Environmental problems of plants. Environmental problem of humanity

The problems of the animal world, which is an integral component of the biosphere, should also be referred to global environmental problems. Animals take part in the biotic circulation of energy and substances on the planet. All other elements of ecosystems depend on the stability of the fauna. The problem of declining animal populations occurs not only because the ecology is deteriorating, but also because people use them as food.

In nature, absolutely all representatives of the fauna are needed: small insects, herbivores, predators, and large marine animals. Harmful species to get rid of does not exist. Only populations of mites and rodent pests need to be controlled.

Causes of animal environmental problems

There are several reasons why there is not only a decline in species, but also their extinction:

violation of fauna habitats;
excessive killing of animals not only for food;
the movement of some animals to other continents;
killing animals for fun;
unintentional killing of animals;
pollution of the fauna habitat;
destruction of plants that animals feed on;
pollution of the water that animals drink;
the use of animals in the economy;
negative influence of biological bacteria.

When the place where animals live changes, be it a forest, steppe or meadow, then the animals must either adapt to a new way of life, find new sources of food, or move to other territories. Before you get new house, many representatives of the fauna do not survive. All this leads to the death of not just a few, and not even hundreds, but the disappearance of thousands of representatives of the animal world.

How to save the fauna?

Many people are aware of the problem of exterminating animals, so they lead active work, aimed at protecting the fauna. One of the largest animal rescue organizations in the world is Greenpeace. In many countries of the world there are local divisions so that the fauna can be preserved at a certain local level. In addition, it is necessary to act in the following directions:

create reserves in which the maximum natural conditions life;
organization of sanctuaries - territories where animals are protected;
creation of reserves - they function for a certain time, in fact, they are similar to reserves;
organization of natural national parks.

Ecological foundations of nature management

Lecture number 7

Topic: Problems of the use and reproduction of flora and fauna.

Plan

1. Problems of using plant resources for energy purposes.

2. Resources wildlife.

3. Forest management.

4. Damage and reproduction flora.

5. Specially protected natural areas.

1. Problems of using plant resources

for energy purposes

The most promising use of plant biomass for the production of automotive fuel is the production of ethyl and methyl alcohols (ethanol and methanol) by fermentation and distillation. For this purpose, wood and agricultural waste, municipal sewage, etc. can be used. The obtained alcohols are cheaper than gasoline and can be used in modern cars with minimal conversion, and in mixtures with gasoline - without any conversion. The first experience in this direction was carried out and accumulated in Brazil, where 2/3 of car fuel is ethyl alcohol (ethanol), and 90% of the cars produced can run on pure ethanol. About 10% of high quality gasoline in the United States contains up to 15% ethanol. Diesel engines run perfectly on a mixture of methanol (methyl alcohol) with regular diesel fuel.

Thus, humanity has sufficient resources,to avoid energy hunger and at the same time ward off the threat ecological disaster, but for this, peoples and governments must substantially revise their views and timely and purposefully build a new energy policy.

2. Wildlife resources

Among the wildlife resources that are most intensively exploited by humans, it is necessary to allocate forests, pastures, recreational and resort areas and ocean resources. It is difficult to say whether there have been preserved territories that are not exploited by man anywhere other than Antarctica and some deserts. Even in the Himalayas, at altitudes of 6 km or more, it is necessary to remove the garbage left by numerous expeditions of climbers. Degradation of wildlife is inextricably linked with the extinction of many species of animals and plants, that is, with non-renewable losses in the gene pool of the biosphere - perhaps the most valuable resource of nature.

Primary, or virgin, forests are preserved mainly in the Amazon basin, Canada, Southeast Asia and Siberia and occupy about 25% of the land. Forests as a whole, as a potentially renewable natural resource, cover about 1/3 of the land area, but this share is decreasing at a catastrophic rate due to merciless felling. Wood is the most valuable raw material for entire industries and at the same time an excellent and affordable fuel, and the cost of harvesting it turns out to be negligible in comparison with the immediate benefit obtained. In total, the world produces roughly $ 150 billion worth of sawnwood and paper annually. The massive use of wood as a fuel persisted in the least developed countries.

Today the situation is such that the ecosystems least resistant to massive felling are subjected to the most merciless exploitation. rainforest... It happens underpressure from a number of economic reasons.

Firstly, the growing population of tropical countries does not have the means to intensify agricultural production, and therefore traditionally tries to increase food production by increasing the cultivated area. Since the soils of tropical forests are poor and quickly degrade when exposed, the developed areas are abandoned in a few years and new ones are cut down. Succession on these ruined and stony soils proceeds extremely slowly, approximately - on the order of hundreds of years. In fact, in these abandoned areas, the jungle is not being restored.

Secondly Deforested rainforests provide valuable timber. Combined with cheap labor, massive industrial felling generates huge profits.

Thirdly , the population of tropical countries, which has grown many times over in recent years, has no other types of fuel for domestic needs, except for firewood.

All this causes irreparable damage to tropical forests, and by now their area has decreased to about 40% of its original size.

3. Forest management

Forests perform unique and vital functions in the biosphere of our planet, which are poorly understood by most people. Forests are, first of all, the main biological producers of our planet. They protect the main natural reservoirs of clean fresh water, protect soils from erosion, regulate mountain drains, protecting valleys from floods and mudflows. During photosynthesis, they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Deforestation and especially wood burning leads to uncompensated release of CO2 into the atmosphere, formed due to the oxidation of both the carbon of the wood itself and the carbon accumulated in the forest soil. It promotes growth greenhouse effect... Forests are home to huge number species of plants and animals, which means the largest repository of genetic information on the planet. It is estimated that half of all species living on earth live in tropical pristine forests. The death of the jungle can lead to the extinction of about a million species for which they (the jungle) are the only possible natural habitat. Deforestation of tropical forests causes direct irreparable damage to the gene pool temperate latitudes, since tropical forests serve as wintering places for a huge number of birds nesting in mid and high latitudes.

