The watery shell of the globe is the oceans,
seas, rivers, lakes - called
hydrosphere.
It covers 71% of the earth's surface.
The earth has a colossal volume
water about 1.5 billion km³. However, 98%
this volume is made up of salt water,
and only 28 million km³ is fresh water.
Water resources
It is usablefresh waters trapped in rivers,
lakes, glaciers, underground horizons.
Importance of water in the world economy
Habitat of aquatic organisms,a source of valuable proteins (in the form of fish
and other organisms)
Used in almost all
sectors of the economy: energy,
for irrigation of agricultural land, for
industrial, municipal and
household water supply.
Water reserves
The volume of water on Earth reaches almost 1.5 billion km³.But the bulk of fresh water (almost 80%)
make up the waters of glaciers, snow covers,
underground ice of permafrost. V
they are not currently used and
considered as potential water
resources. One-time volume of onshore river waters
small - only 2000 km³.
Water balance of the world
Utilitieswater supply.
Industrial water supply.
Agriculture water supply.
Municipal water supply
Water consumption rates per 1people make an average of 120150 liters per day. But in the cities
industrialized countries
water consumption is especially high.
For example, in European countries it
rises to 300-400 l / day
Industrial water supply
Plants require a lot of water,factories. Only for the needs of energy
taken from water sources 320 km³
water, while 20 km³ is lost. WITH
industrial development water consumption
everything increases, at the same time
increasing water pollution
industrial waste.
Agriculture water supply
The largest water consumer is ruraleconomy. A particular problem is
runoff from livestock farms. They
extremely overloaded with organic
compounds and cause especially
rapid pollution of water bodies. The availability of water resources is measured by the volume of river flow per capita
population per year. Among the regions of the world, Australia is the most provided with water and
Oceania - 83 thousand m³ per person per year. This is not so much due to the abundance of water,
How much with sparsely populated this part of the planet. Suriname is one of the richest countries in the world with water resources,
Gabon, Canada, New Zealand, Norway. Countries experiencing a shortage of fresh
waters: Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Egypt. In many of these countries
Installations for desalination of sea water are used.
Reasons for the shortage of fresh water
urban growthcreation of powerful industrial centers
pollution of water bodies by household and industrial
drains;
Reduction of river flow; (consequences of cutting down
forests, plowing floodplains and draining swamps);
Reducing the ability of reservoirs to self-purify (not
cope with such a volume of waste);
Overconsumption and pollution of groundwater
(shallowing of rivers and lakes)
Problems related to the use of water resources
fresh water supplies are by no means unlimited, andalmost uncontrolled industrial discharges
threaten to destroy the ecosystem of many bodies of water.
Pulp and paper and chemical
industry ruins all life in rivers and lakes.
ill-conceived construction of reservoirs and
dams (especially on the Volga) lead to almost
the complete disappearance of many species of fish.
groundwater pollution.
Measures for the protection of water resources
savings in production and at homewaste water treatment;
development of new technologies that provide
maximum utilization of industrial waste;
stopping the discharge of untreated wastewater
creation of water protection zones adjacent to water areas;
planting trees and shrubs in the riverside strip.
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Slide captions:
WATER RESOURCES: RATIONAL USE AND PROTECTION
BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT THE HYDROSPHERE The hydrosphere is the totality of all the Earth's waters: oceanic, continental (deep, soil, surface), atmospheric 2
DISTRIBUTION OF WATER MASSES IN THE EARTH'S HYDROSPHERE Parts of the hydrosphere Volume, thousand km³% of the total volume World ocean 1,370,323 94.2 Groundwater 60,000 4.12 Glaciers 24,000 1.65 Lakes 230 0.016 Soil moisture 75 0.005 Atmospheric vapor 14 0.001 River water 1 0.0001 Whole hydrosphere 1 454 643 100.0 3
FRESH WATER 4
SUPPLY OF CONTINENTS WITH FRESH WATER Continents River flow per capita, thousand m3 per year Europe 5.18 Asia 7.94 Africa 13.67 North America 26.14 South America 74.68 Australia 12.9 Globe 11.0 5
