The territory of the Far East is located along the Pacific coast for more than 4,500 thousand km. from Chukotka to the border with Korea. Northern part region is located beyond the Arctic Circle, so even in summer period snow cover remains. Southern territories located at 40 latitudes - subtropical plants are often found among spruce groves.
Nature
This region is characterized by contrasting phenomena and processes that are caused by the interaction of various air masses, cold and warm air masses, as well as the junction of lithospheric plates. All this became a prerequisite for the formation of variegated natural conditions.
The Far Eastern region is located on the line of collision of the Pacific and Eurasian plates, which resulted in the formation mountain systems, which stretch parallel to the ocean.
Most of the mountain ensembles of the Far East were formed during the Mesozoic period, but mountain-building processes continue to this day, as evidenced by systematic earthquakes in this region.
Climatic conditions
The contrasting climate of the Far Eastern region is determined by the interaction of marine and continental air masses temperate zone. Due to the cold air flow from the Asian High, winters in the region are harsh and frosty.
When exposed to warm currents from the ocean in winter, a large amount of precipitation falls here, sometimes the thickness snow cover reaches 2 m.
Summer in the region is quite warm, but rain falls here every day. monsoon rains. Many rivers of the Far East, in particular the Amur, begin to overflow in the summer, since due to the protracted spring, the snow gradually melts.
Relief, flora and fauna
A complex relief system, a combination of different air masses and closed basins are the factors that lead to diversity vegetation cover Far Eastern region. The flora includes species characteristic of both cold Siberia and hot Asia.
Here, spruce coniferous forests coexist with impenetrable thickets of bamboo. In the forests you can find linden, spruce, hornbeam, pear, pine and walnut trees. Dense thickets broadleaf forests are entwined with vines, lemongrass and grapes.
The Far Eastern fauna is also very diverse: it is inhabited by reindeer, squirrels, sable, moose, which belong to Siberian species, as well as black deer, raccoon dogs, and Amur tigers.
Economy of the region
Vivid contrasts are characteristic and for the economy of the region. Industry is quite well developed in the Far East and Agriculture. Rice, potatoes, soybeans, legumes, wheat and a variety of vegetables are grown in the central and southern parts.
Also, the south of the Far East specializes in gardening. In the northern part of the region, expensive furs are produced. Fishing predominates in coastal areas.
In the depths of the Far Eastern region there is a large-scale ensemble of minerals that are rarely found in one territory: copper, non-ferrous and iron ores, gold, phosphorites, oil, natural gas, apatites and graphites.
Monsoon forests are vast green areas with lush vegetation and rich wildlife. During the rainy season, they resemble equatorial evergreen forests. Found in subequatorial and tropical climate. They attract tourists and photographers with a variety of picturesque landscapes.
Description
Monsoon rainforests are most common in the tropics. Most often they are located at an altitude of 850 meters above sea level. They are also called deciduous because the trees lose their leaves during periods of drought. Heavy rains return them to their former richness and color. The trees here reach a height of twenty meters, the leaves on the crowns are small. Evergreen species and many lianas and epiphytes are common in the undergrowth. IN monsoon zone orchids are growing. They are found in the Brazilian coastal mountain ranges, the Himalayas, Malaysia, Mexico, and Indochina.
Peculiarities
Monsoon forests in the Far East are famous for their diversity of plants and animals. Warm and humid summer, abundance plant feed create favorable conditions for habitat of insects, birds, mammals. Coniferous and broad-leaved trees are found here. Among the inhabitants of the forests, sable, squirrel, chipmunk, hazel grouse, as well as animals rare for climate zone Russia. Characteristic inhabitants of monsoon forests - Ussurian tiger, black bear, sika deer, wolf, raccoon dog. There are many wild boars, hares, moles, and pheasants on the territory. Reservoirs subequatorial climate are rich in fish. Some species are protected.
In wet forests Rare orchids grow in Brazil, Mexico, and Indochina. About sixty percent are sympodial species, well known among gardeners. The red-yellow soils of monsoon areas are favorable for ficus, palm trees, valuable species trees. The most famous ones include teak, satin, tallow, and iron. For example, it is capable of forming a dark grove from its trunks. A huge banyan tree grows in the Indian Botanical Garden, which has almost two thousand (!) trunks. The crown of the tree covers an area of twelve thousand square meters. Variably humid forests become a habitat bamboo bears(pandas), salamanders, tigers, leopards, poisonous insects and snakes.