According to one estimate, an average tree in a rainforest by releasing oxygen, purifying the air, protecting soil from erosion, regulating drainage, providing conditions for the life of wild animals and synthesis organic matter creates "ecological income" for half a century about 200 thousand US dollars. At the same time, the cost of his timber does not exceed $ 500.

Forest ecosystems temperate zone and taiga are much more resistant to felling than tropical forests. This is due to the presence of a relatively thick soil cover. Among the forests of the temperate zone, the greatest anthropogenic load falls on broadleaf forests and pine forests. This load is due not so much to logging as to air pollution, acidification of precipitation and changes in water levels. groundwater related to land reclamation and construction of hydraulic structures. Forests were originally thought to be particularly sensitive to primary acid pollution from sulfur and nitrogen oxides. However, in Lately it becomes clear that increased ozone concentrations can play a much larger role.

Introduced in a number of developed countries, notably Canada, Scandinavian countries and most countries European Union Good forest management allows forests to be conserved while obtaining significant sustainable timber yields. It takes a forest from 20 to 120 years to reach maturity, depending on the type of tree.

At equal age forest management trees of the same age grow on each site. When they reach ripeness, the forest plantation site is cut down and, as a rule, is planted with seedlings of the same age. The growing period from felling to felling is called turnover. This approach is widely used to obtain wood from fast-growing conifers - pine and spruce. In essence, this approach is no different from conventional monoculture farming with all the problems of unsustainable anthropogenic ecosystems and, accordingly, with the need for significant costs to maintain the unstable state of the ecosystem (fertilizers, pesticides, etc.). If, after total felling, the forest is restored naturally as a result of succession, then the system will be stable, but from a technological point of view, this approach is inconvenient due to the spread of tree sizes and their non-simultaneous ripening. Moreover, for clear cut the bare area can be overgrown with "weedy" tree species for a long time, or even forever. For example, a place occupied by a felled oak forest can be overgrown with aspen and alder. Atforest management of different ages trees of different ages are preserved on the site. Selective felling, of course, is less convenient technologically, but it turns out to be useful for the forest as a whole. She protects forest soils from exhaustion and erosion, improves conditions for the growth of young trees and allows you to fully preserve biological diversity, which ensures the stability of the forest biocenosis.

4. Damage and reproduction of flora

5. Protected natural areas

Natural areas - reserves and national parks .

Recreational zones, that is, places of mass recreation, are exposed to especially heavy anthropogenic loads. Usually free from direct industrial pollution, these areas are heavily polluted by household and municipal waste... The problem of preserving these zones is a much more educational and upbringing problem than an actual ecological one. The general understanding of simple fact that forests and parks demand the same respectful attitude, like your own dwelling, and they inhabitwhether they are animals of no less respect than their neighbors or at least their own cats and dogs - this is the main condition for the preservation of recreation areas from destruction and degradation.

People have long come to understand the importance of protecting wildlife resources. The need for proper management of forests, pastures and fresh water sources is quite obvious and can be ensured.

However, these measures are not enough to preserve the entire natural resources of the Earth. Even the most careful economic use of natural ecosystems inevitably leads to the impoverishment of species diversity.

In principle, two approaches that do not contradict each other are possible to solve this problem.Population-specific method consists in creating lists of endangered and small-numbered plant and animal species subject to protection. These species are included in the famous"Red Books", and it is understood that the collection of plants or the hunting of animals included in these books is expressly prohibited. Another way to implement the population-specific method is to breed animals in zoos and special nurseries and plants in botanical gardens.

For example, in Russia there are the Oksky Crane Nursery and the Prioksko-Terrasny Bison Nursery, and numerous fish factories breed rare fish species. ... In a number of European countries after breeding in captivity, a lynx was introduced into the forests, and natural herds of bison were restored in the USA. Finally, research centers create collections of plant seeds and banks of frozen cells of endangered animal species. But the population-specific method by itself cannot provide sufficient preservation of species diversity. The fact is that the reason for the extinction of a biological species is usually not so much the deliberate extermination of the species by man, as the capture or destruction of its ecological niche. Many hundreds of species of small animals and plants disappear in the world every year, while others are on the verge of extinction due to the fact that there is nowhere to live and nothing to eat. Therefore, the preservation of the whole natural biogeocenoses there is necessary condition preservation of the Earth's gene pool.

Of course, there are also opposite examples: extermination as a result of the ugly predatory hunt of manatees ( sea cows), wandering pigeons, some species of whales, aurochs and bison in Europe, and bison in America. Bison and bison, as well as beavers, were saved from complete extinction with great difficulty. This approach can be calledecosystem method, and it is especially important because it allows us to preserve those species about the existence of which we do not know anything. And there are a lot of such species, especially in the tropics. According to some estimates, science knows no more than 30% of the biological species inhabiting the Earth.

Hence, in order to preserve the gene pool of the biosphere, it is necessary to preserve in its original form rather large areas with minimal anthropogenic impact, that is, in the form of reserves, national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.Another important the purpose of thesespecially protected areas - serve as the most valuable recreation areas (note, extremely profitable for the tourism industry) and be an important reserve of renewable resources that may be urgently required in the future.

The most important form of specially protected areas are nature reserves . There are now more than two thousand nature reserves in the world, but not all of them satisfy necessary requirements The most important of which is a sufficient area, as a rule, not less than 400 thousand hectares. The main purpose of the reserves is to serve as centers of restoration of populations of rare and endangered species. After the population has been restored to a sufficient extent, the reserve becomes the center of dispersal of the species in suitable habitats.

