BIOLOGICAL RELIABILITY
The organism, interacting with the environment, has mechanisms that ensure its viability. In the process of phylogenesis (the historical development of a particular species), a kind of reserve was created in the organism, which makes up the so-called biological reliability of the body.
Biological reliability is inherent in both the entire body as a whole and its
functional systems. Accumulation of reliability in individual organs and systems
the swing occurs heterochronously. First of all, the maximum increase in biological
gical reliability occurs in those systems that at this stage of development
tions of the body are more significant. For example, the concentration of factors involved
in blood coagulation, in newborns, ^ is already close to the level of an adult.
During the first two years of life, this concentration increases 2-3 times. Such
the increase coincides with the period when the child masters the skills of walking and improving
shakes the biological reliability of the body, which can be exposed to herbs
moms and injuries. "
The biological reliability of some systems is ensured by duplication of organs (paired kidneys, lungs, eyes, etc.); others - interchangeability (loss of vision leads to increased hearing and tactile sensitivity).
An important feature of biological reliability is that under normal conditions the organism and all its systems do not function at the limit of their capabilities, but retain a certain reserve that can be used in extreme situations. For example, only 15% of the lung tissue is involved in the ventilation of the lungs, and with intense physical work - 25-30%. In the cerebral cortex, 4% of nerve cells are active, which indicates the enormous reserve capabilities of the nervous system.
Biological reliability is hereditarily fixed and allows you to expand or. to reduce the boundaries of a person's life possibilities, depending on living conditions. So, hardening of the body expands the reserve capabilities of temperature adaptation, and insufficient nutrition of children leads to disruptions in the activity of the body.
Due to biological reliability, economization of body functions. The body in resting conditions uses only part of its functional capabilities to adapt to various influences, maintaining a reserve for a response in extreme situations. For example, the maximum human heart rate is approximately 170-180 cycles per minute. At an early age, the heart rate in children, even at 1 rest, is 120-130 beats / min, while in untrained adults it is 80 beats / min, and in trained athletes - 60 beats / min. Due to a decrease in the heart rate, the reserve of the functional capabilities of the heart increases.
1.6. ADAPTABILITY
Adaptation - the property of the body to adapt to the action of environmental factors. Distinguish between physiological and social adaptation. Physiological adaptation is a set of functional reactions of the body to the adverse effects of the external environment, aimed at maintaining the level of homeostasis inherent in the body (the relative physicochemical constancy of the internal environment of the body).
At present, adaptation is understood as the formation of adaptive reactions of the body not only under the action of unfavorable or extreme environmental factors, but also under the action of ordinary (not extreme) factors.
Any adaptive reactions in the body are carried out under the control of the central nervous system due to the formation of special functional adaptation systems, which include cortical and subcortical parts of the brain and endocrine glands. In the formation of the body's defense reactions under conditions of extreme influences (stress), the pituitary gland and adrenal glands are of particular importance, they synthesize adaptive hormones.
Social adaptation consists in the fact that a person must adapt to the action of factors of the social environment and develop behavioral responses for a given social microgroup: family, nursery, kindergarten, school, etc.
The adaptive capabilities of children and adolescents are significantly less than that of an adult, therefore, teachers and parents should protect children from sudden changes in living conditions, the impact of irritating factors that are unusual for them. The child's unfavorable history * complicates the adaptation: pathological course of pregnancy in the mother, unfavorable childbirth, frequent illnesses of the child, brain trauma. The adaptive capabilities of the body of children in critical periods of development are sharply reduced.
When children enter school, they fundamentally change the nature of their lives. They have to adapt to school stress - physical, mental and emotional. Spending several hours a day at a desk at school, at home at a desk, strains the static muscles that support posture. Immaturity of the musculoskeletal system of primary school children, as well as insufficient development of coordination mechanisms in the cerebral cortex, lead to imperfection of motor function. Due to the insufficient strength of nervous processes, the predominance of excitation processes over inhibition processes, unstable attention, memory impairment and rapid fatigue are possible. Many schoolchildren experience hypodynamia (decreased physical activity), which leads to a deterioration in the functions of the nervous system, internal organs, skeletal and muscular systems and poor posture.
* Anamnesis - information about heredity, past illnesses and living conditions of the patient as a material for the diagnosis.
The adaptation of first-graders to school work takes place in three phases.
1. The phase of orienting adaptation - lasts 2 weeks and is characterized by an increase in the excitability of children, an increase in the reactivity of all systems. Increased physical activity is observed in 40% of children. The teacher needs to realize this activity through physical education and organization of changes with maximum exposure to the fresh air.
2. The phase of relatively stable adaptation - lasts up to 6 weeks. During this phase, children gradually get used to new conditions and regime. However, this addiction is unstable, any overload can lead to depletion of the body, disturbance of the child's psyche, aggression, various forms of neuroses (fear of Skoda, teacher, bad grades, etc.). It has been found that about 15% of children cannot cope with the school load, which causes various diseases of the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, and infectious diseases. In this case, you should translate. the child for individual training or postponing his training ..
3. The phase of incomplete adaptation - ^ lasts from 16 to 20 weeks. There is a training of all body systems, the student's working capacity improves, he masters the skills of writing, reading, and counting. The development and duration of this phase depends on the conditions created by teachers and parents. A well-defined daily routine, regular nutrition and adequate sleep make it easier for children to adapt to school workload. It should be remembered that no scheme of the daily regimen can be universal; it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of the child.
Since the adaptation of younger schoolchildren occurs at different levels (neuropsychic, motor-behavioral, vegetative, biochemical, etc.), various tests and methods are used to assess adaptation.
Exists passive adaptation, which consists in avoiding the influence of environmental factors or submission to them. Such a manifestation of adaptation is unfavorable for the further development of the child and indicates the need to correct the conditions of his life.
Sexual dependence of growth and development (sexual dimorphism).
Sexual dimorphism manifests itself in the characteristics of the metabolic process, the rate of growth and development of individual functional systems and the organism as a whole. So, boys before puberty have higher anthropometric indicators. During puberty, this ratio changes: girls in terms of length and body weight, chest circumference surpass their peers. At the age of 15, the intensity of growth in boys increases, and boys, in terms of anthropometric indicators, are again ahead of girls. This double crossing of curves of age-related changes in indicators of physical development is characteristic of normal physical development.
At the same time, there is an unequal rate of development of many functional systems, especially muscular, respiratory and cardiovascular systems. There are differences not only in physical performance, but also in psychophysiological indicators.
So, along with the patterns common to both sexes, there are differences in the rates, timing and rates of growth and development of boys and girls. Sexual dimorphism is taken into account in the regulation of physical activity, the organization of the educational process.