Climate
Which one prevails? monsoon forests? Winters here are mostly dry, summers are not hot, but warm. The dry period lasts three to four months. average temperature the air is lower than in the humid tropics: the absolute minimum is -25 degrees, the maximum is 35 with a “+” sign. The temperature difference ranges from eight to twelve degrees. Characteristic climate - long showers in summer and their absence in winter. The difference between the two opposite seasons is huge.
Monsoon forests are known for their morning fog and low clouds. This is why the air is so saturated with moisture. By noon, the bright sun completely evaporates moisture from the vegetation. In the afternoon, a foggy haze forms in the forests again. High humidity air and cloudiness persist throughout long period time. In winter, precipitation also falls, but rarely.
Geography
IN subequatorial belt due to loss large quantity precipitation and its uneven distribution, high temperature contrast, monsoon forests develop. On the territory of Russia, they grow in the Far East, have a complex topography, and a rich flora and fauna. There are humid forests in Indochina, Hindustan, the Philippine Islands, Asia, North and South America, Africa. Despite the long rainy seasons and prolonged drought, the fauna in monsoon forest zones is poorer than in humid equatorial zones.
The most pronounced phenomenon of monsoons is on the Indian continent, where a period of drought is replaced by heavy downpours, the duration of which can be seven months. This change in weather is typical for Indochina, Burma, Indonesia, Africa, Madagascar, northern and eastern Australia, and Oceania. For example, in Indochina and the Hindustan Peninsula, the dry period in forests lasts seven months (from April to October). Trees with large crowns and arches grow in vast monsoon areas. irregular shape. Sometimes forests grow in tiers, which is especially noticeable from above.
The soil
Monsoon wet soils are characterized by a red tint, granular structure, and low humus content. The soil is rich in useful microelements such as iron and silicon. There is very little sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium in moist soil. In the territory South-East Asia Zheltozems and red soils predominate. Central Africa and are distinguished by dry black soil. Interestingly, as the rains stop, the concentration of humus in monsoon forests increases. The reserve is one of the forms of protection wildlife in an area rich in valuable plants and animals. It is in humid forests that many species of orchids are found.
Plants and fauna
Monsoon forests in subequatorial climate Hindustan, China, Indochina, Australia, America, Africa, and the Far East (Russia) are characterized by a variety of fauna. For example, in Southeast Asia variable-humid areas teak trees are common, as well as Indochinese laurel and ebony. There are also bamboo, vines, butea, and cereals. Many trees in forests are highly valued for their healthy and durable wood. For example, teak bark is dense and resistant to destruction by termites and fungi. Sal forests grow at the southern foot of the Himalayas. In monsoon areas Central America a lot of thorny bushes. Grows in humid climate and valuable jat wood.
In subequatorial climates, fast-growing trees are common. Palms, acacias, baobab, spurge, cecropium, entandrophragma, ferns predominate, and there are many other types of plants and flowers. For wet climate zone typical big variety birds and insects. Woodpeckers, parrots, toucans, and butterflies are found in the forests. Among the terrestrial animals found in monsoon woodland are marsupials, elephants, various representatives of the cat family, freshwater, amphibians, frogs, and snakes. This world is truly bright and rich.
“Flora and fauna” - Climate Groundwater Soil Human activity Relief (altitudinal zone). Animal world. Find on the vegetation map areas occupied by deserts, tundras, forests and steppes. Steppes of the Forest. Deserts. Birds. Diversity flora. Herbivorous animals. Flora and fauna of Russia.
“The influence of animals” - Cats brighten up loneliness, calm, reduce arterial pressure. Canistherapy is a type of animal-assisted therapy using dogs. Felinotherapy is the therapeutic effect of cats. Kinds. Now such centers have appeared in Russia in the majority major cities. The teenagers worked with dogs at risk of being euthanized at two shelters.