The resettlement of beavers from Voronezh reserve, desman from the Khopersky reserve, bison from Belovezhskaya Pushcha. Another function of the reserves is scientific research and observation of living organisms in their natural environment a habitat.

Play a special role biosphere reserves , whose task is to preserve a certain landscape as a whole. Observations in them are carried out according to unified methods compiled by UNEP - the United Nations Environment Program. This ensures the unification of presentation and comparability of research results obtained in different conditions.

In total, there are about 300 biosphere reserves in the world, of which 11 are located in Russia. National parks differ from nature reserves in that they are open to the public. Protected areas can be designated there, and tourist paths are laid and parking places equipped in the rest of the territory. In properly organized parks, tourists, having the opportunity to communicate with nature and relax, do not harm nature.

First in the world national park- Yellowstone in the USA, was established in 1872. In our time in the world there isover 1000 national parks in 120 countries among which the mostfamous - Serengeti in Tanzania an area of 1.3 million hectares, giving shelter to 1.5 million ungulates, elephants and carnivores.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FEDERAL EDUCATION AGENCY

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"NORTH CAUCASIAN STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY"

Department of Technology and Oil Refining and Industrial Ecology

In the discipline "Ecology"

On the topic: "Environmental problems of the animal world"

Completed: 2nd year student

group EUN-081

specialty 270115

Kamalova Tatiana

Full-time form of education

Checked by: Dolgikh O.G.

Stavropol 2009

Introduction

1. The main causes of ecological problems of the animal world

2. Ways to protect animals

2.1 Reserves

2.2 Reserves

2.3 Reserves

2.4 Natural national parks

3. Red Book: essence, directions, significance

Conclusion

List of used literature

INTRODUCTION

Recently, more and more often we hear about global or local environmental problems of the modern world. And one of these problems is the ecological problem of the animal world. Generally animal world is a collection of all species and individuals of wild animals (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, as well as insects, molluscs and other invertebrates) that inhabit a certain territory or environment and are in a state of natural freedom. The fauna is an integral part of the natural environment and biological diversity Land, a renewable natural resource, an important regulating and stabilizing component of the biosphere. The main ecological function of animals is participation in biotic circulation substances and energy. The stability of the ecosystem is provided primarily by animals, as the most mobile element.

It is necessary to realize that the animal world is not only an important component of the natural ecological system and at the same time the most valuable biological resource. It is also very important that all types of animals form the genetic fund of the planet, they are all needed and useful. There are no absolutely useful and absolutely harmful animals in nature. It all depends on their number, living conditions and a number of other factors. One of the varieties of 100 thousand species various flies -- housefly, is a carrier of a number of infectious diseases. At the same time, the flies feed great amount animals (small birds, toads, spiders, lizards, etc.). Only a few species (mites, pests, etc.) are subject to strict control.

Despite the enormous value of the animal world, man, having mastered fire and weapons, still in early periods his history began to exterminate animals, and now, armed modern technology, developed a "rapid offensive" and for the entire natural nature... Of course, on Earth and in the past, at any time, for the most different reasons was happening constant change its inhabitants. However, now the rate of extinction of species has sharply increased, and more and more new species are involved in the orbit of the disappearing ones, which were quite viable before. In my essay, I tried to consider the main reasons for the extinction of various animal species and how to protect them.

1. MAIN CAUSES OF ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE ANIMAL WORLD

The main causes of biodiversity loss, population decline and extinction of animals are as follows:

Violation of the habitat;

Over-catching, fishing in prohibited areas;

Introduction (acclimatization) of alien species;

Direct destruction for the purpose of product protection;

Accidental (unintentional) destruction;

Contamination of the environment.

Habitat disruption due to deforestation, plowing of steppes and fallow lands, drainage of swamps, regulation of runoff, creation of reservoirs and other anthropogenic influences, it radically changes the breeding conditions of wild animals, their migration paths, which has a very negative effect on their numbers and survival. For example, the laying of a gas pipeline near the city of Norilsk without taking into account the migration of reindeer in the tundra led to the fact that the animals began to stray into huge herds in front of the pipe, and nothing could force them to turn off the age-old path. As a result, many thousands of animals died. Under mining I mean both direct pursuit and violation of the structure of the population (hunting), and any other removal of animals and plants from the natural environment for various purposes. In the Russian Federation, there is a decrease in the number of hunting species animals, which is primarily associated with the current socio-economic situation and their increased illegal production. Excessive prey serves the main reason downsizing and large mammals(elephants, rhinos, etc.) in Africa and Asia. The high cost of ivory on the world market leads to the annual death of about 60 thousand elephants in these countries. However, small animals are being destroyed on an unimaginable scale. International trade volume wild birds exceeds seven million copies, most of which die either on the road or shortly after arrival.

The third most important reason for the decline and extinction of animal species is introduction (acclimatization) of alien species. The literature describes numerous cases of extinction of aboriginal (indigenous) species due to the influence of imported animal or plant species on them. There are even more examples when local species are on the verge of extinction due to the invasion of "aliens". Examples are widely known in our country negative impact American mink to the native European mink, canadian beaver- for European, muskrats for desman, etc.

Other reasons for the decline and disappearance of animals:

- their direct destruction to protect agricultural products and commercial objects (death of birds of prey, ground squirrels, pinnipeds, coyotes, etc.);

- accidental (unintentional) destruction(on highways, during military operations, when mowing grass, on power lines, when regulating water runoff etc.);

- environmental pollution(pesticides, oil and oil products, atmospheric pollutants, lead and other toxicants). Pesticides have recently become a potent negative agent for animals. Environmental pollution can also negatively affect the fauna. The greatest impact is exerted by water pollution, which greatly worsens or makes impossible the existence of animals in water bodies.

