Speaking about nature, climate and weather in Dubna, I must say that the city is located in the very north of the Moscow region. On flat, with big amount swamps of the Upper Volga lowland, in the Dubninskaya lowland, less than 120 m (one of the lowest points in the Moscow region).

Significant modification natural landscape in the area of ​​the city of Dubna happened in the era of icing.

Later, it was to this place that melted glacial waters flowed interspersed with sand, gravel, and other rocks, and in the lowlands, they became the basis of a huge swampy area, swamps, lakes and peat bogs.

All water bodies of the city of Dubna belong to the Upper Volga basin

These are tributaries of the Volga and part of the Ivankovskoye reservoir (dam), the channel named after I. Moscow with a cascade of reservoirs, the ichthyofauna of which has about 40 species of fish.

I must say that due to the construction of a dam on the river. Volga and aggressive fishing, some species of anadromous fish, such as Black-backed herring (zalom), Belorybitsa, disappeared from nature (Musatov, 1966; Panchenko, 1990).

Many other species are listed in the Red Book as endangered.

Climate

The climate in Dubna is uniformly continental (winter in the city is long and long, and the weather is uniformly cool, and summer season short, but the weather is warm).

Dubna is one of the cities with a mega harsh climate and harsh weather, where temperatures below 0 ° C last approximately 135 days a year. One of the coldest months is January with an average temperature of 11 ° C below zero.

The climate is influenced by European-Asian anticyclones, in winter time, calm (windless) weather is established, and the temperature environment from time to time goes down to -25 - -30 ° С. frosty winters, temperature environments at the very end of the 1st month of winter and in January dropped to 45 ° C below zero.

In early December and February, the weather is influenced by Atlantic cyclones and (not often) Mediterranean cyclones, which bring unexpected thaws, during which, during the height of winter, temperatures the environment suddenly suddenly rises to +4 - + 5 ° С. Thaws, quite often, are accompanied by heavy snowfalls and sometimes last a week or more

Snow cover, 30-45 cm high, usually occurs in early November (although there were years when it arose at the very end of September and in the middle of January). Snow melts in April (sometimes at the very end of March).

The soils freeze up to 65-75 cm, in especially cool and little snowy winters, freezing reaches the deepest abyss of 150 cm.

The most warm weather happens in July (+ 18-19 °). During the year, approximately 550 - 650 mm fall out in Dubna. precipitation (270 - 900 mm), two thirds - rain, one third - snow. Approximately 17% per year, sunny days, the rest are completely cloudy - 32%.

Regardless of the season, but especially often at the beginning of December, the climate of Dubna is influenced by air masses continental latitudes, at this time there are the most powerful winds. Where air masses are separated (fronts), air vortices appear, and the entire territory is enveloped in long-term cyclones.

Largely due to this, almost continuous cloudy weather prevails, precipitation, strong winds and reduced Atmosphere pressure... When the cyclone recedes, anticyclonic weather is established - little cloudy and dry, with increased atmospheric pressure.

For the climate of Dubna, northerly winds are predominant, and the sea humid air causes intense winter thaws and contributes to the establishment of damp cool weather in the summer months. About 20% of the time of the year, winds blow at a speed of 6 to 9 m / s.

Weather

Dubna is located in natural area predominantly relative humidity continental type of forest subtype.

In December and January, the humidity reaches its limit and is 86%, and in May the humidity is the lowest and rarely exceeds 67%. The value of relative humidity, which is comfortable for a person, is 30 - 70%. According to the amount of precipitation, the territory of Dubna belongs to the climatic zone of increased humidity. The average annual precipitation is 783 mm.

The distribution of precipitation over the annual seasons is rather peculiar. About 40% falls in the cold period from November to March, and 60% falls in the period from April to October. The minimum precipitation is from February to May, and the maximum value is observed in June (up to 90 mm) and July-August (80 mm).

Acutely perceives high humidity (80 ... 95%) by the body of people suffering from heart and vascular diseases, arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis, this can provoke an exacerbation of diseases. If the air humidity is increased, and the ambient temperature is from + 25 ° C and above, then the thermoregulation of the skin is disturbed, and the body begins to overheat.

Feeling of lack of air, heaviness, worsening general well-being and decreased performance are the first signs.

If a person long time is in conditions high humidity air, then his body's resistance to infectious and colds decreases. High air humidity can lead to more catastrophic consequences, such as kidney disease, tuberculosis, rheumatism and other diseases.

From high humidity it is not only the human body that suffers. In damp places, fungi and mold grow well, which secretes great amount spore, contaminating the air and is a real danger to human health.

Geographical position
The Upper Volga region is located in the upper and middle reaches of the Volga River in the central part of the East European Plain. This includes the territories of Tver, Yaroslavl, Kostroma , Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov regions, as well as the republics of Chuvashia and Mari El.
... District landscape
The landscapes are mainly taiga and subtaiga plains, elevated in places. The central part is occupied by the Upper Volga lowland and the medium-altitude (200 - 230 meters above sea level) Galich-Chukhloma plain with deeply incised river valleys. In the west, it is bordered by the Valdai Upland (300 meters above sea level), and in the east by the Vyatka Uvali and the Verkhnekamsk Upland (250 - 300 meters above sea level).
Upland - a form of relief that has a noticeable slope to the adjacent lowland and a relatively extensive flat or wavy surface both on land and at the bottom of water bodies. On land, a hill is considered absolute heights within 200 - 500 meters. On geographic maps, they are highlighted in light brown, in contrast to the green used for depicting lowlands. Uplands differ from lowlands not only in height, but also in drier areas, both due to the rapid runoff of atmospheric precipitation and the deeper position of the aquifers.1
Lowland - land areas of considerable size with a height of no more than 200 meters above sea level. It is covered mainly by sedimentary rocks (sediments). The relief is flat and hilly in places.
The soils are soddy-podzolic, replaced to the south by more fertile ones - podzolized and leached chernozems. In general, natural climatic conditions favorable for active economic activity and population living.
The area has recreational resources, which is especially valuable due to the large population of the area. Various natural landscapes,
culture and architecture serve as the basis for the development of tourism, including foreign. Natural landscapes have great functionality and high aesthetic qualities.
Water resources
The territory of the Upper Volga region is well watered. The main river artery, the Volga, determines the reactionary development of this region. The Volga receives many tributaries, the largest of which are the Tvertsa, Mologa, Kostroma, Unzha, Vetluga, Vyatka, Oka and Sura.
Most of the rivers are suitable for boating. Motor ship routes pass along the Volga, Oka and Vyatka. Western half The region is rich in lakes, the largest of which is Seliger. There are several large reservoirs on the Volga - Ivankovskoe, Konakovskoe, Rybinskoe, Gorkovskoe. Rivers and lakes are rich in fish. On the banks meet good sites sandy beaches. Bathing season ranges from 100 days in the west to 50 in the northeast.
However, as a result of the situation in the area of ​​the main watersheds, there are no particularly large drainages - all significant rivers flow here with their upper reaches, gaining full strength outside the area.
Given the enormous length of the Upper Volga water system of 1,410 kilometers, it passes through the territories of the Tver, Yaroslavl, Novgorod regions, this route is inherently interregional, while it is the Tver region that can and should become its center. The movement of vessels is carried out only in the upper and lower sections of the system.
Verkhnevolzhsky district is perfect place for the development of water sports, the organization of regional, all-Russian, and in the future, international competitions.
Another promising place for the development of water tourism is the town of Konakovo and Konakovskiy district. Since 2002, the Upper Volga sailing regattas for the prize of the Governor of the Tver Region have been held here on a regular basis.
Tver is the first port for cruise river vessels on the Volga. Already today in Tver, excursion services are rendered to more than 15,000 tourists of cruise ships per season.
Such an abundance of reservoirs allows the Upper Volga region to have significant not only water, but also fish resources. In the water bodies of the region, there are more than 30 species of fish, including such valuable ones as: eel, pike perch, asp, pike, grayling, bream. All this suggests that the Verkhnevolzhsky region is very promising for the development of tourism, both domestic and inbound, including foreign, associated with the organization of fishing.