"Russian Livestock" - Experts. Invited to participate in the event: Ivan Dunin, Director of the Federal State Scientific Institution VNIIplem. The number of cows fell by 2.5% to 8.8 million heads. Vodka with milk. Heavy load of the USSR Ministry of Agriculture. Financing structure, areas of responsibility, certification, marketing. What needs to be changed? Date, time, venue. Management crisis Herd management and personnel shortage.
“Animals of Kazakhstan” - Eagle. Did you know that there is a sparrow that lives in deep holes? According to the World Conservation Union, quite numerous species. Keeps in small flocks that... It nests, spends the night and hides in abandoned rodent burrows. Also found in cultivated landscapes in orchards and vineyards.
"Fauna of Russia" - Food chains: sable, cedar, elk, squirrel, lynx. Forest zone. Fauna of Russia. Squirrel. Steppes. Desert. Economical use of water; Hibernation in summer; Burrows. Natural communities– the relationship between flora and fauna. Features of the animal world: Animal world: Protective coloring; Thick fur; Many migratory birds.
“Animal World” - Amur Badger Deer Mole. Squirrel. Black grouse. "Fauna of Russia." People learned to protect nature back in ancient times. One of the oldest Russian reserves, Priazovsky, is located in Krasnodar region. The first nature reserves in Russia were created back in late XIX century. Mink. Ferret. Loaf. Red is the color of danger.
There are a total of 22 presentations in the topic
The territory of the Far East is subject to general patterns of latitudinal zonation, which manifests itself here in a very unique way.
The forest zone of the Far East can be divided into 4 subzones:
1. Northern coniferous forests of the Okhotsk type - Kamchatka and Khabarovsk region to Ayan - Daurian larch, stone birch, fragrant poplar, choicenia, as well as dwarf cedar
2. Medium coniferous forests of the Okhotsk type - from Ayan to Amur - Daurian larch, stone birch, Ayan spruce, white fir.
3. Southern coniferous forests with the participation of deciduous trees - from Amguni to Sikhote-Alin, northern Sakhalin - Korean cedar, Scots pine, Far Eastern birch and aspen appear
4. Mixed coniferous broadleaf forests- middle Amur, Ussuri, Sikhote-Alin, southern Sakhalin. The climate here is monsoon, with warm summers but rather harsh winters.
The growing season (frost-free period) begins in April and lasts from 160 days (in the north of the zone) to 190 in the east; the sum of the effective temperature is 2300-2900 °C. Precipitation (up to 1170 mm per year) falls mainly in the summer in the form of heavy and prolonged rains, often causing floods on rivers.
Monsoon climate due to proximity Pacific Ocean, in combination with fertile soils, contributed to the development of multi-tiered coniferous-deciduous forests with great variety species of trees, shrubs, subshrubs and lianas (over 280 in total). There was no glacier here and relics of the Tertiary period were preserved (acute yew, microbiota, calopanax, Amur velvet, triacid vine, etc.), as well as suffragan species of European plants. The main coniferous forest-formers: Ayan and Siberian spruce, white and whole-leaved fir, Daurian larch, Korean cedar, Scots pine, dwarf cedar; Mongolian oak (on dwarf chars), Manchurian ash, Manchurian walnut, Amur velvet, Amur linden, small-leaved, Manchurian and greenbark maples, Korean and Maksimovich poplar, maakia, Maak bird cherry, ribbed birch, Daurian and Schmidt.
The vegetation of the Far East is very unique. About 420 species of trees, shrubs and vines grow here; about 100 of them are found nowhere except the Far East
Vegetation zones are represented in the Far East in its mainland part by tundra, forest-tundra, taiga and mixed forests.
Low creeping shrubs and shrubs grow in the Far Eastern tundra. Many of them have small, hard evergreen leaves (lingonberry, cranberry, andromeda, Cassandra). Some shrubs form dense cushions or grow in the form of dwarf trees (elfin cedar, willows).
Along the tops of mountain ranges, tundra vegetation penetrates to the south, while forest vegetation penetrates to the north along river valleys. These are forests of fragrant poplar, Daurian larch and one of the most interesting trees Far East - Chozenia; its thick trunks with peeling bark and a highly raised umbrella-shaped crown attract attention from a distance. Chozenia and fragrant poplar form special riverine forests in the lower reaches of the Yana, Kolyma, Indigirka and Anadyr rivers.