And, unfortunately, the root cause of all these environmental problems is, directly or indirectly, the person himself and his activities, which are often destructive for living organisms.

2. METHODSSECURITYANIMALS

The protection of animals is, first of all, the protection of their habitats. Exclusively great importance protected areas for the preservation of the gene pool of our planet as natural "polygons" for environmental research and the most attractive objects of rapidly developing tourism has determined the rapid growth of this form of nature protection throughout the world.

There are more than 2,600 large protected areas in 124 countries of the world with total area over 4 million km2, which is about 3% of the land. In addition, in a number of countries, protected areas with an area of less than 1000 hectares were not taken into account, of which, according to incomplete data, more than 13 thousand.

The forms of protected areas in the world are diverse: national and natural parks, reserves various purposes and regime, wildlife sanctuaries, protected landscapes, unique areas of wildlife, nature reserves, etc. The main forms of protection of natural areas abroad are national parks and reserves, in the CIS - nature reserves and sanctuaries.

2.1 Reserves

This higher form protection of specially protected natural areas. They are intended exclusively for solving scientific and scientific-technical problems of the country. This is the specificity and fundamental difference reserves from other forms of protected areas in all countries of the world.

Most often, one reserve occupies 30-70 thousand hectares, but there are reserves of 700-1000 thousand hectares (for example, Taimyr, Altai, Kronotsky); in some cases in the European part of the country where there is no large areas suitable for nature reserves, their size does not exceed 1-5 thousand hectares.

Reserves are organized in order to preserve in their natural state typical areas of the main landscapes (natural complexes) of natural and geographical zones. Protected areas (and water areas) have been completely removed from economic use: any activity not related to the fulfillment of the tasks assigned to the reserve is prohibited there.

Areas most typical for a given natural zone are allocated for reserves, so that they can serve as a model (standard) of landscape-geographical zones (or their subdivisions). An essential criterion when choosing a site for reserves is the presence on their territory rare species animals.

A specific feature of the conducted here scientific research- their year-round character for many years and their complexity.

The cultural and educational significance of the reserves is great. Communication with nature, lectures and conversations conducted by employees, published popular books and brochures - all this contributes to the promotion of ideas for nature conservation.

2 .2 Reserves

In Russia zakazniks announced territories or water areas where, for a number of years (or permanently) in certain seasons or all year round, some species of animals, plants or part of a natural complex are protected. Household use of the rest natural resources is allowed in a form that does not damage the protected object or complex.

The sanctuaries are diverse in their purposes. They are created to restore or increase the number of game animals (game reserves), create a favorable environment for birds during nesting, molt, migrations and wintering (ornithological), protect fish spawning grounds, feed juveniles or their winter accumulations (ichthyological).

In the CIS, there are more than 1,500 nature reserves for various purposes with a total area of about 30 million hectares.

2 .3 Reserves

They are created in many countries. In terms of their mode and purpose, they are close to zakazniks and are divided into many categories, but in most cases they are created for an indefinitely long period. For example, in France, the Camargue ornithological reserve in the Rhone Delta is designed to protect wintering and nesting waterfowl. The giant Central Kalahar reserve in Africa is intended only for the protection of game animals. There are many reserves in India, USA, Great Britain and other European countries. In many natural reserves in Africa, free grazing and residence of the local population who own these lands are allowed. However, some restrictions make it possible to preserve a very rich fauna of large animals here. They are planning the creation of a huge Indian Ocean reserve for the protection of whales.

There are also so-called strict reserves abroad, for example in Finland, where the entire natural complex is protected. They are intended for scientific research, but are usually small in area. Tourists are not allowed here. The so-called scientific reserves in the USA and other countries are similar in terms of their regime and purpose. Reserves of the last two categories are similar in their tasks to the reserves of our country.

2 .4 Natural National Parks

This is the main form of protection of natural areas in foreign countries, which in recent years has begun to develop in the CIS.

National park is is a section of the territory (water area) allocated for the preservation of nature for recreational and aesthetic purposes, as well as in the interests of science, culture and education... In the first period of their existence, national parks in many countries of the world had mainly environmental objectives and played a very important role in this regard. So, the large animals of Africa have survived to this day largely thanks to them. Only in national parks can you find a large number of elephants, antelopes, rhinos, zebras, and other inhabitants of the African savannas, tropical forests and deserts. Bison, white cranes and many other animals North America were saved only thanks to national parks. Such territories in Asian countries played an even worse role, South America and Australia.

However, in recent years, recreation in the bosom of nature has received an unprecedented development. (recreation), especially in the form of tourism. Recreation, following industry and agriculture all over the world, is becoming the most important consumer of resources of the natural environment and territory. The tourist explosion in recent decades has driven hundreds of millions of people into national parks. This led to the emergence of the so-called tourist erosion in many parks, i.e. destruction of the integrity of natural complexes.

At the same time, when rational organization natural national parks have a very large environmental value... This is determined not only by the fact that landscapes, vegetation, animals and other objects are preserved on their territory. As foreign experience shows, natural parks attract tourists, "pulling" them away from suburban forests, meadows, lakes, etc., which are often seriously damaged by unorganized tourism.

In contrast to nature reserves, territories for the organization of natural national parks around the world were chosen not on the basis of the representativeness of one or another landscape typical for a country or region, but on the basis of the attractiveness, beauty and aesthetic value or uniqueness of the area.

Natural parks in the CIS are organized taking into account the accepted international requirements. They differ from foreign ones in the specific nature of environmental protection regimes enshrined in legislation. Unlike natural areas intended primarily for mass recreation, in natural parks, strictly regulated visits by groups of excursionists or individual visits are allowed.