THE ROLE OF WATER IN NATURE AND HUMAN LIFE Is the environment of life Forms the climate on the planet Necessary for photosynthesis Necessary for biochemical and biophysical processes that ensure the possibility of life on Earth Water makes up 90% of the mass of plants and 75-95% of the mass of animals In the human body 65% of water Average human need for water 2.5 liters per day 6
USE OF WATER RESOURCES Water consumption: 1 ton of wheat 1,500 tons 1 ton of rice 7,000 tons 1 ton of cotton 10,000 tons 1 ton of cast iron 50-150 tons 1 ton of steel 250 tons 1 ton of copper 500 tons 1 ton of plastics 500-1000 tons 1 ton of paper 100,000 t 8
WATER PROBLEM Lack of fresh water Increased demand for water due to population growth and the development of industries that require large expenditures of water resources Losses of fresh water due to reduced flow of rivers Deterioration of water quality due to pollution of water bodies with industrial and domestic waste 9
WATER POLLUTION DISSOLVED SALTS (calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium, sodium, aluminum, carbonates and bicarbonates, sulfates, chlorides, etc.) DISSOLVED GASES (oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, etc.) BIOGENIC ELEMENTS ( nitrogen and phosphorus) ORGANIC SUBSTANCES (oil and oil products, phenols, pesticides, biogenic organics) MICROELEMENTS (lithium, barium, strontium, manganese, chromium, heavy metals RADIONUCLIDES SUSPENDED SUBSTANCES PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS 10
SOURCES OF POLLUTION Industrial waste water Municipal waste water Flushing from the fields Waste from livestock complexes Atmospheric waters Burial of hazardous substances (in particular, radioactive waste) in water bodies 11
SOURCES OF POLLUTION AGRICULTURE: Irrigation (biophilic elements - nitrogen and phosphorus, pesticides, fertilizers, organic compounds, etc.) for washing materials and products, etc.) SHIPPING 12
EFFECTS OF POLLUTION Changes in water quality Changes in aquatic ecosystems Death of aquatic organisms Human diseases Eutrophication of water bodies 13
SELF-CLEANING OF WATER BODIES Associated with the water cycle in nature Provided by the aggregate activity of organisms inhabiting water bodies Physical factors: dilution, dissolution, mixing of incoming pollutants, sedimentation of insoluble particles during sedimentation Disinfection of water under the influence of UV radiation from the Sun Filtration by plankton 14
EUTROPHICATION OF WATER BODIES Trophicity - the ability of reservoirs to photosynthesize organic matter as the basis of a food base for aquatic organisms. Eutrophication - an increase in the biological productivity of reservoirs as a result of the accumulation of nutrients in water under the influence of natural and mainly anthropogenic factors. Accompanied by the massive development of microscopic planktonic algae - phytoplankton, and higher aquatic vegetation 15
EUTROPHICATION OF WATER BODIES Reasons for anthropogenic eutrophication - excessive intake of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) into water bodies Consequences: Development of blue-green algae Unpleasant smell and taste of water Toxic substances Death of fish Overgrowth, waterlogging of water bodies Reducing the aesthetic merits of a water body 16
Colony of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) The structure of blue-green bacteria Cyanobacteria Synechococcus during division. This microbe photosynthesizes during the day and fixes atmospheric nitrogen at night (photo from www.lbl.gov) Layers of blue-green algae cover water bodies and can be toxic to humans and animals Photo: Bioremediate 17
18 Sinivetikate pinnakogumid Soome lahes 1997. aasta juulis Foto: Inga Kanoshina, Eesti Mereinstituut
The problem of the Baltic Sea About one million tons of nitrogen and almost 40 thousand tons of phosphorus are discharged into the Baltic Sea every year. The main pollutants are domestic wastewater and agriculture (fertilizers). The biggest pollutant among the Baltic states is Poland with its large-scale agriculture. The agricultural policy of the EU stimulates the development of large agricultural enterprises that use artificial mineral fertilizers. Poland and the Baltic region countries, receiving subsidies for agricultural development, could double the total amount of nitrogen entering the sea in the coming years. The Swedish government is going to change the current state of affairs - Stockholm intends to propose the introduction of quotas for the discharge of phosphorus and nitrogen into the sea. Limiting carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere will be taken as a model. Sweden proposes to install windmills at the bottom of the sea, stirring the water, and to grow mussels, which intensively assimilate nitrogen and phosphorus from the water. EUTROPHICATION OF WATER BODIES 19
