Foundation mineral resource base The Republic of Kalmykia makes fuel and energy resources (oil, gas, condensate), building materials (sand, clay, stone-shelter), fresh and mineral underground water, agrochemical raw materials (potash and stone salts, dolomites), bishophytic raw materials and others.
For the first time, the integrated geological mapping of the territory of the republic with the preparation of cards of geological, hydrogeological, geomorphological, minerals was held in 1960. Oil and gas reserves were isolated in the south-east of the territory and western part of the republic, stocks of iodo-bromine waters, cook and potassium salt - in the north.
Kalmykia refers to regions with proven industrial oil and gas potential and is a high-proper territory for searches for oil and gas fields both on land and at the adjacent water area of \u200b\u200bthe Caspian Sea.
The initial resources of the republic are estimated at 2.81 billion tons of oil and gas. But at the same time, only a small part of it, only about 3% of all resources. In Kalmykia there are 40 fields of oil and gas with common reserves of 64 million tons, while residual reserved reserves - less than 10 million tons, which is an order of magnitude lower than in neighboring regions. I.e real opportunities We are limited to oil and gas production. All Kalmykia deposits - small and are in the last stages of development, i.e. 70 and more percent reserves developed and mining falls. Without the discoveries of new deposits and the growth of reserves on the existing production growth is very difficult.
The main prospects are related to the deep-adhesive formations of the Caspian depression, large and giant oil and gas fields in neighboring regions (Tengiz, Kashagan, Karachaganak, Astrakhan gas condensate deposit) open in the same geological conditions).
These deposits are at depths of more than 5 kilometers, which sharply increases the cost and complexity of geological exploration.
Fuel and energy resources. The modern oil and gas industry of Kalmykia is based mainly at the Karpinsky Karpinsky deposit, dedicated to the mesozoic oil and gas flood. However, the main prospects of oil and gas potions are associated with the subfionus paleozoom, the industrial oil and stuffiness of which is proved by the discovery in the adjacent regions of the Caspian depression large deposits. The high perspectives of the Kalmyk Caspiani also indicates the huge capacity of the sedimentary thickness, reaching 20 km in the axial part of Sarpinsky megroprogibe to the number of highly prospective, the Paleozoic deposits of Karpinsky's grooves, having a capacity of up to 10-20 km, and industrial oil and gas-pool in the adjacent regions of Dneprovko-Donetsk-Pripyatsky Austcogena.
The initial total resources (NSRs) of hydrocarbons of the Republic of Kalmykia as of 01/01/2001. Estimated at 19.843 billion tons. Conditional fuel (ut), including liquid - 8.207 billion tons. and gas - 11,635 trillion. cubic Of these, according to the Kalmyk part of the Caspian oil and gas province of the NCP - 14.243 billion tons. UT, including liquid - 5.905 billion tons. and gas - 8,338 trill. Kub.m. According to the ridge of the Karpinsky and Northern board of the East Manic Progress, the initial total resources are estimated by 5.599 billion tons, including liquid - 2.303 billion tons. and gas - 3,297 trln.kub.m.
In accordance with the quantitative assessment of the oil and gas potential of 1996 (NTS-VNIIGOSYSTEM data), the predicted HC resources in the republic were estimated at 5.46 billion tons.
Seismic exploration OGT prepared for the search drilling of 62 of the structure with forecast resources of oil and gas 877.258 million tons (balance) and 307.040 million tons (removed C whale of oil and 0.9 by gas). In the Caspian Wpadin, the structure of the category D0 category (C3) -819.7 million tons, including 29 structures with forecast resources and - 700/630 billion and 700/630 billion and 700/630 billion bubbles prepared on gas Oil prepared 5 structures with forecast resources 119,820 / 35.856 million tons. According to Kryagu Karpinsky prepared for the search drilling of 28 structures with the forecast resources of the category D0 (C3) - 57,573 / 27.247 million tons, including 8 structures with forecast resources - 13, / 11.6 billion cubic resources were prepared on Gas Oil prepared 20 structures with forecast resources 44.655 / 15.621 million tons. In general, the gas of the seismic exploration of OGT was prepared for deep in search drilling 37 promising structures with common reserves of category D0 (C3) - 712,783 / 641.504 billion bubbles, including 700/630 billion m³ and Kryaki Karpinsky 8 structures - 12,918 / 11,626 billion m³
The degree of study of the Republic of Kalmykia deep drilling is low and is 7.7 m / km2. 582640 pills were drilled here on an area of \u200b\u200b75.9 thousand m2 depth of 1000 to 500 m. At the same time, only 450 wells were drilled at a depth below 4500 m and 1,5372 m were passed according to it, which is 0.5 SCs per 1 thousand .M2 and 0.23 m per 1 km2, the study of seismic exploration OGT is 0.4 melt km 2 km2, which is by the order of the territory of the territories of neighboring edges and regions. The degree of explosion of initial potential resources in general is 0.5%, however, if the potential resources of Karpinsky's rudded resources are 1.6%, then the promising major areas of the south-western part of the Caspian depression (Eastern and Northern regions) are only 0.05% , Including in oil, breeding is 1.0%, for gas - 0.13%.
In total, there are 39 locations of hydrocarbon raw materials in the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia, including 18 oil, 10 gas, 6 oil and gas and 5 oil and gas condensate.
Oil production is carried out on 23 oil, oil and gas and oil and gas condensate deposits. Initial balance sheets in these fields were 633378 thousand tons, recoverable reserves were 21462 thousand tons. During the period of operation, 129356 thousand tons were produced. Residual reserves as of 01/01/2000. Make up: balance sheets - 50452 thousand tons, recoverable - 8526 thousand tons.
In a unallocated fund, 5 small deposits with balance reserves of 3591 thousand tons are launched. and extractable reserves of 481 thousand tons.
Natural gas reserves are 17 fields, incl. In 10 gas, 4 - gas-and-oil and oil and gas and 3rd oil and gas condensate with a total volume of 14506 million m³.
In operation there are 9 gas and oil and gas fields. Initial balance sheets of them are 12376 million m³. During the period of operation, 6039 million m³ was produced. Residual reserves make up 2998 million m³. The reserves of free gas category A + B + C1 in 10 fields that are in the unallocated fund amount to 2115 million m³. , in category C2-316 million m³.
Oil production for 2001 amounted to 272 thousand tons. Gas -48 million m³. The mineral resource complex, in particular, fuel and energy resources are the foundation of the economy of the Republic of Kalmykia.
The Republic of Kalmykia, Dagestan and Astrakhan region are adjacent to the Russian sector of the Caspian Sea. This is a very promising region in the oil and gas attitude.
total area shallow and undelivered zone sea Day The Caspian Sea, adjacent to the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia in the Russian sector of the Caspian Sea, where geological and geographical works are carried out to 80 thousand km2.
Here the forces of the SSC GGPNPO "YUZHMORRIGHOLOGY" are carried out seismic work. Official estimates The forecast resources of the Caspian Sea were performed as of 1979, 1984 and 1989.
