Aspen is a tree that is also called trembling poplar: everyone knows how aspen leaves tremble in the wind. Everyone also knows that its wood is used in construction and manufacturing. various items. However, aspen is also a real forest first aid kit. because it contains a lot useful to the body substances.
Common aspen belongs to the same genus as poplars (it is called the Poplar genus), and together with them it is part of the Willow family. The tree grows up to 35 meters in height, while the diameter of the trunk is small - on average up to 1 meter.
This plant lives no more than 100 years, but grows very quickly, which is why it reaches a height of 1 tier. The root system is well developed, deep and produces a lot of offspring, thanks to which the aspen reproduces.
The bark initially has light green or grayish tints, but begins to darken with age. The leaves of the tree have a serrated outline, up to 5-7 cm in length, rounded at the base. Interestingly, the plant produces flowers before the leaves bloom.. At the same time, aspen is a dioecious tree: there are male and female plants. They give earrings (men's are thicker, women's are thinner). The fruits are formed in the form of small boxes, and the seeds are protected by a downy layer, thanks to which they are preserved even when frozen.
Aspen is a tree that is also called trembling poplar
Aspen distribution areas
Aspen is distributed throughout Eurasia and Russia as well. Due to its winter hardiness and high degree adaptation, it tolerates both Siberian frosts and the hot summer of the Volga region well. It is found up to the beginning of the tundra, everywhere in the forest zone and forest-steppe.
Most often it settles on the edges and along river valleys, less often in desert areas and mountains. Aspen forms mixed forests, and also forms its own groups - the so-called aspen pegs. Typically, offspring give birth to children at a distance of about 30 meters from the parent.
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Aspen is one of the few trees that recovers even after forest fires: the reason is that it root system lies deep underground, so the tree resumes growth literally immediately after the end of the disaster.
Gallery: aspen (25 photos)
Features of aspen (video)
Parts of the plant used in medicine
The main part of the tree, which is used in the treatment of many diseases, is the bark. It contains vitamins, microelements and other useful substances, thanks to which with its help they treat:
- diseases of the digestive system;
- neuralgia;
- feverish conditions;
- radiculitis;
- scurvy;
- hernia and many others and diseases.
Along with bark, the following are also used:
- aspen leaves (for hemorrhoids, gout, rheumatism);
- kidneys (for external use in the treatment of wounds, pustules, bruises, and arthritis);
- root (for the treatment of rheumatism and arthritis - also externally).
Interestingly, aspen juice is also used, which is extracted from raw logs. To do this, it is heated over a fire or in a stove, and the liquid is removed from the foaming surface, which is used to lubricate warts and areas of skin lesions.
Aspen produces flowers before the leaves bloom
Medicinal and beneficial properties of aspen
Due to its rich chemical composition wood has a beneficial effect on different systems organs - it is used as:
- anti-inflammatory;
- bactericidal;
- antipyretic;
- diaphoretic;
- astringent;
- choleretic agent.
Most often, it is tree bark that is used; when harvesting it, several rules should be taken into account, described in the next section.
The main part of aspen, which is used in the treatment of many diseases, is the bark
Collection, preparation and storage of medicinal raw materials
Most often in folk medicine Aspen bark is used. During its collection and subsequent storage, several rules are taken into account:
- The bark is collected only in the second half of spring.
- It is mainly collected from young trees with thin trunks (9-10 cm in diameter). To do this, make an incision with a knife around the trunk with minimum distance 25-30 cm.
- A thin layer of bark is removed from the cut, but the entire tree cannot be exposed - it may die.
- When the raw materials are collected, they are dried in a special oven at a temperature of no more than 50°C. If this is not possible, you can do this under a canopy in the open air. The size of each fragment should be small - squares 4*4 cm.
- When the bark is completely dry, you should not feel even the slightest moisture to the touch. Raw materials are stored for a maximum of 3 years in a cardboard or wooden box. It is also acceptable to use bags made from natural fabrics. Storage temperature is room temperature, but the room should not be too humid.