HELCOM 20 The main goal of the Helsinki Convention is to protect the natural marine environment of the Baltic Sea, restore and maintain the ecological balance of the Baltic Sea, and ensure the rational use of its natural resources. 1992 http://www.helcom.fi/ www.helcom.ru/
HEAVY METALS Common and highly toxic pollutants Contained in industrial wastewater Enter water bodies through the atmosphere Absorbed by phytoplankton and then transmitted through food chains to more highly organized organisms 21
HEAVY METALS DEGREE OF TOXICITY OF SOME HEAVY METALS FOR MAIN GROUPS OF MARINE ORGANISMS 22 Metal Plankton Crustaceans Molluscs Fish Copper +++ +++ +++ +++ Zinc + ++ ++ ++ Lead - ++ + +++ Mercury +++ +++ +++ Cadmium - ++ ++ ++++ Toxicity: none +++ strong + very weak ++++ very strong ++ weak
Oil pollution SOURCES CONSEQUENCES Water transport Accidents on water transport Flushing waters of oil tankers Accidents on oil rigs Accidents on subsea oil pipelines Drilling water and sludge Flushing from land Carrying out with river runoff Oil outflows from griffins on the seabed with an atmospheric film of water The primary biological productivity of the reservoir decreases Oil components - mutagens and carcinogens (benzo (a) pyrene) Death of aquatic organisms Death of birds Pollution of coastal areas Changes in the reflectivity of water (albedo) Deposition of heavy fractions on the bottom of the reservoir 23
OIL CONTAMINATION 24 Photo from oilcapital.ru
Technologies for cleaning water areas from oil pollution 26 Using floating hydrophobic sorbents-collectors Schematic diagram of an oil-collecting vessel: 1 - oil-saturated sorbent; 2 - ship; 3 - valve; 4 - gravity separator; 5 - filling container; 6-cassette adsorber; 7-discharge of clean water; 8-pump; 9 - intake device; 10 - movable overflow edge. Mechanical method (collection by hand)
Technologies for cleaning water areas from oil pollution 27 Using biodestructors or biosorbents (contain oil-oxidizing bacteria) Using booms
WASTE WASTE CLEANING Methods of purification: Mechanical (straining, settling, clarification, filtration) Physicochemical (flotation, adsorption, extraction, reverse osmosis) Chemical or reagent (neutralization, oxidation-reduction) Biological or biochemical (aerobic, anaerobic) 28
29 Averager Mechanical treatment unit Biochemical treatment unit Averager Biochemical treatment unit Treatment of sewage sludge Waste water into a reservoir
30 Wastewater Grating building Sand trap Radial settling tanks Sewage sludge treatment facilities
31 Strainers: grates and sieves
Settling: sand traps 32
Settling: sedimentation tanks 33 Oil-grease trap Vertical and radial sedimentation tanks
Biochemical treatment 34 Aerobic process С 6 Н 12 О 6 + 6О 2 -> 6СО 2 + 6Н 2 О + microbial biomass + heat Anaerobic process С 6 Н 12 О 6 -> 3СН 4 + 3СО 2 + microbial biomass + heat
Biochemical treatment: aeration tanks 35
Biochemical treatment: aeration tanks 36
Biochemical treatment: radial clarifier 37
Water filters 38
Biological filters 39 Dosing tank Siphon Sprinkler Main pipe Distribution pipes Drainage from tiles Channels for air inlet to drainage Filter loading (crushed stone, nozzle) Channel for purified water removal Photo from the website http://2akva.ru/
Biofilters 40 Photo from the site http://2akva.ru/
Biofilters 41 Biofilter. Managua Photo from the site http://2akva.ru/
Filter fields 42
43 CLEAN WATER IS A KEY TO HEALTH
Slide 1
Slide 2
The watery shell of the globe - oceans, seas, rivers, lakes - is called the hydrosphere. It covers 71% of the earth's surface. The earth has a colossal volume of water of about 1.5 billion km³. However, 98% of this volume is salt water, and only 28 million km³ - fresh water.
Slide 3
Water resources This is fresh water suitable for consumption, trapped in rivers, lakes, glaciers, underground horizons.
Slide 4
The importance of water in the world economy Habitat of aquatic organisms, a source of valuable proteins (in the form of fish and other organisms) It is used in almost all sectors of the economy: in energy, for irrigation of agricultural lands, for industrial, municipal and domestic water supply.
Slide 5
Water reserves The volume of water on Earth reaches almost 1.5 billion km³. But the main volume of fresh water (almost 80%) is water of glaciers, snow covers, underground ice of permafrost. Currently they are not used and are considered as potential water resources. The one-time volume of onshore river waters is small - only 2000 km³.
Slide 6
Water management balance of the world Municipal water supply. Industrial water supply. Agriculture water supply.