For the territorial delimitation of various modes of use in a natural national park, environmental zoning is carried out with the allocation of zones for various on-farm organizations and protection regimes. On its territory there should be areas of the reserved regime, closed to the public, and areas of the ordered regime, closed for a specified period, as well as natural monuments. The ordering regime is established in places of reproduction of animals (spawning grounds for fish, nesting grounds for birds, dens of animals, etc.).

At the same time, small zoos with display of local fauna are often created in natural national parks (in the free-visit zone), as well as cinema lectures, advisory points for nature conservation, etc.

The whole complex of specially protected areas as one system performs many functions. Taken out of the ordinary economic use due to their special importance, specially protected areas of nature have a huge scientific, ecological and social effect. This is undoubtedly a key condition for maintaining the viability of the biosphere and restoring biological resources. It is necessary to improve the legislation on specially protected natural areas(water areas). A number of CIS states have adopted laws on specially protected areas.

3. RED NIGA: ESSENCE, DIRECTIONS, SIGNIFICANCE

The collection of information for the creation of a world annotated list of animals (and later plants) at risk of extinction has begun The International Union conservation of nature and natural resources in 1949.

This fundamental work was named Red Book because red is a danger signal. Since the second edition, five categories of rare species included in the Red Book have been established.

1. Disappearing species - which are under serious threat of extinction, the salvation of which is no longer possible without implementation. Special security measures. Such species are printed on red sheets of paper to highlight their plight.

2. Declining species - still occurring in numbers sufficient to survive, but whose numbers continue to decline rapidly and steadily. Their data is printed on yellow paper.

3. Rare species - not under direct threat of extinction, but found in small numbers or in such limited areas that they may soon disappear. Information about them is printed on white paper.

4. Undefined species - little known, possibly endangered, but the lack of information about which does not allow us to reliably assess the state of their populations. These species are only listed at the end of the book.

5. Refurbished species - previously included in one of the first three categories, but the number of which has been restored due to protection. Information about them is printed on green sheets. Thus, the Red Book became not only a signal of danger and a program of work to save rare animals and plants, but also the first result of these works.

The fourth edition of the IUCN Red List includes the following number of species and subspecies of vertebrates of the world fauna: mammals, respectively, 226 and 79, birds 181 and 77, reptiles 77 and 21, amphibians 35 and 5, fish 168 and 25. Among them are restored species and subspecies of mammals seven, four birds, two kinds of reptiles. Work on the Red Data Book continues. The last version of it, in principle, can not be, since the living conditions of animals are constantly changing. At the same time, the efforts undertaken are bearing good fruit, as evidenced by the emergence of the category of restored forms.

A number of countries (Australia, USA, Sweden, Germany, Japan) have created national Red Data Books. The Red Book of Russia includes 247 rare and endangered animal species. And each country in whose territory a species listed in the Red Book lives, bears a moral responsibility to all mankind for the preservation of this treasure of nature.

Also, such global protective organizations as Greenpeace (Greenpeace), UNEP (United Nations Environment Program), and many others make a huge contribution to the protection of the animal world.

CONCLUSION

The more we learn about the laws of life of biogeocenoses, the peculiarities of the ecology of certain species, the more useful animals are.

The number of animals is decreasing not only as a result of direct extermination, but also due to the deterioration environmental conditions in territories and areas. Anthropogenic changes landscapes adversely affect the living conditions of most animal species. Deforestation, plowing of steppes and prairies, drainage of swamps, regulation of runoff, pollution of the waters of rivers, lakes and seas - all this, taken together, interferes with the normal life of wild animals, leading to a decrease in their numbers even when hunting is prohibited.

The growing threat of an ecological catastrophe on a global scale raises awareness of the urgent need to rationalize nature management and coordinate efforts in environmental protection and as an integral part of animal protection within the entire international community.

Activities of state, scientific and public organizations Russia should focus on keeping everything biological species... We must not forget that, according to forecasts of scientists, in the next 20-30 years about 1 million species of animals and plants will be under the threat of extinction. Preserving the gene pool of the biosphere, which took millions of years to develop, is one of the major challenges of nature conservation.

Each species saved from the dead is a natural resource preserved for the national economy. The black list of the dead species of our planet is an irretrievably lost opportunity to improve the welfare of mankind.

We can and must protect animals not only as a usable resource, but also from a humane perspective on this serious problem.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

1. Arustamov E. A. Nature management: Textbook. - M., 2001

2. Bannikov A. G. Fundamentals of ecology and environmental protection: textbook. - M., 2003

3. Kriksunov E.A. Ecology. Textbook. Moscow, 2005 - 240s.

4. Reimers NF Nature management. - M: "Thought", 2004

5. Rozanov SI General ecology. - SPb, 2001

6. Internet resources

Content:
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………… .3
Protection of fauna ………………………………………………………………………… 4
Plant protection ……………………………………………………………………… 7
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………… .9
References …………………………………………………………………… .. ……… 10

Introduction
The flora and fauna of our planet is very large. As a result of human impact, the number of many species has significantly decreased, and some of them have completely disappeared. In order to preserve at least something that remains valuable on our planet, various reserves, sanctuaries, etc. are being created.
Specially Protected Natural Areas (SPNT) are designed to preserve typical and unique natural landscapes, the diversity of flora and fauna, and the protection of natural and cultural heritage sites.
Specially protected natural areas belong to the objects of the national heritage.
There are the following main categories of these territories:
- state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves;
- National parks;
- natural parks;
- state nature reserves;
- natural monuments;
- dendrological parks and botanical gardens;
- health-improving areas and resorts.

