Summer holidays are starting very soon and swimming season. And in the geoblog today we are talking about seas and lakes - the most unusual in the world, of course. A sea without shores, a lake in which you cannot drown, and many more interesting things.
Sea without shores
Can you imagine a sea that has no shores, none at all? Do you think this doesn't happen? It turns out that it happens - we have such a sea on our planet. It's called Sargasso and is surrounded on all sides by waters Atlantic Ocean. But how then can we determine where this sea ends and the ocean begins? It's not difficult at all. Water Sargasso Sea looks like a thick soup. It is almost standing, and countless algae float across its entire surface, which are called sargassum. And outside the sea, streams of ocean water begin, which are carried in different directions by powerful ocean currents.
map from here, photo see above
Sea-lake in which you cannot drown
And there are also bodies of water in which you absolutely cannot drown, even if you try very hard. Perhaps the most famous of them is Dead Sea in Israel. As you know, the more salt is dissolved in water, the more it pushes everything that floats in it to the surface. You can do this experiment (they do it at school during physics lessons): you need to take a potato and immerse it in a jar of water. Then gradually, one tablespoon at a time, add salt to the jar and stir. With the next spoonful of salt, the potato will definitely float.
So, in every liter of water Dead Sea about 340 grams of salt dissolved. This is about 10 times more than in ordinary sea water. You can lie quietly on its surface and even read a book (see photo).
Such water is not suitable for life of animals and plants. All attempts to dive here will be unsuccessful (and you shouldn’t try, you can’t put your face in this water at all - can you imagine what will happen if it gets into your eyes?)
photo from here
The lake is both salty and fresh water simultaneously
Lake Balkhash in Kazakhstan – one of the largest in Asia. Residents of villages located on its western side (on the map - blue), they know very well that the water in the lake is fresh and suitable for drinking. But those who live in the eastern part of the lake (in red on the map) could argue with them, because they are absolutely sure of just the opposite - that the water in Balkhash is salty. In fact, both are right. This unique lake in the middle it is divided by a narrow bridge into two parts with completely different composition water. From the southeast it flows into Balkhash large river Or and brings with him a lot fresh water. The strait between the two parts of the lake is so narrow that the water from them does not even mix. Therefore, in the eastern part it remains salty, and in the western part it remains fresh.
map from here
Disappearing and reappearing lake
Lake Erzo in South Ossetia caused a lot of trouble for geographers and map compilers. Every 5-6 years it just... disappears, as if there was no lake at all. And then after a while it appears again out of nowhere. The secret is that right below this lake there are vast expanses of karst caves. The level of groundwater that fills these caves, governed by some unknown laws of its own, sometimes changes. When The groundwater They leave, the lake pours down through the cracks, and its water takes up the free space in the underground storage. Then the groundwater returns and pushes the lake water back to the surface.
Of course, there are no fish in Lake Ertso. Only newts live here, which, if something happens, can themselves move to a new place of residence - underground.
photo from here
Lake with good jellyfish
There is a lake on the Palau Islands that probably every amateur dreams of diving in. scuba diving. About two million jellyfish live here. Moreover, these jellyfish are unusual - they are safe for people, you can touch them as much as you like. Where did such strange jellyfish come from? It turns out that several thousand years ago their distant ancestors entered the lake from the ocean through pores in the limestone rocks. These were ordinary jellyfish, but only very small ones. They ate plankton living in the lake and gradually grew. But over time, there was no plankton left at all, and jellyfish were the only animals in the lake. There was no one else to eat, and in order not to die of hunger they had to learn to eat algae. The ability to “sting” with poison, necessary for other jellyfish to attack enemies, was no longer needed, and gradually this ability completely disappeared.
photo from here
Swim in the lake Jellyfish(that’s what it’s called) I offer it virtually for now, using this video.
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The cleanest and deepest lake in the world
Since we're talking about unusual lakes, let's not mention Baikal Well, it won't work. Baikal is the world's largest reservoir of clean fresh water and the deepest lake in the world (maximum depth - 1642 meters). For comparison: all the water can fit here Baltic Sea, although the Baltic Sea is approximately 10 times larger in area than Baikal.
Baikal water is unusually clear. If we lower an object under water, it will be visible even at a depth of about 40 meters.
About 1,500 species of animals live in the lake, and about three quarters of them are found nowhere else on the planet except Baikal
In addition, Baikal is also the oldest lake on Earth. Its coltovy began to form 25-30 million years ago, and its modern outlines have hardly changed for more than a million years.
photo from here
picture from here
Baikal attracts divers unusual species unique emerald green sponges
Lake Baikal is known for its endemic inhabitants, which are not found in any other body of water on Earth. Golomyanka Baikal is the most interesting and unique of them, demonstrating that they can live in cold climates. Indeed, most livebearers are guests from warm climates climatic zones. But it is not only the fact of viviparity in cold conditions that makes the golomyanka unique: everything about it is unusual and unique.