Slide 7
Municipal water supply Water consumption rates for 1 person are on average 120-150 liters per day. But in the cities of industrialized countries, water consumption is especially high. For example, in European countries it rises to 300-400 l / day
Slide 8
Industrial water supply Plants and factories require a lot of water. Only for the needs of power engineering 320 km³ of water is taken from water sources, while 20 km³ is lost. With the development of industry, water consumption is increasing, at the same time, water pollution by industrial waste is increasing.
Slide 9
Water supply for agriculture The largest water consumer is agriculture. Runoff from livestock farms is a particular problem. They are extremely overloaded with organic compounds and cause particularly rapid pollution of water bodies.
Slide 10
The availability of water resources is measured by the volume of river flow per capita per year. Among the regions of the world, Australia and Oceania are the most provided with water - 83 thousand m³ per person per year. This is due not so much to the abundance of water, but to the sparse population of this part of the planet.
Slide 11
The countries with the richest water resources in the world include Suriname, Gabon, Canada, New Zealand, Norway. Countries experiencing a shortage of fresh water: Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Egypt. Many of these countries use seawater desalination plants.
Slide 12
Reasons for the shortage of fresh water; growth of cities; creation of powerful industrial centers; pollution of reservoirs with domestic and industrial wastewater; Reduction of river flow; (consequences of deforestation, plowing of floodplains and draining of swamps); Decrease in the ability of reservoirs to self-purify (they cannot cope with such a volume of waste); Excessive consumption and pollution of groundwater (shallowing of rivers and lakes) Measures for the protection of water resources; savings in production and at home; waste water treatment; development of new technologies to ensure maximum utilization of industrial waste; stopping the discharge of untreated wastewater; creating water protection zones adjacent to water areas; planting in the coastal strip of trees and shrubs. Slide 1
Slide 2
Water resources and the volume of their use. The total volume of water in the hydrosphere is 1.4 billion km3. This huge amount of water resources seems inexhaustible. However, of this amount of water, about 96.5% falls on the waters of the World Ocean, that is, on waters, the direct use of which is impossible due to their salinity.
Slide 3
About 1.7% more are eternal snow and ice, mainly from Antarctica. Access to these water reserves is difficult due to the remoteness of the polar regions. And the same amount is accounted for by underground waters. But these waters need to be searched for as minerals are searched for. And this means they can not be found everywhere.
Slide 4
For its needs, mankind uses about 41.7% thousand km3. This significantly exceeds the global volume of water consumption, which is about 4000 km3 per year. We can say for sure that river water will never end because it is impossible to stop the water cycle. However, this does not mean that there are no problems at all.
Slide 5
Problems of using water resources. Uneven distribution of water resources. The amount of water on the Earth's surface in any area depends on the climate. About a third of the land surface is occupied by dry belts: - northern (Sahara, deserts of Asia); - southern (Namib, Kalahari, Atacama, Australian deserts).
Slide 6
But resource availability depends not only on the available volume of water, but also on the population to which this volume is distributed. The problem of providing the population and economy with water can be solved through the use of groundwater, which can be found even in the center of a waterless desert, desalination of sea water, towing icebergs from the polar regions of the planet to the coasts of tropical countries.
Slide 7
Poor water quality. Man uses river water for different purposes, and more and more. The used water does not disappear completely. Sooner or later, she returns to the rivers, but in a greatly changed form. This is the so-called waste water. They are industrial, agricultural and household.
Slide 8
The water participating in the technological cycles of industrial enterprises supplies a large amount of a wide variety of toxic substances to the rivers. True, an industrial enterprise can control the process of water consumption. Modern treatment facilities are capable of removing more than 90% of the pollutants in the water from the water.
Slide 9
Agriculture is the largest consumer of water. About 2/3 of the total water consumption is water used for irrigation of fields. Unlike industrial waters, agricultural waters are almost impossible to capture for purification. As for agricultural waters, firstly, it is necessary to rationally use minerals, and secondly, to improve the systems of irrigation of plants. Both problems are solved by drip irrigation technology, when using which water is supplied to each plant. Also, a huge number of bacteria and microorganisms, including pathogens, live in the water. That is, it is necessary to further develop the bacterial purification of drinking water. Slide 2
The concept of "world water resources".
The concept of "world water resources" includes all the free waters of our planet, which are used or can be used by mankind at a given level of development of its productive forces.
