere, due to which the luminescent air luminescence arises, which is occurring hours; gas stream; electromagnetic impulse; Weak radioactive air infection.
Agrowing factors of nuclear explosion Basic striking factors and distribution of the share of the nuclear explosion energy: a shock wave - 35%; Light radiation - 35%; penetrating radiation - 5%; Radioactive infection is -6%. Electromagnetic impulse -1% The simultaneous impact of several affecting factors leads to the combined personnel lesions. Armament, machinery and fortification facilities are mainly due to the effects of the shock wave.
Shock wave Shock wave (HC) area of \u200b\u200bsharply compressed air propagating in all directions from the center of the explosion with supersonic speed. The hot pairs and gases seeking to expand, produce a sharp blow to the surrounding layers of air, compress them to large pressures and density and heated to high temperature (several tens of thousands of degrees). This compressed air layer is a shock wave. The front limit of the compressed air layer is called the front of the shock wave. Once the HC front follows the range of discharge, where the pressure is below atmospheric. Near the explosion center, the propagation rate is several times higher than the sound speed. With an increase in the distance from the explosion site, the speed of propagation of the wave quickly drops. At large distances, its speed is approaching the speed of propagation of sound in the air.
Impact wave The impact wave of an average power ammunition passes: the first kilometer for 1.4 s; second for 4 s; Fifth for 12 s. The impact impact on people, technique, buildings and structures is characterized by: high-speed pressure; overpressure at the front of the movement of the HC and the time of its impact on the object (compression phase).
Impact wave The impact of HC on people can be direct and indirect. With direct effect, the cause of injuries is the instantaneous increase in air pressure, which is perceived as a sharp blow leading to fractures, damage to the internal organs, breaking blood vessels. With indirect exposure, people are amazed by flying wreckage of buildings and structures, stones, trees, broken glass and other objects. Indirect impact reaches 80% of all lesions.
The shock wave at an overpressure of the KPA (0.2-0.4 kgf / cm 2) unprotected people can get light lesions (light bruises and contusion). The effects of HC with overpressure of the CPA leads to the amplification of medium severity: loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, strong dislocations of the limbs, damage in the internal organs. Extremely severe lesions, often due to fatal, are observed at overpressure over 100 kPa.
The shock wave The degree of damage to the shock wave of various objects depends on the power and type of explosion, the mechanical strength (stability of the object), as well as on the distance at which there was an explosion, terrain relief and the position of objects on the ground. To protect against the effects of HC, you should use: trenches, gaps and trenches that reduce CE action by 1.5-2 times; Blinds 2-3 times; shelters 3-5 times; basements of houses (buildings); Relief area (forest, ravines, dell, etc.).
Light radiation Light radiation is a flow of radiant energy, including ultraviolet, visible and infrared rays. Its source is a glowing area formed by hot explosion products and hot air. Light radiation applies almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. However, his strength is such that, despite the short-term, it can cause skin burns (skin), the defeat (constant or temporary) organs of the people and the fire of combustible materials of objects. At the time of the formation of the luminous area, the temperature on its surface reaches tens of thousands of degrees. The main afflicting factor in the light radiation is the light pulse.
Light radiation light pulse The amount of energy in calories falling per unit surface area perpendicular to the direction of radiation, for all the time of the glow. The weakening of light radiation is possible due to the screening of its atmospheric cloudiness, the irregularities of the terrain, vegetation and local objects, snowfall or smoke. So, thick more relaxes the light pulse in A-9 times, rare 2-4 times, and smoke (aerosol) curtains 10 times.
Light radiation to protect the population from light radiation It is necessary to use protective structures, basements of houses and buildings, protective properties of the area. Any barrier capable of creating a shadow protects against direct action of light radiation and excludes burns.
Penetrating radiation penetrating radiation flow of gamma rays and neutrons emitted from the nuclear explosion zone. Its action is C, range 2-3 km from the center of the explosion. In conventional nuclear explosions, neutrons are approximately 30%, with an explosion of neutron ammunition% of y-radiation. The affecting effect of penetrating radiation is based on the ionization of cells (molecules) of a living organism leading to death. Neutrons, in addition, interact with the nuclei of atoms of some materials and can cause induced activity in metals and techniques.