Woodlands
Serious changes in the appearance of the vegetation of the Upper Volga region were made by centuries of human activity; for several centuries this area was the most densely populated and economically developed part of the country. As a result, vast areas of forests were cut down and replaced by arable lands and meadows. Since as a result of felling and other types of human impact, the composition of forests has changed greatly, secondary forests prevail in the area, which formed spruce on the site - fir forests, pine forests, birch and aspen groves and mixed spruce - birch in the west and broadleaf - fir - spruce forests in the east. A lot of forests died during the Great Patriotic War, so now there are many young groves and copses.
The forested area of ​​the Verkhnevolzhsky region is 50% of its territory, or less than 2% of the state forest fund of Russia. The Kostroma region belongs to the zone of industrial forests, and all other regions - to the zone of low-wooded areas. Almost 2/5 of the forested area of ​​the district has mainly water protection, protective
Flora and fauna
Various animal world promotes the active development of hunting and fishing... Specially protected natural areas play an important role in preserving biodiversity and maintaining ecological balance in the territory of the Upper Volga region.
The territory of the reserves is covered with pine, birch and spruce forests, among which there are raised pine-sphagnum cranberry bogs. The uniqueness of its landscapes is due to the impact of the backwater groundwater... The reserves have a complex of temporary flooding zones and floating islands. The combination of the reserve regime and favorable natural conditions contributed to the formation of unique populations rare species birds (osprey, white-tailed eagle), the population density of which has become the highest in Europe.
The reserves are the most important center for the preservation and enhancement of game animals, which is of great importance for the Upper Volga region. The reserves maintain a high density of elk, wild boar, bear, beaver, otter, marten, wood grouse, black grouse, hazel grouse and others. There is a constant resettlement of hunting and Red Data Book species of animals to adjacent territories.
On the territory of nature reserves and in protected zones, a census of the number of animals is carried out annually. In total, 23 species of rare animals listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation were recorded in the Darwin Reserve (Yaroslavl Region)
and birds, including birds - 16 species. There are 37 very rare plant species, 2 of which are included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.
Forests and wetlands are the habitat of rare, valuable and other species of fauna and flora. For example, the flora of the Pleshcheyevo Lake National Park numbers about 790 species of vascular plants (about 75% of the modern native flora of the Yaroslavl region), among them 35 are rare for the region and 7 are included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. The fauna of the national park is represented by about 300 species of vertebrates, of which mammals - about 60 species, birds - 210 species, reptiles and amphibians - more than 10 species, fish - 16 species; more than 20 species of animals protected on the territory of the region are noted, and 7 species included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. 1
A floristic reserve has been created in the Nekouz habitat to preserve the local flora. In the Gavrilov-Yamskiy habitat, there is a natural-historical reserve, where, in addition to the habitats of rare animals, spawning grounds and wintering pits for fish, a number of ancient settlements are protected.
Bioclimatic conditions
The bioclimate is transitional from temperate continental in the west to continental in the east.
The sufficiency of light solar radiation increases from north to south insufficient (1650 hours) to moderate (1850 hours), the UV radiation regime is optimal.
Favorable summer period lasts from May to October; summers are moderately warm in most of the territory and warm in the southeast (July temperature 17-18). Winter is moderately cold (average January temperature is minus 11 - 12 in the west and minus 12 - 15 in the east). The duration of the snow cover is 150 - 180 days with a height of 40 - 80 cm.1 Bioclimatic conditions are favorable for health and sports tourism in summer and winter.
Hydromineral resources
Hydromineral resources are similar to Western and Central regions... Drinking sulphate waters and chloride - sodium brines dominate, in places bromine for balneological purposes. Medicinal mud is widespread. Natural conditions areas are very favorable for the accumulation of freshwater and mineralized peat (t / m Gorbachevskoye in the Kostroma region and t / m Galitsky Mokh and Vladenskoye in the Tver region) and sapropels (sulfide sapropels from Lake Galich, freshwater sapropels from Lake Nero). They were recommended as base deposits for the provision of health resorts in the Tver, Yaroslavl and Moscow regions.
In the east of the region, there are deposits of silt mineral mud (Kizhersky lakes in Mari El and Nizhnie Ivkinsky lakes in the Kirov region). Mineral waters and curative mud are used in the resorts and sanatoriums of the region.
The rich natural recreational resources of this region are generally underdeveloped. Wellness rest prevails, hunting and fishing are developed.
The ecological state of the natural environment in the zone is generally quite calm, except for local pollution around major cities and industrial hubs, which should be attributed to positive factors for the recreational development of the territory.
The population of the area is large, specific gravity the urban population in the total population of the country is 83%, and in the Tver, Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions this figure is even higher. Almost 3/4 of the urban population lives in 31 large city with a population exceeding 100 thousand people. Three large urban agglomerations have formed on the territory of the district: Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Tverskaya.
The peculiarities of the history of the formation of the development of the region were laid precisely during the period of the settlement of the Upper Volga region, the foundations of a new political and social order were laid: the appanage-princely (private property, with a direct line of inheritance from father to children); free land tenure, which played a special role in the nature of the subsequent processes of national history and culture. Here, in the conditions of a new "space" - natural and climatic conditions - specific character traits and a type of thinking of the Russian person will be developed, which will steadily manifest themselves even in changed conditions: patience, observation, the ability to work intensively in a short time, the famous Russian "Maybe", the integrity of the vision.
Cultural and historical resources. There are a large number of ancient cities in the Upper Volga region, so the cultural and historical potential is very significant here. The objects of excursion and educational tourism are both regional centers: Tver, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, and small historical cities: Toropets, Torzhok, Ostashkov, Staritsa, Kashin, Uglich, Tutaev, Rybinsk, etc. , ethnographic museums, as well as museums of folk art.

There are also many Orthodox shrines and religious monuments: the monasteries of the Nilov Hermitage in Ostashkov, Uspensky in Staritsa, Boris-Glebsky in Torzhok, Orshin in Tver, Ipatievsky in Kostroma and others.

Of great interest are also the noble estate-museums located in the Tver, Yaroslavl, Kostroma and Nizhny Novgorod regions. The Upper Volga region is famous for its folk crafts, which are developed in the Kirov region (processing of kappa, weaving from roots conifers, willow vines and straws, lace-making, clay Dymkovo toys) and in the Nizhny Novgorod region (artistic woodworking: Khokhloma painting, Gorodets products, etc.).

Widely known: lacquer miniatures of Palekh and Kholuy (Ivanovo region), Rostov enamel, Torzhok gold embroidery, Konakovsky faience.

Infrastructure of the area. The territory of the district has a developed infrastructure, represented by a network of roads and railways that connect the regional centers with each other and with the capital. The Volga plays the role of the leading transport artery; excursion boat routes also pass along it. A number of cities in the region are connected with other parts of the country by airlines.

The recreational network of the Upper Volga region can be characterized as moderately developed. An important feature here is the proliferation of medical and recreational recreation enterprises and their close location from the regional centers. The largest resorts are: Green City in the Nizhny Novgorod Region and Nizhnee Ivkino in Kirovskaya. Tourist enterprises in the area are rather unevenly located. Most of them are located on Seliger and the Upper Volga lakes, in the vicinity of Tver, Kostroma, Vyshny Volochok.