Biological reliability of functional systems and the organism as a whole.
The biological reliability of an organism is understood as such a level of regulation of processes in the body, which ensures their optimal course under normal conditions and an emergency mobilization of reserve capabilities under the action of extreme factors, which ensures adaptation to new conditions, followed by a rapid return of physiological processes to their original state.
The biological reliability of the body is achieved through the following mechanisms:
- interchangeability of organs and structures (for example, in blind people, the sensitivity of the organs of hearing, smell, touch increases significantly);
- duplication of many processes (excretion of metabolic products is carried out by the kidneys, skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract);
- pairing of organs (kidneys, lungs, limbs, auditory and visual analyzers);
- "Cold reserve" (all organs and systems under normal conditions do not function at the limit of their capabilities, for example, the heart is in contraction mode only 8 hours a day, only 5-8% of the alveoli of the lungs are involved in respiration).
The ability of the body to maintain a functional state that ensures its safety, development, performance and maximum life expectancy is adaptation. The measure of adaptation is the level of health. There are several parameters that determine the adaptive capabilities of the organism:
- the level and harmony of physical health;
- reserve capabilities of physiological systems;
- the level of immune defense and nonspecific resistance of the body;
- the presence (or absence) of a chronic disease, developmental defect;
- the level of moral-volitional and value-motivational attitudes
Human adaptation to environmental conditions has a pronounced social character. A child, as a biosocial being, first of all, must adapt to the action of social factors and develop appropriate behavioral responses for a social microgroup: family, kindergarten, school, etc.
Determination of the process of growth and development by factors of heredity.
The genetic program provides the life cycle of individual development, the sequence of switching and derepression of genes that control the change in periods of development in the appropriate conditions of nutrition and upbringing of the child. First of all, these are chronogens - genes that change their functions when cells or tissues reach certain stages of differentiation. Switching genes determine the alternation of phases of differentiation or proliferation of cells in organs of a growing organism.
Currently, more than 50 genes have been identified, located on almost all chromosomes (except for sex) and called protooncogenes. They control the processes of normal cell growth and differentiation.
Under the control of genes is the synthesis of all hormones and factors that regulate the growth of proteins that bind hormones, as well as cellular receptors for different hormones.
The most important manifestation of gene regulation is the body's ability to stabilize the growth process and return to a given program in cases where physical development is disturbed under the influence of any external factors (starvation, infection, etc.).
In the process of growth, gene regulation of metabolism and energy is supplemented by more and more perfect neuroendocrine regulation, which links the genetic program of development with environmental conditions. Due to the mutual influence of gene and neuroendocrine regulation, each period of development is characterized by special rates of physical growth, age-related physiological and behavioral reactions.
Conditionality of growth and development by environmental factors
... The growth and physical development of children is also influenced by environmental factors: the state of the atmospheric air, the composition of drinking water, the amount of solar radiation, etc. The influence of natural environmental factors on the physical development of children is regulated by the impact of social living conditions. Studies carried out at the Department of Hygiene of Children and Adolescents of the I.M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy found that atmospheric air pollution with various chemicals adversely affects the growth and physical development of the younger generation. Delay and disharmony of development are noted in 35% of the examined children.
Growth and development processes do not always depend on biosocial factors. The body weight of children and adolescents is more susceptible to the influence of environmental factors. It is mainly determined by the quantitative and qualitative composition of food, diet, physical activity, organization of physical education.
The type of higher nervous activity, the strength and mobility of nervous processes are determined by genetic factors. The development of motor skills (strength, endurance, speed), the activity of the autonomic nervous system (heart rate, minute volume of blood circulation, frequency and depth of respiration, VC, response to physical activity, temperature exposure, etc.) depend on the influence of environmental factors, respectively, better amenable to regulation with a targeted effect on the child's body.
This must be taken into account when developing measures aimed at improving growth, harmonious development of protection and strengthening the health of the younger generation.
A. in the unity of controls
B. homeoresis
+ B. the dynamism of the interaction of the links of the system
D. perfect and quick return to a state of relative constancy
D. slow return to a state of relative constancy
173. 3. The features of the vascular system in children include the following:
A. relatively small diameter of the arteries
+ B. relatively narrow lumen of veins
V. relatively narrow lumen of capillaries
G. muscle fibers of the vascular wall are highly developed
D. highly developed elastic fibers of the vascular wall
174. What should be the backrest distance?
A anteroposterior chest size
B anterior-posterior chest size + 1-2cm
C + anterior-posterior chest size + 4-5cm
D anterior-posterior chest size + 9cm
E anterior-posterior chest size + 10cm
175. What should be the negative seating distance?
A seat should go over the edge of the table by 1cm
B + the seat should go over the edge of the table by 4-8 cm, depending on the group
· C the seat should go over the edge of the table by 15cm
D the seat should extend over the edge of the table by 10cm
E the seat should go over the edge of the table by 1.5 cm
176. What is the value of the partial sigma characterizes the 1st degree of physical development in preschoolers?
A + from -1 to +1 sigma quotient
B from -1 to + 2 private sigma
C from -3 to +3 private sigma
D -4 to +4 private sigma
E from -5 to + 5 private sigma
177. 10. What level of children with 1 degree of physical development allows consider the physical development of the team good:
178. The interval of the age group of children from 1 year to 3 years in the development of standards of physical development is?
B 1 month
From 2.5 months
D + 3 months
E 6 months
179. T What are the rules for selling sonicated toys applied to the lips?
A buyer will try the toys himself if he has a choice
B the seller will test each toy served himself
C nobody will try the toy
D + the seller will try the demo toy through the blower
E the toy is given to the child to try
180. T How are schoolchildren transplanted in order to prevent visual acuity disorders?
A from the first to the last desks of all rows and vice versa
B from the first to the last desks of the 1st and 2nd rows and vice versa
C from the first to the second row and vice versa
D from the second to the third row and vice versa
E + from the first to the third row and vice versa
181. Where in the class will you place a tall, hearing-impaired student?
A on the first row of the 1st row
B in any row to any school desk
C to any desk of the 1st row
D on the first or second school desk of any row
E + on the first row of the side rows in accordance with the student's height group
182. What group of health do children with chronic diseases in the stage of decompensation belong to?
183. T What group of health do children with chronic diseases in the stage of subcompensation belong to?
184 T What are the indicators of natural lighting, assessed during the examination of the project?
A + light coefficient and penetration coefficient
B coefficient of penetration
C power density
D shading factor
185. T Select a land plot for the construction of a preschool institution, given the data of its use in the past?
A burial of animals
B cemetery
C burial of radioactive substances
D for trash
E + completely unused
186. Note which health group the child belongs to. During the medical examination of D. Iskakov with the participation of specialists, it was diagnosed: chronic gastritis in the stage of exacerbation. Physical development corresponds to age, disharmonious due to a lack of body weight. Mental development is age appropriate, harmonious. For the year preceding the examination, he suffered 3 acute respiratory viral infections, parainfluenza.