Slide 3
The world's water resources include:
The World Ocean is a continuous water shell of the Earth, surrounding continents and islands and characterized by a common salt composition. Occupies 70.8% of the Earth's territory. Groundwater - water located in the thickness of rocks in the upper part of the earth's crust in a liquid, solid and vapor state. Glaciers are moving natural accumulations of atmospheric ice on the earth's surface; they form in areas where more solid atmospheric precipitation is deposited than it melts and evaporates. The total area of glaciers is 16.3 million km. I (10.9% of the land area). Lakes are natural reservoirs in the depressions of the land, filled with heterogeneous water masses within the lake basin and do not have a one-sided slope. Lakes are characterized by the absence of a direct connection with the World Ocean. The lakes cover about 2.1 million km. (1.4% of the land area) Soil moisture - the liquid part of the soil with dissolved gases, mineral and organic substances.
Slide 4
The waters of the atmosphere. Swamps are land areas with excessive stagnant soil moisture, overgrown with moisture-loving vegetation. They occupy 350 million hectares. Reservoirs are artificial reservoirs of significant capacity, usually formed in river valleys by water-resistant structures for regulation in the national economy. The total area of reservoirs in the world is 600-620 thousand km. Rivers are natural water streams flowing in the channel they have developed and fed by surface and underground runoff from their basins.
Slide 5
Provision of the Earth with water resources
Each person drinks about 2 liters of water a day, and uses 3000 liters for various needs. An estimated 1.2 billion people live where water is already scarce. Agriculture is the largest consumer of water, accounting for 70% of all water consumed by humans. Below is a map of the availability of water in the countries of the world. Areas with no water at all are shown in red. Yellow - areas with a catastrophic water shortage. In green - areas with moderate water supply, but here, too, future climatic changes may negatively affect water reserves. Areas where the lack of water is not felt or is felt in an insignificant amount are painted in blue. Gray - unexplored areas.
Slide 6
Map of water availability of countries of the world
Slide 7
The main ways to solve the problem of water supply
Slide 8
One of the means of solving the problem of supplying a region (country, city, etc.) is the construction of reservoirs. They are subdivided into valley-river, lake, located at the outlets of groundwater and others. Reservoirs are "warehouses" of water that are used for water supply, irrigation, hydropower, shipping, recreation, etc. Most of the large reservoirs are located in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere in highly developed countries. In the tropical and equatorial zones, the number of reservoirs is relatively small, but since most of them are large and largest, their share is more than 1/3 of the world.
Slide 9
The second way to solve the problem of shortage of fresh water is the projects of using glacial fresh water reserves. Of greatest interest in this respect are the glaciers of Antarctica, because they contain the largest supply of fresh water. A special problem is the routes of transporting glaciers to the regions most in need of water. The most expedient is the transportation of icebergs to the continents closest to Antarctica: South America, Australia, Africa. However, when transporting icebergs, you will have to use extremely cold currents in order to avoid premature melting of ice. And this, in turn, complicates this process. Transportation of icebergs to the Northern Hemisphere will be much more expensive. Due to the high cost of such projects, they are still projects, although many countries are already showing interest in them - the USA, France, Canada, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Australia and others.
Slide 10
The third, practically used today by increasing the reserves of fresh water, is the desalination of sea waters. This method consists in the evaporation of water under pressure, followed by the condensation of water vapor. But along with this method, other, more advanced methods of desalination of salt waters are used today.
Slide 11
Causes of depletion of water resources
The main reasons for the qualitative depletion of water resources are their pollution and clogging. Water pollution is the saturation of them with harmful substances in such quantities or combinations that deteriorate the quality of water and the water body is recognized as polluted in accordance with accepted standards. In contrast to pollution, clogging of water is understood as the entry into a reservoir of foreign, insoluble in water objects that do not change the quality of the water, but affect the quality of the channels of reservoirs.
Slide 12
The main sources of pollution are waste water from the oil, petrochemical, chemical, coal, pulp and paper and metallurgical industries. The intensification of agricultural production, associated with the introduction of large doses of mineral fertilizers, the use of chemical plant protection products, the organization of livestock complexes, also leads to a significant increase in the pollution of water bodies and watercourses.
Slide 13
Water pollution control methods
Biochemical cleaning methods are based on the use of the vital activity of mineralizing microorganisms, which, multiplying, process and thereby transform complex organic compounds into simple, harmless mineral substances. Physicochemical methods of wastewater treatment: electrochemical in electric fields, electrocoagulation, electroflotation, ion exchange, crystallization, etc. An effective method of combating water pollution is the introduction of recycled and recycled water supply at industrial enterprises.
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