Tourist centers of the Upper Volga region are all regional centers: Tver, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, local tourist centers include Ostashkov, Torzhok, Uglich, Rybinsk, Staritsa and others.

In most cities there are hotel and restaurant chain enterprises designed to receive tourists, but many of them are in need of reconstruction.

Tourist centers, zones of mass recreation and tourism. Tver- administrative center Tver region, an old Russian city. The richest collections of Tver museums, the architecture of the city and its cultural life attract numerous Russian and foreign tourists. Tver is located on the Upper Volga, at the confluence of the Tvertsa River.

Torzhok is located on the Torzhkovskaya ridge, on the Tvertsa River, 61 km west of Tver. A Slavic settlement on the territory of Torzhok existed in the 11th century. Torzhok has preserved its historical part, where there was no modern housing construction. The last buildings date back to the 19th century. For a long time, the Kremlin, surrounded by a wall with 11 towers, remained the compositional center of Torzhok. On the territory of the Kremlin in 1364, on the site of a dilapidated church, the Cathedral of the Savior was erected, in 1822 it was replaced by a five-domed Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Savior in the style of late classicism. The cathedral was built according to the project of K. Rossi, who in 1809-1812. lived and built a lot in the Tver province.

Yaroslavl - largest center Russian and international tourism, one of the cities of the Golden Ring of Russia. The city was founded in 1010 by Prince Yaroslav the Wise on the site of the village of Medvezhy Ugol at the confluence of the Kotorosl River with the Volga River. In the 18th century. Yaroslavl- a large trade and handicraft center; stone construction is underway there, original schools of stone architecture and wall paintings are being formed, crafts flourish (Yaroslavl bells). The oldest part of Yaroslavl- architectural complex Strelka (1658-1668), where a wooden fortress was laid in the 11th century- Chopped city. In the 16th century. outside the fortress, a trade and craft settlement appears, which is surrounded by an earthen rampart with wooden towers- Earthen city. Two passage towers have survived from the fortifications of that time.- Znamenskaya (Vasilievskaya) and Volzhskaya (Arsenalnaya). Yaroslavl is rich in monuments of not only temple but also civil architecture. Since the end of the 18th century. its appearance was determined by a regular plan, approved in 1778, which was characterized by a careful attitude in the old buildings of the city.

Kostroma - the administrative center of the Kostroma region. The founding of the city is attributed to Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. For the first time the city was mentioned in the Resurrection and Tver Chronicles in 1152. The famous Ipatiev Monastery is located in the city. Monastic construction was active in Kostroma in the first half of the 15th century. One of the followers of Sergius of Radonezh- Elder Nikita founded the Epiphany-Anastasinsky Monastery. Currently, the residence of the Kostroma Archbishop is located here. The oldest building of the monastery- Epiphany Cathedral (1559-1565), which is the first stone building in Kostroma. The cathedral has preserved remarkable frescoes of the 17th and 18th centuries. There is also the miraculous icon of the Fyodorovskaya Mother of God (13th century).

Nizhny Novgorod - the administrative center of the Nizhny Novgorod region; located at the confluence of the Oka and Volga rivers. Nizhny Novgorod- the largest industrial, scientific and cultural center of the Volga region. The city of Nizhny ("Nizhny" relative to the Old Town, which was already four versts up the Oka River) was founded in 1221 by Vladimir Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich as a fortress. When the city was founded, wood and earth fortifications were erected, and the Archangel Michael Cathedral was cut down. In 1225 on the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin were built the white-stone Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Savior and St. Michael the Archangel (1227) cathedrals. The Kremlin (1500-1511) is preserved in the Upland (center). On its vast territory is the Archangel Michael Cathedral (built in honor of the victory of the Nizhny Novgorod militia in 1631; in 1962, the ashes of Kozma Minin were buried here). Near the Kremlin, on the slope of the river- founded in the 13th century. Annunciation Monastery, downstream of the Volga is the Pechersk Monastery of the 14th century. Zeleny Gorod is a resort village administratively subordinate to Nizhny Novgorod, 15 km south of it. The village has a large number of rest houses, sanatoriums, boarding houses, there is a source mineral water"Gorkovskaya". All this- surrounded by woodland, which back in the 13th century. served as a natural border between the lands of the Russians and the Zakudem Mordovians. The forest is protected by the state as a natural monument.

Kirov - the administrative center of the Kirov region, located on the banks of the Vyatka River. The tradition of the Dymkovo toy, which arose in the Dymkovo settlement (now part of the Zarechny district of Kirov) and which eventually became the most famous of Russian clay crafts, is associated with folk festivities where whistles molded from clay were sold. The craft, which is already about 300 years old, is developing, the forms and painting of ladies, turkeys, deer, whistles are improving. In the old part of Kirov, located on the high left bank of the Vyatka, there are architectural monuments that testify to the history of the city. In the central part of the old town, a rectangular street map has been preserved. To the south of the former fortress, on the slope of the Zasorsky ravine, there is a complex of temple monuments- Trifonov Monastery with a five-domed Assumption Cathedral (1864-1889). The interior of the cathedral is interesting with a large five-tiered iconostasis with ancient icons (restored at the end of the 19th century), painted by Palekh masters of the late 19th century. The ensemble of the monastery includes the gateway Church of St. Nicholas (1690-1695), the abbot's building and cells (1719), the Annunciation Church (1728) and the Three Saints Church (1717). Kirov is a concentration of museums, many of which are associated with the names of famous artists, writers, architects, whose life and work are associated with the city on Vyatka. The museum "Vyatka folk arts and crafts", located in the restored building of the Prikaznaya hut, is popular. The exposition of the museum is dedicated to the history and modern development traditional art crafts of the Vyatka region. Here are the works of masters of the 18-20 centuries. on lace, clay, pine root, embroidery, weaving.

Uglich - the regional center of the Yaroslavl region, located on the Volga river. Uglich was founded in 937 by the envoy of the Kiev Grand Duke Yan Pleskovich, who arrived here with a squad for a population census and tribute collection. The oldest building of the Uglich Kremlin- Chambers of appanage princes, preserved from the extensive palace complex, erected by Prince Andrew the Bolshoi in the 1480s. There are many churches: the Transfiguration Cathedral, the Church of Demetrius "on the Blood", the Alekseevsky Monastery, the Resurrection Monastery.

Ostashkov - the regional center of the Tver region, located on the Valdai Upland, on a peninsula in the southern part of Lake Seliger. In 1594, the Nilova Hermitage was founded on Stolbnoye Island, which later became one of the richest and most visited in Russia. In 1820 Tsar Alexander I visited Nilova Pustyn 'and Ostashkov. After the revolution, the monastery was closed. In 1939, a camp was set up for Polish prisoners of war, mainly police officers and border guards. The architectural image of the city of Ostashkov was created after the almost complete demolition of the "pre-regular" buildings. Among the surviving buildings of the 17th century. include the Trinity Cathedral, the Resurrection Church and the bell towers standing separately from them. The tent-roofed bell tower of the Resurrection Church is considered one of the best constructions of the "candle" type. This is the oldest building in the city, dating back to 1689. The Resurrection Church itself, built at the same time, was greatly distorted by later alterations. The Trinity Cathedral, erected in 1697, was also rebuilt. The Ostashkov Museum of Local Lore is located in the building of the Trinity Cathedral. Architectural interest is presented by the Zhitenny Monastery complex (founded in 1716), which includes a cathedral in the name of the icon of Our Lady of Smolensk (Odigitria) with a refectory, a bell tower and a southern aisle (1737-1756), the gateway church of St. John the Theologian (1768) , fraternal buildings of 1772 and 1779, a fence with towers (1761). The Ascension Cathedral (founded in 1748), the walls and towers of 1760 have been preserved in the Znamensky Women's Monastery. In Ostashkov there are many monuments and civil architecture of the 18-19th centuries, including residential buildings with mezzanines. To the east of the Trinity Cathedral is the Town Hall House- the oldest civil building in the city (early 18th century), reminiscent of Old Russian chambers. Modern Ostashkov is a tourism center on the Seliger and Verkhnevolzhskoe lakes. 10 km from the city in the village of Rogozha there is a museum of nature of the Seligersky region.
All of the above listed cities are, to a greater extent, the main directions of tourist flows.
Types of tourism developed in the Upper Volga region:
cultural and educational (excursion) tourism;
rest in boarding houses and recreation centers;
river cruises Volga and yachting;
hunting and fishing;
health-improving tourism;
religious tourism;
ecological tourism;
sports tourism (water, hiking, horseback riding, cycling and skiing tours);
adventure tourism;
event tourism.