For the Russian part of the Caspian Sea, the density of forecast resources in category D2 was estimated from 10 to 32 thousand tons. on 1m2. The forecast resources of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic complex calculated on this basis amounted to 1495 million tons. According to the Committee's experts natural resources According to the Republic of Kalmykia, the forecast resources can be significantly increased, if in consideration the following factors:
In · Increased power of nose-neosill and Jurassic oil and gas deposits in the northwestern part of the sea adjacent to Kalmykia and the Astrakhan region;
In · Probable development of reef buildings in petoke limestones on the continuation of the KuMo Manic Progress.
Given these factors, potential resources russian sector Caspiani may exceed 2 billion. TOS
Construction Materials. Production volumes building materials In Kalmykia, recently reduced sharply. In order to meet the needs of organizations and the needs of the Republic of the Republic, inter-republican deliveries from the nearest areas are conducted. The coating of the latch of wall materials can be solved by commissioning of brick raw materials in all areas of the republic. Accounted by the balance of 29 details of the explored deposits of brick raw materials with total reserves by categories A + B + C1 - 45564 thousand m³ and in category C2 - 8821 thousand m³. Mastered 8 fields, two deposits were operated.
Balance of stocks of clayed raw materials as of 01.01.2001. 5 deposits with total reserves of 19096 thousand m³ in category C2-3829 thousand m³. In the Gashun Sandoffs field below the soles of the sands revealed stocks of claying clay and pre-calculated in the amount of 336 thousand m³. In operation is one field with a planned capacity of 80 thousand m³ clay per year.
Bishophyte raw materials installed in Maloderbetovsky and Sarpinsky districts of Kalmykia during drilling deep Wells At depths from 1475 m to 2693 m. Search area is estimated at 360 km2. Forecast reserves are estimated at 10 billion tons.
Phosphorus-rare earth-uranium raw materials. Practical interest in obtaining phosphate fertilizers for Kalmykia and other regions of the South of Russia is unconventional phosphorus content of the ore of the Ergenin ore district in clay sediments of the Maykop Oligocene series - Lower Miocene. The Ergensky Rudny region, located mainly in the Priulzhensky, Iki-Burul and the Tsidny Areas of the Republic of Kalmykia, include 13 fields and a number of oreroyphosphors - rare-earthly - uranium ores. Rudny district is characterized by a sufficient detailed search studies. The deposited deposits include: steppe, Shargandy, Bogorodskoye, Nugrinsky and the northeastern part of the Bagaburul ore field.
The groundwater. In the Republic of Kalmykia, 30 deposits are explored, the total operational reserves of which are 257.59 thousand m³ per day. In terms of category A + B + C1, including 9 deposits with approved reserves - 90.52 T.M / day and 21 deposits with unapproved reserves - 167.07 m³ / day. Of the 9 fields, 7 deposits are operated, the rest are weakened. On the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia, 4 major artesian basins are messengers: Ergensky, North Caspian, East-Pre-Caucasian and Azov-Kuban. The largest stocks of fresh and weakwicked groundwater are concentrated in Ergeninsky AB. On the area of \u200b\u200bits propagation, more than 20 deposits of groundwater with mineralization of 0.3-2.0 g / dm³ are explored. Common explored reserves account for about 111.59 thousand m³ of day.
And the 42nd area of \u200b\u200bthe Federation Subject.
The maximum length of the edge from north to south is 423 km, from west to east 448 km.
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Kalmykia
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Climate Stavropol Territory
Plant World of the Republic of Kalmykia
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Physico-geographical characteristics
Now it is the valleys of the rivers of the Western and Eastern Manany, the lower house and numerous salted lakes and limans. The Korovikovsky district of Kalmykia is located on the northern outskirts of the Stavropol elevation. The highest point of the republic is the mountain Shared (222 meters) - is located in the southern part of the Ergenic elevation.
Water resources
The total land area under water bodies is 327, 1 thousand hectares or 4.4% of the Kalmyki Land Fund.
The most large lake of the Republic - Lake Manch-Gudilo. Important reservoirs are Sarpinsky and Sostinsky Lakes, Lake Deed-Hulçong, small and large Yashaltinsky lakes.
The largest river on the territory of the republic is the Volga, which crosses the territory of Kalmykia in the area of \u200b\u200bthe village of Tsagan Aman (12 km). Others large rivers - Egorlik (along the river passes the region of the border of the republic in the Far South-West), West and East Manch, Kuma (the river passes the border with Dagestan). The origins of the Jurak-Sal and Kara-Sal rivers are located on the territory of the republic, the merger of which forms the Sal River.
Natural water systems of Kalmykia have undergone significant transformation. In addition to natural, currently in the territory of the republic there are 6 major artificial water systems created in 1960-1970:
- Chernozemiel irrigation-watering system;
- Right-Eglenic irrigation-cloin system;
- Kalmyk-Astrakhan irrigation-cloak system.
- Chogian reservoir (located on the border with the Stavropol Territory) with adjacent trunk and distribution channels.
Climate
The Republic of Kalmykia is located in the areas of steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. Climate in Kalmykia Continental with the transition to a sharp continental in Eastern and central regions republic. The precipitation falls on average 200-300 mm per year. Duration of sunshine 2180-2250 hours a year. Summer roast and long (+ 22 ° C - + 24 ° C), sometimes up to + 44 ° C. In the summer of 2010, a new absolute maximum temperature for Russia was recorded on the territory of Kalmykia on the Uta weather station for Russia +45.4 ° C. Winter is minor (-8 ° - + 3 ° C), sometimes with short frosts up to - 20 ° C. Self low temperatures in northern regions Sometimes reach -35 ° C and higher. Often spring comes early and the temperature in May + 20 ° C - + 23 ° C. September - the beginning of October is warm, with short-term rains.
There is an increase in air temperature from north to south and southeast of the republic. In winter, there are thaws, on some days - blizzards, and sometimes damage to agriculture formed ice, causing icon of winter crops and pastures.
Specific feature The territories of the republic are droughts and Sukhov: in the summer there are up to 120 dry days. The region is the most arid in the south of the European part of Russia. Annual number The precipitation is 210-340 mm.
Most of Kalmykia - Zone strong windsHas significant wind power resources.
Soil
Main types of landscapes and soils Kalmykia:
Vegetable world
Kalmykia is located in 4 natural zones: steppe, dry-step, semi-desert and deserted. The plain relief and the rescocontinental climate determined the biodiversity of Kalmykia. Herbal biodiversity of Kalmykia includes more than 800 species belonging to about 80 families. More than 300 species of them are valuable and promising in business (feed, medicinal, food, technical, ornamental, phytomelic). Among them are most intensively used, pasture plants belonging to the families of cereal, marine, comprehensive colors. Some of them play a soil-protecting role ( different kinds Astragalgov, Tereskin Gray, Juzgun, a leafless, Giant Colosnyak (KIYAK), the cooke of the shower).
Natural feedstocks occupy 5321.0 thousand hectares, which is 71.2% of Kalmykia territory and are represented by haymaking and pastures. Senokosa occupy about 107 thousand hectares, or 2% of the total square of feed land. The vegetation of hayfields make up, mostly cereal: Bekmania ordinary, drossing creeping. Under the influence of constant anthropogenic processes qualitative composition It worsens, a low-productive difference is growing: Naintyl is a british, a chain's dressing, a hustlese bird.