Fourth
187. Note which health group the child belongs to. During the medical examination of S. Kaliev with the participation of specialists of chronic diseases and morpho-functional abnormalities, it was not revealed. Physical and mental development is age appropriate, harmonious. During the year preceding the examination, he suffered 3 acute respiratory viral infections, parainfluenza, acute catarrhal sore throat.
fourth
188. Note which health group the child belongs to. During a medical examination, Zh. Smagulov with the participation of specialists diagnosed: flattening of the foot. Physical and mental development is age appropriate, harmonious. For the year preceding the examination, he suffered 2 acute respiratory viral infections, parainfluenza.
fourth
189. Note which health group the child belongs to. During the medical examination Sisenov N. with the participation of specialists diagnosed: bronchial asthma in the stage of clinical and laboratory remission. Physical and mental development is age appropriate, harmonious. For the year preceding the examination, he suffered 2 acute respiratory viral infections, parainfluenza.
fourth
190. Note which health group the child belongs to. During the medical examination Zhunusov R. with the participation of specialists diagnosed: rheumatism, decompensated form. Physical and mental development is age appropriate, harmonious. In the year preceding the examination, he had acute follicular tonsillitis, flu
fourth
191. Indicate which health group the child belongs to. During the medical examination of G. Petrov, with the participation of specialists, chronic diseases were not revealed. Physical and mental development is age appropriate, harmonious. In the year preceding the examination, he suffered measles rubella, 2 ARVI
fourth
192. Indicate the rational ratio of proteins and fats in the diet of children
193. Indicate the ratio of proteins, fats, carbohydrates in the diet of young children.
194. Indicate the ratio of proteins, fats, carbohydrates in the diet of older children.
195. Indicate the optimal ratio of calcium and magnesium in children's nutrition.
196. Indicate the most rational place of labor lessons in the schedule of students in grades 1-7 of the 1st shift.
first, second lessons
first, last lessons
second, third lessons
Third, fourth lessons
last lessons
197. Indicate the most rational place of labor lessons in the schedule of students in grades 1-7 of the 2nd shift.
First, second lessons
first, last lessons
second, third lessons
third, fourth lessons
last lessons
198. Indicate the most rational place of labor lessons in the mode of the school week.
Monday Tuesday
Monday Friday
Tuesday Thursday
Wednesday Thursday
Thursday Friday
199. The distribution of schoolchildren into groups of physical education is carried out taking into account.
the gender, health status and desires of the student
State of health, physical fitness, level of physical development
physical fitness, student desires, staffing of physical education teachers
student desires, staffing of physical education teachers
floor. staffing of physical education teachers, performance in physical education
200. The recruitment of a special group of physical education is carried out taking into account.
Age, clinical diagnosis, physical performance
gender, physical education performance, student desires
age, academic performance, student desires
student wishes, age, clinical diagnosis
age, academic performance, physical performance
201, When seating students in the classroom, the following factors are taken into account.
student body length, condition of hearing and vision organs, academic performance
student body length, hearing and vision diseases, a tendency to colds, student desires, academic performance
student body length, colds tendency, student desires, academic performance
Student body length, condition of hearing and vision organs, tendency to colds
academic performance, student desires, state of the organ of vision
202. Indicate the lack of which three amino acids are most often observed in the diet of children of all age groups.
Tryptophan, lysine, methionine
leucine, phenylalanine, isoleucine
valine, threonine, isoleucine
phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine
leucine, isoleucine, threonine
203. A 16-year-old student has been mastering the profession of an electrical fitter for the repair of mining equipment in the Code of Criminal Procedure. What industrial hazards he can meet.
Danger of electric shock, hard physical labor
forced working position
toxic substances
high level of electromagnetic radiation
204. Indicate the biological age of the girl 14 years old by secondary sex characteristics.
Ax1 P1 Ma1 menses
Ax2 P3 Ma2 menses
Ax2,3 P3 Ma3 menses
205. Which of the following specialties cannot be recommended to a teenager with chronic nonspecific polyarthritis.
draftsman
Stoner
pediatrician
photo operator
telephone operator
206. To what age group does the boy belong to 9 years 5 months 24 days.
207. In what forms are the means of physical education used.
water factor
air factor
solar factor
Physical education minutes, physical training pauses, physical education lessons, sports, excursions, hiking, labor processes
physical exercise
208. What are the main parts of a physical education lesson in a preschool educational institution.
Introductory, main, final
main and final
introductory and main
the main
main and final
209. Which of the types of pathologies can be a contraindication to mastering the profession of a teacher?
color blindness
Logoneurosis
chronic gastritis
chronic tonsillitis
210. What age group does the boy belong to 5 years 2 months 29 days.
3 years 3 months
3 years 9 months
211. What age group does the boy belong to? 1 year 9 months 16 days
1 year 9 months
3 years 3 months
2 years 6 months
212. Sadvakasov. Ilya, 8 years old. Dad is Kazakh, mom is Russian. What ethnic standards of physical development should be assessed for a child
by the standards of children of the Mongoloid ethnic group
213. Potapova Madina, 10 years old. Dad is Russian, mom is Tatar. What ethnic standards of physical development should be assessed for a child
by mixed interethnic standards
by the standards of Caucasian children
by the standards of Negroid children
by the standards of children of Mongoloid and Caucasian ethnic groups
214. Kim Albina, 12 years old. Dad is Korean, mom is Kazakh. What ethnic standards of physical development should be assessed for a child