The economy of the Verkhnevolzhsky recreational region demonstrates steady growth. The main industries are mechanical engineering, chemical and light industry... Trade is well developed. The main cities are large industrial centers interconnected with the center of Russia by major highways and railways. A rather large river, the Volga, is also of great importance.
Political life in large cities is governed by local self-government: the representative body is the city Duma, the executive body is the administration.
There is the Zavolzhsky court - a court of general jurisdiction, as well as the Volga interregional environmental prosecutor's office.
Problems and prospects for the development of tourism in this recreational area:
¦ the imposition of the interests of urbanization (expansion of industrial and civil development zones) on the development of recreation;

¦ multifunctionality of the use of recreational areas, giving rise to:

a) difficulties in organizing short-term suburban recreation for residents of large cities,

b) the imposition of various types of recreational activities on the same territory (short-term rest in the zones of medical and recreational recreation, absorption of valuable healing areas by summer cottages);

¦ uneven recreational development of the territory;

¦ lack of infrastructure for this recreation;

¦ Lack of enterprises serving tourists on the road, insufficient equipping of railways with sedimentation tanks for receiving tourist trains;

¦ environmental problems:

a) pollution of recreational areas in urbanized areas,

b) the lack of an operating system for regulating recreational loads on suburban complexes of existing recreation areas,
Recreational development prospects:
? the formation of common inter-agglomeration territorial recreational systems along the Volga, Oka, and Moskva rivers of the unified system of JSC Golden Heritage of Rus and the unified system of the Great Volga Way;
? activation of the recreational development of the Volgo-Vyatka region, the Urals and the Urals;
? intensive development of the natural recreational resources of the Center of Russia in order to compensate for the lost resort areas of the Baltic States;
? changing the boundaries of recreational areas due to more active development of the coasts of small rivers and lakes;
? creation of a network of recreational parks;
? the formation of local tourist centers in historic small towns;
? regional recreational road infrastructure;
? an increase in the restaurant and hotel stock at the expense of small businesses (inns, taverns, hunting lodges, etc.);

? improving the quality of services and the attractiveness of existing recreation facilities;

? introduction of non-traditional forms of recreation (bases for speleologists and hang gliders, "living noble estates"), widespread development of pilgrimage, travel of tourist caravans, winter routes on snowmobiles.
The cultural heritage of the Verkhnevolzhsky region is distinguished by a great variety, which determined priority development in this area of ​​educational tourism. The area is home to many ancient cities of Russia, founded in the early Middle Ages. The objects of educational tourism are all regional centers (Tver, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov), as well as small historic cities(Toropets, Torzhok, Ostashkov, Staritsa, Kashin, Uglich, Tutaev, Rybinsk, Makariev, Sogalich Slobodskoy and others).
The rich cultural heritage of the region is actively assimilated by educational tourism. All-Russian motor ship and railway tourist complexes are held here.
The territory has a developed network of roads and railways connecting the regional centers with each other and with the capital. The main transport network is the Volga, along which the main excursion routes pass. Most large cities have hotels and restaurants, including tourist ones, and have regular air connections with the largest centers of Russia and many resorts.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. Alexandrova, A.Yu. International tourism / A.Yu. Alexandrova. - M .: Aspect-Press, 2004
etc.................

Verkhnevolzhsky recreational area

Geographical position

The Upper Volga region is located in the upper and middle reaches of the Volga River in the central part of the East European Plain. This includes the territories of the Tver, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov regions, as well as the republics of Chuvashia and Mari El.

Natural recreational resources

Landscapes

The relief is flat. In the central part of the region there are the Upper Volga Lowland and the medium-altitude Galich-Chukhloma Plain (200-230 m) with deep river valleys. In the west there is the Valdai Upland (300 m), where the Volga River begins, and in the east, the Vyatskiye Uvaly and the Verkhnekamsk Upland (250-300 m).

Bioclimate

The climate in the Upper Volga region can be characterized as transitional from temperate continental in the west to continental in the east. The comfortable summer period lasts from May to October. Summers are warm, but not hot. average temperature July is about + 18 ° C. Winter is moderately cold. Average January temperatures range from -9 ° to -14 ° C. The snow cover lasts up to 180 days, and its height can reach 80 cm.

The level of light solar radiation increases from north to south from insufficient (1650 hours) to moderate (1850 hours), the ultraviolet radiation mode is optimal.

In general, the bioclimatic conditions of the region contribute to both health and sports tourism in summer and winter.

Water resources

The territory of the district is well watered. The main river artery here is the Volga, which receives many tributaries, of which the largest are Tverda, Mologa, Kostroma, Unzha, Vetluga, Vyatka, Oka, Sura. Almost all rivers are suitable for boating and active recreation. Motor ship routes pass along the Volga, Oka and Vyatka.

There are many lakes in the western part of the region, the largest of which are Seliger, Galich and Chukhlomskoe. The reservoirs created on the Volga (Ivankovskoe, Uglichskoe, Rybinskoe, Gorkovskoe, Cheboksarskoe, Kuibyshevskaya) also contribute to the development of recreation and tourism in the region. The swimming season here lasts from two to three months.

Hydromineral resources

Among hydromineral resources, drinking sulphate waters and chloride, sodium and bromine brines are widespread. Volzhskaya matsesta - strong sulphide waters - is the main healing factor of the Chuvashia sanatorium in Cheboksary. Bromide sodium chloride brines are common in Nizhny Novgorod region in the area of ​​the resort village Zeleny Gorod. Iodine-bromine waters form the basis natural resources RC "Vyatskiye Uvaly" (Kirov region).

Sulfate calcium-sodium-magnesium waters of low mineralization "Gorkovskaya No. 2" are used in the treatment of the digestive system in the sanatoriums of the resort village Zeleny Gorod in the Nizhny Novgorod region, the RC "Vyatskiye Uvaly" in the Kirov region. Sulphated calcium drinking mineral waters are the main factor of the Nizhne-Ivkino sanatorium in the Kirov region and Klenovaya Gora in the Republic of Mari El. Sulfate-chloride sodium-potassium mineral waters are the main factor of the sanatoriums "Moksha" in Mordovia and "Volzhskie Zori" in Chuvashia. Under the name "Volzhskaya Zvezda" it is used for bottling in the "Volzhskie Zori" sanatorium.

In the balneo-mud resort "Soligalich" (Kostroma region) there are highly mineralized waters with a high bromine content, used for baths and drinking cures, and freshwater peat with the addition of mineral water is used for mud applications.