The penetrating radiation y radiation photon radiation (with the energy of photons J), which occurs when the energy state of atomic nuclei, nuclear transformations, or with the annihilation of particles.
The penetrating radiation of gamma radiation is photons, i.e. Electromagnetic wave carrying energy. In the air, it can take long distances, gradually losing energy as a result of collisions with medium atoms. Intensive gamma radiation, if not protected from it, can damage not only the skin, but also internal fabrics. Dense and heavy materials, such as iron and lead, are excellent barriers to gamma radiation.
The penetrating radiation is the main parameter characterizing the penetrating radiation, is: for U-radiation dose and radiation dose rate, stream and flow density for neutrons. Permissible doses of exposure of the population in wartime: one-time 50 r; multiple for days 100 p; During the quarter, 200 p; During the year 300 R.
Penetrating radiation as a result of the transmission of radiation through environmental materials is reduced by the radiation intensity. Weakening action is made to characterize a layer of half weakening, so on. Such a thickness of the material passing through which radiation is reduced by 2 times. For example, 2 times weaken the intensity of y ray: steel 2,8 cm thick, concrete 10 cm, soil 14 cm, wood 30 cm. Protective structures that weaken its effects from 200 to 5,000 are used as protection against penetrating radiation. . The pound layer is 1.5 m protects against penetrating radiation almost completely.
Radioactive contamination (infection) Radioactive air pollution, terrain, water area and objects located on them occurs as a result of the loss of radioactive substances (PB) from the cloud of the nuclear explosion. At a temperature of about 1700 ° C, the glow of the luminous area of \u200b\u200bthe nuclear explosion stops and it turns into a dark cloud to which the dust pole rises (therefore the cloud has a mushroom shape). This cloud moves in the direction of wind, and RV falls out of it.
Radioactive contamination (infection) Sources of RV in the cloud are products of dividing nuclear fuel (uranium, plutonium), unreacted part of nuclear fuel and radioactive isotopes resulting from neutrons to the soil (induced activity). These RVs, being in contaminated objects, disintegrate, emitting ionizing radiation, which are actually an amazing factor. The parameters of radioactive contamination are: dose of irradiation (by exposure to people), radiation dose rate radiation level (according to the degree of pollution of the terrain and various objects). These parameters are a quantitative characteristic of affecting factors: radioactive contamination with an accident with a PB emission, as well as radioactive contamination and penetrating radiation with a nuclear explosion.
Radioactive contamination (infection) Radiation levels on the outer boundaries of these zones after 1 hour after the explosion, respectively, 8, 80, 240, 800 rad / h. Most of the radioactive precipitation, causing a radioactive contamination of the area, falls out of the cloud for h after the nuclear explosion.
Electromagnetic pulse Electromagnetic pulse (AM) This is a combination of electrical and magnetic fields arising from the ionization of atoms of the medium under the influence of gamma radiation. The duration of its action is several milliseconds. The main parameters of the EMI are indoor and voltage cable lines, which can damage and derive the conclusion of radio-electronic equipment, and sometimes damage to people working with instrument.
The electromagnetic pulse with ground and air explosions affecting the electromagnetic pulse is observed at a distance of a few kilometers from the center of the nuclear explosion. The most effective protection against the electromagnetic pulse is the screening of power supply and control lines, as well as radio and electrical appliances.
The situation, which is developing with the use of nuclear weapons in lesion foci. The focus of nuclear lesion is a territory within which, as a result of the use of nuclear weapons, mass lesions and deaths of people, farm animals and plants, destruction and damage to buildings and structures, utility and technological networks and lines, transport communications and other objects were occurring.