All about the viviparous endemic of Lake Baikal
There are two known types of golomyanka: large golomyanka and small golomyanka. In the fish system, their place is determined as follows: class Bony fish, subclass Ray-finned fish, order Scorpaeniformes, suborder Slingshot fish, family Golomyankov.
Features of appearance and structure
Like most representatives of slingshot fish, the skin of the golomyanka is not covered with scales and does not have any other hard coverings. There are others interesting features its type and structure:
- The body looks pale pink and almost transparent because there is almost no coloring pigment in the skin, except for very few pigment cells on the back and at the beginning of the caudal fin.
- The head is slightly flattened and quite large with a large, oblique mouth.
- On the inner and outer surfaces of both jaws there are numerous teeth in the form of bristles, arranged in several transverse rows (this is an adaptation to feeding on small plankton).
- Pectoral fins almost like flying fish, very long and unfolding like a fan.
- There are no pelvic fins.
- Two dorsal fins - one short and the other long.
- Long and anal fin located below the second dorsal.
- The peculiarity of all fins: they are transparent and their rays are very soft, thin and unbranched.
- This fish does not have a swim bladder.
Sense organs of golomyankas
Well-developed sense organs of golomyankas are the eyes and the seismosensory system. The golomyanka fish has eyes of a special structure, distinguished by the absence of receptor cells – “cones” – in the retina. In other fish (and other vertebrates), both types of cells are present in the retina - both “cones” and “rods”. The presence of only “rods” that provide vision in low light means significant specialization of vision. So the Baikal golomyanka is adapted to life in low light conditions - at great depths.
The lateral line, which in fish represents the exits of the channels of the seismosensory system, is located in golomyankas on the sides of their body, but does not reach the caudal fin:
- The length of the lateral line of the great golomyanka reaches only to the middle of the large dorsal fin(second from the head);
- The lateral line of the small golomyanka is even shorter: it does not reach the beginning of the second dorsal fin.
Below you see a photo of the Baikal golomyanka (large), where you can see the lateral line located close to the back, the end of which is lost behind the pectoral fin pressed to the body.
The seismic sensory system plays important role both in the orientation of the fish in space and in obtaining food. In golomyankas, the outputs of the channels of the seismosensory system are concentrated in the anterior part of the body, so their lateral line is short, and there are additional channels on the head.
Lifestyle
Golomyankas live in the open waters of Lake Baikal, throughout the entire thickness from the surface layers to the very bottom, descending to a depth of 1600 meters. The main limitation for them is the water temperature above 8.5 - 9 degrees, at which they die. Golomyanka fish prefers a water temperature of 4-5 degrees, this is the most comfortable conditions for her.
Typical for golomyankas sedentary lifestyle life. Not being active swimmers, they simply float in the water column much of the time thanks to their large pectoral fins.
Vertical migrations
Golomyanka, endemic to Baikal, has adapted well to life in this reservoir with unique conditions. A feature of the golomyanka’s way of life is vertical migrations, which they regularly perform, moving from the upper layers to the lower ones and vice versa. Constantly migrating, they try not to leave the layer of water with a comfortable temperature (4-5 degrees):
- This layer (its upper limit) in warm times is located approximately at a depth of 250 meters, therefore, in the summer there is no chance of seeing them close to the surface.
- By winter, the upper boundary of this layer rises to the surface of the lake's ice cover. Golomyanki also rise up, but are located at a depth of about 25 meters (no higher). But individual specimens can also be seen directly under the ice.
There is no exact explanation of the reasons for the migrations yet, there are two versions:
- Golomyankas move behind their food items. But the plankton on which they feed does not descend below 100 meters, and golomyanok are often observed much lower than this depth.
- By plunging to the depths, golomyankas escape from the pressure of predators, providing food for many animals of Baikal, for example, the Baikal omul and the Baikal seal.
Nutritional Features
There is very little information about the nutrition of golomyankas. It is known that their diet includes three components: crustaceans (copepoda and amphipoda) and their own young. The quantitative ratio of these objects is different in adults and in young ones, and each species of golomyanka also has its own ratio.
Let's see what the big golomyanka eats, and more specifically, its juveniles:
- In summer and autumn (July-November), 96 percent of its diet is copepod crustaceans (epishura).
- From December to June, the crustaceans of the epishura are only 10 percent, but 65 percent of its food is juvenile golomyanka.
What role do gills play in food selection?
To avoid competition for food, golomyankas (large and small) have various devices for “sorting” food items. Gill rakers located on the gill arches form a kind of sieve so that food objects do not jump out of the oral cavity through the gill openings.
The number of rakers on the gill arches of the great golomyanka is smaller, so it can only hold large objects for food. On the contrary, the small one has a larger number of stamens, so it can trap smaller copepods.
Mysteries of golomyanka reproduction
Living in deep water, golomyankas do not become attached to underwater substrates, even during reproduction.
They do not lay eggs on the substrate, but incubate them in their own body.
Therefore, they often say about the golomyanka: the viviparous fish of Baikal, meaning viviparity as a way of reproducing this fish. But it's not right.