There are also medicinal mud: freshwater and mineralized peat (t / m Gorbachevskoe in the Kostroma region, t / m Galitsky Mokh and Vladenskoe in the Tver region) and lake sapropels (Galichskoe, Nero). In the Republic of Mari El, silt sulphide mud with a high content of hydrogen sulfide is used in the Klenovaya Gora sanatorium. Sulfide-silt therapeutic mud of the Shatki deposit in the Nizhny Novgorod region is used in the sanatorium named after V.I. All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. In the Kirov region, peat muds are exploited from the Nizhne-Ivkinskoe deposits (the Nizhne-Ivkino sanatorium), the Ramenskoe lake in the Kirovo-Chepetsky district (Vyatskiye Uvaly RC).

Bioresources

Forests cover about 1/2 of the area. Vegetation cover represented by pine forests, spruce-fir forests, birch and aspen groves, as well as mixed spruce-birch forests in the west and deciduous-coniferous forests in the east. The region is rich in wild-growing plant materials: berries, mushrooms, medicinal plants.

The fauna is typical for southern taiga and coniferous-deciduous forests: large and small predators, ungulates, insectivores, rodents, from birds - passerines, chickens, day and night predators. For open spaces rodents, small predators are characteristic, from birds - sandpipers, geese, snipe, gulls.

In the natural reservoirs of the region there are: ruff, dace, white-eye, tench, bersh, chub, podust, sterlet, pinch, loach, gudgeon, nelma, peled, grayling, minnow, rudd, verhovka, carp, char. The commercial fish species include 39 species: bream, pike, pike perch, blue bream, roach, perch, silver bream, burbot, ide, asp, vendace, bleak, crucian carp, catfish, saber fish, smelt.

Natural attractions

• Lakes Pleshcheyevo, Seliger, Al, etc.
• Blue stone on the shore of Lake Pleshcheevo
• The Glebovskoe outcrop is a geological monument of the Yaroslavl region; the outcrop includes Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous deposits, including large cephalopods-ammonites.
• The largest location of fossil vertebrates that lived 240-250 million years ago is located on the banks of the Vyatka, in the city of Kotelnich (Kirov region).

Cultural and historical potential

There are a large number of ancient cities in the Verkhnevolzhsky region, so the cultural and historical potential here is very significant. The objects of excursion and educational tourism are both regional centers: Tver, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, Cheboksary and small historical cities: Toropets, Torzhok, Os-tashkov, Staritsa, Kashin, Uglich, Tugaev, Rybinsk, etc. The cities are home to local history, art, ethnographic museums, as well as museums of folk art. For example, Nizhny Novgorod is famous for the complex of buildings of the medieval Kremlin, with a unique monument to Valery Chkalov and a permanent exhibition Russian weapons produced during the war; the capital of Chuvashia, Cheboksary, is a house-museum and a monument to the legendary V.I.Chapaev.

There are many Orthodox shrines and religious monuments in the region: the monasteries of the Nilova Pustyn in Ostashkov, the Uspensky in Staritsa, Boris-Glebsky in Torzhok, Orshin in Tver, Ipatievsky in Kostroma, Tolgsky in Yaroslavl and others.

Of great interest are the noble estate-museums in the Tver, Yaroslavl, Kostroma and Nizhny Novgorod regions.

The Upper Volga region is famous for its folk crafts, which are developed in the Kirov region (processing kappa, weaving from the roots of coniferous trees, willow vines and straw, lace-making, clay Dymkovo toys), in the Nizhny Novgorod region (artistic wood processing; Khokhloma painting, Gorodets products, etc.). and in the Kostroma region (Krasnoselsky jewelry). The Rostov enamel (Yaroslavl region), Torzhok gold embroidery and Konakovsky faience (Tver region) are widely known.

In the Upper Volga region there are many places associated with the names of A.S. Green, A. N. Ostrovsky, A. M. Gorky, I. I. Shishkin, A. D. Sakharov and other prominent people of the Russian state.

Infrastructure

The territory of the district has a developed infrastructure, represented by a network of roads and railways that connect the regional centers with each other and with the capital. The Volga plays the role of the leading transport artery; excursion boat routes also pass along it. The cities of Tver, Rybinsk, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Cheboksary are the ports of cruise calls. A number of cities in the region are connected with other parts of the country by airlines.

The recreational network of the Upper Volga region can be characterized as medium-undeveloped. An important feature here is the spread of medical and recreational recreation enterprises and their close location from the regional centers. The largest resorts are: "Green City" in the Nizhny Novgorod region and "Nizhneye Ivkino" in the Kirov region.

Tourist enterprises in the region are located rather unevenly. Most of them are located on Seliger and the Upper Volga lakes, in the vicinity of Tver, Kostroma, Vyshny Volochok.

Tourist centers of the Upper Volga region are all regional centers: Tver, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, Cheboksary, Yoshkar-Ola, local tourist centers include Ostashkov, Torzhok, Uglich, Rybinsk, Staritsa and others.

In most cities there are hotel and restaurant chain enterprises designed to receive tourists.

Types of tourism developed in the Upper Volga region:

• cultural and educational (excursion) tourism;
• rest in boarding houses and recreation centers;
• river cruises Volga and yachting;
• hunting and fishing;
• health-improving tourism;
• religious tourism;
• ecological tourism;
• sports tourism (water, hiking, horseback riding, cycling and skiing tours);
• adventure tourism;
• event tourism.

In general, the Verkhnevolzhsky region is promising both for the development of educational and sports tourism, and for health-improving recreation.

Verkhnevolzhsky district

This area covers the territory of the Upper Volga and Volga-Vyatka regions: Tver, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov regions and the northern parts of the republics of Udmurtia, Chuvashia, Mari El.

Natural recreational resources.

The landscapes are mainly taiga and subtaiga plains, elevated in places. central part occupied by the Upper Volga lowland and the medium-altitude (200–230 m above sea level) Galich-Chukhloma plain with deeply incised river valleys. In the west, it is bordered by the Valdai Upland (300 m above sea level), and in the east by the Vyatka Uvali and the Verkhnekamsk Upland (250–300 m above sea level).

The vegetation cover is represented by spruce-fir forests, pine forests, birch and aspen groves and mixed spruce-birch in the west and deciduous-fir-spruce forests in the east. Forestedness is more than 50%. The forests are rich in mushrooms, berries, fur-bearing animals and upland birds. The area is well watered. The main river artery - the Volga - determines the recreational development of this region. The Volga receives many tributaries, the largest of which are the Tvertsa, Mologa, Kostroma, Unzha, Vetluga, Vyatka, Oka and Sura.

Most of the rivers are suitable for boating. Motor ship routes pass along the Volga, Oka and Vyatka. The western half of the region is rich in lakes, the largest of which is Seliger. Several large reservoirs have been built on the Volga - Ivankovskoe, Konakovskoe, Rybinskoe, Gorkovskoe. Rivers and lakes are rich in fish. There are good stretches of sandy beaches along the shores. The swimming season ranges from 100 days in the west to 50 days in the northeast.

The bioclimate is transitional from temperate continental in the west to continental in the east.

The sufficiency of light solar radiation increases from north to south from insufficient (1650 hours) to moderate (1850 hours), the UV radiation regime is optimal.

The favorable summer period lasts from May to October; summers are moderately warm in most of the territory and warm in the southeast (July temperature 17-18 °). Winter is moderately cold (average January temperature is minus 11–12 ° in the west and minus 12–15 ° in the east). The duration of the snow cover is 150–180 days with a height of 40–80 cm. Bioclimatic conditions are favorable for health and sports recreation in summer and winter.