The species composition of plants varies from the west to the east: steppe communities gradually replace the deserted. In the grasshopping of a dry steppe on brown soils, turf cereals are dominant: lesing picking, bunting Valisaya. More demanding moisture types of cereals and disintegration replace drought-resistant species: the millennian is noble, wormwood Austrian, less often wormwood. In the semi-desert zone on light-chestnut and brown soils, wormwood-turfinoslak vegetation was formed. Depending on the composition of the soil, the vegetation of the desert steppe changes. General sign Semi-desert pastures is that white wormwood and other xerophilic species become dominant plants in the complexes.
In the eastern part of Kalmykia, sandy and sandy soils predominate, with the psammobile species of cereals and disbuilding.
More than 100 species grow on Kalmykia medicinal plantsFrom them used in scientific medicine - 53 species. The most diverse composition of medicinal plants in the Ergenic elevation and in southwestern regions. From the wild flora of the republic in the Red Book of Russia, 16 species of plants are listed, more than 113 species are attributed to rare and endangered plants, 15 of them relate to the types prohibited for the collection (roasted roaming, onions are low, SPARGIA SHORTOVATE, MAYKARGAN VOLZHSKY, NIROTKA, KORzhinsky, Lododka Naked, tavern dwarf, scarce, Belvadia Sarmatian, Schrenk tulip, bounter tulip, piled and beautiful, bibersnaya cinearia, Punchy's bellyness).
Animal world
From the mammals entered in the Red Book in Kalmykia, reliably dwells the bandage. Sustainable settlements of this animal are preserved in the Lagansky district. Single dubbed meetings were celebrated in Chernozemiel and Yashul region.
The Republic of Kalmykia is located in the heart of the Black Sea-Caspian span of birds, which is one of the main in the European part of Russia. According to scientists, in the direction of steppes and semi-deserts of Azov-Caspian Sea migrate about 7.04 million river ducks, 5.59 million ducks, 953 thousand geese and 2,074 million liesuch.
The nest fauna birds has more than 150 species. Tweet sections and semi-deserts inhabit the larks of several species.
A large number of species presents a complex of aquatic and chain birds, inhabiting the coast and islands of inland reservoirs and the North-West Caspian. Background nesting species are Mallard, gray duck, red-headed squirrel, gray goose, Swan-Shipun, Gray Heron, Seagulls, Steppe, Silver and Lake Seagulls, River Kryachka, Sea Tow.
In Kalmykia, 16 species made in the Red Book (a detachment of weary - Pink Pelican, a crispy pelican, a squid, kolpitsa, kaparaki, a squabble squabble - Savka, Square, Eagle, Eagle, Eagle, Eagle, Eagle Crane-shaped - Avdotka, Waterfellow, Schoclumber, Chernogol Khokhotun).
Sustainable status of the population preserves a Kanganic Cant. However, the reduction in forest plant areas leads to a reduction in the capacity of the nesting stages of this species. In the desert part of Kalmykia, the density of the nesting pairs of Kurganist remains very low. To some extent, a tendency to reduce the number of steppe eagle is preserved.
Water biological resources Kalmykia:
The fishery fund of the republic is the Volga River and East Manch, Chogram Reservoir (area of \u200b\u200b185 square meters. Km), Sarpinsky Lakes (Oz. Sarpa - 42.6 km², Oz. Barmanzhak - 25.8, Oz. Tsagan-Nur - 23.5, Oz. Batyr-Mala - 21.9 km²). The water area of \u200b\u200bthe Caspian Sea is adjacent to the coast of the republic. Major fishing species: sturgeon, herring, bream, pike, pike perch, vobla, sazan, catfish, redfall, lin, crucian, perch.
Minerals
Ancient Eastern European platform on the territory of Kalmykia is represented by the Caspian depression. Parts of the Caspian Vpadina - the South-West Slope of the Astrakhan Arch, Karakulsky-Smushkovskaya dislocation zone, Sarpinsky Megaprogib and the Karassian zone. Each part in turn is much complicated by other raised. The capacity of a sedimentary cover within Kalmykia is up to 18 km in Sarpinskaya megaprogibe, up to 9-12 km at the Astrakhan archway, up to 20 km in the articulation zone of Russian and Scythian platforms.
The main element of the mineral resource base of the republic is the fuel and energy resources (oil, gas, condensate), building materials (sand, clay, stone-shelter), fresh and mineral underground water, agrochemical raw materials (potash and stone salts, dolomites), bishophytic raw materials other. In the Republic of Kalmykia, two deposits of Glogyips (Yashkulskoe and Leninsky) are open. In the unallocated fund of the Republic of Kalmykia, there are: Zubda-Tolginskoye-II deposit of limestone-shelter, studied for the production of lime; locale of construction stones (sandstone); Deposit of agalloporite raw materials. In Iki-Burul district of the republic, Cholun-Hamur-II deposit of cement raw materials. Limestone-shelters of this field meet the requirements for the carbonate component in the manufacture of portland cement. To obtain cement from limestone, it is necessary to study the clay component.
Ecological situation
Desertification
The main natural components of the desertification process are:
Nevertheless, the background for Kalmykia became the weak stage of desertification - 71.9%, strong and very strong - occupy - 13.3%, whereas in 1987 the first of them in 1987 was only 8.3% in 1987. In particular, this contributed to a sharp decline in the 1990s of the livestock of grazed livestock, the change of arid climatic cycle to the humid led to the demotation vegetable cover Pasture. Since 1989, the amount of precipitation dropped within the region from 180 mm to 320 mm and more, has decreased the number of days from dust Buryami and Sukhovyi. Outdoor sand area decreased to 250 thousand hectares (1998).
Despite this, the problem of desertification of Kalmykia did not lose its sharpness, since the increase in anthropogenic load, climate aridity may again cause the intensification of desertification processes and, as a result, the deterioration of the socio-economic development of the region, which is reflected in the well-being of the population. According to experts, currently time runs Strengthening the desertification process, deterioration of pastures.
Secondary salinity
One of the most sharp environmental problems Kalmykia is a secondary soil salinization. In the Republic of Kalmykia, the Slap Pushny Square amounted to 2824.00 hectares, of which 76.6% are Solonns. The secondary salinization is distributed to 10, 2 thousand hectares, of which 8, 9 thousand hectares fall on arable land. So, only in the area of \u200b\u200bSarpinskaya lowland from the economic turnover of 2000, about 1,500 thousand hectares of rice checks were replaced.
The main reasons for the processes of secondary soil salinization in Kalmykia were calculated in the design and construction of irrigation systems. Currently, five major watering and irrigation systems (Sarpinskaya, Kalmyk, Astrakhan, Right-Egorilykskaya, Chernozhemel, Caspian) are operated in the republic. The landlocacy fund in the area of \u200b\u200bactivity area is 43,700 hectares, including regular -19761 hectares, initiative - 4764 hectares and Liman-19175 hectares. Providing drainage less than 15%. Up to 30% of the lands on these systems were initially characterized by a poor ameliorative state due to the high proportion of solonts and the natural salinization of the rooted layer.