More precisely, the method of reproduction of the golomyanka should be called ovoviviparity, because developing inside the mother’s body, the future larvae are located in the egg (egger) and they take all the necessary nutrients from it.
The hatching of the fry occurs inside the female’s body and then the already developed larvae are “born”. No one has been able to directly observe the process of reproduction of golomyankas.
Known facts about reproduction:
- Fertility is from 600 to 2500 eggs.
- The number of females in the population is much greater than males.
- Females containing developing embryos can be found throughout the year.
"Viviparous fish of Baikal" and its life cycle are still a mystery to scientists. There are unverified assumptions:
- female golomyankas reproduce once in a lifetime (like salmon and lampreys) and die immediately after spawning their larvae.
- Puberty and the ability to reproduce are observed at 3-4 years and the maximum age is 8 years.
Which golomyanka is fattier and why?
If we look for the relationship between the Golomyanka’s lifestyle and structure, the high fat content in their body is very easily explained.
Constantly being in the water in a suspended, floating state, these fish must have adaptations to hold their bodies in a certain layer of water, i.e. have neutral buoyancy.
These are the devices:
- Absence of a swim bladder.
- The skeleton bones are thin, which reduces the weight of the fish.
- The accumulation of fats in the body of fish is also used to reduce weight.
- Very large pectoral fins with a huge surface area when opened.
The amount of fat in the body of golomyankas is different: in the large golomyanka it is 38.9%, that is, much more than in the small golomyanka, which has 4.6%.
And the size of the pectoral fins, on the contrary, is greater in the small golomyanka: the length is 55 percent of the body length. The length of the pectoral fins of the great golomyanka is less than half the length of the body - 38 percent.
As a result of such subtle differences in the structure of golomyankas, they are differently adapted to soaring:
- The large golomyanka achieves neutral buoyancy due to the large amount of fat.
- The Lesser Golomyanka achieves the same result with the help of a huge area of longer pectoral fins.
Natural enemies of golomyankas
Naturally, being like this oily fish, Golomyanka is included in the diet of other inhabitants of Lake Baikal. The second endemic of the lake is Baikal seal feeds on golomyankas, and these fish are one of the main components of its food. Baikal omul also actively eats golomyanok. But this does not affect the number of golomyanka in Lake Baikal. There is evidence that the number of golomyanka in Baikal is five times greater than that of the inhabitants of modern China.
Interesting fact: local residents Golomyanka is not eaten; cats and dogs also refuse to eat it. The fish is considered waste.
Listen to an interesting mini-lecture about golomyanka, which can be heard at the Baikal Limnological Museum in Listvyanka.
Golomyanka - herself amazing fish Baikal: firstly, this is the only viviparous fish that lives here; secondly, it looks almost transparent; the spine and blood vessels are visible through the skin.
Golomyanka was first described by Peter Pallas in 1771: “Moreover, if there is something rare, and found only in Baikal, it is a fish, which the Russians call Kolomenka; it appeared here not very long ago, although there is not the slightest doubt that it was there before, they just weren’t noticed. It is as hard as a piece of lard, and rightly so fatty that if you fry it, only the back vertebrae will remain, and everything else will blur. It never gets caught online, and has never been seen alive. Here, not without probability, they conclude that it is kept in the deepest abysses of Baikal, which have been explored in the middle and on the northern rocky side... No one can say what reasons there were in the sea that drove this fish to the surface. It usually throws it out in strong weather from the mountainous side, in the summer most towards the Posolsky Monastery and towards Ust-Selenga. You often see it after great storms, where it floats on the surface in great herds, and in some years so much of it was thrown out that it lay in a heap on the shore, then the coastal residents had a fair profit from melting the fat out of them and selling it to the Chinese ... " .
During one of the expeditions, Benedict Dybovsky discovered that golomyankas are viviparous. The discovery literally excited scientific world. Before this, it was generally accepted that only fish in tropical waters are viviparous, and in temperate latitudes and in the north, fish spawn.
The lake is home to two species of golomyanka - the small golomyanka and the large golomyanka. Moreover, both of these species are of autochthonous origin and formed in the Baikal waters about two million years ago.
Big Golomyanka ( Comephorus baikalensis). Body length is 22 cm. Almost a quarter of her body is a head with a huge mouth and teeth that fill it and grow, starting from the chin. Golomyanka is in constant motion. This allows weak fish to effectively hunt macrohectopus crustaceans and fish fry. Vertical or inclined “hovering” is achieved in the great golomyanka due to neutral buoyancy due to the high fat content (over 40%) in the muscles.
Already at the fry stage, the large golomyanka develops dark, quite contrasting spots. Then predominantly top part the body gradually darkens. In adult fish, the dark body coloration disappears, and females become translucent pinkish with a whitish tint due to the high fat content.
Mating in the large golomyanka is observed in April-July, embryos are dropped in July-September, in the small golomyanka, respectively, in September-December and in March-April. The sexual cycle of the great golomyanka is predominantly one-time.