Hydromineral resources are similar to those in the Western and Central regions. Drinking sulphate waters and sodium chloride brines dominate, in places bromine for balneological purposes. Medicinal mud is widespread. The natural conditions of the region are very favorable for the accumulation of freshwater and mineralized peat (t / m Gorbachevskoe in the Kostroma region and t / m Galitsky Mokh and Vladenskoye in the Tver region) and sapropels (sulfide sapropels from Lake Galich, freshwater sapropels from Lake Nero). They were recommended as base deposits for the provision of health resorts in the Tver, Yaroslavl and Moscow regions.

In the east of the region, there are deposits of silt mineral mud (Kizhersky lakes in Mari El and Nizhnie Ivkinsky lakes in the Kirov region). Mineral waters and curative mud are used in the resorts and sanatoriums of the region.

The rich natural recreational resources of this region are generally underdeveloped. Wellness rest prevails, hunting and fishing are developed.

The cultural heritage of the Upper Volga region is distinguished by a great variety, which determined the priority development of educational tourism in this region. The area is home to many ancient cities of Russia, founded in the early Middle Ages. Their architectural appearance largely retained the features of the 18th – 19th centuries, some buildings date back to an earlier period. Objects of educational tourism are all regional centers (Tver, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov), as well as small historical cities (Toropets, Torzhok, Ostashkov, Staritsa, Kashin, Uglich, Tutaev, Rybinsk, Makariev, Soligalich Slobodskoy, etc.) ...

Many Orthodox shrines are concentrated in the region: the monasteries of Nilova Pustyn (Ostashkov), Uspensky (Staritsa), Boriso-Glebsky (Torzhok), Orshin (Tver), Ipatievsky (Kostroma), Unzhensky (Makariev), Trifonov (Kirov), etc. The region is rich. and noble estates, most of which have survived in the Tver, Yaroslavl, Kostroma and Nizhny Novgorod regions.

The Upper Volga region is famous for its folk crafts. They are most developed in the Kirov region (processing of kappa, weaving from the roots of conifers, willow vines and straws, birch bark products, lace-making, embroidery, clay Dymkovo toys) and in the Nizhny Novgorod region (artistic processing of wood: Khokhloma, Gorodets products, Polkhov Maidan , Nizhny Novgorod guipure and white smooth surface).

The world famous lacquer miniatures of Palekh and Kholuy (Ivanovo region), Rostov enamel, Krasnoselsk enamel, Torzhok gold embroidery, Konakovsky faience.

The cities have art, local history, ethnographic museums, museums of folk art. Many memorial museums associated with the life of Russian cultural figures: Pushkin, Nekrasov, Gorky, Ostrovsky, Levitan and the Vasnetsov brothers.

The rich cultural heritage of the region is actively assimilated by educational tourism. All-Russian motor ship and railway tourist routes pass here.

At present, the excursion market is expanding with the involvement of the Volgo-Vyatka region, which was previously closed due to the development of military-industrial complex enterprises there.

Infrastructure of the area. The territory has a developed network of roads and railways connecting the regional centers with each other and with the capital. The main transport network is the Volga, along which the main excursion routes pass. Most large cities have hotels and restaurants, including tourist ones, and have regular air connections with the largest centers of Russia and many resorts.

The recreational network in the area is moderately developed. The prevalence of medical and recreational facilities and their proximity to regional centers is characteristic. Dispensaries and recreation centers near industrial centers dominate. The largest resorts: "Green City" in the Nizhny Novgorod region and "Nizhneye Ivkino" in the Kirov region.

The network of tourist businesses is very uneven. Their maximum concentration is noted on Seliger and the Upper Volga lakes, in the vicinity of Vyshny Volochok, around Tver and Kostroma.

Tourist centers of the district - all regional centers - Tver, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, local tourist centers are outlined in the cities of Ostashkov, Torzhok, Uglich, Rybinsk.

Uralsky district

The easternmost area of ​​the 2nd recreational zone and the Center of Russia. It occupies the mountains of the Urals south of 60 ° N. sh., Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals. Administratively, it includes the Perm, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk regions, Bashkiria and the eastern part of Udmurtia. The conditions for the development of tourism are determined by the mountains and the existing transport links in the region. The Urals is the most important industrial region of Russia with a high population density. Recreational potential the area is significant.

Natural recreational resources. In terms of landscape, the area can be subdivided into several parts. The Ural ridge consists of 3 parts: medium-altitude (1569 m above sea level) Northern Ural, low-mountain (up to 700 above sea level) Middle Ural and mid-mountain (1640 m above sea level) South Urals. From the watershed ridge, the relief gradually decreases to the west and more sharply to the east. In the west, the foothill rolling plains are bordered by the Verkhnekamsk (300–330 m above sea level) and Bugulma-Belebeevskaya (380–420 m above sea level) uplands. The mountains are covered with coniferous spruce-fir forest, the peaks of the Northern and Southern Urals are mostly rocky and treeless.

The foothills in the north lie in taiga zone, in the middle part spruce-fir, cedar and deciduous forests on the slopes they are replaced by broad-leaved and aspen, and in the southern part they are occupied by forest-steppe and steppe.

The territory is flooded with numerous rivers flowing from the watershed ridge to the west and east. The largest rivers: Kama, Belaya, Ural, Tura, Iset and their tributaries (Chusovaya, Yuryuzan, Inzer Ai, Mias). There are many lakes in the foothills (Uvildy, Argazy, Irtyashch, Shartash, Kalkak). Most of they are concentrated in Yekaterinburg and Chelyabinsk regions... The largest water body is the Kama reservoir. Stretched along the banks of rivers and lakes sandy beaches... The swimming season in the north is very short - 30 days, in the south - up to 100 days.

The Ural region is rich in unique natural attractions. Karst is widely developed here - more than 500 caves. The largest of them is Sumchan-Kutuk (over 8 km). On the outskirts of Kungur in Icy mountain the world famous Kungur Ice Cave is located. In Bashkiria - Askinskaya glacier cave. The Ilmensky Mineralogical Reserve is also world famous. Reefs on the river are attractive. Seulwe.

The climate of the region is continental. The sufficiency of solar radiation varies from insufficient in the north (1600–1700 hours of sunshine per year) to moderate (1800 hours). In the north, there are traces of UV deficiency in winter; in the rest of the territory, the biological activity of the sun is optimal. The frost-free period ranges from 95 to 140 days. Summers are moderately warm and warm (July temperature + 16-19 °). The recurrence of stuffy weather in the north is rare, in the rest of the territory it is average. Winter is moderately cold (January temperature minus 14-16 ° C). Snow cover in the north lasts 160-190 days. In the south - 110 days. Its height is 40-60 cm.

Winter is favorable for skiing and skiing. However, the increased wind regime in the southern steppe regions and the significant likelihood of severe weather in the north somewhat reduce the comfort in these regions. Ski tourism is also limited by the avalanche hazard in mountainous areas, especially in the spring. The summer period is most favorable in the Middle Urals.

In general, the climatic conditions here make it possible to actively engage in health and sports tourism.

Hydromineral resources.

Mineral waters of the Ural region are distinguished by the greatest diversity of all regions of the Center of Russia. Along with sulphate drinking waters and chloride sodium bromine brines in the Cis-Urals and in the Middle Urals, ferrous carbonic and radon waters are widespread.

The Perm resort "Ust-kichka" (sulphide, iodine-bromine strong brines), the resort "Samotsvet" (radon and carbonic waters) of the Yekaterinburg region are especially rich in mineral waters.

Mud resources in the region are represented by sapropelic and peat mud. There are small lake-key deposits of silt sulphide mud.

In Bashkiria there is a unique resort Yangan-Tau, where natural hot vapors (40–50 °) and dry hot (50–70 °) gases, containing oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and organic matter, are the main natural healing factor. Healing gases and vapors are released from the Yangan-Tau cracks. The second healing resource of the resort is a subthermal radioactive source.