Almost the entire network of trunk, distribution and reset channels of irrigation-water-watering systems (OOS) of Kalmykia is made in an earthen channel without contiltration screens, which leads to large water loss, especially on light soils, contributes to the development of the processes of secondary salinization, isolation, flooding and fearing. In the area of \u200b\u200bOCOS, irrigated land with a good ameliorative state according to the degree of soil salinization (in a layer of 0 - 1 m), 2206 hectares are (2%), satisfactory - 42017 hectares (37%), unsatisfactory - 69125.4 hectares (61%), Of these, with an average degree of salinization - 48%. The average soil salinization in the meter layer may vary from 0.2 to 0.6%. In the depths of climbing groundwater Earth with a good ameliorative state occupy 24451.6 hectares (21.6%), satisfactory - 35036.8 hectares (30.9%), unsatisfactory - 53860 hectares (47.5%).
The total area of \u200b\u200bsecondary saline irrigated lands with varying degrees of salinization is about 45 thousand hectares or 85% of the irrigated area. Secondary salinization of the strong and very strong extent is noted almost on all OOS, except for the right-Egorlik OOS
Water pollution
Kalmykia, by virtue of his geographic location, turned into a utilizer of highly mineralized, chemically polluted waters and industrial wastewater. Technogenic sources of pollution of the republics of the republic are adjacent to Kalmykia enterprises of the fuel and energy, metallurgical, chemical and agricultural complexes of Volgograd, Astrakhan regions and Stavropol Territory. About 3 million m3 industrial are discharged in the reservoirs of the republic annually wastewatercontaining more than 200 names of compounds of different hazard classes.
Sarpinskaya watering and irrigation system causes significant damage to water resources of Kalmykia, which resets collective-drainage water from a rice check without cleaning in Lake Sarpa.
The discharge of polluted wastewater from neighboring regions is 86.3% of overall wastewater entering the territory of the region.
For many years, phenol and its derivatives were used in Kalmykia for the sheep sanitary treatment. It has been established that Phenol arrived in surface watercourses.
In the underground waters of the region, foci of pollution with chlororganic connections are observed.
In general, by Kalmykia, the sanitary and chemical indicators of water are the worst in Russia, which is confirmed by official statistical data given in state reports "On a sanitary and epidemichemical situation in Russian Federation"For 1998-1999 years. 84.7 percent of water samples do not meet the regulatory requirements for sanitary indicators, 30 - microbiological, and in rural water supply systems, respectively, 91 and 52 percent. Bringing the main parameters of drinking water to compliance with the requirements of the GOST in the main indicators prevent the technical worniness of existing water supply and drainage systems, the absence of the necessary complex of sewage facilities, disinfecting facilities, and, as a result, insufficient water treatment and outdated water treatment methods. Drinking water of the city of Elista and district centers of the republic does not correspond to modern hygienic standards for organoleptic indicators, the content of fluorine, inorganic substances 1 and 2 of the hazard class.
The main factor destroying the habitat water bioresources The Caspian Sea is pollution by petroleum products, wastewater, etc. Increasing the sea level and the frequent nuclear water masses in recent years in recent years, it increases coastal waters chemical substances and other livelihood products, conditions deteriorate natural reproduction And fish fell, led to the conclusion from agriculturalness of 300 thousand hectares of farmland, the flooding of the city of Lagan, the village of Lagan, Krasinskoye, Jalykovo.
Especially protected natural territories
The system of specially protected natural territories of Kalmykia began to form in the early 1960s in the conditions of increasing anthropogenic impact on nature.
In 1990, the "Black Earth" reserve was created by the decision of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR. In 1993, he received the status of a biosphere, and in
Now it is the valleys of the rivers of the Western and Eastern Manany, the lower house and numerous salted lakes and limans. The Korovikovsky district of Kalmykia is located on the northern outskirts of the Stavropol elevation. The highest point of the republic is the mountain Shared (222 meters) - is located in the southern part of the Ergenic elevation.
Water resources
Lake Manch-Gudilo
The total area of \u200b\u200bland under water bodies is 327, 1 thousand mg or 4.4% of the land foundation of Kalmykia.
The most large lake of the Republic - Lake Manch-Gudilo. Important reservoirs are Sarpinsky and Sostinsky Lakes, Lake Deed-Hulçong, small and large Yashaltinsky lakes.
The largest river on the territory of the republic is the Volga, which crosses the territory of Kalmykia in the area of \u200b\u200bthe village of Tsagan Aman (12 km). Other large rivers - Egorlik (along the river passes the area of \u200b\u200bthe border of the republic in the Far South-West), West and East Manch, Kuma (on the river there is a border with Dagestan). The origins of the Jurak-Sal and Kara-Sal rivers are located on the territory of the republic, the merger of which forms the Sal River.
Natural water systems of Kalmykia have undergone significant transformation. In addition to natural, currently in the territory of the republic there are 6 major artificial water systems created in 1960-1970:
- Caspian irrigation-cloak system;
- Sarpinsky irrigation-cloak system;
- Right-Eglenic irrigation-cloin system;
- Kalmyk-Astrakhan irrigation-cloak system.
- Chogian reservoir (located on the border with the Stavropol Territory) with adjacent trunk and distribution channels.
Climate
The Republic of Kalmykia is located in the areas of steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. The climate in Kalmykia is continental with the transition to a sharp continental in the eastern and central regions of the republic. The precipitation falls on average 200-300 mm per year. Duration of sunshine 2180-2250 hours a year. Summer roast and long (+ 22 ° C - + 24 ° C), sometimes up to + 44 ° C. In the summer of 2010, a new absolute maximum temperature for Russia was recorded on the territory of Kalmykia on the Uta weather station for Russia +45.4 ° C. Winter is minor (-8 ° - + 3 ° C), sometimes with short frosts up to - 20 ° C. The lowest temperatures in the northern regions sometimes reach -35 ° C and higher. Often spring comes early and the temperature in May + 20 ° C - + 23 ° C. September - the beginning of October is warm, with short-term rains.
There is an increase in air temperature from north to south and southeast of the republic. In winter, there are thaws, on some days - blizzards, and sometimes damage to the village of the farm formed ice, causing icon of winter crops and pastures.
The specific feature of the territory of the republic is drought and Sukhov: in the summer there are up to 120 dry days. The region is the most arid in the south of the European part of Russia. Annual precipitation is 210-340 mm.
Most of Kalmykia is a zone of strong winds, has significant wind power resources.
Soil
Main types of landscapes and soils Kalmykia:
Vegetable world
Kalmyk steppe in April
Kalmykia is located in 4 natural zones: steppe, dry-step, semi-desert and deserted. The plain relief and the rescocontinental climate determined the biodiversity of Kalmykia. Herbal biodiversity of Kalmykia includes more than 800 species belonging to about 80 families. More than 300 species of them are valuable and promising in business (feed, medicinal, food, technical, ornamental, phytomelic). Among them are most intensively used, pasture plants belonging to the families of cereal, marine, comprehensive colors. Some of them play a soil-protecting role (various types of Astragalgov, Tereskin Gray, Jusgun, a leafless, Giant Colosnyak (KIYAK), the cooke of the shoes).