The maximum age for females of the Great Golomyanka is 7 years, for males - 4 years. It makes daily vertical migrations: at night it rises to the surface of the water for food organisms, and during the day it descends to a depth of 50-100 meters, where food organisms also descend. At these depths, she may be hiding from daytime predators, including her older brothers, who do not miss the opportunity to feast on her. The golomyanka spends most of its life at great depths, where light does not penetrate and it would seem that it does not need eyes. But for quite a long time she also remains in the illuminated area, where she obtains food for herself, hunting for planktonic organisms, and here she needs her eyes.
Small golomyanka (Comephorus dybowski). Body length is 14 cm. Vertical or inclined “hovering” is achieved in the small golomyanka due to the huge pectoral fins, total area which reaches 200% of the body area. The small golomyanka has a translucent body with a pink tint, on which rare dark pigment cells are located in a chain.
Despite the fact that this fish leads a solitary lifestyle, not forming schools, the golomyanka makes up a huge percentage of the biomass of all fish in Baikal (about 200 thousand tons).
Baikal seal (Pusa sibirica)- one of three freshwater seal species in the world, the only mammal that lives in Lake Baikal. A scientific description of the seal was first made during the work of the 2nd Kamchatka, or Great Northern, expedition led by V.I. Bering. As part of this expedition, a detachment worked on Baikal under the leadership of I. G. Gmelin, who comprehensively studied the nature of the lake and its surroundings and described the seal.
Until now, there is no consensus among scientists on how this animal got to Baikal. Most researchers adhere to the point of view of I. D. Chersky that the seal entered Baikal from Arctic Ocean through the Yenisei-Angara river system during the Ice Age, simultaneously with the Baikal omul. Other scientists do not exclude the possibility of its penetration along the Lena, which is believed to have flowed from Lake Baikal.
The average body length of an adult seal is 165 cm (from the end of the nose to the end of the hind flippers). Weight from 50 to 130 kg, females are larger than males. Linear growth ends in seals by the age of 17-19, and weight growth continues for a number of years and is possible until the end of life. The body shape of the seal is fusiform, without a pronounced neck. The limbs of the seal are flippers. The front flippers are very developed, with powerful claws. They live up to 55 years.
The seal is a good diver. She can dive to a depth of 400 m and stay under water for up to 40 minutes. Its speed of movement under water is 7 – 8 km. at one o'clock, maximum speed– 20 - 25 km/hour. She swims at a higher speed when she moves away from danger. On a hard substrate, the seal moves quite slowly, moving with its flippers and tail. In case of danger, he goes to horse races.
The seal finds food in a well-lit area (25-30 m) and apparently does not need to dive deeply. Nerpa is capable of diving up to 400 m and can withstand pressure of 21 atm. In nature, it stays under water for up to 20-25 minutes. - this is enough for her to get food or escape from danger.
Lives in northern and middle parts Baikal. In June, especially many seals can be seen on the shores of the Ushkany Islands. At sunset, seals begin to move en masse towards the islands. These animals are curious and sometimes swim up to drifting ships with the engine turned off, staying nearby for a long time and constantly emerging from the water. The seal is a good diver. She can dive to a depth of 400 m and stay under water for up to 40 minutes. Its speed of movement under water is 7 – 8 km. per hour, maximum speed – 20 - 25 km/h.
The seal feeds on non-commercial fish (golomyanka, Baikal goby). An adult seal eats up to 1 ton of fish per year. The main food of the seal is golomyanka-goby fish. Omul comes into the seal's food accidentally and in very small quantities, no more than 1-2% of the daily diet.
The seal gives birth to its young in a specially prepared snow lair. Most of The seal is born in mid-March. Usually the seal gives birth to one, rarely two, cubs. The weight of a newborn is up to 4 kg. The skin of the cubs is silver or silver-gray. The Buryats call a young seal calf a khubunk. The cub spends about 4-6 weeks exclusively inside the den, feeding on mother's milk. By the time the lair collapses, it will have shed almost completely. The mother takes care of the baby, leaving only for the duration of the hunt.
With the transition to independent feeding on fish, the seals molt, the fur gradually changes color to silver-gray in 2-3-month-olds, and then to brown-brown in older and adult individuals.
When the lake is covered with ice, the seal can only breathe through vents - spare holes in the ice. The seal takes a breather by raking the ice from below with the claws of its forelimbs. Around her lair there are up to a dozen or more auxiliary vents, which can be tens or even hundreds of meters away from the main one. Vents are usually round in shape. The size of the auxiliary vents is 10-15 cm (enough to stick your nose above the surface of the water), and the main vent is up to 40-50 cm. From below, the vents have the shape of an overturned funnel - they expand significantly downwards.
According to observations, the seal sleeps in the water, as it is immobilized for quite a long time. Probably as long as there is enough oxygen in the blood. While the seal was sleeping, scuba divers swam close to it, touched it and even turned it over, but the animal continued to sleep.
