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Toplar trembling, or Aspen - Populus Tremula L.
Wood up to 30 m with a rare crown (1) and light greenish-gray bark (2) . Old branches Strongly "broken", with well-noticeable sheet scars (3) . Young epishers Cylindrical, rounded, without ribs and strips, more often naked and as if lacquered, but sometimes slightly pubescent, from greenish to greenish-brown shades. Flower kidney Thick, egg-shaped, 12-15 mm long (4) , Dark, greenish-chestnut or red-brown, not very sticky, first pubeined, then naked. Sheet kidneys 5-10 mm long, naked, sticky (5) , Usually pressed to run. Renal scales are hairy. Sheet scar big, with 3 traces (6) . Wood White, light, moderately soft, sometimes with a false reddish-brown core.
Leaves oval, rounded-deltaidoid, at the base of wedge-shaped or slightly heart-shaped, gray-green, in the period of growth slightly pubescent, later naked. Long abandoned stalls and fightered with sides (1)
. Sheet plate in the outlines rounded, along the edges of the lavety-gear (2)
. Breasts at the ends of the lower teeth of the sheet in youth can highlight nectar.
Men's earrings (3)
about 10 cm long, with brown-brown scales (4)
. Bract shaggy palchatic-disseated. Egg-conical ovary, light green, with 2 red strokes (5)
. Aspen is a two-walled tree and male individuals are always greater than women's. Flowers in early spring.
Fetus - Box, with small seeds equipped with white silky hairs (6)
. Seeds begin to fall out of the boxes by the end of May.
Areal Available in the entire Eurasian part, as well as in the Caucasus, in Malaya and Central Asia. In the mountains can rise to a height of 2000 m. One of the characteristic types of forest zone. It is often an impurity in coniferous or deciduous forests or forms small independent forests. Forms secondary, temporary plantations arising after cutting or combustion as a result of a fire of forests from indigenous rocks (fir, giving, beech, etc.). In the south of Western Siberia, the island Osinnikov or Osinovo-Birch Leskens (Rods) forms.
Thanks to the seed hair, the seeds are easily endured for significant distances. Therefore, the Aspen is quickly settled on cutting, meadows, in roadside cuvettes, etc. In the steppe zone, where it reaches, along with the oak of the southern border of the spread of forest vegetation, it forms dense thickets by the edges of the forests, which prevent representatives of steppe phytocenoses under the edge of the forest. This feature of the aspen is used when creating structural forest strips in steppe areas.
Osina fits well for root siblings on horizontal roots located in the upper soil horizons, and is practically no capable of creating a pore. The awakening of sleeping kidneys on the roots occurs primarily with a reinforced influx of nutrients, i.e. Comes after cutting down a tree or damage. Siblings grow up at a distance of several meters, sometimes more than 10 m, from the plant barrel. In the first year of life, they are distinguished by long and intensive growth. Their maximum daily increase reaches 6 cm and an extreme height of more than 2 m (according to observations in the forest-steppe zone). In the northern regions, the value of these indicators is 3 times less. Under the colors of the forest, a significant part of the offspring dries out, but on deforestation and rogs, the number of viable offspring sharply increases and they form young and thick tremors.
Osin has one very characteristic feature - its horizontal roots can grow together with each other, and with the roots of other trees, which leads to the creation of a single root system in some cases. As a rule, the shooting of the roots begins at a young age in the case of their mutual pressure and most often when the roots are located to each other at an angle of 90 ° or close to it.
Osin is often considered to be a tree-nanny in relation to ate. Under the "lighter" crown of aspen, a rapid resumption of ate and the growth of her teenager occurs. Osin leaves well enrich the soil due to the fact that they are decomposed faster than the leaves of other forest trees. Finally, the roots of Eli are significantly deepening in the soil often by the moves formed from the rotors of the roots of Osin.
Osins have many differing life forms. For example, in the osienniks, you can often meet forms with green or gray bore. In the latter, the base of the trunks is usually much darker than green-core. The difference in the color of the bark is especially noticeable in the spring, before the start of flowering, while intensive sludge began. Separate aspen trees are also distinguished by the terms of the dissolution of the leaves, so in the spring you can see "early" and "late" in the time of the appearance of the leaves of the copies. In addition, there are individuals that are distinguished by energetic growth and those considered "giganis" and thereby valuable in forestry. This form has a tripotoid set of chromosomes (P.Tremula Gjgas), while in nature the individuals with a diploid set of chromosomes are dominated.
Economic significance. Wood aspen does not have a nucleus and consists only of Collus. It makes matches, ethyl alcohol and others. Aspen firewood is low-calorie, but they give a long and small-scale flame that is suitable for the manufacture of pottery and bricks. From the wood of Osin, the so-called Lemeh was made - a special form, which was used in Russian wooden architecture to cover the churches of churches. The game of lighting on old lemayes gives the coatings created from them silver gleam. Wood is used on construction and a variety of crafts, to obtain pulp, wood mass and wood chips. Leaves go to feed livestock. Osin's giant form is sometimes used in landscaping due to the fact that it is distinguished by rapid growth and resistance to the core rot. The aspen is quite suitable for planting water, to strengthen the ravines and the banks of the rivers.
Similar views. In many areas of the Far East, from Kamchatka to Primorye and the Kuril Islands, a close view is growing - Poplar David.- P. Davidiana Dode.
On the pages of our site are also placed references on the morphology of wood plants: in the winter season (escape morphology and kidney morphology) and in the summer season (leaf morphology, flower morphology and morphology of the fetus).