Natural feedstocks occupy 5321.0 thousand hectares, which is 71.2% of Kalmykia territory and are represented by haymaking and pastures. Senokosa occupy about 107 thousand hectares, or 2% of the total square of feed land. The vegetation of hayfields make up, mostly cereal: Bekmania ordinary, drossing creeping. Under the influence of permanent anthropogenic processes, a high-quality composition deteriorates, a low-productive difference is growing: Ninexil British, a chain-taiga, a pilestone.
The species composition of plants varies from the west to the east: steppe communities gradually replace the deserted. In the grasshopping of a dry steppe on brown soils, turf cereals are dominant: lesing picking, bunting Valisaya. More demanding moisture types of cereals and disintegration replace drought-resistant species: the millennian is noble, wormwood Austrian, less often wormwood. In the semi-desert zone on light-chestnut and brown soils, wormwood-turfinoslak vegetation was formed. Depending on the composition of the soil, the vegetation of the desert steppe changes. The total sign of semi-desert pastures is that white wormwood and other xerophilic species become dominant plants in the complexes.
In the eastern part of Kalmykia, sandy and sandy soils predominate, with the psammobile species of cereals and disbuilding.
More than 100 types of medicinal plants grow on Kalmykia, of which 53 species used in scientific medicine. The most diverse composition of medicinal plants in the Ergenic elevation and in southwestern regions. From the wild flora of the republic in the Red Book of Russia, 16 species of plants are listed, more than 113 species are attributed to rare and endangered plants, 15 of them relate to the types prohibited for the collection (roasted roaming, onions are low, SPARGIA SHORTOVATE, MAYKARGAN VOLZHSKY, NIROTKA, KORzhinsky, Lododka Naked, tavern dwarf, scarce, Belvadia Sarmatian, Schrenk tulip, bounter tulip, piled and beautiful, bibersnaya cinearia, Punchy's bellyness).
Animal world
From the mammals entered in the Red Book in Kalmykia, reliably dwells the bandage. Sustainable settlements of this animal are preserved in the Lagansky district. Single dubbed meetings were celebrated in Chernozemiel and Yashul region.
The Republic of Kalmykia is located in the heart of the Black Sea-Caspian span of birds, which is one of the main in the European part of Russia. According to scientists, in the direction of steppes and semi-deserts of Azov-Caspian Sea migrate about 7.04 million river ducks, 5.59 million ducks, 953 thousand geese and 2,074 million liesuch.
The nest fauna birds has more than 150 species. Tweet sections and semi-deserts inhabit the larks of several species.
A large number of species presents a complex of aquatic and chain birds, inhabiting the coast and islands of inland reservoirs and the North-West Caspian. Background nesting species are Mallard, gray duck, red-headed squirrel, gray goose, Swan-Shipun, Gray Heron, Seagulls, Steppe, Silver and Lake Seagulls, River Kryachka, Sea Tow.
In Kalmykia, 16 species made in the Red Book (a detachment of weary - Pink Pelican, a crispy pelican, a squid, kolpitsa, kaparaki, a squabble squabble - Savka, Square, Eagle, Eagle, Eagle, Eagle, Eagle Crane-shaped - Avdotka, Waterfellow, Schoclumber, Chernogol Khokhotun).
Sustainable status of the population preserves a Kanganic Cant. However, reducing the area of \u200b\u200bforests plant leads to a reduction in the capacity of the nesting stages of this species. In the desert part of Kalmykia, the density of the nesting pairs of Kurganist remains very low. To some extent, a tendency to reduce the number of steppe eagle is preserved.
Water biological resources Kalmykia:
The fishery fund of the republic is the Volga River and East Manch, Chogram Reservoir (area of \u200b\u200b185 square meters. Km), Sarpinsky Lakes (Oz. Sarpa - 42.6 km², Oz. Barmanzhak - 25.8, Oz. Tsagan-Nur - 23.5, Oz. Batyr-Mala - 21.9 km²). The water area of \u200b\u200bthe Caspian Sea is adjacent to the coast of the republic. Major fishing species: sturgeon, herring, bream, pike, pike perch, vobla, sazan, catfish, redfall, lin, crucian, perch.
Minerals
Ancient Eastern European platform on the territory of Kalmykia is represented by the Caspian depression. Parts of the Caspian Vpadina - the South-West Slope of the Astrakhan Arch, Karakulsky-Smushkovskaya dislocation zone, Sarpinsky Megaprogib and the Karassian zone. Each part in turn is much complicated by other raised. The capacity of a sedimentary cover within Kalmykia is up to 18 km in Sarpinskaya megaprogibe, up to 9-12 km at the Astrakhan archway, up to 20 km in the articulation zone of Russian and Scythian platforms.
The main element of the mineral resource base of the republic is the fuel and energy resources (oil, gas, condensate), building materials (sand, clay, stone-shelter), fresh and mineral underground water, agrochemical raw materials (potash and stone salts, dolomites), bishophytic raw materials other. In the Republic of Kalmykia, two deposits of Glogyips (Yashkulskoe and Leninsky) are open. In the unallocated fund of the Republic of Kalmykia, there are: Zubda-Tolginskoye-II deposit of limestone-shelter, studied for the production of lime; locale of construction stones (sandstone); Deposit of agalloporite raw materials. In Iki-Burul district of the republic, Cholun-Hamur-II deposit of cement raw materials. Limestone-shelters of this field meet the requirements for the carbonate component in the manufacture of portland cement. To obtain cement from limestone, it is necessary to study the clay component.
Ecological situation
Desertification
The main natural components of the desertification process are:
Nevertheless, the background for Kalmykia became the weak stage of desertification - 71.9%, strong and very strong - occupy - 13.3%, whereas in 1987 the first of them in 1987 was only 8.3% in 1987. In particular, this contributed to a sharp decline in the 1990s of the livestock of grazed cattle, the change of arid climatic cycle to the humid led to the demotion of the vegetation cover of pastures. Since 1989, the amount of precipitation falls within the region from 180 mm to 320 mm and more, has decreased the number of days with dust storms and sukhov. Outdoor sand area decreased to 250 thousand hectares (1998).
Despite this, the problem of desertification of Kalmykia did not lose their sharpness, because An increase in anthropogenic load, climate aridity can again cause the intensification of desertification processes and, as a result, deterioration in the socio-economic development of the region, which is reflected in the well-being of the population. According to experts, currently there is a strengthening of the desertification process, the deterioration of pastures.
Secondary salinity
One of the most acute environmental problems of Kalmykia is the secondary soil salinization. In the Republic of Kalmykia, the Slap Pushny Square amounted to 2824.00 hectares, of which 76.6% are Solonns. The secondary salinization is distributed to 10, 2 thousand hectares, of which 8, 9 thousand hectares fall on arable land. So, only in the area of \u200b\u200bSarpinskaya lowland from the economic turnover of 2000, about 1,500 thousand hectares of rice checks were replaced.