The seal is being hunted commercial hunting, about 6 thousand seals are shot annually. Arctic foxes are fed seal meat, fur is used to make hats, and is used to line hunting skis. Seal meat is eaten, and seal fins, boiled in water, are considered a delicacy. The meat of young seals - khubunks - is especially tender, the meat of which does not smell of fish and tastes like chicken. The seal's liver contains a lot of vitamins. In ancient times, seal oil was used in tanning and soap making. In 1895-1897 seal lard was mainly used in the Lena gold mines for lighting the mines. Local residents consider seal fat to be medicinal and use it for treatment. pulmonary diseases and gastric ulcers.
According to the records of employees of the Limnological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, about 120 thousand seals currently live on Lake Baikal.
The seal is listed as a critically endangered species on the IUCN Red List.
Sources:
Volkov S.N. Along Baikal. - Moscow, AST, 2010
Kuzevanova E.N., Motovilova N.V. Baikal studies. – Irkutsk, 2006
Golomyanka live in its natural environment exclusively beautiful fish. They are pale pink in color, with pearlescent highlights shimmering in all the colors of the rainbow. This effect is enhanced by the rays of the sun passing through the uneven transparency of the ice. The golomyanka's body is translucent, its eyes have a bright orange rim, like those of albinos. Large black letters on a white background can be read through the tail section. The giant pectoral fins covering half the body are completely transparent. Golomyanka's mouth is pretty large sizes, the open mouth is one and a half times the width of the body.Two species of golomyanka live in Baikal: the large Comephorus baicalensis Pall, and the Dybovsky golomyanka, or small golomyanka, Comephorus dybowskii Kor. Both species of golomyanka are found at different depths to the very bottom. But the big golomyanka is more often found at greater depths. During the daytime, the small golomyanka stays mainly at a depth of 250-500 m, and at night it rises to the surface - to depths of 50-100 m. Vertical migrations, especially in summer period, are more clearly expressed in the small golomyanka. In winter, she was repeatedly observed swimming up to the very hole in the ice. Both types of golomyanka can live in aquariums, if only they maintain the necessary food for them. low temperature water no higher than 6°C. Golomyankas, along with the planktonic crustacean - macrohectopus, also eat their smaller brothers, that is, they eat their young.
566. What is the largest size of golomyanka?
The largest specimens are females of the Great Golomyanka up to 25 cm, males - up to 16 cm. Females and males of the Lesser Golomyanka are noticeably smaller in size: females up to 15 cm, males up to 12 cm.567. When does golomyanka spawn?
Golomyanka gives birth to live larvae, unlike all other fish living in Baikal, which lay eggs in the lake or in its tributaries to breed. In the literal sense, the golomyanka does not spawn at all, that is, it does not lay eggs and does not have spawning migrations, as is typical for all other fish in Baikal. She gives birth to her offspring when the time comes and in the place where she lives in this moment. To give birth to offspring, female golomyankas rise to the surface of the lake. This is probably necessary so that the offspring have the opportunity to feed on the planktonic organisms living here (epishura, macrohectopus fry, etc.). The Great Golomyanka usually gives birth to its offspring in the fall, in September - October; small golomyanka - in the spring, after Lake Baikal is freed from ice. Large specimens of the large golomyanka give birth to up to 2.0-2.5 thousand pieces of larvae, the small golomyanka is almost 1.5 times smaller - up to 1.5 thousand pieces.568. What is the difference between the birth of offspring in golomyankas compared to other viviparous fish?
Newborn larvae spend the first period of their life in the near-surface water horizons. According to some authors, golomyankas die during the birth of their offspring, while other viviparous fish (for example, freshwater gambusia, sea sharks) after the birth of their offspring remain alive and are capable of rebirth. A method of reproduction similar to that of the golomyanka is unknown in any aquatic organism in the world. It seems a mystery, how did it come about? And is it not because it is a kind of dead end in the evolution of these fish, they are not found anywhere else in the world and were able to appear and survive only in Baikal? The death of parents during reproduction also occurs in salmon fish(chum salmon, pink salmon, red). But these fish lay eggs, they are not viviparous and by their death they help the survival of the offspring. The bodies of dead fish, gradually decomposing, enrich the water in the area where fry hatch from eggs with organic substances and nutrients necessary for the development of food organisms for young salmon. However, research recent years(Zh. A. Chernyaev) show that Golomyankas do not always die at the birth of their offspring. After fertilization of females, males remain alive, or a small part of them die.569. How long does the golomyanka live?
Golomyanka matures in the 2-3rd year of life, therefore, it could live up to 10-15 years. However, it has not yet been possible to meet such high-aged individuals. According to the observations of E. A. Koryakov (1964), age limit females are 7 years old, males are 4 years old.570. Within what temperature limits does the golomyanka live?
