What are the ways to preserve the planet's forests?
Answers:
1 Reducing paper consumption (packaging in the USSR was paper (candy, milk, bags) - now almost everything is made of polyethylene). 2. Recycling paper (waste paper collection) production toilet paper etc. 3. Increase in the cost of photocopy paper, furniture, building materials. 4. Allocation of funds for planting seedlings, caring for them, and extinguishing fires in forests.
Do not cut down for human needs. That's all. And so it is different ways, recycle paper, recover old furniture, switch to environmentally-energy resources.
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"State educational institution of higher professional education of the Tyumen region"
TYUMESK STATE ACADEMY OF WORLD ECONOMY, MANAGEMENT AND LAW.
Abstract on the discipline “Economics and economic geography of the studied region” on the topic: “Problems of preserving the forest fund of Russia.”
Head: Tkachev Alexander Alexandrovich
Completed by: 2nd year student of group 881
Semich Darina Evgenievna, specialty Regional Studies.
Tyumen-2010
Introduction
Chapter 1. Use and protection of forest resources in our country.
Main problems.
Chapter 2. Ways and methods of solving problems in the field of conservation
forest fund of Russia.
Conclusion
Used Books
Introduction.
Russia is the most forested country in the world, possessing almost a quarter of all the forests on the planet. However, in many central and southern regions of Russia, only minor remnants of what once were forests remain. In many regions, most of the original forests have been destroyed over the past few centuries and turned into arable land, hayfields, and pastures. As a result, thousands of streams and small rivers have disappeared or become shallow, the microclimate has changed significantly, and droughts and dust storms have become more frequent.
Russian forests are unique ecological system, a critical economic, environmental and global political resource. Forests are not only a source of timber and a variety of forest products, but also serve as an ecological framework for natural areas and play vital role in regulating global environmental processes, climate conservation, water resources and biological diversity planets. In the coming decades, the importance of Russian forests as a renewable resource for the economy of the country and the world as a whole will increase significantly.
The disappearance of forests often led to catastrophic consequences. For example, droughts in the first half of the twentieth century in the Volga region caused famine and the death of many people. Millions of hectares of agricultural land in southern Russia were then damaged by dust storms that carried away the top, most fertile, layer of black soil. As a result of deforestation, many lands were disturbed by erosion and turned into ravines, practically unsuitable for agricultural use. By the beginning of the 90s. in the southern regions of the European part of Russia, up to 50 thousand hectares of fertile agricultural land were irretrievably lost due to erosion every year.
Chapter 1. Use and protection of forest resources in our country. Main problems.
Forest resources, in particular wood is relatively renewable. Wood is a collection of polymers of plant origin and, as a resource capable of self-healing, is exhaustible and renewable. The total timber reserve, for example, in Russia (the richest country in the world in forests) is 70 billion. cubic meters. The average annual wood growth is about 600 million cubic meters, and the annual cutting volume is less than 400 million cubic meters. Consequently, less is cut down annually than grows, and, it would seem, there should be no problems with the wood. However, the data presented refer to the total stock and increase in biomass, which includes wood accumulating in both coniferous and deciduous, both ripe and unripe (including young trees), both in accessible and inaccessible forests. But for the wood processing industries, coniferous wood (spruce, pine, cedar) is still preferred, and not just any wood, but only that which meets certain technical and technological requirements. The growth of such wood lags behind the volume of its removal. Forest regeneration after felling in most cases occurs through a shift coniferous species deciduous for many decades.
Thus, while maintaining and accumulating the total supply of wood in forests, industrial wood required for production turns out to be an exhaustible and only relatively renewable resource. Since, however, scientific and technological progress is not aimed at the development and use of any wood in industry, the severity of the problem can be reduced. With all that has been said, one should keep in mind the dual natural resource essence of forests, which are both sources (producers) of raw materials and an environment-forming factor of global importance. Therefore, the exploitation of forests for timber production must necessarily (i.e., on the basis of legislation) take into account the space, soil and water protection, climate-forming, recreational and other functions of forest systems.
According to the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, Russian forest legislation is aimed at ensuring the rational and sustainable use of forests, protecting and reproducing forest ecosystems, increasing the ecological and resource potential of forests, meeting the needs of society for forest resources on the basis of scientifically based multi-purpose forest management.
The objects of forest relations are the forest fund of the Russian Federation, forest fund areas, rights to use them, forests not included in the forest fund. Their plots, rights to use them, trees and shrubs. Objects of forest relations are used and protected taking into account the multifunctional significance of forests, as well as their recognition as the main means of production in forestry.
Forestry management must ensure:
Preservation and enhancement of the environment-forming, protective, sanitary-hygienic, health-improving and other useful natural properties of forests in the interests of human health;
Multi-purpose, continuous, non-exhaustive use of the forest fund to meet the needs of society and individual citizens for timber and other forest resources.