The main reasons for the processes of secondary soil salinization in Kalmykia were calculated in the design and construction of irrigation systems. Currently, five major watering and irrigation systems (Sarpinskaya, Kalmyk, Astrakhan, Right-Egorilykskaya, Chernozhemel, Caspian) are operated in the republic. The landlocacy fund in the area of \u200b\u200bactivity area is 43,700 hectares, including regular -19761 hectares, initiative - 4764 hectares and Liman-19175 hectares. Providing drainage less than 15%. Up to 30% of the lands on these systems were initially characterized by a poor ameliorative state due to the high proportion of solonts and the natural salinization of the rooted layer.
Almost the entire network of trunk, distribution and reset channels of irrigation-water-watering systems (OOS) of Kalmykia is made in an earthen channel without contiltration screens, which leads to large water loss, especially on light soils, contributes to the development of the processes of secondary salinization, isolation, flooding and fearing. In the area of \u200b\u200bOCOS, irrigated land with a good ameliorative state according to the degree of soil salinization (in a layer of 0 - 1 m), 2206 hectares are (2%), satisfactory - 42017 hectares (37%), unsatisfactory - 69125.4 hectares (61%), Of these, with an average degree of salinization - 48%. The average soil salinization in the meter layer may vary from 0.2 to 0.6%. In the depth of the groundwater, the ground with a good land reclamation state occupy 24451.6 hectares (21.6%), satisfactory - 35036.8 hectares (30.9%), unsatisfactory - 53860 hectares (47.5%).
The total area of \u200b\u200bsecondary saline irrigated lands with varying degrees of salinization is about 45 thousand hectares or 85% of the irrigated area. Secondary salinization of the strong and very strong extent is noted almost on all OOS, except for the right-Egorlik OOS
Water pollution
Kalmykia, by virtue of his geographical position, was turned into a utilizer of highly mineralized, chemically polluted waters and industrial effluents. Technogenic sources of pollution of the republics of the republic are adjacent to Kalmykia enterprises of the fuel and energy, metallurgical, chemical and agricultural complexes of Volgograd, Astrakhan regions and Stavropol Territory. In the reservoirs of the republic, about 3 million m3 of industrial wastewater, containing more than 200 names of compounds of different hazard classes, discharge annually.
Sarpinskaya watering and irrigation system causes significant damage to water resources of Kalmykia, which resets collective-drainage water from a rice check without cleaning in Lake Sarpa.
The discharge of polluted wastewater from neighboring regions is 86.3% of the total amount of wastewater entering the territory of the region.
For many years, phenol and its derivatives were used in Kalmykia for the sheep sanitary treatment. It has been established that Phenol arrived in surface watercourses.
In the underground waters of the region, foci of pollution with chlororganic connections are observed.
In general, according to Kalmykia, the sanitary and chemical indicators of water are the worst in Russia, which is confirmed by the official statistical data given in state reports "On the sanitary and epidemichemical situation in the Russian Federation" for 1998-1999. 84.7 percent of water samples do not meet the regulatory requirements for sanitary indicators, 30 - microbiological, and in rural water supply systems, respectively, 91 and 52 percent. Bringing the main parameters of drinking water to compliance with the requirements of the GOST in the main indicators prevent the technical worniness of existing water supply and drainage systems, the absence of the necessary complex of sewage facilities, disinfecting facilities, and, as a result, insufficient water treatment and outdated water treatment methods. Drinking water of the city of Elista and district centers of the republic does not correspond to modern hygienic standards for organoleptic indicators, the content of fluorine, inorganic substances 1 and 2 of the hazard class.
The main factor that destroys the habitat of the aquatic bioresources of the Caspian Sea is the pollution of oil products, wastewater, etc. Increasing the sea level and the frequent NEWs of the aquatic masses for a mastered seaside strip in recent years increases the coastal water of chemicals and other products of vital activity, deteriorate The conditions of natural reproduction and feeding of fish, led to the conclusion from the agriculturalness of 300 thousand hectares of farmland, the flooding of the city of Lagan, the village of Buranny, Krasinskoye, Jalykovo.
Especially protected natural territories
The system of specially protected natural territories of Kalmykia began to form in the early 1960s in the conditions of increasing anthropogenic impact on nature.
The system of protected natural territories of republican significance is currently represented by the Volga-Akhtubinsky Mixube Natural Park, 9 reserves (Tingut, "Sea Biryukhoka", "Caspian", "Chogan", "Zunda", "South", "Sostinsky" , "Hanata" and "Forest") and 9 monuments of nature ("Gorodovikovskaya Oak Roch", "Tsoros Forest Grove", "Oak Grove" (Yashaltinsky district), "Oak Grove" (Elista), "Lonely poplar with a cascade of spring" , "Sanatorium Grove", Rodnikov Group "Keiten Bulg", "Tulip Island", "Bairy Forest")
Sources
- G. M. Blilakov, V. A. Bananova "Dynamics of desertification of arid lands of the Caspian region" // Socio-economic transformations in the Caspian region ... - Elista: Dzhangar APP, 2002. - 256С.
- Dedova E.B. Increasing the natural and resource potential of degraded agricultural land of Kalmykia by means of complex land reclamation. The dissertation author's abstract on the degree of Doctor of Agricultural Sciences. - M.: 2012.
Notes
- http://www.volgawetlands.ru/files/scm-15_aug-socio-conomy_aspects.pdf.
The territory of Kalmykia is the most chamber of the Russian Federation. The natural and climatic conditions of the republic do not ensure the restoration of plantations in a natural way, the percentage of forest areas is only 0.22.
Water Resources:
Surface waters.
Surface water is small. On the Caspian lowland and the KoM-Manic Wpadin there are only shallow salty lakes (Sarpinsky, Sobinskie, Manch-Gudilo, Gypsy Hak, etc.). Short watercourses flowing in spring through the beams of the Yergen form on the Caspian lowland extensive half-having limans in the summer. The waters of the northern part of the Caspian Sea (salinity of about 2%, partly used for water supply) and animal water. The low wetland coast of the Caspian with the thickets of reeds makes it difficult to approach to the sea.
The hydrographic network is developed in the western part of the republic and is represented by the watercourses of the East slope of Yergen and small areas of the p. Sal and Lake Big Manch, Arshan-Oilman and Barmanzhag. East End The republic is devoid of a river network.
The main source of nutrition of rivers are melting snowy water. Rain food Their is insignificant, since the meager sediment of the warm period of the year, as a rule, do not give drain, completely evaporate.
In accordance with such a power, the mode of the Eastern slope of Ergen is characterized by a short spring and very small runoff during the rest of the year. Most rivers immediately after the spring flood dries until next year.
The most significant spring food has PP. Yashkul, Amta-Burgust, Stone, Ovenland, Kara Sal. In total, 110 springs were revealed in the territory of the republic and they are dedicated, as a rule, to the average river flow.
On many rivers and beams there are dams, a primitive device, delaying tELL WATER In the spring and water of rare rain floods in summer.