The temperature limits in which the Golomyanka has adapted to live lie between +0.3°, +1.5°C and +6°, +8°C. Under these conditions, it carries out its food migrations and its entire life cycle associated with reproduction of offspring. It is more often found at depths from 150-200 to 500-750 m, where the temperature is almost constant throughout the year and ranges between +3.4 +3.6°C. Extracted from natural conditions, it dies (falls asleep) at a temperature of 12-14°C.At the same time, its fry can live for some time in warmer water than needed for adult individuals - +12°, +14°C, and at night they exhibit insignificant light-taxis. Perhaps this is a reaction of golomyanka fry not to light, but to the concentration of food organisms attracted by light - epishura and macrohectopus fry. Corresponding experimental studies have not yet been carried out. We hope that the experiment can be carried out in aquariums under pressure up to 50-100 atm, which corresponds to natural conditions life of golomyanka at depths up to 500-1000 m.
571. What does the golomyanka eat?
The fry feed on epishura, cyclops and juveniles of macrohectopus. Adult golomyankas consume mainly the crustacean Macrohectopus, as well as their own juveniles (cannibalism) and the juveniles of pelagic gobies - yellowfish and longwing. Own juveniles in the diet of golomyankas make up about 20%. During the year, golomyankas and pelagic gobies utilize up to 1 million tons of epishura.572. Who eats golomyanka?
Nerpa consumes more than 40% of the annual production of golomyankas, or over 60 thousand tons. Some of the golomyankas are eaten by omul, pelagic gobies and the golomyanka itself. Moreover, quite a large number of Already dead females, after giving birth to their offspring, are eaten by waterfowl and seagulls.573. What is the biomass of all golomyankas in Baikal?
Golomyanki are the most numerous fish in Lake Baikal. Their total weight about 150 thousand tons, which is 67% of the biomass of all fish. The annual growth of the golomyanka is about 150 thousand tons, that is, during the year it seems to completely renew its entire population.574. Where do juvenile golomyanka live?
It makes daily vertical migrations: at night it rises to the surface of the water for food organisms, and during the day it descends to a depth of 50-100 m, where food organisms also descend. At these depths, she may be hiding from daytime predators, including her older brothers, who do not miss the opportunity to feast on her.575. How does the golomyanka balance its body weight in water?
Golomyankas have zero or even slightly negative buoyancy and balance their body weight due to the high fat content in the muscles and on the internal organs(the fat content in the large golomyanka reaches 43-44% of its weight, in the small golomyanka the fat is much less - up to 8-9%). Two females of a large golomyanka with a total weight of 80 g are equivalent in caloric content to an omul weighing 340 g or a grayling weighing 500 g. The calorie content of a large golomyanka is 3 times greater than that of a sturgeon.576. Why does the golomyanka retain visual pigment in its eyes?
The golomyanka spends most of its life at great depths, where light does not penetrate, and it would seem that it does not need eyes. But for quite a long time she also remains in the illuminated zone, where she obtains food for herself, hunting for planktonic organisms, and here she needs her eyes.577. Why don’t fishermen catch golomyanka?
Golomyanka does not form fishing or spawning schools and lives dispersed in the water column. It gets into the nets in very small quantities - up to 100 g per 100 m 2 of nets per day. It would be possible to catch golomyankas with a trawl, but this is also unprofitable - about 0.5 kg is caught in one hour of trawling. fish. Attempts were made to catch it by the light, but it did not attract it either. Therefore The best way utilization of golomyanok - as food for seals and omul. These animals are easier and more profitable to obtain, although, from the point of view rational use feed, this method is not the best, since at each trophic stage, 9/10 of the energy accumulated at the previous stage is lost.Siverskoye Lake is located in Vologda region, on its banks is the city of Kirillov. This is about one hundred and twenty kilometers from Vologda. The lake has been known since ancient times; in written documents of the 15th-17th centuries you can read about the sacred Siverskoye Lake. There are several islands in the lake, on which, according to legend, there is a cross that was erected by St. Cyril. The lake is 6.6 kilometers long and 3 kilometers wide. nai great depth reaches 26 meters.
Lake Siverskoye is located in national park"Russian North". The Sviyaga River flows into it. It is believed that the lake has very good fishing; there are a lot of fish in it: roach, bream, ide, pike, pike perch, burbot, perch and ruff. The water in Lake Siverskoye is cold; in July the water temperature is about 17 degrees.
On the shore of the lake there is the Kirillo-Belozersky monastery.
Megora Lake
Lake Megorskoye owes its appearance to Lake Onega. The reservoir was formed on the site of a lake channel. The water accumulated for a long time until it reached an area of 40 square kilometers. At the same time, three bays even emerged - Kedrinsky, Chagozer and Kobylin.
With a width of almost six kilometers, the length of the lake reaches eight kilometers. The maximum depth is a little more than three meters. The bottom is covered with silt, sand or underwater plants. The lake is filled with natural precipitation, dozens of streams flowing from the plain, as well as from swamp drains. Because of the latter, the water in the reservoir is always cloudy. This is very good conditions for fish. The lake is home to pike, burbot, ruffe, crucian carp, perch, and pike perch. Sometimes a Baltic smelt swims in and smells fresh cucumbers. It is best to eat it dried.