Along with traditional natural healing resources in Bashkiria, kumis therapy is widely used (sanatorium "Yumatovo").

The cultural potential of the region is unique. The area is replete with archaeological finds, including the Kapova cave with rock carvings, rich in cult monuments of both Russian Orthodoxy (Perm region) and Russian Muslims (Ufa). Architectural appearance Orthodox churches has a distinct local style. The interiors of the temples are replete with wooden sculptures.

Architectural monuments different styles, epochs and appointments decorate all the main cities of the region: Perm, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Ufa, Nizhny Tagil, Nevyansk (Demidovskaya leaning tower), Turinsk.

The Urals are famous for their trades and crafts. Unique iron casting is produced in Kasli; lacquer trays are produced in Nizhniy Tagil; stone-cutting crafts are developed in Kungur and in the village. Krasny Yasyl of the Perm region; the Uralskiye Samotsvety plant (Yekaterinburg) - the main center for artistic processing of hard ornamental stone in Russia; ceramics are traditional in Tavolga. There are many museums, theaters, concert halls in the regional centers.

The diversity of cultural heritage creates the preconditions for the development of educational tourism.

The infrastructure of the districts is well developed. This is due to the strong urbanization of the territory and its geographic location... Ural is between European part countries, Siberia and Central Asia, with which it is connected by a developed transport network. The Urals are crossed by highways and railways. Most cities have airports. Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Perm, Ufa are cities with a population of one million and a developed infrastructure.

All this makes the Urals accessible to tourists from other regions.

The recreational network of the Ural region is considered underdeveloped, although tourism in the Urals is actively developing and is represented by various forms: hiking, skiing, water, and equestrian tourism. There are 2 all-Russian routes here: walking in the South Urals and on rafts along the river. White. There are 30 tourist bases and hotels in the region. New types of travel on snowmobiles "Buran", floating houses "Don" and windsurfers are being actively introduced. There are many health-improving institutions in the region: the resorts of Ust-Kachka, Klyuchi, Nizhnie Sergi, Samotsvet, Lake Moltaevo, Kisegach, Uvildy, Yangan-Tau, Krasnousolsk. Each region has a network of sanatoriums and rest homes.

Around the industrial centers, preventive rest institutions for workers of local enterprises are concentrated. Nevertheless, the existing network of recreation establishments is insufficient to meet the needs of the large local population for recreation.

Tourist characteristics of the Upper Volga region

Orographic resources. In the central part of the district there are Upper Volga lowland and the medium-altitude Galich-Chukhloma plain (200-230 m above sea level) with deep river valleys. In the west there is the Valdai Upland (300 m above sea level), and in the east  Vyatskie Uvaly and the Verkhnekamsk Upland (250-300 m above sea level).

Climatic conditions for recreation and tourism. The climate in the Upper Volga region can be characterized as transitional from temperate continental in the west to continental in the east. The level of light solar radiation increases from north to south from insufficient (1650 hours) to moderate (1850 hours), the ultraviolet radiation regime is optimal. The comfortable summer period lasts from May to October. Summers are warm, but not hot. Average temperature in July is about + 18 ° C. Winter is moderately cold. The average January temperature is -13 ° C. The snow cover lasts up to 180 days, and its height can reach 80 cm. In general, the bioclimatic conditions of the region contribute to both health and sports tourism in summer and winter.

Water resources. The territory of the district is well watered. The main river artery here is the Volga, which receives many tributaries, of which the largest are Tvertsa, Mologa, Kostroma, Unzha, Vetluga, Vyatka, Oka, Sura. Almost all rivers are suitable for boating and outdoor activities. Motor ship routes pass along the Volga, Oka and Vyatka. There are many lakes in the western part of the region, the largest of which is Seliger. The reservoirs created on the Volga (Ivankovskoe, Konakovskoe, Rybinskoe, Gorkovskoe) also contribute to the development of recreation and tourism in the region. The swimming season here lasts from two to three months.

Mineral waters and therapeutic mud. Drinking sulphate waters and sodium chloride brines are widespread among hydromineral resources. There are also medicinal mud: freshwater and mineralized peat (t / m Gorbachevskoe in the Kostroma region, t / m Galitsky Mokh and Vladenskoe in the Tver region) and sapropels (sulfide sapropels from Lake Galich, freshwater sapropels from Lake Nero). In the east of the region, there are deposits of silt mineral mud (Kizhersky lakes in Mari El and Nizhnie Ivkinsky lakes in the Kirov region). Mineral waters and therapeutic muds are widely used in resorts and sanatoriums of the region.

Vegetation, fauna and specially protected areas. Forests cover about 1/2 of the area. The vegetation cover is represented by pine forests, spruce-fir forests, birch and aspen groves, as well as mixed spruce-birch forests in the west and deciduous-coniferous forests in the east. There are a lot of mushrooms, berries, various animals and birds in the forests.

Cultural and historical resources. There are a large number of ancient cities in the Upper Volga region, so the cultural and historical potential is very significant here. The objects of excursion and educational tourism are both regional centers: Tver, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, and small historical cities: Toropets, Torzhok, Ostashkov, Staritsa, Kashin, Uglich, Tutaev, Rybinsk, etc. , ethnographic museums, as well as museums of folk art.

There are also many Orthodox shrines and religious monuments: the monasteries of the Nilov Hermitage in Ostashkov, Uspensky in Staritsa, Boris-Glebsky in Torzhok, Orshin in Tver, Ipatievsky in Kostroma and others.

Of great interest are also the noble estate-museums located in the Tver, Yaroslavl, Kostroma and Nizhny Novgorod regions. The Upper Volga region is famous for its folk crafts, which are developed in the Kirov region (processing kappa, weaving from the roots of coniferous trees, willow vines and straw, lace-making, clay Dymkovo toys) and in the Nizhny Novgorod region (artistic wood processing: Khokhloma painting, Gorodets products, etc.). etc.).

Widely known: lacquer miniatures of Palekh and Kholuy (Ivanovo region), Rostov enamel, Torzhok gold embroidery, Konakovsky faience.

Infrastructure of the area. The territory of the district has a developed infrastructure, represented by a network of roads and railways that connect the regional centers with each other and with the capital. The Volga plays the role of the leading transport artery; excursion boat routes also pass along it. A number of cities in the region are connected with other parts of the country by airlines.

The recreational network of the Upper Volga region can be characterized as moderately developed. An important feature here is the proliferation of medical and recreational recreation enterprises and their close location from the regional centers. The largest resorts are: Green City in the Nizhny Novgorod Region and Nizhnee Ivkino in Kirovskaya. Tourist enterprises in the area are rather unevenly located. Most of them are located on Seliger and the Upper Volga lakes, in the vicinity of Tver, Kostroma, Vyshny Volochok.

In general, the Verkhnevolzhsky region is promising both for the development of educational and sports tourism, and for health-improving recreation.

Tourist centers of the Upper Volga region are all regional centers: Tver, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, local tourist centers include Ostashkov, Torzhok, Uglich, Rybinsk, Staritsa and others.

In most cities there are hotel and restaurant chain enterprises designed to receive tourists, but many of them are in need of reconstruction.

Tourist centers, zones of mass recreation and tourism. Tver is the administrative center of the Tver region, an old Russian city. The richest collections of Tver museums, the architecture of the city and its cultural life attract numerous Russian and foreign tourists. Tver is located on the Upper Volga, at the confluence of the Tvertsa River.