by mixed interethnic standards
by the standards of Caucasian children
By the standards of children of the Mongoloid ethnic group
by the standards of Negroid children
by the standards of children of Mongoloid and Caucasian ethnic groups
215. Acceleration is a phenomenon widespread within:
A. 1 or more countries
B. 1 or more areas
B. 1 or more cities
G. all over the world
D. countries located at 1 geographic latitude
216. The morpho-functional features of the musculoskeletal system of a newborn include the following
A. absence of bends of the spine
B. fusion of the bones of the skull with each other
B. absence of fontanelles between the bones of the skull
G. fusion of the pelvic bones with each other
D. poor muscle vascularization
217. Factors that have a negative impact on the physical development of the child:
A. good nutrition
B. sufficient physical activity in the fresh air
B. chronic recurrent diseases
D. playing sports
E. educational process
218. Which of the anthropometric indicators is the leading one in assessing the physical development of children?
A. body weight
B. chest circumference
D. head circumference
E. sexual development
219. What is the characteristic of kyphotic posture
A. the lumbar bend increases, the cervical is smoothed, the abdomen is protruded, the upper body is slightly tilted back
B. the back is round, the shoulders are lowered, the head is tilted forward, the stomach is protruded
B. increases in the cervical and lumbar bends, the back is round, the head is tilted anteriorly, the shoulders are lowered, the abdomen is protruding
G. both bends are smoothed, the back is straightened, the stomach is tucked up
D. the body is held straight, the head is up, the shoulders are level, the abdomen is tucked up, the legs are straight
220. What forms of curvature of the spine can be observed in children due to improper selection of educational furniture
A. front-back
B. kyphotic
V. lordotic
G. scoliotic
D. Gibbusnaya
221. For physical education, preschool children can be divided into: (221.. For physical education, preschool children, depending on their state of health, are divided into groups: //)
A. 1 group
B. 2 groups
B. 3 groups
D. 4 groups
D. 5 groups
222. 222. Physical education is a complex process based on activities with a large ... effect: //
223. Depending on the state of health and fitness of the body, students for physical education are divided into groups: //
225. The degree of puberty in boys is determined by the following indicators:
A. F, P, Ah, Ma
B. L, P, Me, Ma
B. V, P, Me, L, Ah
G. V, P, F, Me, Ma
D. F, V, L, P, Ax
226. What are the somatometric indicators of physical development of children and adolescents
A. body weight, posture
B. body length, foot shape
B. the degree of development of secondary sexual characteristics, the shape of the chest, feet, legs, posture
G. body length, chest shape
E. chest and head circumference
227. Distance from the building of preschool education to garbage bins:
B. + at least 25 m
228. Measurement of the chest circumference is carried out:
A. after exercise
B. at rest, maximum inspiration
B. at rest, maximum expiration
G. at rest, maximum inhalation and maximum exhalation
E. after exercise and maximum inhalation
229. According to the standards of which climatic-geographical zone of the Republic of Kazakhstan is it necessary to determine the physical development of a 9-year-old girl living in the city of Karaganda and an 11-year-old boy living in Temirtau?
Central
eastern
western
northern
230. According to the standards of which climatic-geographical zone of the Republic of Kazakhstan, it is necessary to determine the physical development of a 15-year-old girl living in the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk
Central
eastern
western
northern
231. According to the standards of which climatic-geographical zone of the Republic of Kazakhstan is it necessary to determine the physical development of a 9-year-old girl living in Taraz and an 11-year-old boy living in Almaty?
central
eastern
western
northern
232. According to the standards of which climatic-geographical zone of the Republic of Kazakhstan, it is necessary to determine the physical development of a 15-year-old girl living in Petropavlovsk
central
eastern
western
North
233. Types of standards of physical development developed in Kazakhstan?
Local (regional), zonal
republican
urban
rural
district
234. What ethnic group should a 3-year-old girl belong to when assessing physical development in the Republic of Kazakhstan, if her father is Ukrainian, her mother is Korean?
Mongoloids
Europoids
Ukrainians
small nations
235. What ethnic group should an 8-year-old boy belong to when assessing his physical development in the Republic of Kazakhstan, if his father is Kyrgyz and his mother is Ukrainian?
Mongoloids
Europoids
Ukrainians
small nations
236. What ethnic group should a 5-year-old boy belong to when assessing physical development in the Republic of Kazakhstan, if his mother is Russian, father is Bashkir?
Europoids
Ukrainians
237. Methods for assessing the physical development of children in organized groups, adopted in the Republic of Kazakhstan?
by sigma deviations
by centile tables
Regression scales
by index method
by the Romber method
238. Teenager, 16 years old. Studying the profession of a painter. What production factors can he face?
Unfavorable meteorological conditions, cold, damp and dusty room, with chemical and irritating substances for the upper respiratory tract
physical stress, prolonged stay on the legs
high voltage currents
forced working position
attention strains
239. Which of the following specialties cannot be recommended for a teenager with hand eczema? (closed, practical lesson, 3 points, В, ГДП /)
Operator
telephone operator
driver
240. Teenager, 17 years old. He enters the PTSh as a locksmith. What occupational hazards can he meet?
Great physical stress, duration of staying on legs in conditions of unfavorable meteorological factors, chemical and toxic substances
attention strain
chemical irritants
damp and dusty room
eye strain
241. What diseases are contraindicated in mastering the profession of a turner?
Chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer diseases with rare exacerbations
FR II-III st
chronic pyelonephritis
chronic tonsillitis
242. A 16-year-old student has been mastering the profession of an electrical fitter for the repair of mining equipment in the Code of Criminal Procedure. What occupational hazards can he meet?
Danger of electric shock, severe physical work
forced working position
unfavorable meteorological conditions
toxic substances
attention strain
243. Which of the following specialties cannot be recommended for a teenager with chronic pyelonephritis?
Analyst chemist
telephone operator
pediatrician
radio operator
244. 244. Medical supervision of the health-improving effect on the body of physical education in children's groups is carried out under the guidance of: //
245. Which of the following specialties cannot be recommended for a teenager with epilepsy without intellectual changes?
custom tailor
economist
Conveyor operator
drawing teacher
librarian
246. Which of the types of pathology can be a contraindication to mastering the profession of a doctor
color blindness
chronic gastritis
Epilepsy with intellectual and characterological changes
247. The amount of sweets in the daily diet of children should be?
No more than 15-20% of the daily amount of carbohydrates
5-10% daily amount of carbohydrates
20-30% of the daily amount of carbohydrates
10-15% daily amount of carbohydrates
30-40% of the daily amount of carbohydrates
greenhouse production
bought on the market
with low nutritional value
Potentially hazardous to health
249. What is a layout menu?
product list
List of products indicating their quantity
list of dishes with indication of weight
list of regimes
250. Normative documents that determine the quantitative value of nutrition?
sanitary rules for the construction and maintenance of preschool educational institutions
norms of physiological needs for basic nutrients and energy
Approximate 10-day menus
251. What types of canned food are prohibited in childcare facilities?
fruit
Home cooking
252. Which of the sour milk drinks is prohibited for use in child care facilities?
Yogurt-samokvass
fat-free kefir
253. Assessment of a child's physical development according to an integrated scheme is important for: (253. Assessment of a child's physical development according to a comprehensive scheme does not matter for: //)
diseases;
254. The distribution of children by health groups is important for: (254. The distribution of children by health groups is not important for: //)
255. Analysis of the distribution of children by health groups is important for:
diseases;
b) individual rationing of physical and mental stress;
C) assessing the state of health of the team;
D) identifying a risk group for the development of diseases;
E) assessing the dynamics of the health status of the team.