Important! The bark should be removed very carefully, avoiding wood, which would reduce the healing effect. Therefore, it is unacceptable to plan the bark - it can only be cut off in a thin layer.
What are the benefits of aspen bark (video)
Traditional medicine recipes with aspen
Aspen is used both internally and externally, depending on the specific recipe. In this case, all components are taken in dried form and thoroughly ground beforehand.
For diabetes, diarrhea and pancreatitis
Use a tablespoon of bark, which needs to be poured with a glass of boiling water and simmered at low boil for half an hour, and then left for another hour. The decoction is taken throughout the day (before each meal). The course of treatment is a month.
For coughs and colds
In this case, take 1 large spoon of bark, pour a glass of boiling water and cook at low boil for half an hour. Infuse until completely cooled and drink a glass per day (3 equal servings before each meal). The course is until complete recovery.
To destroy worms
A tablespoon of bark is infused in a liter thermos overnight. Take a glass a day (3 equal parts before each meal) until complete recovery. You can add sugar or honey to smooth out the bitter taste.
For prostatitis, gout, rheumatism
In this case, it is made from bark alcohol tincture(ratio of vodka to bark 2:1). The mixture is infused for half a month in a dark place, then filtered and taken a teaspoon three times a day (before each meal). You can dilute a spoon in half a glass of water. The course is until complete recovery.
For toothache
In this case, use a decoction of 2 tablespoons of bark (per glass of boiling water), which is boiled at low boil for a quarter of an hour, and then infused until it cools completely. Rinse your mouth if pain occurs, while holding the infusion oral cavity as long as possible, then spit.
Baths for neuralgia and radiculitis
In this case, a glass of punishment is boiled in half a liter of boiling water (boiling for 5 minutes), then infused for an hour and poured into a hot bath, in which you need to lie for half an hour, and then wrap yourself in something warm. The course of treatment is until complete recovery.
Ointment for eczema, pustules and wounds
Finally, the product is also used externally: half a glass of aspen bark is burned, a teaspoon of ash is taken, mixed with two tablespoons of pork fat or butter(you can use Vaseline). Apply to affected areas until complete recovery.
Aspen is used both internally and externally, depending on the specific recipe.
Application of aspen in other areas
Along with the medical field, aspen is also used in other areas:
- First of all, this tree has successfully “registered” in an urban environment - it is often used in parklands due to its ability to grow quickly and produce good, lush crowns.
- The wood is used for the production of plywood, paper, furniture, matches, and in wooden architecture.
- Wood is also used in the construction of houses, usually to create roofs.
- Due to the high concentration of tannins in the bark, aspen is used in leather tanning processes.
The tree also plays an important role in nature - bees love to collect pollen from its inconspicuous flowers, and they also collect glue from its buds. This glue subsequently turns into propolis.
Or early autumn until the leaves fall. In winter this is more difficult to do, but still possible.
In spring, notice how the buds bloom on the tree. Take the twig home and put it in water. The leaves on the poplar branch will begin to bloom quickly and will have a characteristic smell and stickiness. Aspen buds wake up more slowly, and the leaves do not shine so brightly.
What does aspen wood look like: properties
If at forest fires other trees are destined to die, then the dormant roots of the aspen, “sensing” the liberated areas of forest space after cutting down the damaged trunks, become active and produce numerous shoots. Aspen seeds are also capable of scattering over many kilometers, giving rise to new seedlings. They only need to touch the surface of the earth and after 2 years a full-fledged tree will appear in this place. Moreover, aspen grows very quickly. While spruce and pine will take a century to grow for use in the sawmill industry, aspen will mature in 30 years.