Descriptions of species and illustrations taken from two computer determinantsissued by the Ecological Center "Ecosystem": The determinant of trees and shrubs of the middle strip of Russia in the autumn-winter period and The determinant of rustic plants of the middle strip of Russia in the spring-summer period . Full versions of atlases-determinants on CDs for PC (With definer programs and reference books on plant morphology) can be purchased in our non-commercial online store.
You can also purchase colored Printed Details Wood Plant: trees in winter, trees in summer, shrubs in winter and shrubs in the summer, and also color definition tables (including wood plants middle strip of Russia.
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Our author's methodical materials on botany and plants of Russia: Computer (for PC-Windows) Determinants: ,,,, |
Populus Tremula.
Taxon: Family IV ( Salicaceae.)
Other names: aspen, poplar trembling, shake, whisperwood
English.: Aspen Poplar, EUROPEAN ASPEN, ASPEN
Botanical description of Osina
A tree with a height of up to 30 m and a thickness of up to 50-100 cm. Crown is egg-shaped or widely, the bark is greenish-olive, smooth, on old trees dark gray, in cracks. The leaves are rounded, on long stiffs, gear, stuffing in the upper part, and therefore the leaves are trembling at the slightest dungement of the breeze. Floral kidney egg-shaped, large, spring bloom in the form of earrings from 4 to 15 cm. Flowers aspen in April-May to dissolve leaves. Seeds ripen in 35 days and scattered with the wind. On the wet soil they germinate after 1-2 days. Aspen is multiplied not only by seeds, but also root offspring. The root system at the tree is very powerful.
The leaves on adult aspen appear 20 days after flowering. In the fall, the leaves acquire a beautiful color from golden yellow to brown-red. Flowering aspen starts from 10-12 years. Flowers and fruits annually.
Osina Growing Places
The aspen is exclusively frost and spreads far to the north, reaching a forest tundra. It grows very quickly and by 50 years gives up to 400 cubic meters of wood with 1 hectare. Lives up to 150 years. Widespread in the forests of the European part of the country, in Western and Eastern Siberia, in the Far East, in the Crimea, in the Caucasus, in Kazakhstan. Growing in Western Europe, Mongolia, China and Korea.
Collection and harvesting of aspen
Aspen - valuable medicinal plant. Folk medicine uses a bark as medicinal raw materials, young shoots, kidneys and leaves.
Chemical composition of Osina
Osin leaves contain up to 2.2 percent of glycosides, including salciline, 43.1 mg /% carotene and 471 mg /% ascorbic acid, protein, fat, fiber.
The cortex contains up to 4.4% of glycosides (salicin, salicotine, tremulacin, bitter glycosides, population), essential oil, pectin, salicylase enzyme, up to 10 percent of tanning substances. In addition, a whole range of trace elements (in mg / kg of dry matter) was found in the Aspen Kore (in mg / kg of dry matter): 23-28, 0.03 molybdenum, 0.06 cobalt, 138-148, 83-90, 0.1-0.3 iodine, 0.7-1.0 nickel.
Aspen's kidneys contain salcin glycosides and population; Benzoic and apple acid, tannins, essential oil and other connections.
Osin wood contains cellulose nectases, resin.
Pharmacological properties of Osina
The aspen has hemostatic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antimorrhea, expectorant, binders, campphic, and antihelmintic effect. The aqueous extract of the aspen bark is used to treat opisthorchosis.
The use of aspen in medicine
The bark and oxine leaves have a light, expectorant and exciting effect.
Aspen bark, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic agent. It is used in rheumatism and facilitates menstrual pain.
Young shoots, kidneys, bark, aspen leaves are used as a hemostatic and means.
Buckle of kidney, young foliage, oxine shoots are used as antipyretic, anti-inflammatory agent for feverish conditions, gastritis.
The infusion or decoction of the kidneys Osin is a popular agent for fever, solar, pneumonia and pulmonary tuberculosis.
Alcohol tincture, ointment (aspen bark with fat), fresh juice is used externally for the treatment of burns, eczema, furunculus.
The aspen aspen of the trunk and tree bark, mixed with fresh swine fat, is applied externally in the form of ointments at eczema: the leaves are harvested, smoke is emphasized, furunculas sprinkle ashes.
Spare kidneys and oxine leaves are applied with pain in the joints.
Aspen is part of the preparations for the treatment of chronic and bladder disorders.
Osin leaves are used to treat. They are applied to hemorrhoidal cones for 2 hours, after which they are removed and after 1 hour are replaced with fresh, 2 hours again, and then wash off all the cool water. During the week, the procedure is repeated 3-4 times with interruptions at least per day.
There is an original people's way of treating teeth: they take a freshly cut short aspen log, drill its core, but not to the end, a table salt poured into the resulting hole and boil anything (the plug density) is important), put a log in the fire and, without letting it burn to it The end is poured out of the hole salt, the juice is already dried. This salt is or directly put on a sore tooth, or bred it in a ratio of 1:10 for rinsing the mouth.
Ospen is widely used, in medicine of many nations, it helps well with inflammation and in cases where you want to get rid of spiritual confusion to quickly. With long-term contact with aspen, headaches may appear, drowsiness, difficulty breathing, nausea and even loss of consciousness. Aspen is active from 14 to 18 hours and at cool time. Osin energy can be compared with a strong cold shower.
Osin is used in, the elixir is prescribed under the "vague fear of unknown origin", "alarm" and "premonition".
Usina Medicinal preparations
Broth of a young crust: brew 3 glasses of boiling water 1 cup of crushed bark, boil it 30 minutes, insisted under the plating half a day, strain. Drink 3 tbsp. l. 1 hour before meals.
It is used in kidney diseases, cystitis and other urinary bubble diseases, urinary delay and deposition of salts in joints, gout, urinary incontinence, colitis, pancreatitis, diabetes, cold cough, jade. This broth is recommended to take with both poor digestion, dyspepsia, with cough, as well as a means that excites appetite.