To the south, to the very mouth of the Amur, along the Okhotsk coast, taiga of Daurian larch, Siberian larch and a certain spruce is widespread. There are also scaffolds made of stone birch and growths of dwarf cedar. The dwarf cedar, together with the shrubby alder, forms a shrub belt, replacing the larch taiga as it rises into the mountains. The taiga in the lower reaches of the Amur consists of Ayan spruce, Daurian larch and bud-moss fir.
Vegetation of the southern part of the Far East, in the subzone mixed forests, much richer and more diverse. This territory was not subject to glaciation, so representatives of the so-called Turgai flora, widespread in eastern Asia in the Tertiary period, have been preserved here. These remains of ancient flora, relict species, often preserved in a small area, are of great interest and need protection. These include, for example, aralia, calopanax, holly, velvet, maakia. Siberian plants also found favorable conditions here, therefore in the forests. In Primorye you can find a Siberian spruce entwined with lemongrass, actinidia, and Amur grapes climbing high up its trunk, standing nearby white birch and Manchurian walnut, fir, under the canopy of which such exotic shrubs as deutzia, mock orange, and Amur lilac (cracker) found shelter.
A typical representative of the taiga forests of Primorye is the powerful Korean cedar, growing mainly in the middle part of the slopes along with Ayan spruce, whitebark fir, Amur linden, yellow and stone birch. The height of the first tier of the forest reaches 30-35 m.
Very rich species composition shrubs of the undergrowth and forest edges with representatives of the genera hazel, euonymus, rhododendron, lespedeza, medicinal plant, etc. In this zone there are 22 species of vines (actinidia kolomikta and acute, Schisandra chinensis, Amur grape, etc.), which is significantly more than in any other area Russia.
In the taiga forests in the south of Primorye, white fir gives way to whole-leaved fir; there are a lot of deciduous trees(hornbeam, small fruit, Maksimovich's bird cherry, calopanax). Characterized by an abundance of shrubs. Here you can find eleutherococcus forming impenetrable thickets, graceful deutia, and fragrant Amur lilac. Many vines (actinidia, lemongrass, grapevine) densely entwine the trees. In such forests, about 40 species of woody plants can be counted in a small area.
In the mountains of Primorye, vertical zonality is well defined.
In the river valleys and in the lower parts of the slopes, deciduous species predominate: Manchurian ash, velvet, Manchurian walnut, Maakia, elm, Amur lilac, Maak bird cherry. On the southern and southwestern slopes there are often deciduous forests of oak, hornbeam, Manchurian and false Siebold maples. In autumn these forests are full of unique beauty. Transparent openwork crowns of maples, calopanax, hornbeam, painted in yellow, pink, orange, purple tones, transmit the sun's rays well, therefore, despite the density and multi-tiered nature of these forests, the abundance of undergrowth and undergrowth, there is a lot of light and air in them.
The middle parts of the slopes are occupied by cedar-broad-leaved forests, which above are replaced by spruce-fir forests of white-bark fir and Ayan spruce with an admixture of stone birch, yellow maple, and alder. Even higher there is a forest of Daurian larch with an undergrowth of wild rosemary or dwarf cedar (in the north of Primorye), or a forest of stone birch (in the south). The tops of the hills in the north are covered with dwarf cedar, and in the south with microbiota.
The vegetation of Kamchatka is very unique. Only in the central part of the peninsula are coniferous forests of larch and Ayan spruce common. On the eastern coast of Kamchatka, near the mouth of the Semyachik River, there is a grove of Kamchatka fir. This species is not found anywhere else. Such species with a limited range are usually called endemic. Most The territory is occupied by mountain forests of stone birch. These birch forests look like parkland. They are quite rare and contain almost no admixture of other breeds. Birch groves alternate with clearings covered with tall grass. Occasionally in birch forests you can find thickets of Kamchatka rhododendron. Above the forest belt there are impenetrable bush thickets consisting of dwarf cedar, Kamchatka alder, elderberry rowan, and golden rhododendron.