The zone of complete destruction zone of complete destruction has a border overpressure at the front of the shock wave of 50 kPa and is characterized by: mass irrevocable losses among unprotected population (up to 100%), full destruction of buildings and structures, destruction and damage to utility and technological networks and lines, As well as part of the citizen defense shelters, the formation of solid dawns in the settlements. The forest is completely destroyed.
The zone of strong destruction zone of strong destruction with overpressure at the front of the shock wave from 30 to 50 kPa is characterized by: mass irretrievable losses (up to 90%) among unprotected populations, full and strong destruction of buildings and structures, damage to utility and technological networks and lines, The formation of local and solid duties in the settlements and forests, the maintenance of shelters and most of the anti-radiation shelters of the base type.
The average destruction zone of medium destruction zone with excess pressure from 20 to 30 kPa. It is characterized by: irrevocable losses among the population (up to 20%), the average and strong destruction of buildings and structures, the formation of local and focal bumps, continuous fires, the preservation of utility and energy networks, shelters and most anti-radiation shelters.
The zone of weak destruction zone of weak destruction with overpressure from 10 to 20 kPa is characterized by weak and average destruction of buildings and structures. The focus of the defeat, but the number of dead and affected can be commensurate or exceed the focus of the lesion during the earthquake. So, with the bombing (bomb power of up to 20 ct), Hiroshima city on August 6, 1945, its most (60%) was destroyed, and the death toll was to the person.
The effects of ionizing radiation staff of the objects of the economy and the population entering the radioactive contamination zones are exposed to ionizing radiation, which causes radiation disease. The severity of the disease depends on the obtained dose of radiation (irradiation). The dependence of the degree of radiation disease from the dose value of the radiation is shown in the table on the next slide.
Effects of ionizing radiation degree of radiation dose of radiation, causing the disease, radical light (I) average (II) heavy (III) extremely severe (IV) more than 600More 750 dependence of the degree of radiation disease from the radiation dose value
The effects of ionizing radiation under the conditions of military operations using nuclear weapons in the zones of radioactive infection may be extensive territories, and the irradiation of people take a massive character. To eliminate transmission of personnel of objects and the population under such conditions and to increase the stability of the functioning of the objects of the national economy under conditions of radioactive infection, the military time establishes permissible doses of irradiation. They make up: in one-time irradiation (up to 4 days) 50 is happy; multiple irradiation: a) up to 30 days 100 glad; b) 90 days 200 happy; Systematic irradiation (during the year) 300 is happy.
The impact of ionizing radiation is glad (RAD, abbreviated from the English. Radiation Absorbed Dose absorbed radiation dose), which is an introduced unit of absorbed radiation dose; It is applicable to any species of ionized radiation and corresponds to the energy of emission of 100 erg, absorbed by the irradiated substance weighing 1 g.Doza 1 rad \u003d 2.388 × 10 6 cal / g \u003d 0,01J / kg.
The effect of ionizing radiation ionizing is an equivalent dose of radiation in a system SI equivalent dose in case the dose of absorbed ionizing radiation multiplied by a conditional dimensionless factor is 1 J / kg. Since various types of radiation cause different effects on biological tissue, then a weighted absorbed radiation dose, also called an equivalent dose; It is obtained by modifying the absorbed dose due to its multiplication by the conditional dimensionless factor adopted by the International Commission for the Protection against X-ray radiation. Currently, the ziver increasingly displaces the physical equivalent of X-ray (FER).
Slide 1.
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Slide 5.
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Slide 7.
Slide 8.
Slide 9.
Slide 10.
Presentation on the topic "Nuclear weapons and his amazing factors" can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Project subject: Obzh. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you interest your classmates or audience. Use the player to view the contents, or if you want to download the report - click on the appropriate text below the player. Presentation contains 10 slides (s).
Slides presentation
Slide 1.
Nuclear weapon
Performed: Lecturer Savostianenko Viktor Nikolaevich G. Novocherkassk Mbousash №6
Slide 2.
Slide 3.
Factor striking
Shock wave Light radiation ionizing radiation (penetrating radiation) Radioactive infection of the area Electromagnetic pulse
Slide 4.