256. Assessment of the child's health level with the establishment of the health group takes into account: (256. Assessment of the child's health level with the establishment of the health group does not take into account: //)
a) the number of days missed due to illness during the year;
B) the level of the functional state of the main body systems;
C) the presence or absence of chronic diseases at the time of the examination;
D) the number of diseases during the year;
E) the level of achieved physical and mental development and its harmony.
257. In the last decade, the following changes have taken place in the health status of children: (257. In recent decades, the following changes have taken place in the health status of children and adolescents: //)
258. 258. Indicate which health group the child belongs to:
A medical examination of A. Idrisov revealed: stooped posture, physical development corresponding to age, harmonious. For the year preceding the examination, he suffered 2 ARVI: //
259. Note which health group the child belongs to:
During the medical examination Asanov I. .. no chronic diseases were revealed: physical and mental development corresponds to age, harmonious. For the year preceding the examination, he suffered ARVI, chickenpox: //
260. Note which health group the child belongs to:
A medical examination of A. Kurmanova revealed: chronic tonsillitis in the stage of exacerbation, physical development corresponds to age, disharmonious due to a lack of body weight. For the year preceding the examination, she had 3 acute respiratory viral infections, influenza: //
261. Indicate which health group the child belongs to:
During the medical examination of S. Aliev it was established: no chronic and morphofunctional deviations were found, physical and mental development corresponds to age, harmonious. In the year preceding the examination, he had 2 acute respiratory viral infections, parainfluenza, acute follicular angina //
262. Note which health group the child belongs to:
During the medical examination of Ospanov K. no chronic diseases were detected, physical development lagged behind the passport age, harmonious. Mental development is age appropriate, harmonious. For the year preceding the examination, he suffered acute bronchitis, measles, acute catarrhal sore throat: //
263. Assessment of a child's physical development according to an integrated scheme is important for:
diseases;
B) individual rationing of physical and mental stress;
C) assessing the state of health of the team;
D) highlighting the risk group for the development of the disease;
E) assessing the state of health of an individual and its dynamics;
E) assessing the dynamics in the health status of the team.
264. The distribution of children by health groups is important for:
A) characteristics of the health of the child population;
B) assessing the effectiveness of treatment and prophylactic work;
C) comparative comparisons;
D) identification of risk factors affecting the health of children;
e) determining the need for specialized services and personnel.
265. In the last decade, the following changes have taken place in the state of children's health:
a) an increase in the number of children referred to 1, 2 health groups;
B) a decrease in the number of children referred to 1.2 health groups;
C) an increase in the number of children referred to 3-5 health groups;
d) decrease in the number of children referred to 3-5 health groups.
266. Note which health group the child belongs to:
During the medical examination Mukanova K. chronic otitis media, decompensated stage. Physical and mental development lags behind the passport age, disharmonious due to a decrease in body weight. For the year preceding the examination, she suffered acute bronchitis, measles, 3 acute catarrhal tonsillitis, influenza: //
267. Note which health group the child belongs to:
A medical examination of R. Tukeshev revealed: flat feet. Physical and mental development is age appropriate, harmonious. In the year preceding the examination, he suffered 2 acute respiratory infections, influenza: //
268. Note which health group the child belongs to:
Medical examination by S. Ivanova revealed: flattening of the foot. Physical and mental development is age appropriate, harmonious. For the year preceding the examination, she had 3 ARVI, parainfluenza: //
269. Note which health group the child belongs to:
A medical examination of G. Zhumabaev revealed bronchial asthma in remission. Physical and mental development is age appropriate, harmonious. For the year preceding the examination, he suffered the flu: //
270. Indicate which health group the child belongs to:
Medical examination of M. Sakenov did not reveal any chronic diseases or morphological and functional abnormalities. Physical and mental development is age appropriate, harmonious. For the year preceding the examination, he had acute respiratory infections, measles rubella, 3 acute catarrhal sore throats: //
271. Comprehensive assessment of physical development includes: 271. At present, a comprehensive assessment of the state of health has been proposed, based on: //
A. determination of the correspondence of biological age to the passport, and
assessment of morphological and functional indicators
B. assessment of morphological and functional indicators
B. determination of indicators of physiological systems of the body
D. assessment of indicators in dynamics
D. assessment of physical development by the method of indices
272. How many health groups are identified according to the results of a comprehensive assessment during medical examinations: (272. The following health groups are identified: //)
A. 2 health groups
B. 3 health groups
B. 4 health groups
D. 5 health groups
E. 6 groups of health
273.. The most complete and correct definition of the concept physical development is an:
a) a set of anthropometric and physiometric signs;
b) the rate of growth of the main anthropometric and physiometric characteristics;
C) a set of morphological and functional properties of the organism and
the level of his biological development;
d) somatometric and anthropometric indicators correlated with age-regional standards.
274. The physical development of children and adolescents depends on: (274. The physical development of children and adolescents does not depend on //)
A) biological factors;
B) social factors;
C) health status;
d) research methods;
e) assessment methods.
275. The physical development of children and adolescents depends on:
A) biological factors;
B) social factors;
C) health status;
d) research methods;
e) assessment methods.
276. Note the basic requirements for anthropometric research:
277. Note the basic requirements for anthropometric research:
A) the use of a unified anthropometric technique;
B) availability of standardized anthropometric instrumentation;
C) taking measurements on a naked body, in a standing position at attention or in another position in accordance with the measurement procedure;
D) conducting an examination in the morning, in a warm, bright room;
e) conducting an examination on an empty stomach;
f) comparison of the obtained data with standard values;
g) identification of changes in functional indicators after exercise;
h) conducting an examination during the daytime in a warm, bright room.
278. 278. The main indicators of physical development do not include: // applies:
A) vital capacity of the lungs;
B) the force of compression of the hand;
D) deadly strength.
A) posture;
B) the shape of the chest;
E) the condition of the muscles;
E) fat deposition;
A) body length; somatometry
B) body weight; somatometry
279. From physiometric signs determine: //
A) vital capacity of the lungs;
b) chest excursion;
B) the force of compression of the hand;
D) deadly strength.