Reproduction, improvement natural composition and quality of forests, increasing their productivity and protecting forests;
Rational use of forest lands;
Increasing the efficiency of forestry management on the basis of a unified technical policy, the use of achievements of science, technology and best practices;
Conservation of biological diversity;
Preservation of historical, cultural and natural heritage sites.
In accordance with the economic, environmental and social significance of the forest fund, its location and the functions it performs, the forest fund is divided into forest groups. The forest fund is divided into forests of the first, second and third groups
Forests of the first group include forests whose main purpose is to perform water conservation, protective, sanitary and hygienic, health functions, as well as specially protected forests natural areas.
Forests of the second group include forests in regions with high population density and a developed network of land transport routes; forests that perform water conservation, protective, sanitary and hygienic, health and other functions and have limited operational significance; forests in regions with insufficient forest resources, the conservation of which requires restrictions on the forest use regime.
The forests of the third group include forests in multi-forest regions, which are primarily of operational importance. When harvesting timber, the ecological functions of these forests must be preserved. Forests of the third group are divided into developed and reserve. The criteria for classifying forests of the third group as reserve forests are established by the federal forestry management body.
In 1997, the government of the Russian Federation adopted a resolution “On the federal target program: Russian Forests for 1997-2012.” The program has a comprehensive environmental, forestry and socio-economic orientation and aims to reduce the area of unforested land, improve the condition of oak forests and management of cedar forests, maintain the relatively high productivity of forests and their role in the environmental health of the country, as well as comply with international standards adopted by Russia agreements and obligations in the field of rational use, conservation and reproduction of forests.
The main principles in forest reproduction remain mandatory reforestation of cleared areas and regulated natural reforestation on non-forested lands
The conservation and protection of forests is carried out taking into account their biological and regional characteristics and includes a set of organizational, legal and other measures aimed at the rational use of the forest fund, its preservation from destruction, damage, weakening, pollution and other harmful effects, such as fires, radioactive contamination , as well as the spread of pests.
However, not all requirements for logging and forest management are met in our country. In Russia, 1.8 million hectares of forest are cut down annually. Often, during logging, the death of undergrowth is allowed, primarily where multi-operational aggregate logging equipment is used.
A million hectares of forest are killed or damaged every year by harmful industrial emissions. On the Kola Peninsula, forests are dying at a rate of 1 km per year. Due to emissions of sulfur dioxide and heavy metals into the atmosphere by the Monchegorsk Nickel Plant, the area died coniferous forests approaching the border with Finland, Finnish scientists studied the effect of emissions on the growth of pine trees in the area up to the Finnish border (120 km). The greatest slowdown in tree growth was recorded at a distance of 30-40 km from the city.
During 1995-1997. Forests were destroyed in Leningrad region. Up to 60 trailers loaded with timber passed through the Torfyanovka border crossing into Finland every day. Clear cutting (when not only mature coniferous trees are cut, but - in violation of established norms - also their young, especially valuable forests) threatens to turn the Karelian Isthmus into a desert.
Chapter 2. Ways and methods of solving problems in the field of conservation of the Russian forest fund.
To establish environmentally and socially responsible forest management and transition to a system of sustainable forest management, it is necessary:
Bring the regulatory and technical base of forestry into compliance with current legislation (in particular, the Laws “On Environmental Protection”, “On Specially Protected Natural Areas”, “On Wildlife” and others) and international law.
Develop and implement the necessary regulations, implementing those declared in the Forest Code Russian Federation provisions on integrated multi-purpose forest management and conservation of biological diversity.
Stop the practice of determining the estimated cutting area, which does not ensure non-decreasing forest use and does not correspond to the ideas of sustainable multi-purpose forest use. Exclude economically inaccessible forests from the calculation of primary use.
Ensure unconditional compliance with the requirements of water and fisheries legislation, in particular unconditional compliance with the regimes of water protection zones, restricted forest strips along the banks of rivers, lakes, reservoirs and others water bodies and restricted forest strips protecting the spawning grounds of valuable commercial fish.
Establish the timing of the confluence of cutting areas in such a way as to ensure the formation of closed young growth on the cutting areas during the period of contiguity in the given soil and climatic conditions. The permissible linear dimensions of clear-cutting areas (and the corresponding areas) of clear-cuttings must be reduced to a size that does not exceed the effective seeding distance from adjacent forest walls. Possibility of natural renewal with clearcuts must be unconditionally provided. In cases where natural reforestation is not possible, logging should not be carried out.
Organize independent comprehensive inspections of forest users and forestry authorities with the inclusion of representatives of the public, the State Committee for Ecology, tax office, customs committees, the Federal Forestry Service and other interested organizations.