Shock wave
The main striking factor of the nuclear explosion. It is an area of \u200b\u200bsharp compression of the medium propagating in all directions from the explosion site with supersonic speed.
Slide 5.
Light radiation
The flow of radiant energy, which includes visible, ultraviolet and infrared rays. It applies almost instantly and lasts depending on the power of the nuclear explosion to 20c.
Slide 6.
Electromagnetic impulse
A short-term electromagnetic field arising from an explosion of a nuclear ammunition as a result of the interaction of gamma rays and neutrons emitted with a nuclear explosion with an ambient atoms.
Slide 7.
Depending on the type of nuclear charge, you can allocate:
thermonuclear weapons, the main energy release of which occurs during the thermonuclear reaction - the synthesis of heavy elements from more lungs, and a nuclear charge is used as a faint for thermonuclear reaction; Neutron weapons - a nuclear charge of low power, supplemented by a mechanism that secretes most of the energy of the explosion in the form of fast neutrons; Its main affecting factor is neutron radiation and induced radioactivity.
Slide 8.
Soviet intelligence had information about the work on the creation of an atomic bomb in the United States, which emanated from nuclear physicists sympathizing with the USSR, in particular Claus Fuchs. This information was reported by Beria Stalin. However, the letter of Soviet Physics Fleroov, who managed to clarify the essence of the problem in the beginning of 1943, was crucial. As a result, on February 11, 1943, a statement of GKO was adopted about the start of work on the creation of an atomic bomb. General management was entrusted to Vice-Chairman of GKO V. M. Molotov, who, in turn, appointed the head of the atomic project I. Kurchatov (his appointment was signed on March 10). The information entered through the channels of intelligence facilitated and accelerated the work of Soviet scientists.
Slide 9.
On November 6, 1947, the USSR Foreign Minister V. M. Molotov made a statement on the secret of the atomic bomb, saying that "this secret has long been no longer exists." This statement meant that the Soviet Union had already opened the secret of atomic weapons, and he had at his disposal this weapon. The scientific circles of the United States adopted this statement by V. M. Molotov as a bluff, believing that the Russians can master atomic weapons not earlier than 1952. American intelligence satellites discovered the exact location of the Russian tactical nuclear weapons in the Kaliningrad region, which contradicts the statements of Moscow, which denies the fact of transfers there to tactical weapons.
Slide 10.
Nuclear weapon
and his amazing factors
Presentation performed: Sirmai Yana Yurevna, teacher Obzh,
MBOU "Tompon Multidisciplinary Gymnasium", 2014
Nuclear weapon
- What is nuclear weapon
- Types of explosions.
- Agrowing factors of a nuclear explosion.
- The focus of nuclear lesion
What is a nuclear weapon?
Nuclear weapons - weapons of mass lesion of explosive action, based on the use of internalorette energy, instantly released as a result of a chain reaction in the division of atomic nuclei of radioactive elements (uranium-235 or plutonium-239).
The power of the nuclear ammunition is measured by TNT equivalent, i.e. Weighing trinitrotoluola (TNT), the energy of the explosion of which is equivalent to the energy of the explosion of this nuclear ammunition and is measured in tons,
Atomic bomb explosion in Nagasaki 1945
Types of explosions
Ground
Underground
Surface
Underwater
Air
Altitude
Affecting the factors of the nuclear explosion
Shock wave
Light radiation
Electromagnetic
pulse
Radiation
infection
Penetrating
radiation
Shock wave the primary factor of the nuclear explosion. This is an area of \u200b\u200bsudden compression of air propagating in all directions from the explosion center with supersonic speed. The source of the air wave is high pressure in the explosion (billions of atmospheres) and the temperature reaching millions of degrees.
The split gases formed during the explosion, rapidly expanding, transmit pressure to neighboring air layers, compressing and heating them, and they, in turn, affect the following layers, etc. As a result, in the air with a supersonic speed in all directions from the center of the explosion, the high pressure zone is distributed.