Significant water resources in the republic are concentrated in the lakes of Barmanzag, the pier, Canata, Sarpa, Kanurka, Deed Hulzun, Buzga, Sostinsky Lakes and Lake Manch-Gudilo. However, these waters of low quality, since, mainly are wastewater receivers.
Reservoirs Chogram and Krasinskoye have a drinking value and are used to supply the population of the republic with tap water.
The groundwater.
The main underground aquifers on the territory of the republic are the praise-Khazar, Apsheron, Ergensky and Pontoch.
In general, the potential operational resources of explored groundwater are not more than 170 thousand m3 / day. The degree of development of explored reserves is very low. In almost all fields, an increased mineralization is observed (from 1.6 to 10 g / l) and water rigidity (from 10 to 12 mg - eq / l).
The main source of contaminated wastewater intake in water bodies in the territory of the republic is the Surpinian rim and irrigation system, which drops collector-drainage water from a rice check without cleaning in OZ. Sarpa.
In connection with the rise in the level of the Caspian Sea, it is provided for the transfer of settlements from the flooding zone, the relocation of residents, protection against flooding and flooding cities and rural settlements, economic facilities, military units.
Flooding the flood waters of the local flow and on neighboring basins of the rivers in recent years has been made significant damage to the national economy and the population.
The Volga is the source of irrigation of 46 thousand hectares of the republic's land, on which rice is grown and a significant amount of feed for social animal husbandry is harvested, but the necessary arrangement of the water protection zones of the Volga is not carried out, carrying out bererecting works, clearing the sleeves of the Volga, in particular, p. Willow.
The water situation in the river basin has deteriorated significantly. Kuma and Chogian reservoir due to a shortage of water resources of good quality, flooding, lifting the level of groundwater.
Forest resources:
The territory of Kalmykia is the most chamber of the Russian Federation. Natural climatic conditions republics do not provide the restoration of plantations natural wayThe percentage of forest area is only 0.22. Everything forest planting Reference to the first category, that is, they perform protective functions and are presented in the main forest bar. Natural forests in the territory of the republic are absent.
The total area of \u200b\u200bthe Forest Foundation is 59.7 thousand hectares, including forest area - 35.5 thousand hectares, covered with forest - 16.4 thousand hectares. In addition, there is a wood-shrub vegetation in the republic, which is not part of the Forest Fund, on the area of \u200b\u200b43.7 thousand hectares.
Forest strips in the republic are unevenly posted. The largest forest areas are areas: Gorodovikovsky, Yashaltinsky, Sarpinsky, Cennaya and Elista, the lowest forestshine in areas - Yashkulsky, Justinsky, Iki-Burulsky. The share of garry from the total area of \u200b\u200bforests is 1.707%, the share of cutting from the total area of \u200b\u200bforests is 8.71%.
Forest-state work on the lands of the Goslasford was carried out on an area of \u200b\u200b1434 hectares, including landing of the forest - 1434 hectares.
Of the eleven leshozes available in the republic, eight of them have nurseries. The total area of \u200b\u200bnurseries supplying the planting material is 1189 hectares. The area of \u200b\u200bnurseries compared to 1993 increased by 523 hectares. The design capacity of forest nurseries is 50 million pcs. landing material per year.
There is a lot of work on landscaping settlements. Every year since 1993, a month for landscaping and landscaping of settlements of the republic was announced in spring and autumn.
Liji Garyaev Evelina
In recent years, tourism has been actively developing in the Republic of Kalmykia. Many tourists from various cities of Russia are going to Elista to join Buddhism and Kalmyk culture. The central element of any excursion on Elista is the temple of the Golden Abode of Buddha Shakyamuni. In addition, tourists are often visited by a chess city and walk in the city center.
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MKOU "Justinskaya Secondary School"
abstract
"Geography of Kalmykia"
Performed: Lidji Garyaev Evelina,
9th grade student
Leader: Badmaeva Elena Ivanovna,
Geography teacher
The subject of the Russian Federation
Republic of Kalmykia
Halmg Takh.
Capital - Elista
Area - 40th
Total - 74 731 km²
-% aqueous. Stand. - 2,4.
Population - 78th
Total - ↘ 280 564 (2015)
Density - 3.75 people / km²
VRP - 81st
In total, in current prices - 24.3 billion rubles. (2010)
Per capita - 73.0 thousand rubles.
Federal District - South
Economic district - Volga
Official language - Kalmyk, Russian
Head of the Republic - Alexey Orlov
Chairman of the People's Huhura (Parliament)- Anatoly Kozacchko
Anthem - Anthem of the Republic of Kalmykia
Code of the Subject of the Russian Federation - 08
ISO 3166-2 - RU-KL code
OKATO code - 85
Time Zone - MSK (UTC +3)
State symbolism
Republic of Kalmykia
State symbols of the Republic of Kalmykia expressing national features, Public - the political and state system of the republic are: State Flag of the Republic of Kalmykia - Halmg Tangchin Tug, the state coat of arms of the Republic of Kalmykia - Halmg Tangchin Sudde and the State Anthem of the Republic of Kalmykia - Halmg Tangchin Chastra.
(Art. 1 of the Law of the Republic of Kalmykia dated June 14, 1996 No. 44-I-З "On State Symbols of the Republic of Kalmykia" (adopted by the People's Hural (Parliament) of the Republic of Kalmykia on May 31, 1996)
State Flag of the Republic of Kalmykia - Halmg Tangchin Tug is a rectangular cloth golden - yellow, in the middle of which the blue circle is depicted with a white lotus flower consisting of nine petals. The upper five lotus petals personify the five continents of the globe, four lower petals - four sides of the world, symbolizing the desire of the peoples of the Republic to friendship, cooperation with all the peoples of the world.
The State Flag of the Republic of Kalmykia - Halmg Tangchin Tug is attached to the anticipation of a red-colored tip in the form of a "flame language" with the contour outlines on it an ancient symbol Derben Oratov - four bonded circles, at the base of which "Ulan Hall"
(Art. 2 of the Law of the Republic of Kalmykia dated June 14, 1996 No. 44-I-З "On State Symbols of the Republic of Kalmykia" (adopted by People's Huhral (Parliament) of the Republic of Kalmykia on May 31, 1996)
National emblemRepublic of Kalmykia - Halmg Tangchin Sude is an image of "Ulan Hall" and "Hadak" in the circle of golden - yellow in the frame of the national ornament "Zeg" on a blue background, at the base of which - the petals of a white lotus flower petals. At the top of the coat of arms - the image of an ancient symbol Derben Oratov - four bonded circles.
(Art. 9 of the Law of the Republic of Kalmykia dated June 14, 1996 No. 44-I-З "On State Symbols of the Republic of Kalmykia" (adopted by People's Huhral (Parliament) of the Republic of Kalmykia on May 31, 1996)
State Anthem of the Republic of Kalmykia is an
"Halmg Tangchin Chastra" (Music A. Mandzhieva, Words V. Shugrava).