In the southwestern part of Sakhalin, in the lower mountain belt, broad-leaved forests of Mongolian oak and beautiful maple grow. Higher up, spruce forests dominate, widespread throughout Sakhalin. They consist of Glen spruce and Sakhalin fir, which is closely related to whitebark fir. In the undergrowth grow white birch, yellow maple, mixed rowan and elderberry, forked viburnum and Raita, rose hips, hawthorn, and many lianas. Even higher is a belt of stone-birch forests with an undergrowth of dwarf cedar.
Kuril bamboo is widespread on Sakhalin and especially on the southern Kuril Islands. It often grows under the canopy of a spruce-fir forest or in birch forests, and sometimes forms impassable thickets on the slopes, being a real disaster for travelers.
The vegetation of the northern Kuril Islands is close to Kamchatka, and the southern and partly middle islands are close to the vegetation of Japan: there are many southern species, such as magnolia, Eubotrioides Gray, and skimia. In the forests of the southern Kuril Islands, the abundance of vines is striking: 3 species of actinidia, Kaempfer's grapes, wood pliers, petiole hydrangea, lemongrass, and schizophragma are found here. The vegetation of the Lesser Kuril ridge (Shikotan Island) is characterized by an abundance of shrubs of Sargent's juniper, Gray's eubothrioides, Kamchatka wolfgrass and especially Kuril bamboo.
Warm summers with heavy rainfall affect the nature of the vegetation cover. Coniferous-deciduous and broad-leaved forests that dominate the zone have a southern appearance. Compared to the coniferous-deciduous and broad-leaved forests of the Russian Plain, they are distinguished by a greater variety of tree and shrub species, multi-tiered nature, and an abundance of vines and epiphyte mosses attached to the trunks. Ferns are richly represented in the forests of the Far East; the herbaceous layer is well developed, which, after clearing the forests, easily turns into stable meadow groups.
From coniferous species V mixed forests the main role belongs to the Korean cedar (Pinus koraiensis); Whole-leaved fir (Abies holophylla), Ayan spruce (Picea jezoensis), and whitebark fir (Abies nephrolepis) are also found. The composition is even more diverse in mixed forests. hardwood. The first place among them is occupied by Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica). Common species here are linden (Tilia taqueti), yellow birch (Betula costata), small-leaf maple (Acer mono), and Amur linden (Tilia amurensis). The tree trunks are entwined with Amur grape (Vitis amurensis), lemongrass (Schizandra chinensis), actinidia (Actinidia kolomicta) and some other vines.
Pure broad-leaved forests are represented mainly by oak forests. Modern pure oak trees often grow in place of coniferous-deciduous forests. They arose as a result of cutting down coniferous trees. In the past, pure oak forests were widespread in the lowlands, which are now artificially deforested and partially plowed. Instead of virgin forests, low-growing trees and shrubs are scattered in the lowlands and foothills, constituting “a characteristic element of the landscape of many regions of the south of the Soviet Far East.”
Meadow vegetation is better preserved on the plains. Low wet places covered with reed grass, reed grass-forbs and reed grass-sedge meadows, turning into lowland marshes. At a deeper location groundwater Steppe meadows are developing. Occasionally, and always in small areas, typical steppe groups are found with the participation of Baikal and Siberian feather grass (Stipa baicalensis, St. sibirica), tonkopod, Arundinella anomala and Siberian tansy (Tanacetum sibiricum).
There are two points of view regarding the treelessness and steppe formation of the Zeya-Bureya and Prikhankai plains. According to the first of them, the plains were covered with forests before human intervention, and the meadow-steppe groups now found are of secondary, anthropogenic origin (K.D. Glinka, V.L. Komarov, M.F. Korotky). Supporters of the second point of view consider the weak forest cover of the plains to be a natural phenomenon, and the landscape itself to be forest-steppe (B.P. Kolesnikov, Yu.A. Liverovsky). Most likely, part of the Zeya-Bureya and Prikhankai plains is a humid, Far Eastern analogue of the northern forest-steppe of the Russian Plain. As is known, almost continuous forest cover in the past and weak steppe formation – common feature subzones of the northern forest-steppe.
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