Thus, when an explosion of a 20-kiloton nuclear ammunition, a shock wave takes 1000 m in 2 seconds, in 5 seconds - 2000 m, in 8 seconds - 3000 m. The front limit of the wave is called the shock wave front.
Directly behind the front of the shock wave is formed strong air flows, the speed of which reaches several hundred kilometers per hour. (Even at a distance of 10 km from the explosion site of an ammunition with a capacity of 1 MT air speed of more than 110 km / h.)
The striking effect of HC is characterized by an overpressure value.
Excessive pressure is the difference between the maximum pressure at the HC front and normal atmospheric pressure, is measured in Pascals (Pa, KPA).
For the characteristics of the destruction of buildings, structures adopted four degrees of destruction: full, strong, medium and weak.
- Full destruction
- Strong destruction
- Middle destruction
- Weak destruction
The impact of the shock wave on people is characterized by light, medium, severe and extremely heavy lesions.
- Light lesions occur at an overpressure of 20-40 kPa. They are characterized by a temporary impairment of hearing, light contusions, dislocations, bruises.
- Middle severity lesions occur at an overpressure of 40-60 kPa. They manifest themselves in brain contusions, damage to hearing organs, bleeding from the nose and ears, dislocation of the limbs.
- Heavy lesions are possible at overpressure from 60 to 100 kPa. They are characterized by strong contusions of the whole organism, loss of consciousness, fractures; There are damage to the internal organs.
- Extremely severe lesions occur at an overpressure of over 100 kPa. People have the injuries of internal organs, internal bleeding, brain concussion, strong fractures. These lesions often lead to death.
Defending from the shock wave are asylum. In the open area, the effect of the shock wave is reduced by various deepening, obstacles. It is recommended to lie on the ground head towards the explosion, better in the deepening or for the folds of the terrain.
Light radiation
Light radiation is a flow of radiant energy, which includes the ultraviolet, visible and infrared spectrum region.
It is formed up to a millions of degrees with products of the explosion and hot air.
Duration depends on the power of the explosion and fluctuates from the fraction of a second to 20-30 seconds.
The light radiation strength is such that it can cause skin burns, eye damage (up to
blindness). Radiation leads to mass fires and explosions.
Protecting a person can be any obstacles that do not transmit light.
Penetrating radiation
ionizing radiation
Radiation that is created
with radioactive decay, nuclear transformations and forms when interacting with the ions medium of various characters. In essence, this is a stream
elementary particles, not visible and not felt by the person. Any nuclear radiation interacting with various materials, ionize them. The action lasts 10-15 seconds.
There are three types of ionizing radiation - alpha, beta, gamma radiation. Alpha radiation has a high ionizing, but weak penetrating ability. Beta radiation has a smaller ionizing, but greater penetrating ability. Gamma and neutron radiation have a very high penetrating ability.
Protecting against penetrating radiation is various asylum and materials that weaken radiation and neutron flux.
Pay attention to the difference in protective potential in the gamma and neutron of radiation.
Radiation (radioactive)
locality
Among the striking factors of the nuclear explosion, radioactive infection occupies a special place, since its effects can be subject to not only the area adjacent to the explosion site, but also the terrain removed on dozens and even hundreds of kilometers at the same time in large areas and for a long time infection can be created for a long time, Presenting danger to people and animals. The fission products falling from the explosion cloud are a mixture of approximately 80 isotopes 35 chemical elements of the middle part of the periodic system of Mendeleev elements (from zinc No. 30 to Gadolinium No. 64).
Since a significant amount of soil and other substances are involved in a terrestrial explosion in a fireball, then, when cooled, these particles fall out as radioactive precipitation. As the radioactive cloud is moved, the radioactive precipitation is dropped by its trail, and thus the radioactive trace remains on Earth. The density of infection in the explosion area and the trace of the movement of the radioactive cloud decreases as it deletes from the center of the explosion.
A radioactive trail with a non-changing direction and wind velocity has the shape of an elongated ellipse and is conditionally divided into four zones: moderate (a), strong (b), dangerous (B) and extremely dangerous (d) infection.