Brigade of kidneys, leaves or bark: 1 tbsp. l. Raw materials Pa glass boiling water, boil within an hour, strain and drink 1-2 tbsp. Spoons 3 times in time.
Kidney tincture on 70% alcohol or vodka and aqueous infusion of kidneys have pronounced antimicrobial properties and is used as a forceful or anti-inflammatory.
Using aspen in the farm
In ancient, the sprigs of the aspen must be put in the barrels with a sauerkraut - so that it does not roam. Food is used by the bark of aspen. For this, it is bought in the form of a tape with a length of 40-50 cm, dried, crushed into the powder, then added to flour for baking bread. Taiga hunters add the aspen bark in the winter in winter to remove fatigue and increase endurance with long and severe transitions.
A bit of history
Osin is the strongest representative among trees taking bioenergy. It can be seen, not in vain in the old days they tied up aspen stakes with the spirit of the rest of the dead. According to legends, the aspen chose a part of the bioenergy of the deceased and he could no longer resemble himself alive. Those who died mysterious death or was killed, as well as suicians in the coffin clan Osin Cross and the aspen of the same stake on the grave. With aspen connected many other superstitions. She was declared a damned tree; First, for the fact that she trembles - it means, it is afraid of something, secondly, almost does not give shadows, although it has a magnificent crown, thirdly, although it is bright, but it gives little heat. Although all this is a scientific explanation. For example, the shake of Osin is due to the special structure of its sheet - it has a very long shard, and the leaf itself is dense and not so flexible as in other trees.
Used Books
1. Mazne N.I. Encyclopedia medicinal plants. 3 ed. - M.: Martin, 2004
2. Edmund Launert. Guide to Edible and Medicinal Plants of Britain and Northern Europe. Hamlyn, 1989. ISBN-13: 978-0600563952
3. SIMON MILLS. The Dictionary of Modern Herbalism. Healing Arts Press, 1985. ISBN-13: 978-0892812387
4. BOWN. D. ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF HERBS AND THEIR USES. 1995, ISBN: 978-0888503343
5. P.M. Chancellor. Handbook of the Bach Flower Remedies. The C. W. Daniel Company Ltd, 1971
6. Johnson, C.P. Useful Plants of Great Britain. 1862.
Osin photos and illustrations
What an aspen looks like, almost every person knows. Its round leaves are easy to learn among all the variety of trees. The tree grows in almost every yard. For many centuries, the healers used part of the aspen part in the medicinal purposes, and the craftsmen highly appreciated the quality of wood. Interestingly, a set of and superstition is associated with the Osin.
What the aspen looks like, almost every person knows
What a aspen looks like
Ospen ordinary (Populus Tremula) belongs to the family of IV from the genus poplar. In the people, it is often referred to as a whisper-tree, shaking. An adult plant in height can reach 35 m, and in diameter - 1 m. Young trees have a smooth light green bark. For those older, it is dark gray, has numerous cracks and interstices. Thanks to this feature, the aspens can easily learn among other trees after the autumn leaf fall.
The root is very powerful, outgoing deep into the ground, with a large number of offspring. Thanks to such a root system, the Osinniki is most often formed in places after forest fires. After all, even if the barrel burned, then the roots remained alive and young piglets appear very soon. And since the tree belongs to the discharge of fast-growing, then the recovery occurs in just a few years.
Osin decoration is its unusual foliage. The ovoid crown of wood consists of a variety of round, heart-shaped leaves with a toothed edge, which look like coins. Each sheet "sits" on a long carbon, shovel at the top. Such a feature of the structure and explains the fact that all Osin leaves come into motion at the slightest blowing of the wind. In an adult tree foliage appears 3 weeks after flowering. At the beginning of autumn, it acquires bright warm colors - from yellow-lemon to purple-red and crimson. It is aspen with her tremble multicolored crown becomes the main decoration of the forests in front of the leaf fall.
Description and properties of thyme ordinary
Ospen ordinary (Populus Tremula) belongs to the IV family of Popol The kidneys at the tree is large, egg-shaped. In the spring of them, fragrant earrings are blooming with small unbroken flowers from 5 to 15 cm. Flowers aspen in April-May, while branches are still naked. Since this is a biscuit plant, then the colors from the earrings is different. Male she acquires a pink, reddish tint, and in female - from white to pale green. One month after the start of flowering, numerous small seeds are formed, which are spread over long distances. They germinate quickly than and explains such widespread aspen.
In addition to Russia, it forms deciduous forests in Kazakhstan, Korea, China, Mongolia, as well as in Western European countries.
Gallery: Aspen (25 photos)
The healing properties of aspen (video)
It is believed that the name of the Aspen itself comes from the word "blue". Also our ancestors noticed that the place was drinking the tree becomes blue. In antiquity, this was given a magical meaning. However, modern scientists found out that this is a chemical reaction to the interaction of tannings contained in wood, with a metal ax or saw. An interesting wood texture is highly appreciated by the wizard using a tree as a material for creating items of various purposes.
The Latin Name of Osina - Populus Tremula - in Russian translates as "man trembling". About the frozen or frightened person so they say - tremble like aspen leaf. There is a widespread belief that the property of the tree to tremble foliage even into the windless weather is due to the fact that the traitor of Jesus Christ Judas Judariot once hanged himself on it. And, according to a superstition, with each memories of this terrible event, the aspen begins to tremble in fear.
Plant dandelion medicinal
However, as scholars found out, this tree never grew in Palestine: neither in biblical times or today.