Increase the minimum rates of forest taxes for standing timber to levels that correspond to or exceed the real costs of conservation, protection and use of forests and reforestation. Equate the Federal Forestry Service with the terms of payment for standing timber (regardless of the types of felling) to other forest users.
Ensure the division of the functions of state control over the protection, protection, use and reproduction of forests and the functions of forestry management between different departments.
Support the introduction of voluntary non-state systems of environmental certification of forest products as tools that provide consumers with independent information, helping to strengthen Russia’s position in environmentally sensitive markets for forest products and the establishment of sustainable forest management.
Prohibit the classification of data on the forest fund as restricted access information. Ensure the right to receive any information about the forest fund by all interested citizens and organizations with a payment not exceeding the technical costs of selecting and copying these materials.
To preserve the most valuable natural forests it is necessary:
To ensure standardization of terminology in the field of natural, old-growth, intact and other especially valuable forests from a natural point of view by developing appropriate GOSTs.
Develop a regulatory framework for the conservation of intact natural and other especially valuable forests and forest areas from a natural point of view.
Start identifying, inventorying and reserving (with a ban on final felling, construction and conversion of forest lands to non-forest) in each region of areas of natural and closest to natural forests, as well as other forests that are especially important from the point of view of preserving biological (including ecosystem) ) diversity and/or performing particularly important ecological functions.
First of all, attention should be paid to the largest intact tracts of wild forest nature that do not have permanent transport infrastructure and settlements that have not been exposed to industrial logging and mining over the past several decades.
Timber harvesters should introduce a moratorium on logging in identified natural forests and forests closest to them, and other forestry enterprises should be given a moratorium on the purchase, sale and processing of this wood. A moratorium should be introduced for the period until a special survey of the identified territories is carried out and they are given the status of protected natural areas that have a protection regime sufficient to preserve these forests.
Provide consumers of forest products with the opportunity to obtain information about the place of harvesting of the wood from which these products are obtained. Voluntary forest certification systems should include as one of the requirements for obtaining a certificate a ban on those forms of activity that can lead to changes in the characteristics of intact natural and close forests, for example, final felling, road construction, and others.
Conclusion.
Restoring part of the forests in the regions solves several environmental problems at once. First of all, the forest significantly improves the microclimate in arid regions, restores dry streams and rivers, as well as full water large rivers. It has long been known that forests protect rivers and streams. Planted at the sources and along the banks of rivers, it delays spring snowmelt and water runoff after heavy rains, as a result, rivers remain full for a longer time, and the intensity of spring floods decreases. In addition, trees evaporate moisture much more intensely than herbaceous vegetation, returning it to the atmospheric cycle. As a result, the amount of precipitation during the dry season increases and the aridity of the climate decreases. Trees planted in the upper reaches and along the slopes of ravines can significantly reduce the growth rate of ravines or stop them altogether. And finally the forest swallows carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thereby partially reducing the harmful effects of carbon dioxide emissions from industry and transport. Thus, in the Moscow region, on average, one hectare of forest neutralizes the harmful emissions of one car.
In addition, the forest is very important for Agriculture- it protects crops from droughts and winds, helps accumulate snow in winter (and, accordingly, moisture in the soil after the snow melts). That's why it's so important protective forests and shelterbelts, especially in the driest agricultural regions.
Although Russian environmental legislation declares the conservation of biodiversity, and Russia is a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity, the system of practical measures for the protection of rare and endangered species of animals and plants is poorly developed. Forestry authorities and timber companies, as a rule, do not have programs for inventory and conservation of forest biodiversity. They employ very few specialists who can evaluate Negative consequences economic activities on biodiversity.
Despite the fact that there are still natural and near-natural forests in Russia, the speed of their destruction raises the most serious concerns. If current trends continue, in the next decade most of the most valuable natural taiga tracts in economically accessible areas of European Russia, southern Siberia and the southern Far East may be destroyed.
Used Books.
http://www.aero.ssau.ru/ecology/forest.htm
http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/ru/campaigns/90170/3243190/3552343
Resolution and appeals of the participants of the conference "Problems of protection of old-growth forests and forest biological diversity of Russia"
Candidate biological sciences E. KALIKINSKAYA
Our Earth is often called the green planet. Only here, of all the known planets, does life exist in all its splendor and diversity - in the mountains and deserts, on the sea coasts and in arctic ice. But, perhaps, the main focus of life on Earth, the habitat of the large number living organisms are forests. They provide shelter and food, shelter from enemies and generously share their gifts. Of all natural ecosystems, forests have undergone the most ill-treatment from the human side - they were cut down, burned, uprooted for arable land and construction sites. Currently, half of the forests that once covered the surface of the planet no longer exist. Most of they have been destroyed over the past thirty years, and this process continues to gain momentum. International World Resources Institute, concerned about the situation forest wealth planet, undertook a large-scale study of the state of forests in different countries. Scientists, public figures, environmentalists are looking for ways to save and preserve forests. The published article describes these efforts. ON THE EDGE
The forest is not only a source of raw materials, fuel and oxygen, but also simply a delight for the eyes.