The preservation and development of specially protected natural areas is one of the priority directions of the state environmental policy of the Russian Federation.

Wildlife protection
Modern man has existed on Earth for about 40 thousand years. He began to engage in animal husbandry and agriculture only 10 thousand years ago. Therefore, for 30 thousand years, hunting was almost the exclusive source of food and clothing.
Improvement of tools and methods of hunting was accompanied by the death of a number of animal species.
The development of weapons and vehicles allowed man to penetrate the most remote corners of the globe. And everywhere the development of new lands was accompanied by the merciless extermination of animals, the death of a number of species. The hunt completely destroyed the tarpan - the European steppe horse. Tours, spectacled cormorants, Labrador eiders, Bengal hoopoe and many other animals became victims of the hunt. As a result of unregulated hunting, dozens of species of animals and birds are on the verge of extinction.
At the beginning of this century, the intensification of whaling (the creation of a harpoon cannon and floating bases for whale processing) led to the disappearance of individual whale populations, a sharp drop in their total number.
The number of animals is decreasing not only as a result of direct extermination, but also due to the deterioration of environmental conditions in territories and ranges. Anthropogenic changes in landscapes adversely affect the living conditions of most animal species. Deforestation, plowing of steppes and prairies, drainage of swamps, regulation of runoff, pollution of the waters of rivers, lakes and seas - all this, taken together, interferes with the normal life of wild animals, leading to a decrease in their numbers even when hunting is prohibited.
Intensive logging in many countries has changed forests. Coniferous forests are increasingly being replaced by small-leaved ones. At the same time, the composition of their fauna also changes. Not all animals and birds that live in coniferous forests, can find enough food and shelter in secondary birch and aspen forests. For example, squirrels and martens, many species of birds cannot live in them.
The plowing of the steppes and prairies, the reduction of island forests in the forest-steppe are accompanied by the almost complete disappearance of many steppe animals and birds. Saigas, bustards, little bustards, gray partridges, quails, etc. have almost completely disappeared from steppe agrocenoses.
The transformation and change in the nature of many rivers and lakes radically changes the living conditions of most river and lake fish, leads to a decrease in their numbers. Pollution of water bodies causes enormous damage to fish stocks. At the same time, the oxygen content in the water sharply decreases, which leads to massive fish killings.
Dams on rivers have a huge impact on the ecological state of water bodies. They block the way for anadromous fish to spawn, worsen the condition of spawning grounds, and sharply reduce the inflow of nutrients into river deltas and coastal parts of seas and lakes. To prevent the negative impact of dams on the ecosystems of aquatic complexes, a number of engineering and biotechnical measures are being taken (fish passages and fish elevators are being built to ensure the movement of fish for spawning). The most effective way to reproduce a fish stock is to build fish hatcheries and fish hatcheries.

The organization for the protection of fauna is based on two main directions of conservation and conservation in the process of use. Both directions are necessary and complementary.
Since 1966, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has been publishing issues of the "Red Book", which includes species that are on the verge of extinction.
All conservation measures for the protection of animals are of an exceptional, extraordinary nature. Most often, the use and protection of fauna, measures for its reproduction have to be combined with the interests of other branches of nature management. The experience of many countries proves that this is quite possible. So, with the correct organization of land use, agricultural production can be combined with the conservation of many wild animals.
Intensive forestry, timber harvesting, if properly organized, ensure the preservation of conditions for the habitation of many species of animals and birds in the exploited forests. Thus, gradual and selective felling of forests allows not only to restore forests, but also to preserve shelters, nesting grounds and forage areas for many species of animals.
In recent years, wild animals have become an important link in the "tourism industry". In many countries, the protection and use of wild fauna for recreational purposes in national parks.
To enrich the fauna in many countries, acclimatization and re-acclimatization of wild animals is carried out on a large scale. Acclimatization is understood as the work on the settlement of animals in new biogeocenoses and their adaptation to new living conditions. Reacclimatization is a system of measures for the restoration of animals destroyed in a particular region. Thanks to acclimatization, it is possible to make wider and fuller use of the biological resources of many natural complexes.
All measures for the protection of animals are quite effective if they are based on careful consideration of landscape and ecological conditions. In any type of work on the organization of the multiplication and exploitation of wild fauna, one should proceed from the fact that certain species and populations of animals are confined within their boundaries to specific natural territorial and aquatic complexes or their anthropogenic modifications. Many animals move long distances in the seasons of the year, but their migrations are always confined to strictly defined types of landscapes. Therefore, the protection of animals requires solving the problems of protecting natural territorial and aquatic complexes in general. The protection of animals is, first of all, the protection of their habitats.
In order to protect the animal world, a stricter regime is established for the use of animals in reserves, sanctuaries and other specially protected areas. The use of wildlife and other responsibilities incompatible with the goals of preservation are prohibited here.
The protection of rare and endangered individual species of animals is of great importance. Such animals are listed in the Red Book. Actions that could lead to the death of these animals, reduction of their number or violation of the habitat are not allowed. In the case when the reproduction of rare and endangered species of animals is impossible in natural conditions, specially authorized state bodies for the protection and regulation of the use of animal world should take measures to create the necessary conditions for breeding these species of animals. Their acquisition and withdrawal for breeding in specially created conditions and subsequent release to freedom for research purposes, for the creation and replenishment of zoological collections is allowed with a special permit issued by specially authorized persons. government bodies for the protection and regulation of the use of animal world.