The property of the leaves tremble experts explain simply. The whole thing is here in the structure of the sheet. Anyone who looked after the aspen tree looks like, noticed that it leaves is relatively wide and tight to the touch, while the petioles are very long and flexible. Therefore, they can't keep leaves straight. This simple fact is explained by the sensitivity of the aspen to any air movement.
Aspen, she is an ordinary ozoon, Eurosibirsk, or a trembling poplar (lat. Populus Tremula.) - This is the type of common wallable leaf fall tree, order Malpigiecethet, family of IV, family poplar. Limited and common names: Judino tree, dye, whisper-tree.
International Scientific Name: Populus Tremula. Linnaeus, 1753.
Synonyms:
Populus Australis TEN.
Populus Bonatii. H.Lév.
Populus Duclouxiana.Dode.
Populus MicroCarpa. Hook.f. & Thomson Ex hook.f.
Populus. pseudotremula. N.I. Rubtzov.
Populus repanda. Baumg.
Populus Rotundifolia. Griff.
Populus Villosa. Láng.
Tremula Vulgaris. Opiz.
English names: Aspen, Common Aspen, EUROPEAN ASPEN.
German names: Espe, Aspe, ZitterPappel.
Security status: According to the Red Book of IUCN (version 3.1), the position of the Osin causes the smallest fear (LC).
Etymology names, or why the aspen trembles
A characteristic feature of aspen is very movable, trembling leaves. Because of this, it was called "a trembling poplar" in Latin. It's all about very long stuffs, strongly flattened at the top. Because of them, the leaves are unstable and at the slightest air movement begin to fluctuate, trembling. With a stronger dunge of the wind, the petiole turns along with a sheet plate. By the way, with the inside of the aspen sheet is not green, but greenish-brown, so it seems that the tree changes color.
The name "Ospen" is traced both in Praslavyansky and in Indo-European languages. According to Hoops, it is borrowed from Iranian language, according to Pedersen and Liden - from Armenian. Many European and Asian peoples have a tree called consonant names. M. Fasmer in the etherological dictionary of the Russian language gives the following examples: "Ukr. Osina, Osik, Dr.-Russk. Aspen, Bulge. Osika (infants 388), Cesh. Dial. OSA, OSINA, FIGHTS. Osika, Polish. Osa, Osina, V.-Luzh. WOSA, WOSUNA, P.-LUZ. Weds, Wósa "Silver Poplar" along with the Bulgarian. Yasik "Osina", Serboorv. Jacik, Slane. "
What the aspen looks like (poplar trembling): photo and description of the tree
Toplar trembling is a slim fine tree, up to 35 meters high (according to some data up to 40 meters) and the barrel diameter to 1 meter. This is a water and light-loving, fast-growing plant capable of promptly settling the territory after cutting or fires. Life shape of a trembling poplar - a tree.
Root
Usina has a powerful, but the bustling root system. In the first years of the tree of the tree, there is an increase in the rod root, but soon he stops. Then the development of side roots, one part of which is deepened in the soil, and the other is closer to the surface, in the upper layers to a depth of 20 cm. At the same time, lateral branches may dispense from the tree to the side of 20-35 m, coming out often beyond the projection crowns. In general, 84% of the roots of aspen are the side roots, and only a small part reaches a depth of 1-1.5 m. Since the root system is in-depth negatively, the tree can be vested by the wind.
The structure of the root of the aspens depends on the soil on which it grows. In the dark gray loam, the rod root is not formed at all, only the surface system is formed. Horizontal roots can reach the length of 19 m. Vertical, the length of which is caused by the nature of the soil, soil and the depth of grounding of groundwater. A special kind of vertical roots is anchorage roots formed from the so-called root paws located in the barrel.
An interesting feature of Osina is that her young roots, being in the flange, often grow together with each other and with the roots of other Osin. They seem to form a common root system.
After the tree is cut down, from the root kidneys in places close to the surface of the soil, abundant pigs are developing (root siblings). Frequent threshold form and thin (0.5-2 cm thick) side roots of the tree. Therefore, aspen groups or groves growing nearby are a single tree clone. Such groups are very different in the color of the crust, the insertion, the nature of branching, the colorful of young leaves, the size and gear of the ripe leaves, as well as the timing of the spring breaking of the kidneys.
Taken from hosho.ees.hokudai.ac.jp
Barrel and wood
Osin's barrel is smooth, cylindrical, up to 3 m in the circumference, the bumps are almost absent in thick on it. Osina refers to non-uni-sized, scattered trees. Her wood White with a greenish tint, moderately soft, lightning. Small vessels on its cross-section are not visible, weakly noticeable rings. Neither the core rays are also not visible on the cutting trunk. Sometimes in the wood you can notice the browned false core and the heart-shaped inclusions in the form of yellow strips.
Wood aspen is slightly similar to wood linden, including in density. The narrow core rays are noticeable to distinctions, like a radial (better) and in cross-cuts. On longitudinal cuts, the surface of the Linden wood is characterized by glitters, it has a pinkish shade, unlike greenish oxin fibers. According to the properties of the Wood aspen like a poplar.
Longitudinal and transverse saws show the structure of wood. Photo by Peter Wöhrer, Public Domain
Bark Aspen is smooth enough. In young trees, and in the upper part of the trunk throughout, she is silver-gray, dark gray, greenish-gray, almost white (in Mongolia) or light green.
Old trees are easy to distinguish with longitudinal dark gray crust cracks at the bottom of the trunk.
Along with the leaves of the bark, Osin is a participant of photosynthesis. This property allows you to regulate the carbon balance of the trunk in the absence or insufficient number of leaves.