According to experts, now only 22 percent of the forests that once covered the land remain intact. Most intact forests are found in Russia (26 percent of the world's undeveloped forests) and America.
The depletion and loss of the planet's forest cover will lead to the extinction of many animal species, which will be deprived of their natural habitat. The diagram shows the proportion of species of different animals that are listed in the Red Book precisely because of the decline in natural resources
Wood consumption is growing at a tremendous pace around the world. By 2010 it could reach 2250 million cubic meters.
Most of the forests remaining in Eurasia are located in Russia:
Birch groves have long been considered a symbol of Russian nature.
Kedrovnik near Baikal.
The relationship between mankind and the forest for several centuries was determined by the concept of “conquest.” The forest was seen either as an obstacle to the development of progress, or as a commodity that could be sold for a profit. However, this attitude towards nature did not go unpunished: history knows many examples when ancient civilizations died out due to the fact that people cut down forests: this was followed by soil erosion, silting of rivers, depletion of fertile lands, which led to the decline of agriculture. This is how the ancient cultures of Mesopotamia, the Mediterranean, and Central America died or disappeared from the historical stage.
Today, the barbaric treatment of nature has caused a sharp deterioration in the ecology of our entire planet. Therefore, experts believe that in the new millennium we must develop a different approach to the forest. Jonathan Lash, president of the international World Resources Institute, suggests sticking to a concept that has been called the "development frontier." This is not about an aggressive violation of the boundaries of the forest, but about reasonable interaction with it at this boundary. The analogy becomes clearer if we imagine forest ecosystems and humanity as two independent states who respect each other's interests and maintain diplomatic relations. Declared to be of special value forested areas, which are beyond the boundaries of development, that is, practically untouched and undisturbed by humans. Such forests remain only in some regions of the planet: in Central Africa, Asia, Canada, the Amazon and Russia. The World Resources Institute proposes to influence public and political organizations to ensure the protection and wise use of forests. This is important, first of all, for preserving the biological diversity of our planet. Undeveloped forests provide shelter for species of animals and birds whose habitat extends over tens of thousands of square kilometers: for example, bears, wolves, tigers, and some bird species. On the other hand, only in such forests, where humans have rarely set foot, are the special living conditions necessary for the life of certain species of animals preserved. For example, the spotted owl nests in standing but already dead trees, which are found only in old forests that have never been cleared. Unfortunately, most of the planet's forests are gradually turning into so-called fragmented forests. In them, there is an active displacement of species living in the depths of the forest by those that are more typical of life on the edge: it is known that in small groves, the nests of songbirds are constantly attacked by cuckoos, rollers and other species, displacing the “original” inhabitants of the forest.
Fragmented forests cannot ensure the normal functioning of the entire biosphere of the planet. Only in undeveloped forests are they assimilated huge quantities carbon - about 433 billion tons, which would otherwise enter the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide, creating the greenhouse effect. They protect the forests and water resources of the planet: in those areas where forest cover has disappeared on the watersheds of large rivers, for example in the Ganges Valley, floods have become frequent, which is a real environmental disaster. The destruction of forests also leads to soil erosion, which is progressing at an alarming rate: scientists have calculated that since 1950, when deforestation developed at a rapid pace, there are 580 million hectares less fertile land on the planet. This territory is larger than all of Western Europe!
Undeveloped forests are the habitat of ancient peoples who have not been touched by civilization. These are primarily the natives of the Amazon and Africa. Today it is already clear that their primitive culture, closely related to natural life nature is a value for other inhabitants of the Earth. A civilized society has no moral right to destroy it.
And the last argument in favor of the urgent need to protect undeveloped forests: it is in this territory that natural processes, occurring in nature. Only there can we observe and study it in the form in which it existed on Earth before the appearance of man.
HOW MUCH FOREST IS LEFT?
The International World Resources Institute, together with the World Conservation Monitoring Center, has undertaken extensive research and with the help of the most modern techniques received a map of the state of the planet's forests over the past 8,000 years.
It turned out that over these 80 centuries, almost half of the once-existing forests were destroyed for fields, pastures, farms, and settlements. Of the remaining, only 22 percent consist of natural ecosystems, the rest are greatly changed under the pressure of man. The best preserved are the so-called boreal forests - a wide belt of coniferous trees between arctic tundra and deciduous forests of the warmer temperate zone. These are the forests of Russia, Scandinavia, Alaska and Canada. They remained intact thanks to the harsh climate, long winters and poor soils in their growing area - all this did not contribute much to the development of agriculture. In addition, boreal forests grow very slowly, are scattered over a large area and are of little interest for logging.