Aspen wood is white, dense, but soft and pliable. Since ancient times, it was used to make wood blanks, well frames, and planks for the foundation of church domes. Since aspen wood feels good in a humid environment and does not rot for a long time, boats were made from it. The only drawback is the fact that aspen is susceptible to rotting inside the trunk. This is usually typical for old trees, but they are capable of passing on a tendency to this disease to their offspring. Therefore, scientists set out to obtain healthy trees by crossing common aspen with other species of the poplar genus.
In the modern sawmill industry, the rounded trunk of triploid aspen is successfully used to make furniture. If outwardly this species in the forest cannot be distinguished from common aspen, then by the quality of the wood it is impossible to confuse them.
Appearance of aspen
Aspen is distinguished by a columnar trunk, which can reach a length of 35 m and a diameter of 1 m. Decorative forms have pyramidal and weeping crowns. A characteristic feature This tree has smooth bark of light green or light gray color. Closer to the roots, it darkens and cracks with age. Wood has White color with a slight greenish tint. At night, aspen bark can be confused with birch, although if you touch it, the birch bark becomes noticeable. Birch bark is rough.
IN winter time, due to the lack of foliage, aspen can be confused with poplar. They can be distinguished, perhaps, only by location. Thus, poplar is usually not found in forests, but in the city, on the contrary, aspen rarely grows. A more reliable distinction is the kidneys. In poplar they are longer.
IN summer time Aspen can be confidently identified by its leaves. They are round or rhombic in shape with uneven notched edges, 3-7 cm long. In coppice shoots, the leaves, as a rule, have big sizes: their length reaches 15 cm. Moreover, they have an almost heart-shaped shape.
The venation of aspen leaves is pinnate. They are smooth on both sides, but are dark green on the outside and light gray-green on the bottom. With the arrival of autumn, the foliage turns into a variety of colors - from golden to crimson.
The arrangement of branches and leaves of aspen is regular. It is noteworthy that the leaves on this tree tremble excitedly even with the slightest breeze. It's all their fault special structure. Aspen leaves have long petioles that are flattened, while they are thinner in the middle. Meanwhile, there is “to tremble like a leaf,” which means “to shake with fear.”
Aspen is a dioecious plant. Its flowers are inconspicuous, small, collected in dangling earrings. The flowers on the male tree are reddish in color and up to 15 cm long. The female catkins are greenish and slightly thinner. Aspen blooms before the leaves bloom.
Where does aspen grow?
Aspen feels good in a variety of soils. It grows in forest-steppe and forest zones. It can be seen in forests, along river banks, forest edges, occasionally in clearings and dry sands, along ravines and in the mountains.
It often forms aspen forests and is part of mixed forest in company with deciduous and coniferous species. Usually next to aspen you can see pine, larch, birch, and alder. Aspen is able to survive a forest fire because its roots are located deep underground.
Syn: trembling poplar, gentian, Judas tree, aspen tree, aspen, aspen, aspen, shaking, whispering tree.
Aspen is a deciduous, fast-growing tree with soft wood, belonging to the poplar genus. Aspen is not used by official Russian medicine, but in medicine Western Europe Preparations from the plant are produced for the treatment of diseases of the genitourinary system. The second name - trembling poplar - comes from the characteristic of the tree's leaves to tremble in the slightest wind.
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Flower formula
Common aspen flower formula: *О0Т2-∞П0, *О0Т0П(2).
In medicine
Common aspen is not included in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, but is used in folk medicine with great success.
IN medicinal purposes Aspen uses bark, buds, leaves and juice. Aspen preparations are used in official medicine Western Europe from diseases Bladder and prostate.
Aspen has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitussive and anthelmintic properties, which makes it a promising drug in the complex treatment of such serious diseases as tuberculosis, smallpox, malaria, syphilis, dysentery, pneumonia, cough of various origins, rheumatism and inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder.
Some synthetic drugs (aspirin, sodium salicylate, acesal, as well as the first antibiotics) contain derivatives of the active substances of aspen and related plants.