Crown
In young trees, the shape of the crown is narrowly conical, it is more often egg-shaped or rounded. Despite the fact that the krona is powerful, it looks like a jury and skips a lot of light. All because relative to the trunk of the branches are located on the helix, and the light penetrates into the inner part of the crown.
Kidney and leaves
The focus of the aspen is a surname. Leaf kidneys are large, thick up to 3 mm and up to 10 mm long, oblong, conical or ovoid, with a characteristic weakly pronounced ribbon. To the touch solid, slightly sticky.
Young kidneys are slightly pubescent, later become bare, coloring - from yellow-brown to reddish-drow, sometimes with a greenish tint. Side kidneys are tougham.
The leaves of young and stroke shoots are very different from the leaves of shortened shoots on the crown.
- At shortened shoots, the leaves are large, dense, loose squeezed. Sheet plates long and 3-8 cm wide, rounded or triangular-ovid, smooth, slightly pointed or rounded, on top of dark green, from the bottom are grayish. The housing of the plates is peristryy. Along the edge, they are slightly thickened, coarse, gloomy-labeled. Osin's stubble pets, long, flattened, in the middle is thinner, the spring is pubescent, the rest is smooth. It is thanks to this particular feature of the pet's leaves of Osin trembling at the slightest air movement, which gave Osin the Latin name Tremula, which means "trembling".
- On young siblings, the head plates of the egg-shaped or triangular-elliptic form, up to 12-15 cm long. Their base is the heart-shaped, the peak is pointed, the stiff is rounded or a little flattened. Often at the base of the sheet plate there is a pair of large gigners.
The photo shows how the oxine leaves look like. Left of an adult tree leaves, on the right leaf of a young aspen. Photo by: MPF, CC BY-SA 3.0
The foliage of gentle-green aspen is covered in early May, but soon, in a month, the leaves grow up and griste. The vegetation cycle of the tree depends on the type of soil: on clay soils it is longer than on sandy, the leaves are blooming earlier and appeased later.
The leaves are formed within 20 days, the entire cycle from the beginning of the dissolution of the leaves to their complete fiction lasts 145 days, and the time from the beginning of the yellowing of the leaves before their focus is 22 days. Osin leaves in the fall are painted not only in yellow, but also in purple color. The fallen leaves remain flat, they do not box, while the dense layer of the litter is formed.
Unlike other poplars, kidneys and oxis leaves do not produce resins.
Osina blossom
Aspen - a two-walled tree, that is, only men's (sticky) flowers appear on some plants, on others - female (pestle), and male individuals in nature occurs much more than women's. For one-year shoots of last year, floral kidneys are developing. They are 1.5-2 times thicker than leafy (up to 6 mm), in length reach 13 mm, slightly egg-shaped, almost in the shape of a ball, rounded at the peak. Covered with brown-red brown-red covered scales. Closer to the end of winter, flower kidneys are cracking, releasing white hairs of columous scales.
Flower kidneys of female individuals are usually smaller and thinner, their vertices are sharp to a greater extent. They contain many phenolic compounds, and the percentage of their content depends on the development stage of the kidneys. Most of all phenolic compounds, flavonoids and phenolcarboxylic acids, contain kidney at the initial stage of their development.
In men's individuals, flower kidneys also produce a flavonoid compound, not inherent in the kidney of female individuals. In the fall, the percentage of phenolic compounds is reduced, and in winter it increases in winter.
Aspen begins to bloom for 10-20 years of life. It happens early in the spring, in April, to the dissolution of the leaves. Flower kidney develops multi-flowering hanging acute cases of inflorescences, earring, 4 to 15 cm long. They are collected both female and men's flowers.
Men's smaller servings are larger, multicolor, picked, with a long hair axis, similar to large. Women's - thin, with pear-shaped barriers and hair-axis. Flowers are located in the sinuses of bracts, which are barely notable shields with gears, strongly jazzed edges. On the blades or teeth of these flaps in abundance are the hairs, and since each hairs covers a large number of shields, the inflorescences seem fluffy. These shields are very diverse, so different forms of aspen floral earrings have noticeable differences in appearance.
Left female Osin earrings, on the right - men's. Photo by: Kruczy89, CC BY-SA 3.0
The female flower includes: a columous scales, a pickerel in the form of a sliced \u200b\u200bgland, in which a light green conic naked ovary is sits. We have two magenta stigs and a short column. The male flower in the perianth contains from 4 to 12 (according to other data to 29) the stamens, which are located on the disk in the form of a spacious saucer.
Two-nephelves, diversion, acquire bright purple color when achieving full development. Hydish, anthers pale, the earrings are falling, and the tree is waiting for the appearance of leaves for a long time.
Pestish earrings lose only the columous scales, while the axis of inflorescence is lengthened, and the developing nozzle green. Since the aspen is preparing floral kidneys of next year in the summer of the previous one, in winter it is possible to determine how gender trees can be determined. It is necessary to take floral kidney, clean it from coating scraps, then, separating several flowers from the earrings, consider them into a strong magnifying glass.
- If the tree is a male - a cone-shaped flower, a transparent yellowish perianth, the primitive of the anthem in the form of transparent, also yellowish "iconic" inside it.
- Flower of a female tree contains one ovary in the face of a swirl in the form of a pupa, which is wrapped in a perianth.
Piece of male inflorescences (anthers and blood leaves). Photo by Vladimir Pruchov, All Rights Reserved
If the ossen is strongly affected by the mushroom, it begins to bloom late for one or two weeks. Also in the affected tree, compared to healthy, weak bloom and fruiting are noted.