Plant protection
Currently, in connection with the development of new lands, there are fewer and fewer areas with natural vegetation. As a result, habitats of many wild-growing plants disappear. There is a depletion of the species composition of flora all over the world.
It is known that the protection of rare plant species can be solved in several ways:
1. The arrangement of reserves, sanctuaries and natural monuments
2. Cessation of harvesting of species, the number of which has sharply decreased
3. Reduction of blanks of valuable types and
4. Introduction of rare species into culture.
Research by scientists has shown that the plant resources of our planet are limited. If you pick berries and fruits, medicinal plants, flowers, barbarously trampling roots, damaging buds, breaking branches of shrubs and trees, and so on from year to year, at first the number of the species sharply decreases, then it can disappear forever in this area. So the plucked shoots of lily of the valley will grow back only after a year, and the cut shoots of wild rosemary will hardly grow at all the next year. If you thoughtlessly harvest the rhizomes, the plant may not recover even after ten years.
Plants are harmed by: continuous mowing, trampling by cattle, annual fires - spring burns that people "start up" in order to burn out last year's grass. There is a harmful and stupid belief that burns, allegedly, increase the productivity of grasses, and that the seeds of these grasses are burned in the fire, the rhizomes of perennials are damaged, pollinating insects of grasses die, the species composition of meadow plants is depleted - for some reason all this is forgotten. Many plants are ruined by their beauty: flower gatherers literally devastate forests and meadows. The flora saturates the air with life-giving oxygen. Plants are also food, clothing, fuel, and medicine. The properties of many have not yet been studied. And a person does not know how much valuable he did not manage to use with the loss of some plant species. Nature can give people knowledge and joy from communicating with her, but only to those who treat this wealth with care and concern, who sincerely admire beauty, and do not destroy it.
Rare and endangered plants are subject to special protection in accordance with Russian legislation. In addition, trade in them is prohibited by the relevant decisions of the authorities of many regions.
The most complete protection of rare plant species is carried out in reserves. Reserves - samples of untouched, wild nature - are rightfully called natural laboratories. We especially need them now, when we must understand the directions of changes in the natural environment under the influence of human activity and find ways of the most careful and rational use of its wealth.
Such samples had to be chosen thoughtfully and skillfully. And the places for our reserves were found by the largest connoisseurs of nature. They devoted many years of their lives to the creation of nature reserves and put their love for the business into it. Our reserves are beautiful and arouse admiration for everyone who has to be there. The exceptional role of nature reserves in the preservation and restoration of the rarest animals, plants, unique landscapes and other nature reserves.
Thanks to the activities of the reserves, some rare animals have become commercial, they now provide us with furs, medicinal raw materials and other valuable products.
Many Russian geographers, botanists, especially zoologists and game managers, have gone through a difficult but good school in the reserves. Many prominent scientists of our country have been employees of the reserves for decades, and some of them still work in these natural laboratories. Far from cultural centers and any comfort, in the rain and blizzard or under the scorching sun of the deserts, they obtain that primary scientific material, without which the advancement of scientific thought is impossible. The brightest and most interesting studies on the ecology of animals and birds were carried out in the reserves.

Conclusion
The number of animals is decreasing not only as a result of direct extermination, but also due to the deterioration of environmental conditions in territories and ranges. Anthropogenic changes in landscapes adversely affect the living conditions of most animal species. Deforestation, plowing of steppes and prairies, drainage of swamps, regulation of runoff, pollution of the waters of rivers, lakes and seas - all this, taken together, interferes with the normal life of wild animals, leading to a decrease in their numbers even when hunting is prohibited.
The growing threat of an environmental catastrophe on a global scale is raising awareness of the urgent need to rationalize environmental management and coordinate efforts in environmental protection and as an integral part of animal protection within the entire international community.
The activities of state, scientific and public organizations in Russia should be aimed at preserving all biological species. We must not forget that, according to forecasts of scientists, in the next 20-30 years about 1 million species of animals and plants will be under the threat of extinction. Preserving the gene pool of the biosphere, which took millions of years to develop, is one of the major challenges of nature conservation.
Each species saved from death is a natural resource preserved for the national economy. The black list of the dead species of our planet is an irretrievably lost opportunity to improve the welfare of mankind.
We can and must protect animals not only as a usable resource, but also from a humane perspective on this serious problem.

Bibliography:
1. Arustamov E. A. Nature management: Textbook. - M., 2001.
2. Papenov KV Economy and environmental management: textbook. - M., 1997.
3. Radionov A.I., Klushin V.N., Torocheshnikov N.S. Environmental protection technology. - M., 1999.
etc.................

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1. Main types of natural resources

Natural resources are part of the entire range of habitats (resources + conditions) used to support life. The huge volumes of natural resources involved in modern human activity have exacerbated the problems of their rational use and protection and have become global. For the study and rational use of natural resources, it is advisable to divide them into classes (types) in order to develop generalized methods for their rational use.

The main types of natural resources are as follows:

1. Energy resources (solar energy, internal heat, nuclear energy, etc.);

2. Atmospheric (gas resources);

3. Climatic resources;

4. Water resources;

5. Resources of the lithosphere, including land and mineral resources;

6. Resources of plants - producers;

7. Resources of consumers;

8. Resources of reducers;

9. Recreational - anthropo-ecological;

10. Cognitive and recreational;

11. Resources of space and time;

12. Labor resources other.

2. The concept of exhaustible, inexhaustible,renewable,irreplaceableresources

Natural objects and phenomena that a person uses in the labor process are called natural resources. These include atmospheric air, water, soil, minerals, solar radiation, climate, vegetation, fauna. According to the degree of their depletion, they are divided into exhaustible and inexhaustible.

Exhaustible resources, in turn, are subdivided into renewable and non-renewable. Non-renewable resources include those resources that are not revived or renewed hundreds of times slower than they are expended. These include oil, coal, metal ores and most other minerals. The reserves of these resources are limited, their protection is reduced to careful spending.