280. From somatoscopic signs determine: //
A) posture;
B) the shape of the chest;
c) chest circumference;
d) body weight;
E) the condition of the muscles;
E) fat deposition;
G) secondary sexual characteristics.
281. A tool for an objective assessment of fat deposition in children and
teenagers? (281. The degree of fat deposition varies considerably and is determined by: //)
Metal ruler
thick compasses
sliding compass
tape measure
actinometer
282. 282. The shape of the chest is determined when viewed in profile and full face, and pay attention to: //
283. The physical development of children and adolescents depends on:
A) biological factors;
B) social factors;
C) health status;
d) research methods;
e) assessment methods.
284. The purpose of the current sanitary examination of children's and adolescent institutions is
A. Routine routine monitoring of institutional compliance with rules and regulations
B. study of one of the most pressing issues for UDGSEN
B. examination in connection with the changed situation at the facility
D. in-depth study of any one issue
E. one-step examination of all or part of the institutions on one or several issues
285.. Please mark the main requirements for conducting anthropometric research: (285. Requirements for conducting anthropometric research does not include: //)
A) the use of a unified anthropometric technique;
B) availability of standardized anthropometric instrumentation;
C) taking measurements on a naked body, in a standing position at attention or in another position in accordance with the measurement procedure;
D) conducting an examination in the morning, in a warm, bright room;
e) conducting an examination on an empty stomach;
f) comparison of the obtained data with standard values;
g) identification of changes in functional indicators after exercise;
h) conducting an examination during the daytime in a warm, bright room.
286. 286. The set of morpho-functional characteristics that determine the characteristics of the organism is called: //
Constitution
287. The main indicators of physical development include: //
A) vital capacity of the lungs;
B) the force of compression of the hand;
D) deadly strength.
A) posture;
B) the shape of the chest;
E) the condition of the muscles;
E) fat deposition;
G) secondary sexual characteristics.
A) body length; somatometry
B) body weight; somatometry
B) chest circumference; somatometry
288. 288. To determine the adequacy of the load in the physical education lesson is the indicator: //
289.. The main somatometric indicators:
A) body length;
B) body weight;
B) chest circumference;
d) the shape of the chest.
290.290. To determine the shape of the foot, examine // The isthmus of the arch of the foot ???
Indicator:
1.Normal foot 40, 46%
2.Flat foot 53%
3.Flat foot 63, 70%
Isthmus of the arch of the foot:
291. Musculature development is judged by: //
292. Sexual development is an integral part of the characteristics of physical development and is determined by: //
293. The method of studying in the systematic observation of the physical development of individual children for a long time is called: //
The individualizing research method is:
A. Massive Physical Development Research
B. not systematic observation of the physical development of individual children
B. systematic observation of the physical development of individual children
D. mass observation of physical development within 1 day
D. mass observation of the physical development of children of a certain age
294. The generalizing method of studying the physical development of children and adolescents is:
a) assessment of the physical development of the individual;
b) a study of the physical development of the same groups of children during
period of growth and development;
C) a study of the physical development of large groups of children in relatively
short term;
d) a study of the physical development of children in the general population.
295. Local or regional standards of physical development are established:
a) annually during preventive medical examinations;
b) annually by an individualizing method;
C) generalizing method every 15-20 years;
d) by the generalizing method annually;
e) generalizing method in case of a sharp change in social conditions.
296. To compare the physical development of groups of children and adolescents, it is advisable to use:
a) arithmetic mean indicators of body length;
b) arithmetic mean indicators of body weight;
c) arithmetic mean values of functional indicators;
D) the number of children with a biological age corresponding to the passport;
E) the number of children with a harmonious morpho-functional state.
298. The method of studying the physical development of children and adolescents, concluded in comparing the physical development of an individual with the physical development of the group of which he is called:
Index method
Sigma deviation method
Regression scales
Centile scale method
Complex
299. A significant disadvantage of the method for assessing physical development by determining sigma deviations is that:
Each sign of physical development is assessed in isolation
Possibility of interconnection of the main indicators of physical development
300. Assessment of the physical development of a team is made according to the reliability of differences in the average values of two different teams in dynamics, for a particular period of time, by calculating a criterion according to a certain formula. Indicate the author of the formula:
Student
Stevens
Speransky
301. The biological age can be established by the following data, except for:
Body length and its annual increments
Development of secondary sexual characteristics
Lung vital capacity
Availability of ossification points
Number of permanent teeth
302. Chronological age is:
Period lived by a child from birth to adolescence
The period from birth to the moment of examination
Period from birth to school
303. A massive study of the physical development of large groups of children in a relatively short time is called:
Individualizing
Generalizing
Localizing
Generating
Universal
304. An individualizing method for studying the physical development of children and adolescents is:
Assessment of the physical development of an individual
Study of the physical development of the same groups of children during the period of growth and development
Study of the physical development of large groups of children in a relatively short time
Study of physical development in the general population
One-time study of the physical development of children
305. To assess the physical development of children and adolescents, the age of the examinee is calculated with an accuracy of:
Months;
306. To compare the physical development of groups of children and adolescents, it is advisable to use:
Arithmetic mean indicators of body length;
Arithmetic mean indicators of body weight;
Arithmetic mean values of functional indicators;
The number of children with a biological age corresponding to the passport;
The number of children with a harmonious morpho-functional state.
307. For an individual assessment of the physical development of children, different methods are used, indicate which ones:
Index method
Sigma deviation method
Regression scales
Centile scale method
All right
309. The advantage of the method for assessing physical development according to regression scales is that:
Each sign of physical development is assessed in isolation
A correlation is made between the main features
The distribution of indicators is characterized by right-sided asymmetry.
The ability to assess physical development by a set of key indicators in their relationship
Large material costs and labor intensity of use
310. A significant disadvantage of the method for assessing physical development by centile scales is:
An isolated assessment of each feature, outside of their relationship
A correlation is made between the main features
The distribution of indicators is characterized by right-sided asymmetry.