Ordinary aspen is pollinated by wind. For pollen, yellowish or dairy color is characteristic. The grains of pollen are rounded and smooth, easily kept in the air and fly away to 90 m, in a height of up to 10 m. The most intense during the day they are dissipated in the middle of the day. Most of all pollen grains can be detected at a distance of about 8 meters from the tree. The magnitude of the grains is 25-30 nm. Finding on a fishing of a female flower, which is covered with droplets of adhesive liquid, the grain quickly begins to germinate, soon the pollen tube penetrates into the wounded, reaches the seedness, and thus fertilization occurs. Pollen grains on the stilts of flowers in aspen sprout in an hour after their pollination.
Botanical illustration of O. V. Tome Flora Von Deutschland, Österreich und Der Schweiz, 1885. Public Domain
Fruits and seeds
Ospen's fruits are bivalve multiferied boxes, ripen 20-25 days after pollination. They are small, narrow and smooth.
Osin seeds are small, without endosperma.
Endosperm - stocking fabric in plants seed.
Seeds have down "stews" in the form of a bunch of hairs. The wind easily spreads them over long distances. The shape of the pear seeds, they are very small (1000 pcs. Weigh on average 0.12 g), consist of an outer shell and the embryo, color - from yellowish-white or greenish-gray to reddish-brown. They are weak and short-lived. After falling after a few days, Osin seeds lose their germination. They can, only if they immediately fall on the wet soil. And to overcome the layer of fallen leaves, the sprout is no longer able.
Where does the Ospen are growing ordinary?
Ospen is one of the most common light-affiliated trees of the northern hemisphere. This is a forest rock forming clean or mixed with other rocks of the Vestia. Grows with, fir, less often with. With birchings, she forms aspen-birch slices, with the Fir Siberian (lat. Abies. sibirica.) - Cheri Taiga. Aspen form monocultural forests (Osinniki). Unlike other poplars, they do not populate floodplain soils and do not bring shading. We are more often found on the edges, rogs and among the burver, in deforestation and garks, as the beginning of the renewal of the forest, performing an important role in forest formation.
View Populus Tremula. It grows almost throughout Europe, with the exception of desert and tundra zones, as well as stripes of preyed-sized vegetation. In the Alps, the plant rises to a height of up to 2000 meters. There is an aspen in the Caucasus, in Central and Malaya Asia, on Tien Shan, throughout Narctic Siberia, in the Far East of Russia, in Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Japan, the Mountains of China and North Africa (in Algeria). A significant part of the Osin Area falls on Russia, where the tree is spread almost everywhere.
The countries in which the aspen grows:
Austria, Azerbaijan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, United Kingdom, Hungary, Germany, Gibraltar, Holland, Greece, Georgia, Denmark (including the Faroe Islands), Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Kazakhstan, China, Latvia, Lithuania, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Moldova, Mongolia, Norway, Isle of Man, Poland, Portugal (including Azores), Russia (including Crimea), Romania, Serbia (including Kosovo), Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine, Finland, France, Croatia, Montenegro, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Estonia, Japan.
In North America, the kindative view of this tree is growing called the Osin-shaped poplar (lat. P.o.pulus Tremulo.i.dES.) With more large-littered leaves. Ordinary aspen in America does not grow.
When is the aspen grow and fruit?
From the side roots of Osin is richly grown by the pigstream, with the help of which it is more and multiplied, although she has been developed and seed reproduction. Sibling aspen 5-7 years old live at the expense of the mother root, and only after this period is starting to form their own root system. Seed aspen grows more slowly than clones, but over time catching up in growth.
Blossom, fruit and give seeds trembling poplar begins for 10-20 years of life. The earliest bloom was noted at the tree in culture aged 5 years. Since the aspen is a wind-topped plant, it blooms in late April - early May, before her leaves bloom. Seeds begin to fall out at the end of May. Ospens's seeds are formed a lot, to a half-billion per hectare, but most of them die from the lack of moisture, shading herbs and for other reasons. Only single instances germinate. But in seeds that came to favorable conditions, on the surface of a wet soil, where there are no other plants, after 8-10 hours there are green seedlies.
The turn of 1-2 days they unfold, the satellite knee is drawn, it forms a short root that carries a brush from the root hairs in the form of a belt to the root cervix. With the help of root hairs, the shoot sucks water. Initially, the root does not deepen into the soil, and shoots remain very small and vulnerable. If the soil surface is dry or, on the contrary, it will be too wet, they will die. Mushroom diseases are also very dangerous for young shoots. But if the surface of the soil is moistened in due measure, the root in 10-15 days begins to grow rapidly.
If the growth conditions are ideal, for three months the escape can grow up to 30 cm. In 20 years, the Ospen reaches 10 meters in height, and by 40 it grows to the maximum possible size. Wood lives for a short time, on average up to 80-90 years, but individual individuals live up to 150 years.
Osin Forms and Hybrids
Based on morphological signs, the main of which is the structure of the leaves, the aspen is sometimes distinguished into a separate section of the poplars. It includes Osin David (LAT. Populus Tremula Var. Davidiana., Sin. Populus Davidiana.) growing in the Far East of Russia and is a type of ordinary aspen.
Trees growing in different conditions are slightly different. Osin varieties are distinguished by the color of the cortex, the time of dissolving the leaves, the structure of the crown (weaving and pyramidal forms).
The pyramid shape of Aspen - Erecta (Erecta). Photo by: ABC10, CC BY-SA 3.0
The molding form of Osin - Pendula (Pendula). Taken from www.esveld.nl
There are also several oxine hybrids with trees from a kind of poplary:
- In 1966, a hybrid of a trembling poplar (lat was created in Denmark. Populus. tremula.) And Poplar Osino-shaped (LAT. Populus Tremuloides) – Populus × Wettsteinii. .
- Toplar Heating (SIZY) (Lat. Populus. × caneScens.) - Poplar hybrid White (silver) (lat. Populus Alba.) And aspen (lat. Populus Tremula.).