Woodlands temperate zone suffered significantly more. They once extended to most of Europe, China, America, Australia, New Zealand, Chile and Argentina. The mild climate and fertile soils served them poorly: they were mercilessly destroyed. Who would now believe that in ancient times China was covered with forests? After all, by 100 BC. e. most of these forests were reduced to arable land. And the forests bordering the Mediterranean Sea were destroyed by the ancient Greeks and Romans 2000 years ago. The undeveloped forests of Europe fell in the Middle Ages to the onslaught of rapidly growing cities and settlements.
Tropical forests in the equator zone are also under threat. Even in the last century they remained in a virgin state, but from 1960 to 1990 a fifth of the tropical forest cover was destroyed.
What's left? Most of the undeveloped forests are made up of three large forest tracts: one in Russia, a second stretching across parts of Canada and Alaska, and a third in the northwestern Amazon rainforest. A considerable part of these forests is under threat of extinction: they are planned to be used for agricultural land, clearing for logging and other types of forests. human activity that will disrupt natural ecosystems. Therefore, emergency measures are needed for their protection and environmentally sound use. Otherwise, they too will disappear from the face of the planet.
SEARCHING FOR AN EXIT
The International World Resources Institute is developing a new approach to forest management that includes several steps. First of all, all necessary information about the state of forests must be collected and easy and fast access organizations interested in protecting the green cover of the planet. It is also necessary to create a system of payments for the use of forest resources that would prevent corruption and predatory waste, and obtaining quick benefits. A system of measures has also been proposed to improve the condition of the remaining forests on the planet, both undeveloped and altered by human activity. Part of the forest areas should be preserved from logging and land use: the state can receive income from them, using them for tourism, protecting watersheds and protecting the country's biological diversity. Public, private and public organizations that make decisions about the fate of forests in a particular region must necessarily have mechanisms in place to plan the so-called responsible use of forests.
The institute recommends to each state on whose territory forests have been preserved:
Protect your undeveloped forests, even if similar ecosystems exist in a neighboring country.
Maintain at least two “options” of each type of forest ecosystem.
Organize land use in areas adjacent to undeveloped forests in such a way as to protect them as much as possible.
Try to restore fragmented and endangered forests.
It turns out that even those forests that have been subjected to destructive human activity can be restored, at least partially. This is confirmed by an experiment that has been carried out by environmentalists in the northwestern part of Costa Rica since the mid-80s. A large tract of tropical dry forest in the Guanacaste protected area was in poor condition due to logging and frequent human-caused fires. As a result, the species of trees and grasses that used to grow there began to be replaced by invader species. Forest fires and clearings became covered with thickets of Jaragua grass, and the plants characteristic of this type of forest disappeared.
FIGURES AND FACTS
70 percent of the remaining undeveloped forests on Earth are located in three countries: Russia, Canada and Brazil.
In 11 countries around the world, including Finland, Sweden, Vietnam and Thailand, the remaining forests are under threat: only 5 percent of the forests in these countries are undeveloped, and those are already in danger. There are no longer undeveloped forests in 76 countries around the world.
Logging threatens to wipe out 70 percent of undeveloped forests, while mining, energy, and road development threaten 40 percent of forested areas.
From 1991 to 1994, per capita paper consumption grew by an average of 86 percent worldwide, and by 350 percent in developing countries! According to experts, by 2010 the consumption of forest products will increase by another one and a half times.
To draw the attention of the general public to forest problems, in 1990, at the initiative of the United Nations, a global assessment of the rate of forest destruction was carried out. The study cost four million dollars, which is only one-eighth of the amount that US residents spend on newspapers every day.
Scientists have long been talking about the harmful effects of technological progress on nature. Climate change, melting ice, and a decrease in the quality of drinking water have a very negative impact on people’s lives. Environmentalists around the world have long sounded the alarm about pollution and destruction of nature. One of the most important is deforestation. Forest problems are visible especially in civilized states. Environmentalists believe that deforestation leads to many negative consequences for the Earth and humans. Without forests there will be no life on Earth, this needs to be understood by those on whom their preservation depends. However, wood has long been a commodity that is expensive. And that is why the problem of forest destruction is so difficult to solve. Perhaps people simply don’t realize that their entire lives depend on this ecosystem. Although everyone has long revered the forest, often giving it magical functions. He was a breadwinner and personified the life-giving power of nature. They loved him, they treated the trees with care, and they responded to our ancestors in the same way.