Andozero
Andozero is a lake located on the Belozersk ridge in the Volgograd region. The area of the mirror-like surface of the water is almost 45 square kilometers. Coastline dissected by protruding peninsulas that optically divide the lake into four reaches. The shore is mostly swampy, overgrown with reeds and reeds, and in places covered with wooded vegetation. Several small streams and rivers flow into the lake, the largest of which is Materka, and the Andoga River flows out.
There is fish in Andozero, mainly represented by varieties such as pike, bream, smelt and roach. There are several settlements along the lake coast.
Shicheng Lake
Shicheng Lake is very a nice place area, but it is not so easy to get close to him. It is surrounded on three sides by swamps. You can approach the lake from the pine forest. A well-worn road leads to the reservoir. Even a passenger car will pass.
The lake itself is small, slightly elongated. Its area is about 10 square kilometers. With a width of two and a half kilometers, the length reaches approximately five kilometers. Moreover, it is not deep, although there are places where it is two and a half meters to the bottom. Most often such areas are in the middle of the lake.
The water in the lake is flowing, but slightly cloudy, since a third of the water comes from swamps. Also, two rivers flow into Shichengskoye - Glukhaya Sondushka and Sondushka. The river of the same name Shichenga originates in the lake.
Shimozero
Shimozero was recently included in the list unique object Russia. The reservoir was noted for its picturesque and extraordinary views. The lake is a karst sinkhole filled with water. Its area is 10 square kilometers. With a width of five kilometers, the length of the reservoir reaches six kilometers. Among the local residents it is considered deep lake. In some places the depth is up to four meters.
Next door to Shimozero is Dolgozero. They are connected to each other by a narrow channel. Also, Vekshruchey flows into the lake and the Syurga River originates. With such small parameters, there are several islands in the lake. One of the largest is Nerostrov.
On the banks of the Shimozero there is the Oshtinskoye rural settlement. There used to be many villages in which Finns lived. Now they are empty.
Novozero
Novoozero has very small parameters. The area of the reservoir reaches a little more than 12 square kilometers. The total catchment area is over 140 square kilometers. Despite this, the lake itself is very deep. In some places the depth reaches 10 meters. Therefore, you need to be extremely careful when swimming or riding a rubber boat.
Next to Novoozero there is Lake Andozero. They are connected to each other by a narrow channel called Nova.
Although Novoozero is small, it has large islands. One of them used to be a monastery, the building of which is now occupied by a prison where people are serving life sentences. The other island is at the disposal of the village of the same name, where the colony staff mainly live. There are residential villages along the shores of the lake. These include Ekimovo, Volkovo and Anashkino. But in the villages of Petryaeva Gorka and Pyzhelohta no one has lived for a long time. The houses have been abandoned for a long time.
Nikolskoye Lake
Nikolskoye Lake, despite its small parameters, is very famous in the region. Many people come to him for fishing. It’s no joke, because there are so many fish here that no lake in Vologda can boast of. Here you will find pike, tench, pike perch, crucian carp, roach and many others.
As for the size of Nikolskoye, its area is only six square kilometers. The length and width of the lake are almost the same and reach three kilometers, thereby giving the reservoir the shape of an even circle. By the way, this very rare for the Vologda region. Mostly the lakes here are elongated, there are even some that look like long rivers.
The water in Lake Nikolskoye is slightly cloudy. This is all due to thickets of duckweed. Where the banks are surrounded by reeds, the water is even more or less clear. The bottom of the lake is covered with silt, sand or underwater plants. There are places cleared for the beach. You can safely swim without being afraid that you will bump into a snag.
White Lake
Beloe is a lake in the Vologda region, quiet and calm. The beautiful scenic shores around the lake add to the blue beauty of the lake. The length of Bely is 46 kilometers, and the width is 33 kilometers, the depth on average reaches six meters. The deepest place of the lake is 33 meters. The Belozersky Canal, 67 km long, is laid around Lake Beloye, which goes around Beloye from the west and south.
The name “White” lake is believed to have come from the clay that is at the bottom. Mixing with water, the clay gave it a white color.
The lake is considered a fishing spot. It contains pike perch, pike, bream, ruffe, bluegill, sabrefish, ruff, roach, perch, bleak, burbot, asp, rudd, vendace, ide, crucian carp, tench, chub, silver bream, dace, gudgeon. But the Belozersk pike perch, which lives in the lake almost all the time, is considered the most valuable of the entire large list of fish.
Soydozero
The name of the lake Soydozero Finnish language translated as pipe or whistle. Why this particular name is still unknown to historians.
Outwardly, the lake seems small, but in reality it is not. The area of Soydozero is almost four square kilometers. The depth of the lake is also not serious. In some places it reaches two meters, but mostly the lake can be crossed on foot without wetting your rolled-up pants.
The lake is annually replenished with water from flowing streams, underwater waters, and natural precipitation. There is a river near the reservoir, which originates in Soydozero. It is called the same as the lake - Soyda. In those parts, as a rule, it is clean and almost clear water. What it can't brag about Northern part lakes. There the water surface is completely covered with duckweed, the banks are silted. But along the banks there are centuries-old pine and spruce trees, which are united in a nature reserve.