The ability to assess physical development by a set of key indicators in their relationship
Large material costs and labor intensity of use
311. The obtained criterion for the reliability of differences in mean values is estimated as follows:
Differences in mean values are reliable or not reliable
Differences in mean values are uniform
Differences in mean values are questionable
Average differences are universal
Average differences are not convincing
312. Biological age is:
The period lived by the child from birth to the moment of examination
Morphofunctional properties of the organism, depending on the individual rates of development
The period from conception to the moment of examination
The period from conception to the moment of birth
Availability of ossification points
313. The method for assessing the physical development of children and adolescents, taking into account both the level of biological development and the morphological and functional state of the body, is called:
Index method
Sigma deviation method
Regression scales
Centile scale method
Complex
314. Establishing the level of biological development (biological age) is assessed by the indicators:
Standing length (height)
Weather growth gain
Number of permanent teeth
The degree of development of secondary sexual characteristics
All right
315. In a comprehensive assessment of the level of physical development of children and adolescents, the main features are:
Interconnected and reinforce each other
Isolated from each other
Complement each other
Compared to each other
Out of relationship with each other
316. The first stage of the methodology for a comprehensive assessment of the level of physical development of children and adolescents establishes:
The level of biological development of the organism
317. The existing standard tables for determining the correspondence of biological age to the calendar by the ages and sex of children can be used with regional adjustments for the average age. Indicate, what is the sign of it?
Standing length (height)
Weather gain
Number of permanent teeth
Menarche
Body weight (weight)
318. At primary school age, the leading indicators of biological development are:
Body length
Number of permanent teeth
Weather gains
Secondary sexual characteristics
Growth and number of permanent teeth
319. At the second stage, the methods of comprehensive assessment of the level of physical development of children and adolescents determine:
Morphofunctional state of the body
The level of biological development and the morphofunctional state of the organism
An isolated assessment of each developmental sign
Assessment by the totality of the main indicators of signs of physical development
320. The morphofunctional state of the organism is assessed not by the absolute value of the main indicators, but by the ratio between them, indicate the correspondence:
Body mass and body length
Body weights and OGK posture
OGK, VC to body length
Body length and WGC mass
Compliance of all indicators with the standard
321. The morphological and functional state of the organism is assessed as:
Normal
Abnormal
Harmonious
Not harmonious
The corresponding
Correspond to the due
Lagging behind the due
Within 2.0 Private Sigma
Less or more due at 1.1 - 2.0 sigma
323. The comprehensive method for assessing the indicators of the physical development of children and adolescents takes into account:
The level of biological development of the organism
Morphofunctional state of the body
The level of biological development and the morphofunctional state of the organism
An isolated assessment of each developmental sign
Assessment by the totality of the main indicators of signs of physical development
324. A comprehensive method for assessing the indicators of the physical development of children and adolescents is carried out:
Schematically
Step by step
In 2 stages
In 3 steps
325. Establishing the level of biological development (biological age) is assessed by the indicators:
Standing length (height)
Weather growth gain
Number of permanent teeth
The date of the onset of menarche
All right
326. Weather growth gains are calculated by determining:
Growth differences from the previous year
Adjustments for the average age of regional standards
Correspondence of biological age to calendar
Accelerating the growth rate of the age indicator
327. If the majority of indicators of the level of biological development of children and adolescents lag behind or ahead, the rates of age development should be stated as:
Difference from the previous year
Adjustment for the average age of regional standards
Correspondence of biological age to calendar
Lagging or acceleration of the growth rate of age-related development
Morphofunctional state of the body
328. It is stated that most indicators of the level of biological development of children and adolescents lag behind or accelerate by:
6 months
329. In middle school age, the leading indicators of biological development are:
Body length
Number of permanent teeth
Weather gains and secondary sex characteristics
Secondary sexual characteristics
Growth and number of permanent teeth
330. When determining the morphological and functional state of the organism, the previously mentioned ones are used:
Regression scales and age standards for functional deviations
Regression scales and index method
Sigma deviation method and complex
Centile scale method and index method
Regression scales and centile scale method
Lagging behind the due
Match or differ within 1.0 sigma
Within 1.0 quotient sigma
Within 2.0 Private Sigma
Less or more due to 2.1 sigma or more
Correspond to the due
Lagging behind the due
Within 1.0 quotient sigma
Within 2.0 Private Sigma
Less or more due to 2.1 sigma or more
334. What are the compulsory classes held in preschool
1.physical education, modeling, reading, works, literature
2.native language, mathematics, acquaintance with nature
3. visual activity, music, physical education, didactic games on sensory education
4.writing, labor, literature, reading, physical education
5. modeling, drawing, mathematics
25 hours?
336. The lighter day of the week for primary school students should be:
Monday;
Tuesday;
Thursday;
Friday.
337. A lighter day of the week for middle and high school students should be:
Monday;
Tuesday;
Thursday;
Friday.
340. Correctly organized physical culture break in the lesson includes:
Lasts 1-2 minutes;
Lasts 4-5 minutes;
349. The hygienic rationality of the lesson organization is determined by the following criteria:
The density of the lesson;
Number, duration and alternation of activities;
The number of types of teaching;
TCO application;
Psychological climate in the classroom;
Availability of exercise minutes.
350. Correctly organized physical culture pause in the lesson lasts:
Lasts 1-2 minutes;
Lasts 4-5 minutes;
Includes exercises for small muscles of the hand;
Includes eye exercises;
Includes exercises for large posture muscles;
Includes exercises for the muscles of the arch of the foot.
Naturally, the organism, continuously interacting with the environment, must have mechanisms that ensure its viability within the range of wide fluctuations in environmental conditions. Therefore, in the process of phylogeny, there was a wide accumulation of life opportunities, the creation of a kind of reserve, which constitutes the so-called biological reliability of the organism. An example confirming the stated position is the development of the blood coagulation system. It is known that the amount of thrombin (an enzyme that causes blood clotting) contained in 10 ml of blood is sufficient to clot all human blood; an average of about 5 liters of blood in the body; therefore, one person's thrombin is sufficient to transform 500 people into a blood clot. Taking into account that only a fraction of this factor is used during the collapse, it is not difficult to imagine the colossal reserve capacity of the entire system.
The principle of reliability is inherent in both the entire body as a whole and its systems (central nervous system, respiratory, digestive, etc.). The accumulation of biological reliability in individual organs and systems is heterochronous. First of all, the maximum increase in reliability occurs in systems that are of decisive importance at this stage of development. For example, the concentration of factors involved in blood coagulation in a newborn is already close to that of an adult. During the first two years of life, their number increases 2-3 times. This increase coincides with the period of the child's mastering of walking skills and, undoubtedly, increases the biological reliability of the organism, which at this stage of development is exposed to an increased threat of trauma and damage.
The biological reliability of some systems is ensured by duplication of organs (paired kidneys, lungs, eyes, etc.); others - interchangeability (loss of vision leads to increased hearing and tactile sensitivity, allowing the body to adapt to life conditions).