An important importance in breeding and forestry has a polyploid, or rather triploid form of aspen (LAT. Populus Tremula Gigas.), which is also called the Triploid Giant Osin. Its chromosomal set 3N \u003d 57, in contrast to the normal diploid 2n \u003d 38.
The flu is the number of chromosomes contained in a cell or in all cells of a multicellular organism characteristic of all individuals of this species.
Triploid variety significantly exceeds the usual aspen in the height and thickness of the barrel. Its wood is characterized by higher quality and less residual rotation. The form successfully grows with such trees as Elm, Klyon and Lipa, while the usual aspen is suppressed by them. For the first time, the Polyploid form of Osin was discovered in 1935 in nature by the Swedish professor H. Nilsson-Ehle.
How to distinguish alder from Osina?
For those who have ever seen these trees, they are not difficult to distinguish them. The one who does not know will help the following tips will help.
- Leaves
Consider leaves. If they are almost round with a straight or gear edge, on long stiffs, tremble with the slightest breeze, then this is aspen. Olhi leaves are served and their form closer to oval.
- Bark
Osinsky bark smooth, greenish-gray with blue. Olhi is cracking and peeling. The color of different types of alder is different. It is dark brown, almost black with alder black, gray with a lot of gray.
- Wood
White aspen wood with greenish tint. Olhi has reddish.
- Fruit
They are distinguished by fruits. Osine has a multi-free box, alder is a single-meaning nut, outwardly similar to the bustle.
How to distinguish with aspen leaf?
- Bark
In Linden Cora, a dark gray or even almost black with streaks. Osinsky bark is smooth, grayish-greenish with a bluish tint.
- Leaves
Leaves of linden heart-shaped, light or dark green, can be degraded from below. Their sweets are smaller in length than aspen. Osin leaf plates have a length and width of 3-8 cm, they are rounded or triangular-ovid, smooth, slightly pointed or rounded, on top of dark green, from the bottom are grayish.
- Flowers
Linden flower in the early summer, aspen early in spring. Linden fragrant flowers, cream, collected in umbrella inflorescence of 5-10 pieces. Osina has inflorescences - servings.
- Fruit
Fruit linden nut-shaped, aspen - dry box.
Sin.: Topol trembling, Grank, Judino, Osinovoy, Sky, Osinka, Osine, Shake, whisperwood.
Aspen - a deciduous fast-growing tree with soft wood, refers to the genus of the poplars. Aspen is not used by official Russian medicine, but in Medicine of Western Europe, drugs from the plant are produced for the treatment of diseases of the genitourinary system. The second name is a trembling poplar - comes from the feature of the tree leaves to tremble on the slightest wind.
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Formula flower
Osine Flower Formula Osin: * O0T2-∞P0, * O0T0P (2).
In medicine
Ospen ordinary is not included in the State Pharmacope of the Russian Federation, however, in folk medicine, it is applied with great success.
In therapeutic purposes, aspen uses bark, kidneys, leaves and juice. Osin preparations are used in official medicine of Western Europe from urinary bubble diseases and prostate.
The aspen has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and antichelmint properties, this makes it a promising drug in the complex treatment of such severe diseases, such as tuberculosis, smallpox, malaria, syphilis, dysentery, inflammation of lungs, cough of various origin, rheumatism and inflammation of the bladder mucous membrane.
Some synthetic preparations (aspirin, sodium salicylate, aceal, as well as the first antibiotics) in their composition derivatives of the aspen and plant related plants.
Contraindications and side effects
Barrays and aspen kidney chains have brightly pronounced binder properties, so they are better not to apply in chronic diseases of the tract, accompanied by constipation. Also, the aspen should be taken with caution during the diagnosis of "dysbacteriosis".
In cooking
Aspen is used in cooking quite indirectly - for processing food by smoking and cooking marinades, where "liquid smoke" is used. This liquid is obtained by burning aspen branches.
In other areas
Osin is used as a lake tree in landscape design.
The aspensar bark is one of the components of the skin tossing process. Also from the kora of aspen get yellow and green paints.
Osin flowers are an early and good honey, and special gluten is released from the kidneys of Osin, which is processed by bees in propolis.
Osin Tree is currently used in the construction of houses, more often in roofs (and before the aspens used to cover the domes of churches). Aspen is also raw materials for the manufacture of plywood, cellulose, matches, containers, etc.
Young row of aspen feeds forest animals in winter.
Classification
Osin, or Ospen ordinary, or poplar trembling (lat. Populus Tremula) - The type of deciduous trees from the family of the Family Family.
Botanical description
Aspen has a column-shaped barrel, which can reach 35 m of height and 1 m in diameter.
Wood lives on average from 80-90, sometimes up to 150 years. The aspen tree grows rather quickly, but wood wood is soft, therefore is subject to disease. As a result, large and at the same time healthy trees meet almost impossible.
The root tree is deep, the root siblings grow pretty much.
Young aspen have a smooth, light green or greenish-gray bark, cracking and darkening to a merchant over time. Ospens wood color - white, with greenish tint.
The tree leaves are rounded, sometimes rhombic, are located next. The length of the oxis leaves from 3 to 7 cm, sharp or stupid on top, with rounded base, edges are gallant, with cigarette housing. Escapes came down the leaves can be up to 15 cm long and have an almost heart-shaped form. Ospens leaf stuffed with sides in the top, long, because of this, there is a strong trembling of the leaves when air moves. In the fall, the leaves change their color - from green to golden yellow and brown-red.