Palozero
Palozero is a freshwater lake. The water in the reservoir is clean and can easily be used for food. Which, in fact, is what the residents of the village of the same name, located in the northern part of Palozero, say and do. The reservoir is the main source of life for them. People use not only the water, but also the riches of the lake. All caught fish goes to markets and bazaars in the Vologda region.
This is primarily a pike, which grows there up to three meters. Crucian carp, pike perch, and perch are good competition for the predator in terms of biting. In addition to fishing, villagers grow fruits and vegetables. Fortunately, the humid air and abundant moisture from the lake only contribute to this.
Externally, the lake is slightly elongated. Its area is only one square kilometer. But despite such small parameters, the reservoir is deep. The average depth is about one and a half meters. In the middle of the lake it can reach up to five meters.
Lake Vozhe
Lake Vozhe - largest lake in the Vologda region and the entire northern region. Its area is 422 kilometers, the length of the lake is also impressive - 64 kilometers. Width - from 7 to 16 kilometers. These dimensions give the lake an elongated shape. Previously, Lake Vozhe was called Charonda, since the magnificent city of Charonda was once located on its shores. The city grew up on the site of the waterway to the White Sea through Lake Charondskoye. When the path was no longer used, the city literally began to die, turning first into a small village, and then into an empty, dilapidated ghost town.
Lake Vozhe is shallow, the greatest depth is about five meters. In the center of the lake is Spassky Island, where you can see the ruins of an ancient monastery from the 17th century.
Vozhe is very rich in fish. Here you can catch pike perch, pike, perch, bream, and ide. The shores of the lake are very beautiful, covered with greenery, forest, and in some places swampy.
Kubenskoye Lake
Lake Kubenskoye is located in the Vologda region, belongs to the river basin Northern Dvina. The lake was formed at the site of the melting of a glacier, has an elongated shape, and is located 110 meters above sea level. The lake is quite long - 54 kilometers and 12 meters wide. These dimensions give the lake an elongated shape. The greatest depth of the lake is 13 meters, the usual depth is 1.2 meters. The lake is very shallow towards the shore.
The lake freezes, this happens somewhere in late October - early November. Freed from ice in April or May. The lake is rich in fish; Kubensky nelma, whitefish, pike, roach, ide, bream, crucian carp, burbot, perch, and ruff are found here. So you can combine a pleasant trip and a walk to the lake with good fishing.
Now Lake Kubenskoye still serves as a reservoir for Vologda.
Lake Druzhinnoye
Lake Druzhinnoye is really small. Its parameters are very small. The reservoir covers an area of about 14 square kilometers. Its length is approximately five kilometers and its width is slightly more than four kilometers. The depth in the middle of the lake reaches three meters, and in coastal zone barely reaches one and a half meters.
The lake itself is round in shape. The banks of Druzhinnoye are mostly flat and overgrown with reeds. The bottom is without snags and stones, covered with sand or silt. These are excellent conditions for fishing. In addition, there are a lot of fish here. Bream, pike and perch are most often caught on the hook.
In addition, the lake area is very picturesque nature. There are forests all around, bushes with wild berries. In the fall, many people come here to buy mushrooms and do not return with empty buckets.
Kem Lake
Kem Lake is rightfully considered part of the basin mighty river Upper Volga. And this despite the fact that its area is practically tiny. It is a little more than two square kilometers. The lake itself is long. With a width of almost two kilometers, the length reaches up to nine kilometers. And the depth is generally funny, about a meter. You can walk the entire lake without getting your outerwear dirty.
Now the lake is unkempt. It has long been overgrown with algae, which cover the water surface of the carpets. And this despite the fact that several rivers flow into the reservoir - Yanishevka, Soyda and more than a dozen streams. And the Kema River even originates in the lake. Although, local residents remember very well the times when tons of fish were caught from the lake. It was sold all over the country. From those wonderful days there are only memories, yeah Pine forest along the shores of the lake.
Katromskoye Lake
The shape of Lake Katromskoe is round. Its area is almost 15 square kilometers. With a reservoir width of four kilometers, its length reaches five kilometers. However, the depth is small. Mostly one and a half to two meters, but there are areas where it can be up to three meters. The water in the lake is fresh and clean. It can be easily eaten. This is all because the lake is replenishing groundwater and streams flowing from the plains. In addition, the Katroma River originates in Lake Katroma.
The lake is swampy on the northern and southern sides. central part quite picturesque. Water lilies, egg capsules, arrowhead and duckweed grow in the water. Tourists often come there to relax or just go fishing. And the bite here is really excellent. You can catch pike, ide, perch and roach with a fishing rod. The latter is very tasty both fried and dried.
Kovzhskoye Lake
The parameters of Lake Kovzhskoe are very impressive. Its area is more than 60 square kilometers. The pond itself is very long. With a width of four kilometers, its length reaches almost 20 kilometers. From a satellite view, the lake looks very much like a river.
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