(Art. 15 of the Law of the Republic of Kalmykia dated June 14, 1996 No. 44-I-s "On State Symbols of the Republic of Kalmykia" (adopted by the People's Huhral (Parliament) of the Republic of Kalmykia on May 31, 1996)
general information
The Republic is located in the southeast of the European part of the Russian Federation and is located in the steppes zone, semi-desert and desert and covers an area of \u200b\u200b74.7 thousand square meters. km that more territory of such states in Western Europelike Belgium, Denmark, Switzerland and the Netherlands combined. Bordered by the Republic of Dagestan, Stavropol Territory, Rostov, Volgograd, Astrakhan regions.
From the south, the territory of the republic is limited to the KoM-Manic caviar and the rivers of Mans and Kuma, in the southeastern part is washed by the Caspian Sea, in the northeast, the border of Kalmykia is suitable for the Volga River, and in the north-west there is an Ergeninskaya elevation. Within the territory of the republic northern part Caspian lowland is called Sarpinskaya lowland, and black lands are in its southern part. The dominant type of the relief of the republic, which occupies most of its territory, are plains.
Three natural and economic zones are conditionally allocated on the territory of Kalmykia: Western, Central and Eastern. Western zone Encompasses the territory of the Gorodovikovsky and Yashaltinsky districts, the central zone - the territory of Maloderbetovsky, Sarpinsky, Ketchener, the Vietnian, Priyutun and Iika-Burulsky districts, the Eastern - the territory of the Oktyabrsky, Justinsky, Yashkulsky, Chernozemiel and Lanka districts. The most favorable in soil-climatic conditions is the western zone.
Religion
Kalmykia is the only Buddhist Republic in Europe.
Currently, there are more than 70 registered religious organizations in the republic and about two dozen religious groups. Freely, within laws, not only the religious communities of the Buddhist, Orthodox, Muslim denominations are operating, but the communities of Catholics and Protestants.
The revival of traditional religions essentially began with scratch. Generally absent material base. In this regard, the main emphasis at the initial stage of the development of traditional religions, especially Buddhism, was made on a material base, namely the construction of Hurulov, Orthodox churches
Climate
Kalmykia climate is sharply continental - summer is very roast and dry, the winter is a little snowy, sometimes with large cold. The continentality of the climate is significantly intensified from the west to the East. The average temperatures of January throughout the republic are negative: from -7 ° C ... -9 ° C in the southern and southwestern part of it up to +10 ° C ... +12 ° C in the north, minimum temperature January: -35 ° C - -37 ° C. The lowest temperatures sometimes reach -35 ° C and higher in the northern regions. The climate feature is a significant duration of solar shine, which is 2180-2250 hours (182-186 days) per year. The duration of the warm period ranges from 240 to 275 days. The average temperatures of July are 23.5 ° C - 25.5 ° C. The absolute maximum temperature in hot years reaches 40 ° C - 44 ° C. An increase in air temperature is observed from north to south and south-east of the territory of the republic. In winter, there are thaws, on certain days - snowstorms, and sometimes the formed ice causes the damage to agriculture, causing icing of the herb of pastures and winter crops.
The specific feature of the territory of the republic is drought and Sukhov: in the summer there are up to 120 dry days. The region is the most arid in the south of the European part of the Russian Federation. Annual precipitation is 210-340 mm. Under the conditions of moisture supply in the republic, four main agro-climatic areas are distinguished: very dry, dry, very dry, arid.
Nature Kalmykia
In the Republic of Kalmykia there are practically no forests and most of Fauna and flora are steppe representatives.
First of all, among them it is worth noting the various rodents (Suslikov, Surkov) and saigas, for the protection of which the reserve "Black lands" was created. In addition to them, you can meet hares - Rusakov, hedgehogs, tushkars and korsakov.
Flora here is represented by truly steppe and deserted plants: nick, wormwood, camel barr, cornflowers and tulips of a shrenca.
The second plot of this reserve - Lake Manch-Gudilo - also protects the numerous populations of various birds: Pelicans, swans, gray geese, drof, caravals, gulls, swallows and others.
Tourism in Kalmykia
In recent years, tourism has been actively developing in the Republic of Kalmykia. Many tourists from various cities of Russia are going to Elista to join Buddhism and Kalmyk culture. The central element of any excursion on Elista is the temple of the Golden Abode of Buddha Shakyamuni. In addition, tourists are often visited by a chess city and walk in the city center.
Some tourists go to Lagan and Tsagan Aman - settlements that are less elika, but, nevertheless, possessing the national flavor
In addition, the Republic of Kalmykia attracts ornithologists and photographers - they can be found on the lake Manch-Gudilo, where huge bird populations nest.
Administrative-territorial division
As part of the Republic of 13 administrative districts:
Gorodovikovsky district
Iki-Burul district
Ketchener district
Lagansky district
Maloderbetovsky district
Oktyabrsky district
Prilyunsky district
Sarpinsky district
Tselinsky district
Chernozemiel district
Justinian district
Yalytinsky district
Yashkulsky district
3 cities:
Elista
Lagan.
Gorovikovsk
The capital of Kalmykia is the city of Elista.
Kalmykia - Ecological Disaster Zone
The Republic of Kalmykia is the only mongil-language state in Europe located on the territory of the Lower Volga region. Until the XVII century, the land, which are now inhabited by Kalmyki, was called Polovtsy Stepha, now these territories are another name - Kalmyk steppe. Hard climatic conditions, the destruction of the natural ecological system, lack of water proper quality, deep degradation of soils, and above all - the inability of the ecosystem of the republic to self-cleaning led to the fact that Kalmykia received the status of an ecological disaster zone.
It is known that the Kalmyk steppe is located in a closed space between the valleys of the Don River, Volga, Kuma and the Caspian Sea. The formed territory is relief divided into three parts: kumo-manic depression, Caspian lowland and Ergenic elevation. Climatic feature Kalmykia lies in strong steppe winds that blow round year. The process of wind erosion adversely affects the soil state. Steppe winds, which are mainly the eastern direction, carry tons of dust salt suspension, which rises air flow From the bottom of the Aral Sea. Silence in the form of solid particles falls on the surface of the Earth, which leads to an irreversible change in the state of the salt regime of the soil of Kalmyk steppes. Microelements accumulate in the soil, destroying and without that meager vegetation. In this climatic zone there is a process of desertification of land. Environmentalists believe that there are currently no accurate data of such lands, as there is no information about the territories occupied by salt marshes, salns and fresh lakes. Severe temperature mode Negatively affects not only the local flora and fauna, but also on a person. Sultry summer, when the air temperature may exceed 44 degrees of heat Celsius, minimum of precipitation (200-300 mm per year) limits the presence of many living organisms. Winter in Kalmykia is no less severe. In a 40-degree frost, only the strongest representatives of the animal and plant world survive.
Livestock breeding is the main branch of agriculture by the Kalmyk Republic. However, due to environmental disadvantages, this sphere of the agro-industrial complex of the state undergoes not best times. More than a million hectares of once highly productive pastures have already turned into the desert. And this process continues. It is known that UNESCO decided to include the territory of Kalmykia in world network biosphere reserves.
Material used: Internet resource
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