Zones of radioactive infection
Zone
Extremely
dangerous
infection
Zone dangerous
infection
Strong zone
infection
Zone
Moderate
infection
Nuclear explosions in the atmosphere and in higher layers lead to the formation of powerful electromagnetic fields with wavelengths from 1 to 1000 m or more. These fields in view of their short-term existence is called an electromagnetic pulse (AM). The consequence of the effects of AM is the abnormal of individual elements of modern electronic and electrical equipment. Duration of action - several tens of milliseconds.
Potentially carries a serious threat, output any equipment that does not have a protective screen.
Electromagnetic impulse (AM)
The focus of nuclear lesion
This territory has undergone direct influence of the striking factors of a nuclear explosion.
The core of nuclear lesion is divided into:
Full zone
destruction
Silent zone
destruction
Medium zone
destruction
The zone is weak
destruction
destruction
Depending on the type of nuclear charge, you can allocate:
Thermonuclear weapons, the main energy release of which occurs during the thermonuclear reaction - the synthesis of heavy elements from more lungs, and a nuclear charge is used as a faint for thermonuclear reaction;
Neutron weapons - a nuclear charge of low power, supplemented by a mechanism that secretes most of the energy of the explosion in the form of fast neutrons; Its main affecting factor is neutron radiation and induced radioactivity.
Participants in the development of the first samples of thermonuclear weapons,
subsequently laureates of the Nobel Prize
L.D.Landau I.E.Tamm N.N. Semenov
V.L.GINZburg I.M. Frank L.V. Kantorovich A.A.Abrikosov
The first Soviet Aviation Thermonuclear Atomic Bomb.
Bomb Corps RDS-6C
Tu-16 bomber -
carrier of atomic weapons
Nuclear weapons Weapon affecting the action of which is based on the use of intracender energy, which is released during a chain reaction of the division of heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or with thermonuclear fusion reactions of the synthesis of hydrogen isotopes. Explosion of a nuclear bomb in Nagasaki (1945)
Depending on the type of nuclear charge, it is possible to distinguish: thermonuclear weapons, the main energy release of which occurs during thermonuclear reaction - the synthesis of heavy elements from the more lungs, and a nuclear charge is used as a smeared for thermonuclear reaction; Neutron weapons - a nuclear charge of low power, supplemented by a mechanism that secretes most of the energy of the explosion in the form of fast neutrons; Its main affecting factor is neutron radiation and induced radioactivity.
Soviet intelligence had information about the work on the creation of an atomic bomb in the United States, which emanated from nuclear physicists sympathizing with the USSR, in particular Claus Fuchs. This information was reported by Beria Stalin. However, the letter of Soviet Physics Fleroov, who managed to clarify the essence of the problem in the beginning of 1943, was crucial. As a result, on February 11, 1943, a statement of GKO was adopted about the start of work on the creation of an atomic bomb. General management was entrusted to Vice-Chairman of GKO V. M. Molotov, who, in turn, appointed the head of the atomic project I. Kurchatov (his appointment was signed on March 10). The information entered through the channels of intelligence facilitated and accelerated the work of Soviet scientists.
On November 6, 1947, the USSR Foreign Minister V. M. Molotov made a statement on the secret of the atomic bomb, saying that "this secret has long been no longer exists." This statement meant that the Soviet Union had already opened the secret of atomic weapons, and he had at his disposal this weapon. The scientific circles of the United States adopted this statement by V. M. Molotov as a bluff, believing that the Russians can master atomic weapons not earlier than 1952. American intelligence satellites discovered the exact location of the Russian tactical nuclear weapons in the Kaliningrad region, which contradicts the statements of Moscow, which denies the fact of transfers there to tactical weapons.
Successful testing of the first Soviet atomic bomb was held on August 29, 1949 at the constructed polygon in the Semipalatinsk region of Kazakhstan. On September 25, 1949, the newspaper "Pravda" published the address of TASS "In connection with the statement by US President Truman on the holding of an atomic explosion in the USSR":
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