Forests of the planet
In all countries, in every corner of the world, massive deforestation is taking place. The problem with the forest is that with the destruction of trees, many more species of plants and animals die. Violated in nature. After all, a forest is not only trees. This is a well-coordinated ecosystem based on the interaction of many representatives of flora and fauna. Besides the trees great importance in its existence have bushes, herbaceous plants, lichens, insects, animals and even microorganisms. Despite massive deforestation, forests still occupy about 30% of the land area. This is more than 4 billion hectares of land. More than half of them are tropical forests. However, the northern, especially coniferous, massifs also play a great role in the ecology of the planet. The countries richest in greenery in the world are Finland and Canada. Russia contains about 25% of the world's forest reserves. The fewest trees left in Europe. Nowadays forests occupy only a third of its territory, although in ancient times it was completely covered with trees. And, for example, in England there are almost none left; only 6% of the land is given over to parks and forest plantations.
Rainforests
They occupy more than half of the entire green area. Scientists have calculated that about 80% of animal species live there, which could die without their usual ecosystem. However, felling tropical forests it's on now at an accelerated pace. In some regions, such as West Africa or Madagascar, about 90% of the forest has already disappeared. A catastrophic situation has developed in the countries South America, where more than 40% of trees have been cut down. The problems of tropical forests are not just a matter for the countries in which they are located. The destruction of such a huge array will lead to environmental disaster. After all, it is difficult to assess the role that forests play in the life of humanity. Therefore, scientists around the world are sounding the alarm.
Meaning of forest
Using forests for the benefit of people
Green spaces are important for humans not only because they regulate the water cycle and provide all living things with oxygen. About a hundred fruit and berry trees and shrubs, as well as nuts, and more than 200 species of edible and medicinal herbs and mushrooms grow in the forest. Many animals are hunted there, such as sable, marten, squirrel or black grouse. But most of all, man needs wood. This is why deforestation occurs. The problem with forests is that without trees the entire ecosystem dies. So why does a person need wood?
Deforestation
Forest problems arise when this happens uncontrollably, often illegally. After all, forests have been cut down for a long time. And over the 10 thousand years of human existence, about two-thirds of all trees have already disappeared from the face of the Earth. Forests began to be cut down especially a lot in the Middle Ages, when more and more space was needed for construction and farmland. And now every year about 13 million hectares of forest are destroyed, and almost half of them are places where no one has ever set foot before. Why are forests cut down?
- to free up space for construction (after all, the growing population of the Earth requires the construction of new cities);
- as in ancient times, the forest is cut down during slash-and-burn agriculture, making way for arable land;
- the development of livestock farming requires more and more space for pastures;
- forests often interfere with the extraction of minerals so necessary for technological progress;
- and finally, wood is now a very valuable commodity used in many industries.
What kind of forest can be cut down?
The disappearance of forests has long attracted the attention of scientists. Different states They are trying to somehow regulate this process. All forest areas were divided into three groups:
Types of deforestation
In most countries, forest problems concern many scientists and government representatives. Therefore on legislative level There is limited cutting there. However, the fact is that it is often carried out illegally. And although this is considered poaching and is punishable by heavy fines or imprisonment, mass destruction forests are growing for profit. For example, almost 80% of deforestation in Russia is carried out illegally. Moreover, the wood is mainly sold abroad. What official types of logging exist?
What damage does deforestation cause?
The environmental problem of the disappearance of the so-called “lungs” of the planet is already worrying many. Most people believe that this threatens to reduce oxygen supplies. It is true, but it is not the main problem. The scale that deforestation has now reached is astounding. Satellite photos of former forest areas help to visualize the situation. What can this lead to:
- the forest ecosystem is destroyed, many representatives of flora and fauna disappear;
- a decrease in the amount of wood and plant diversity leads to a deterioration in the quality of life of most people;
- the amount of carbon dioxide increases, which leads to the formation of the greenhouse effect;
- trees no longer protect the soil (washing out the top layer leads to the formation of ravines, and the lowering of the groundwater level causes the appearance of deserts);
- soil moisture increases, causing swamps to form;
- Scientists believe that the disappearance of trees on mountain slopes leads to the rapid melting of glaciers.
Researchers estimate that deforestation causes damage to the global economy worth up to $5 trillion a year.
How are forests removed?
How does deforestation happen? A photo of the area where recent logging took place is an unsightly sight: a bare area, almost devoid of vegetation, tree stumps, patches of fire pits and stripes of bare soil. How does this happen? The name “cutting down” has been preserved from the times when trees were felled with an axe. Nowadays they use chainsaws for this. After the tree has fallen to the ground, the branches are cut off and burned. The bare trunk is taken away almost immediately. And they move it to the place of transportation by dragging it to a tractor. Therefore, a strip of bare land remains with torn out vegetation and destroyed undergrowth. In this way, young growth that could revive the forest is destroyed. At this place, the ecological balance is completely disrupted and other conditions for vegetation are created.