Renewable natural resources - soil, vegetation, wildlife, as well as mineral salts such as Glauber's and common salt, which are deposited in lakes and sea lagoons. These resources are constantly restored if the necessary conditions are preserved, and the rate of use does not exceed the rate of natural revival. Resources are restored from different speed: animals - for several years, forests - 60-80 years, and soils that have lost fertility - for several millennia. Exceeding the rate of expenditure over the rate of reproduction leads to depletion and complete disappearance of the resource. natural resource environmental problem

Inexhaustible resources include water, climate and space. The total reserves of water on the planet are inexhaustible. They are based on the salty waters of the World Ocean, but they are still little used. In hotel areas, the waters of the seas and oceans are polluted with oil, wastes from household and industrial enterprises, the removal of fertilizers and pesticides from the fields, which worsens the living conditions marine plants and animals. Fresh water, necessary for humans, is an exhaustible natural resource. The problem of fresh water is aggravated every year due to the shallowing of rivers and lakes, an increase in water consumption for irrigation and the needs of industry, pollution of industrial and household waste... Careful use and strict protection of water resources is necessary.

Climatic resources - atmospheric air and wind energy - are inexhaustible, but with the development of industry and transport, the air began to be heavily polluted with smoke, dust, and exhaust gases. By the principle of interchangeability: replaceable natural resources can be replaced by others now or in the foreseeable future (all minerals, energy resources); irreplaceable natural resources cannot be replaced by other natural resources (atmospheric air, water, genetic fund of living organisms).

3. Resource use and associated resource depletion issues

Environmental pollution is understood to mean the introduction of unusual substances into it or an increase in the concentration of existing ones (chemical, physical, biological) above the natural level, leading to negative consequences. A pollutant can be either poisonous or harmless or a substance necessary for organisms, the content of which will go beyond the optimal concentration values. In particular, high-quality natural water, but in excess, can act as a pollutant, for example, when the soil is over-watered.

Pollution is often defined as any natural resource or element that has been misplaced.

Contaminants are classified according to various parameters.

1. By origin: natural and artificial.

2. According to sources: industrial, agricultural, transport, point (enterprise pipe), object (enterprise), scattered (agricultural field, ecosystem), transgressive (spread from other regions).

3. By scale of impact: global, regional, local; by elements of the environment: atmosphere, hydrosphere, soil.

4. By the place of action: rural environment, urban environment within industrial enterprises, etc.

5. By the nature of the action: chemical, physical, thermal, noise electromagnetic.

6. By the frequency of action: primary, secondary; according to the degree of resistance: stable, persistent, unstable. The level of persistence of pollutants depends on the possibility of their degradation by various agents or transfer to another environment, where they will not be a pollutant. The more persistent a pollutant is, the more pronounced its cumulative effect in the environment.

Pollution parameters.

1. By volume of admission on Wednesday.

2. By aggressiveness (toxicity).

3. By the degree of pollution.

Of the extracted resources, only 2 - 3% is used as a useful product, and the rest is waste (waste rock, slags, etc.). Useful product is often an unfavorable pollutant of the environment, since it is treated with various substances (antiseptics, coatings) against destruction by biological agents. When these products are taken out of use, they often become contaminants that persist for a long time. Also dangerous are the results of human activity to remove in natural environment substances unusual for it and alien to living organisms (xenobiotics). In nature, there are about 2 thousand inorganic and about 2 million organic compounds... Man has learned to synthesize more than 8 million compounds. Their number increases by several thousand every year. About 50 thousand of such substances enter the biosphere

4. Ecological problemsflora and fauna

According to ecologists, about 100 species of animals and plants die every year. About 50 thousand species of animals are on the verge of destruction. The Red Book, published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, which includes only endangered species of mammals and birds, consists of two voluminous volumes.

The clandestine trade in rare animals is causing great harm. It generates revenues of about $ 6 billion a year. Poaching takes organized forms, the mafia is actively involved in it. The latency of this type of crime exceeds 70%.

For 200 years, the area of forests that are lungs of the planet decreased by half. 11 million hectares of forests disappear annually. Destroyed 40% of the tropical forests of America, 50% - Africa. About 25% of the area vegetation The earth is disturbed, it is predicted that every seventh species of plants will disappear by 2000. In our country, up to 30 thousand. forest fires on an area of over 2 million hectares. Wood reserves over 20 years have decreased by 8 billion cubic meters.

At the same time, the disappearance of animals and plants occurs not only due to direct extermination, but also as a result of the destruction of the habitat of the corresponding species.

It must be borne in mind that losses from the destruction of flora and fauna are irreplaceable; the natural gene pool itself is dying, and it is not known how many plants and animals that could benefit humanity have already been lost. “We are ruining the world in which we live. We act like idiots left unattended in an incomparable, amazing garden, and slowly but surely turn it into a barren desert with the help of poisons, saws, sickles and firearms, ”writes Gerald Darrell.

In solving the environmental problem, the state and the law can play an important role, as well as their implementation of the environmental function.

The following directions of state and legal impact on the solution of environmental problems can be distinguished.

First, it is the improvement of the legal regulation of environmental protection activities. The legislation stipulates:

Nature use regime (procedure for land use, forest land exploitation, procedure for restoration of damage caused as a result of use, improvement of the state of land and other land, etc.);

Allocation of specially protected, regime objects (reserves, wildlife reserves, etc.), modes of their functioning;

Social and technical standards (for example, MPC norms - maximum permissible, concentrations of various substances in air, water, sanitary and hygienic standards, etc.);

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Environmental problems of plants. Environmental problem of humanity

Causes of animal environmental problems

How to save the fauna?

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