Contraindications and side effects
Decoctions and infusions from aspen buds have pronounced astringent properties, so it is better not to use them for chronic gastrointestinal diseases accompanied by constipation. Also, aspen should be taken with caution if diagnosed with dysbacteriosis.
In cooking
Aspen is used in cooking rather indirectly - for processing food by smoking and preparing marinades, where it is used “ liquid smoke" This liquid is obtained by burning aspen branches.
In other areas
Aspen is used as a landscaping tree in landscape design.
Aspen bark is one of the components of the leather tanning process. Yellow and green paints are also obtained from aspen bark.
Aspen flowers are an early and good honey plant, and aspen buds produce a special gluten, which is processed by bees into propolis.
Aspen wood is currently used in the construction of houses, more often in roofing (and previously, aspen was used to cover the domes of churches). Aspen is also a raw material for the production of plywood, cellulose, matches, containers, etc.
Forest animals feed on young aspen trees in winter.
Classification
Aspen, or Common Aspen, or Trembling Poplar (lat. Populus tremula) - species deciduous trees from the Poplar genus of the Willow family.
Botanical description
Aspen has a columnar trunk that can reach 35 m in height and 1 m in diameter.
A tree lives on average from 80-90, sometimes up to 150 years. The aspen tree grows quite quickly, but the wood of the tree is soft and therefore susceptible to diseases. As a result, it is almost impossible to find large and healthy trees.
The root system of the tree is deep, and the root shoots grow quite strongly.
Young aspens have smooth, light green or greenish-gray bark that cracks and darkens toward the butt over time. The color of aspen wood is white, with a greenish tint.
The leaves of the tree are round, sometimes rhombic, and arranged alternately. The length of aspen leaves is from 3 to 7 cm, sharp or blunt at the top, with a rounded base, crenate edges, with pinnate venation. The shoots of the shoots have leaves that can be up to 15 cm in length and almost heart-shaped. The petioles of aspen leaves are flattened laterally in the upper part and are long, which causes strong trembling of the leaves when air moves. In autumn, the leaves change color - from green to golden yellow and brown-red.
Aspen is a dioecious plant. The flowers are small, inconspicuous, and grow in dangling earrings. Men's earrings are reddish in color, up to 15 cm long, women's earrings are greenish in color, thinner than men's. Aspen blooms before the leaves bloom, that is, in late April-early May. Seeds ripen after 35 days, then they are dispersed by the wind. For germination in moist soil, 1-2 days are enough. Aspen begins to bloom after 10-12 years, then flowering and fruiting occur annually. The flower formula of the common aspen is *O0T2-∞P0, *O0T0P(2). The aspen fruit is a very small capsule, the seeds inside of which are equipped with a tuft of hairs.
Spreading
Aspen is quite widespread in temperate and cold climates. climatic zones Europe, almost throughout Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and the Korean Peninsula.
It grows on the border of forest and tundra, found in forest and forest-steppe zones, along the banks of reservoirs, in forests.
The tree is not picky, grows well in various soils, both aspen and in mixed forests. In the steppes, trees form aspen stalks, which reproduce by shoots of the root system, with new stems appearing in the colony further than 30-40 m from the parent tree. Some aspen colonies of this kind can reach several hectares, growing by about a meter per year. The location of the root system of such colonies allows the trees to survive forest fires.
Aspen is a very frost-resistant tree and grows almost to the forest-tundra. Due to rapid growth, by 50 years it can produce up to 400 cubic meters of wood per hectare. Lives up to 150 years.
Regions of distribution on the map of Russia.
Procurement of raw materials
Aspen blooms before the leaves appear, so the leaves are collected in early May or June. The leaves are dried in the shade; you can also dry the raw materials in a dryer at a temperature of about 60 degrees. Aspen buds need to be collected before they bloom. The speed of drying after collection is also important (buds are dried fastest in a stove or oven).
The bark is collected not only from young aspen trees, 7–8 cm thick, but also from thin branches, from approximately April 20 to June 1, when the sap begins to flow.