What happens after cutting down
On open space completely different conditions are created. Therefore it grows new forest only where the deforestation area is not very large. What prevents young plants from growing stronger:
- The light level changes. Those undergrowth plants that are accustomed to living in the shade die.
- Another temperature regime. Without tree protection, sharper temperature fluctuations and frequent night frosts occur. This also leads to the death of many plants.
- An increase in soil moisture can lead to waterlogging. And the wind blowing moisture from the leaves of young shoots does not allow them to develop normally.
- The dying of roots and the decomposition of the forest floor release many nitrogenous compounds that enrich the soil. However, those plants that need just such minerals feel better on it. Raspberries or fireweed grow fastest in clearings; birch or willow shoots develop well. Therefore, restoration deciduous forests goes quickly if a person does not interfere with this process. But coniferous trees grow very poorly after cutting down, since they reproduce by seeds for which there are no normal development conditions. Deforestation has such negative consequences. The solution to the problem - what is it?
Solving deforestation
Environmentalists offer many ways to preserve forests. Here are just a few of them:
- the transition from paper to electronic media, waste paper collection and separate waste collection will reduce the use of wood for paper production;
- creation of forest farms on which crops with the shortest maturation periods will be grown;
- a ban on logging in environmental protection zones and tougher penalties for this;
- increasing the state duty on the export of wood abroad to make it unprofitable.
The disappearance of forests is not yet a concern ordinary person. However, many problems are associated with this. When all people understand that it is forests that provide them with a normal existence, perhaps they will treat trees more carefully. Each person can contribute to the revival of the planet's forests by planting at least one tree.
Transcript
1 Forests of the planet and the problem of their conservation Karen Armenovich Pogosyan, 1st year student at the Institute of E&B (scientific supervisor V.N. Kalugin, associate professor) Abstract: The author examines in detail the impact of forests on the environment, updates the measures that are necessary in order to preserve forests and their beneficial vital properties. Key words: deforestation, functions of natural forests, measures to protect forests. Today, the problem of forest conservation is one of the most important environmental problems. Forests have been destroyed in recent decades at a rate of about a hectare per minute, with each hectare taking years to reforest. During the existence of civilization, more than 42% of the entire original forest area on the planet has been destroyed. And this destruction is happening at an increasing pace. So, for the period Almost half of the tropical forests have been cut down. If in 1950 they occupied approximately 15% of the world's land area, then by 2000 this share had decreased to 7%. According to existing estimates, 12 million hectares of forest disappear annually, which is equal to the territory of England, and another 10 million hectares are degraded due to the cutting down of the most valuable tree species and unsustainable management. The world community is especially concerned about the problem of forests in tropical and subtropical zones, where more than half of the world's annual logging is cut down. 160 million hectares of tropical forests have already been degraded, and of the 11 million hectares cut down annually, only a tenth is restored by plantations. Tropical forests are home to 4 million species of living organisms. 80% of insect species live here, 2/3 grow known species plants. These forests supply 1/4 of the oxygen reserves. According to FAO, they are shrinking at a rate of 100 thousand sq. km per year. Currently, forests cover an area of about 4 billion hectares, or approximately 31% of the Earth's area, but if current rates of deforestation continue, tropical forests will rain forests, for example, will disappear between 2030 and 2050. A similar fate will befall the Siberian taiga even sooner if its intensive destruction is not stopped. In Russia, the main logging sites are located in the European Ural region, where timber extraction is higher permissible limits 2 2.5 times; according to official data, every year in Russia forests are cut down on an area of 2 2.5 million hectares. The extent of forest destruction as a result of fires is comparable to logging. The most terrible enemy of the forest is fire. In the 90s of the twentieth century in the territory
2 For example, in Russia, up to 30 thousand fires occurred annually, covering 2 or more million hectares. Forest fires destroy 2 million tons of organic matter annually. They cause great harm to forestry: the growth of trees decreases, the composition of forests deteriorates, windbreaks increase, and soil conditions deteriorate. Forest fires contribute to the spread of harmful insects and wood-destroying fungi. World statistics claims 97% forest fires occurs due to human fault and only 3% due to lightning, mainly ball lightning. The flames of forest fires destroy both flora and fauna in their path. Great damage to forest resources is caused by waterlogging of the soil and flooding as a result of the construction of hydroelectric power stations, reservoirs, highways and railways. Industrial enterprises, releasing various chemical compounds, cause oppression and death of trees and shrubs. Significant damage to forests, meadow and pasture vegetation is caused by increased content lead in the air, especially near major highways with heavy traffic, leading to its accumulation in tissues, and, as a result, causes depression and often death. Dust from cement factories, limestone and silicon rocks is harmful to forest vegetation. The sanitary-hygienic, water-protection and soil-protection functions of natural forests are reduced, and their aesthetic value is lost. Many forest areas, primarily suburban forests, have turned into places of mass recreation. However, the desire for country air has resulted in great environmental damage that vacationers inflict on nature. The role of the forest is colossal. Without forests, life on the planet would be completely different. Forest cover is the main productive force of the Earth, the energy base of its living shell of the biosphere, the connecting link of all components and most important factor its stability. About 90% of all terrestrial phytomass is concentrated in forests. And they perform the functions of life reproduction better than other types of vegetation. The total leaf surface of the world's forests is almost 4 times greater than the surface of our entire planet. This is also associated with high parameters for the absorption of solar radiation and carbon dioxide, and the release of oxygen. The forest has enormous sanitary, hygienic and healing properties. The aesthetic value of forests is also invaluable. Forest is one of the factors maintaining balance chemical composition atmosphere, especially in the balance of three substances: oxygen, carbon and nitrogen. It is estimated that 1 hectare of forest per year can absorb 5-10 tons of carbon dioxide and release tons of oxygen.