An important feature of biological reliability is that under normal conditions the organism and all its systems do not function at the limit of their capabilities, but retain a certain reserve that can be used in extreme situations. This is due to the presence of redundant elements involved in the implementation of any function. So, two kidneys contain about 2 million nephrons, while 400-500 thousand units are quite enough to maintain homeostasis of the internal environment of the body. It is no coincidence that, during a related kidney transplantation, the donor can donate one kidney to the recipient practically without any harm to his health. Only 15% of the lung tissue is involved in the ventilation of the lungs, and with intense physical work - 25-30%, the rest of the lung tissue reflects the presence of excess elements. In the cerebral cortex, 4-15% of nerve cells are active, which indicates the enormous reserve capabilities of the nervous system. Consequently, an increase in the number of functioning elements of various body systems by attracting reserve structures is one of the important strategic approaches to increasing its functional capabilities.
One of the factors that ensure the biological reliability of systems is the joint participation of different processes, organs and regulatory mechanisms in ensuring homeostasis. Thus, the provision of cells with oxygen is achieved by the coordinated work of the respiratory, circulatory and blood systems. In this case, the transfer of oxygen by the blood occurs in the form of a physically dissolved and chemically bound compound. Even the heart, which is the only pump that pumps blood through the circulatory system, has about 600 helpers - skeletal muscles, the contraction of which contributes to the movement of blood through the vessels. It is no coincidence that moderate physical activity has a beneficial effect on the work of the heart. The blood sugar content is regulated by a large group of hormones: some (glucagon, cortisol, adrenaline, somatotropin) increase the concentration of glucose in the blood, others (insulin, soma-tostatin) - lower it. Thus, the joint activity of several friendly mechanisms provides greater stability and reliability of homeostatic systems. This principle is especially clearly manifested in the analysis of the functioning of the functional systems of the body. Each functional system selectively combines tissue elements of different levels belonging to different anatomical formations to provide a result useful for the body. In turn, different functional systems can use different or the same organs to achieve an adaptive result. So, cardiac activity can be enhanced to maintain a constant level of blood pressure, and for forced gas exchange, and to perform physical activity, and to maintain optimal body temperature during overheating, etc. That is, individual organs are included in functional systems according to the principle of interaction for joint participation in achieving a useful adaptive result, therefore there is partial interchangeability and compensation in case of violation of the activity of any organs.
The reliability of the biological system is hereditarily fixed and allows you to expand or reduce the boundaries of a person's life opportunities, depending on the living conditions. So, hardening the body expands the reserve capabilities of temperature adaptation. Unfavorable environmental factors of the environment lead to dysfunctions of various organs and systems, including the central nervous system, which is reflected in the deterioration of health, behavior indicators and the ability to learn.
Another feature of ontogenetic development is closely related to biological reliability - the economization of functions. It lies in the fact that with age, in a state of physiological rest, the level of functional activity of all organs decreases, thus providing an increase in the range of response. So, if the heart rate in a newborn is 120-140 beats per minute, then by the age of 10 it is 80-90, and in adults - 60-80. Similarly, the respiratory rate in a newborn fluctuates between 40-60 cycles per minute, at 10 years old - 20, and in an adult - 16-18. Naturally, with intense physical activity, the heart rate and respiration increase, which can reach 170-180 beats and 30-40 cycles per minute. Thus, a greater increase in heart rate and respiration in an adult indicates the greater capabilities of his organs and systems, i.e. increase in reserve capacity.
The reliability of a system is understood as its ability to perform certain functions with specified characteristics under certain conditions for a required period of time. High reliability of biosystems is an integral characteristic of their evolution. It ensures the effective functioning of the body under conditions of constant action of a large number of random factors. And although it is obvious that biological systems are "built" from unreliable elements, their high reliability is achieved due to the implementation of the general principles of functioning of complex systems. These principles include redundancy of system elements (their repeatability) and mechanisms for the repair of collapsing elements. [...]
According to the concept of reliability, system elements can be in two states: active (working) and inactive (failure). The failure of a system element is understood as the exit of its characteristics beyond the permissible limits or complete cessation of functioning. The failure of a biological object is considered its death. [...]
A detailed analysis of the mechanisms of ensuring the reliability of the cell at the genome level and multiple non-genetic structures was carried out in the monograph by D.M. Grodzinsky (1983). We will dwell only on some general provisions of the problem. [...]
The preservation of a living system with constant external and internal "interference" is possible only with high reliability of storage and transmission of hereditary information in generations and from the genome to non-genetic structures of the cell. It is even argued (Patti, 1970) that the differences between living and nonliving nature are not in the unique structure of macromolecules, matrix replication or regulation of metabolism, but in the high reliability of molecular codes, i.e. links between genotype and phenotype. [...]
Failures in the genetic system have dramatic consequences for the cell: severe dysfunction, the appearance of mutations or death. The maintenance of the reliability of the genetic apparatus is facilitated by the reservation of its elements: double-strandness of DNA, multinucleation, an increase in ploidy (the number of genes in one nucleus). However, the increase in resistance is not proportional to the amount of DNA and the structural and functional organization of chromosomes plays an important role. [...]
It has been calculated that J5 spontaneous DNA damage is formed in the genome of an animal cell during the day (Vilenchik, 1980). For a plant, this value should be greater, since it has fewer opportunities to avoid external influences. Genome abnormalities are repaired using various types of repair mechanisms. They have been studied mainly on microbial and animal cells exposed to UV and ionizing radiation. The processes of repairing damaged DNA have also been found in plant cells. [...]
The principles of different ways to protect the cell genome are not always obvious. On the example of the development of radiobiology, one can trace how the initial interest in the reservation of unique structures (size and number of targets) in subsequent years gave way to the study of mechanisms for repairing damaged structures. [...]
For the normal functioning of the cell genome, reliable functioning of mass structures, strict intracellular structural and functional organization of metabolism are important. Damage to cell membranes leads to inhibition of DNA repair systems (Polivoda et al., 1990). Significant disturbances of various macromolecules are incompatible with the preservation of cell viability. [...]
The organization of cell metabolism is characterized by deep reservation. In the cell, there are reserves (funds) of metabolic products and intermediates: amino acids, simple and complex sugars, nucleotides, lipids, ATP, ions, etc. The reserve of metabolites is maintained within certain certain limits, since the cell should not be overloaded with them. Fund volumes are a dynamic value, since they are constantly renewed at characteristic rates. [...]
The metabolite funds are not evenly distributed throughout the cell, but are separated by membranes and localized in separate compartments (chambers, compartments). The compartments of the metabolic funds of the cell are interconnected by transport streams. In accordance with the selective permeability of membranes, a spatial redistribution of intermediates and metabolic products occurs. For example, in the cell, the ATP store is maintained due to the "horizontal" links between the processes of photosynthetic and oxidative phosphorization.
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