The bark is cut sharp knife around the trunk, at a distance of about 30 cm. After this, a vertical incision is made on each resulting tube and the bark is removed. It is better not to trim the bark from aspen so that wood does not get into the raw material - this reduces the medicinal properties of the bark.
The collected bark, cut into pieces 3–4 cm long, is dried under a canopy or in the oven or oven (at a temperature not exceeding 60 degrees). If raw materials are dried indoors, it must be well ventilated. You cannot dry aspen bark in the sun, as it loses its properties. The shelf life of harvested raw materials is no more than 3 years.
Chemical composition
Aspen leaves contain glycosides, including salicin, carotene and ascorbic acid, protein, fat, and fiber.
The bark also contains glycosides (salicin, salicorotin, tremulacin, bitter glycosides, populin), essential oil, pectin, salicylase, tannins. Aspen bark includes many useful trace elements: copper, molybdenum, cobalt, zinc, iron, iodine, nickel.
Aspen buds contain glycosides salicin and populin, benzoic and malic acids, tannins, essential oil, carbohydrates and other compounds.
Aspen wood includes cellulose, nectasan, and resin.
Pharmacological properties
Aspen bark contains biologically active substances, determining its pharmacological properties.
Phenol glycosides cause anthelmintic effect (especially against opisthorchid), tannins and organic acids, essential oils and bitterness impart choleretic, anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, antispasmodic properties.
A decoction of aspen bark has a beneficial effect on the liver and helps remove small stones from the gall bladder.
Aspen extract contains a large number of vitamin C, so taking aspen preparations will help compensate for its deficiency.
Phenol glycosides and saligenin derivatives - salicin, populin, tremuloidin, tremulacin, salicortin - give aspen an anthelmintic effect.
At the same time, the toxicological composition of the bark extract was studied. The study showed that it is low-toxic and practically devoid of allergenic properties.
Moreover, the drug reduces the level of immediate hypersensitivity (IHT).
In the children's clinic of the same university, an experimental treatment was carried out, during which it was revealed that aspen bark extract was well tolerated by children, no adverse reactions to the drug were observed, and choleretic and anti-inflammatory effects were pronounced.
Use in folk medicine
Aspen buds, dried and ground into powder, were mixed with fresh cream or sunflower oil. Doctors recommended this drug as an anti-inflammatory and wound-healing agent for burns, chronic ulcers, and for softening hemorrhoids. Folk healers recommend drinking aqueous kidney preparations for joint diseases, cystitis, urinary incontinence in pregnant women and women who have given birth many times, and prostate adenoma. Tinctures of aspen bud alcohol are used for gastritis, dysentery, and hemorrhoids. Ground buds are included in an ointment that helps with bruises, trophic ulcers, hemorrhoids, and joint diseases.
A decoction of the bark is considered in folk medicine good remedy from scurvy, hernia, syphilis and fever. Decoctions from aspen bark are used for gastritis, diarrhea, diabetes, pancreatitis, edema of various origins, and pulmonary tuberculosis. In Tibetan medicine, prostate cancer is treated with a decoction of aspen bark.
For neuralgia, radiculitis, and sciatica, baths made from a decoction of the bark of young trees help.
Ash from aspen bark is added to ointments for eczema, and an infusion of aspen ash is taken for adnexitis. Aspen is also recommended for prostate hypertrophy and bladder disease.
The juice of the leaves is taken internally for rheumatism, and externally as a lotion against snake bites; the juice is also used to lubricate warts and lichens.
Young aspen leaves are used in the form of hot poultices on sore spots for gout, rheumatism and salt deposition in the joints.
Historical reference
Previously, aspen was disliked because of sinister beliefs. This tree was not planted near houses, was not used for kindling, and the shade from the crown of this tree was not even used. In Ukraine, houses were not built from aspen. However, aspen helped in the fight against all evil spirits; amulets were made from it. It was believed that the most pure water It will be in a well with an aspen frame.