3 It is no coincidence that the planet’s forests are called “the lungs of the planet”; they are the main source of oxygen on the planet. The Siberian taiga, for example, supplies oxygen not only to its region, but also North America(where about 95% of its own forests were destroyed). We all, humans and animals, breathe oxygen produced by plants. Before green plants, there was practically no oxygen in the atmosphere; the very emergence of life, its development to higher manifestations became possible only thanks to plants. One hectare of forest absorbs in one hour all the carbon dioxide that two hundred people can exhale during this time! The forest, like the lungs of a person, inhales one gas and exhales another. Only the forest “inhales” carbon dioxide and “exhales” oxygen. What started global warming, this is the result not only of human economic activity, but also the result of the fact that the number of trees has sharply decreased. Forests do not have time to process the amount of CO2 emitted by industry; it accumulates in the atmosphere, which leads to the “greenhouse effect.” The oxygen produced by forests is important not only in itself, but also in connection with the need to preserve the ozone shield in the Earth's stratosphere. Ozone is formed from oxygen under the influence of solar radiation. If there were no ozone layer, life would not be able to come out of the ocean, you and I would not be sitting in this audience now, since all living things would be instantly killed by ultraviolet radiation. Ozone concentration in the stratosphere is steadily decreasing under the influence of chlorofluorocarbon derivatives, which leads to the emergence of " ozone holes" Forests soften seasonal temperature fluctuations, slow down strong winds, and promote precipitation. atmospheric precipitation. Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has already shortened the length of the rainy season, threatening catastrophic consequences for agriculture. Forests are capable of actively transforming chemical and atmospheric pollution, especially gaseous ones, and coniferous plantations, as well as some varieties of linden, willow, and birch, have the greatest oxidizing ability. In addition, the forest has the ability to absorb individual components of industrial pollution. Forests, especially coniferous ones, release phytoncides, which kill many pathogenic microbes and improve the health of the air. The forest park belt in its immediate surroundings is a powerful reserve of clean air for the city and protection from unfavorable winds and dust from the areas surrounding the city.
4 Forests play a decisive role in maintaining the hydrological regime of rivers, preventing deflation and soil erosion, as well as combating droughts and dead wood. In order to protect soils from deflation and erosion, combat drought and increase agricultural yields, protective afforestation work is being carried out on a large scale. The afforestation of river banks, canals, and reservoirs has become widespread. Forest strips protect water sources from pollution by wastewater from fields and serve as natural filters. Let's summarize and briefly formulate the impact of forests on the environment. So, forests: are the main supplier of oxygen on the planet; directly affect water regime both in the territories they occupy and in adjacent territories and regulate the water balance; -reduce the negative impact of droughts and hot winds, inhibit the movement of shifting sands; by softening the climate, they help increase agricultural yields; absorb and transform part of atmospheric chemical pollution; protect soils from water and wind erosion, mudflows, landslides, bank destruction and other unfavorable conditions geological processes; This is far from full list what functions the forest performs. What needs to be done to preserve forests? In fact, these measures are quite simple: 1. the main task is the rational use and restoration of forests; 2. preservation and strengthening of the environment-forming, protective, sanitary, hygienic, health-improving and other useful natural properties of forests in the interests of human health; 3. multi-purpose, continuous, sustainable use of the forest fund to meet the needs of society and individual citizens in wood and other forest resources; 4. reproduction, improvement of the natural composition and quality of forests, increasing their productivity; 5. rational use of forest lands; 6. increasing the efficiency of forestry management on the basis of a unified technical policy, the use of achievements of science, technology and best practices; 7. conservation of biological diversity.
5 Literature used:
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