Torzhok is located on the Torzhkovskaya ridge, on the Tvertsa River, 61 km west of Tver. A Slavic settlement on the territory of Torzhok existed in the 11th century. Torzhok has preserved the historical part, where there was no modern housing construction... The last buildings date back to the 19th century. For a long time, the Kremlin, surrounded by a wall with 11 towers, remained the compositional center of Torzhok. On the territory of the Kremlin in 1364, on the site of a dilapidated church, the Cathedral of the Savior was erected, in 1822 it was replaced by a five-domed Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Savior in the style of late classicism. The cathedral was built according to the project of K. Rossi, who in 1809-1812. lived and built a lot in the Tver province.

Yaroslavl is the largest center of Russian and international tourism, one of the cities of the Golden Ring of Russia. The city was founded in 1010 by Prince Yaroslav the Wise on the site of the village of Medvezhy Ugol at the confluence of the Kotorosl River with the Volga River. In the 18th century. Yaroslavl is a large trade and handicraft center; stone construction is underway there, original schools of stone architecture and wall paintings are being formed, crafts flourish (Yaroslavl bells). The oldest part of Yaroslavl is the Strelka architectural complex (1658-1668), where a wooden fortress was founded in the 11th century  The Chopped City. In the 16th century. outside the fortress, a trade and handicraft settlement appears, which is surrounded by an earthen rampart with wooden towers  Earthen City. From the fortifications of that time, two passable towers have survived - Znamenskaya (Vasilievskaya) and Volzhskaya (Arsenalnaya). Yaroslavl is rich in monuments of not only temple but also civil architecture. Since the end of the 18th century. its appearance was determined by a regular plan, approved in 1778, which was characterized by a careful attitude in the old buildings of the city.

Kostroma is the administrative center of the Kostroma region. The founding of the city is attributed to Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. For the first time the city was mentioned in the Resurrection and Tver Chronicles in 1152. The famous Ipatiev Monastery is located in the city. Monastic construction was active in Kostroma in the first half of the 15th century. One of the followers of Sergius of Radonezh, Elder Nikita, founded the Epiphany-Anastasinsky Monastery. Currently, the residence of the Kostroma Archbishop is located here. The oldest building of the monastery is the Epiphany Cathedral (1559-1565), which is the first stone building in Kostroma. The cathedral has preserved remarkable frescoes of the 17th and 18th centuries. It is also located here miraculous icon Fedorov Mother of God (13th century).

Nizhny Novgorod  the administrative center of the Nizhny Novgorod region; located at the confluence of the Oka and Volga rivers. Nizhny Novgorod is the largest industrial, scientific and cultural center of the Volga region. The city of Nizhny ("Nizhny" relative to the Old Town, which was already four versts up the Oka River) was founded in 1221. Vladimir prince Yuri Vsevolodovich as a fortress. When the city was founded, wood and earth fortifications were erected, and the Archangel Michael Cathedral was cut down. In 1225 on the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin were built the white-stone Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Savior and St. Michael the Archangel (1227) cathedrals. The Kremlin (1500-1511) is preserved in the Upland (center). On its vast territory is the Archangel Michael Cathedral (built in honor of the victory of the Nizhny Novgorod militia in 1631; in 1962, the ashes of Kozma Minin were buried here). Near the Kremlin, on the slope of the river  founded in the 13th century. Annunciation Monastery, downstream of the Volga is Pechersky Monastery 14th century Zeleny Gorod is a resort village administratively subordinate to Nizhny Novgorod, 15 km south of it. The village has a large number of rest houses, sanatoriums, boarding houses, there is a source of mineral water "Gorkovskaya". All this  surrounded by a forest, which back in the 13th century. served as a natural border between the lands of the Russians and the Zakudem Mordovians. The forest is protected by the state as a natural monument.

Kirov is the administrative center of the Kirov region, located on the banks of the Vyatka River. The tradition of the Dymkovo toy, which arose in the Dymkovo settlement (now part of the Zarechny district of Kirov) and which eventually became the most famous of Russian clay crafts, is associated with festivities on which they sold whistles sculpted from clay. The craft, which is already about 300 years old, is developing, the forms and painting of ladies, turkeys, deer, whistles are improving. In the old part of Kirov, located on the high left bank of the Vyatka, there are architectural monuments that testify to the history of the city. In the central part of the old town, a rectangular street map has been preserved. To the south of the former fortress, on the slope of the Zasorsky ravine, there is a complex of temple monuments  Trifonov Monastery with a five-domed Assumption Cathedral (1864-1889). The interior of the cathedral is interesting with a large five-tiered iconostasis with ancient icons (restored at the end of the 19th century), painted by Palekh masters of the late 19th century. The ensemble of the monastery includes the gateway Church of St. Nicholas (1690-1695), the abbot's building and cells (1719), the Annunciation Church (1728) and the Three Saints Church (1717). Kirov is a concentration of museums, many of which are associated with the names of famous artists, writers, architects, whose life and work are associated with the city on Vyatka. The museum "Vyatka folk arts and crafts", located in the restored building of the Prikaznaya hut, is popular. The exposition of the museum is dedicated to the history and modern development of traditional art crafts of the Vyatka region. Here are the works of masters of the 18-20 centuries. on lace, clay, pine root, embroidery, weaving.

Uglich is the regional center of the Yaroslavl Region, located on the Volga River. Uglich was founded in 937 by the envoy of the Kiev Grand Duke Yan Pleskovich, who arrived here with a squad for a population census and tribute collection. The oldest building of the Uglich Kremlin  Chambers of appanage princes, preserved from the vast palace complex erected by Prince Andrei the Bolshoi in the 1480s. There are many churches: the Transfiguration Cathedral, the Church of Demetrius "on the Blood", the Alekseevsky Monastery, the Resurrection Monastery.

Ostashkov is the regional center of the Tver region, located on the Valdai Upland, on a peninsula in the southern part of Lake Seliger. In 1594, the Nilova Hermitage was founded on Stolbnoye Island, which later became one of the richest and most visited in Russia. In 1820 Tsar Alexander I visited Nilova Pustyn 'and Ostashkov. After the revolution, the monastery was closed. In 1939, a camp was set up for Polish prisoners of war, mainly police officers and border guards. The architectural image of the city of Ostashkov was created after the almost complete demolition of the "pre-regular" buildings. Among the surviving buildings of the 17th century. include the Trinity Cathedral, the Resurrection Church and the bell towers standing separately from them. The tent-roofed bell tower of the Resurrection Church is considered one of the best constructions of the "candle" type. This is the oldest building in the city, dating back to 1689. The Resurrection Church itself, built at the same time, was greatly distorted by later alterations. The Trinity Cathedral, erected in 1697, was also rebuilt. The Ostashkov Museum of Local Lore is located in the building of the Trinity Cathedral. Architectural interest is presented by the Zhitenny Monastery complex (founded in 1716), which includes a cathedral in the name of the icon of Our Lady of Smolensk (Odigitria) with a refectory, a bell tower and a southern aisle (1737-1756), the gateway church of St. John the Theologian (1768) , fraternal buildings of 1772 and 1779, a fence with towers (1761). The Ascension Cathedral (founded in 1748), the walls and towers of 1760 have been preserved in the Znamensky Women's Monastery. In Ostashkov there are many monuments and civil architecture of the 18-19th centuries, including residential buildings with mezzanines. To the east of the Trinity Cathedral is the Town Hall House  the oldest civil building in the city (early 18th century), reminiscent of Old Russian chambers. Modern Ostashkov is a tourism center on the Seliger and Verkhnevolzhskoe lakes. 10 km from the city in the village of Rogozha there is a museum of nature of the Seligersky region.

Popular tourist routes are associated with educational, religious, health-improving tourism.