A long time ago, the antibacterial effect of aspen was used - tree branches were necessarily placed in barrels with sauerkraut- so that she doesn't wander around.
Taiga hunters use aspen bark for food in winter. Substances contained in aspen bark relieve fatigue and increase endurance during long and difficult treks.
The aspen tree is included in the Red Book of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (2008).
Literature
- Grozdova N. B., Nekrasov V. I., Globa-Mikhailenko D. A. Trees, shrubs and vines: A reference guide. - M.: Lesn. industry, 1986. - pp. 287-288.
- Ivanova T. N., Putintseva L. F. Forest pantry. - Tula: Priok. book publishing house, 1993. - pp. 55-56.
- Skvortsov V.E. Educational atlas. Flora Central Russia. - M.: CheRo, 2004. - P. 95.
- PFAF rating of medicinal properties: 2
- Action: hemostatic, astringent, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antirheumatic, choleretic, antiparasitic, diaphoretic and expectorant, mild analgesic.
- Traditional medicine uses bark, young shoots, buds and leaves as medicinal raw materials.
- IN leaves contains carbohydrates, organic acids, carotenoids, vitamin C, carotene, flavonoids, phenol glycosides, anthocyanins and tannins. They have a weak diaphoretic, expectorant and stimulating effect.
- Leaves Aspens are used to treat hemorrhoids.
- Bark contains carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose, etc.), aromatic acids, phenol glycosides, tannins, higher fatty acids (capric, lauric, arachidic, behenic, etc.), bitter glycosides populin and salicin. In addition, a whole range of microelements was found in aspen bark (in mg/kg of dry matter): 23-28 copper, 0.03 molybdenum, 0.06 cobalt, 138-148 zinc, 83-90 iron, 0.1-0. 3 iodine, 0.7-1.0 nickel. It has a weak diaphoretic, expectorant and stimulating effect.
- Young decoction bark used for kidney diseases, cystitis and other bladder diseases, urinary retention and salt deposition in joints, gout, urinary incontinence, colitis, pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, cold cough, nephritis, gastritis and poor digestion, dyspepsia, diarrhea, coughing, and also as an appetite stimulant. An aqueous extract of aspen bark is used to treat opisthorchiasis.
- The combination of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties in bark Aspen makes it promising in the complex treatment of tuberculosis, smallpox, malaria, syphilis, dysentery, pneumonia, coughs of various origins, rheumatism and inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bladder.
- IN kidneys carbohydrates (raffinose, fructose, etc.), aromatic acids, tannins, essential oil and triglycerides of phenolcarboxylic acids were found.
- Tincture kidney with 70% alcohol or vodka and water infusion kidney has pronounced antimicrobial properties and is used as a diaphoretic or anti-inflammatory for colds. An infusion or decoction of buds is a popular remedy for fever, old colds, pneumonia and pulmonary tuberculosis.
- IN wood Aspen contains cellulose, nectasan, and resin.
- Young shoots, buds, bark, leaves used as a hemostatic and astringent. A decoction of buds, young leaves, and shoots is used as an antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agent for feverish conditions and gastritis. Steamed buds and leaves are applied for joint pain.
- Alcohol tincture, ointment (aspen bark or ash with fresh pork fat), fresh juice are used externally to treat burns, eczema, and boils.
- According to some data, salicin contained in parts of the plant acts as a natural aspirin in the human body.
- Medicinal raw materials of aspen are used in herbal treatment of people’s state of mind (as part of drugs that relieve fears, anxiety, anxiety).
- Dendrotherapy. Aspen helps well with inflammation and in cases where you want to quickly get rid of mental turmoil. It is necessary to avoid prolonged contact with aspen: headaches, drowsiness, difficulty breathing, nausea and even loss of consciousness may occur. Aspen is active from 14:00 to 18:00 and in cool weather. The energy of aspen can be compared to a strong cold shower.
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