Aspen - a separate plant. Flowers are small, unbroken, grow in hanging servants. Men's reddish seelings, up to 15 cm long, female greenish tint seelings, thinner than men. Aspen blooms before the leaves bloom, that is, in late April-early May. The ripening of seed occurs after 35 days, then they are scattered by the wind. For germination on wet soil, 1-2 days is enough. Flowering aspen begins after 10-12 years, then flowering and fruiting occurs annually. Flower formula Osin is ordinary - * O0T2-∞P0, * O0T0P (2). Osina's fruit is a very small box, seeds inside which is equipped with a bunch of hairs.
Spread
The aspen is quite widespread in moderate and cold climatic zones of Europe, almost throughout Russia, in Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, on the Korea peninsula.
It grows on the border of the forest and the tundra, it is found in the forest and forest-steppe zones, along the shores of the reservoirs, in the forests.
The tree is not contemptuous, growing well on various soils, both osienniks and as part of mixed forests. In the steppes from the trees form aspen slices, which breed the shoots of the root system, while new stems in the colony appear further 30-40 m from the parent tree. Some aspen colonies of this kind can reach several hectares, increasing the meter per year. The location of the root system of such colonies allows forest fires to worry.
Aspen refers to very frost-resistant trees and grows almost to the forested. Due to the rapid increase, by 50 years can give up to 400 cubic meters of wood with 1 hectare. Lives up to 150 years.
Regions of distribution on the map of Russia.
Preparation of raw materials
Osin blooms before the leaves appear, so the collection of leaves is carried out in early May, or in June. The leaves are dried in the shade, you can also dry the raw materials and in the dryer at a temperature of about 60 degrees. Aspen's kidneys need to be collected before they dissolve. The speed of drying after collecting is also important (faster than the kidney is dried in the oven or oven).
The Cora is going not only with young aspen trees, a thickness of 7-8 cm, but also from thin branches, approximately from April 20 and June 1 - during the beginning of the movement of the juice.
The bark is caught with a sharp knife around the trunk, at a distance of about 30 cm. After that, on each resulting tube make a vertical incision and remove the bark. It is better not to comprising a bark from the aspen so that wood does not understand the raw material - it reduces the medicinal properties of the crust.
The collected bark, cut into pieces of 3-4 cm long, is dried under a canopy or in the oven, or in the furnace (at a temperature not higher than 60 degrees). If the raw material is dried in the room, it needs to be well ventilated. It is impossible to dry the kour of aspen in the sun, so it loses its properties. The term of storage of harvested raw materials is not more than 3 years.
Chemical composition
Osin leaves contain glycosides, including salciline, carotene and ascorbic acid, protein, fat, fiber.
The crust also contains glycosides (salicin, salicotine, tremulacin, bitter glycosides, population), essential oil, pectin, salicylase, tanning substances. The aspen bark includes a lot of useful trace elements: copper, molybdenum, cobalt, zinc, iron, iodine, nickel.
Aspen's kidneys contain glycosides of salcin and population, benzoic and apple acid, tannins, essential oil, carbohydrates and other connections.
Osin wood includes cellulose, nectase, resin.
Pharmacological properties
The aspen bark contains biologically active substances that determine its pharmacological properties.
Phenol glycosides cause an anthelminth action (especially against opistortoors), tannilic substances and organic acids, essential oils and bitterness give choleretic, anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, antispasmodic properties.
The decoction of the cortex of Osin is favorably acting on the work of the liver, contributes to the removal of small stones from the gallbladder.
Osin extract contains a large amount of vitamin C, so the reception of the aspen preparations will help to fill its deficiency.
Antichelmintic effect of Osin give phenol glycosides, saligenin derivatives - salicin, population, tremuloid, tremulacin, salicutin.
At the same time, the toxicological composition of the crust extract was also studied. The study showed that it is low toxic and practically deprived of allergizing properties.
Moreover, the drug reduces the level of hypersensitivity of immediate type (GTT).
In the children's clinic of the same university, an experimental treatment was conducted, during which the aspen of the aspen bark extract was detected, the adverse reactions to the drug were not observed, the gilent and anti-inflammatory effects were expressed.
Application in folk medicine
Aspen's kidneys, dried and powder, mixed with fresh cream or sunflower oil. This headquarters of Lekari recommended as an anti-inflammatory and wound-healing agent for burns, chronic ulcers, for softening hemorrhoidal nodes. Water preparations of kidneering People's Lekari recommend drinking in diseases of the joints, cystitis, urinary incontinence in pregnant women and many giving birth to women, prostate adenoma. Tincture on the kidney aspen alcohol is used for gastritis, dysentery, hemorrhoids. Relieved kidneys are part of ointment that helps with injuries, trophic ulcers, hemorrhoids, diseases of the joints.
The decoction of the crust is considered in folk medicine with a good means of zingi, hernia, syphilis and fever. Ramars from the kora of aspen are used in gastritis, diarrhea, diabetes, pancreatitis, edema of various origin, lung tuberculosis. In Tibetan medicine, the decoction of the crust of the aspen is treated with prostate cancer.
In case of neuralgia, radiculitis, Ishias help the baths from the branch of the bark of young trees.
The aspen from the cortex is added to ointment from the eczema, and the infusion of ash ash is taken with adnexite. Osin is also recommended for hypertrophy of the prostate gland and urinary bubble disease.
The juice of the leaves is taken inward during rheumatism, and externally - as a grain from the bite of snakes, and the juice lubricates warts and deprived.
The young leaves of the aspen are used in the form of a hot fit for sore places when gouging, rheumatism and sediments of salts in the joints.
Historical reference
Previously, Osin was disliked because of the sinister belief. This tree did not plant near the houses, did not use in the crossbow and did not even use the shadow from the crown of this tree. In Ukraine, they did not build at home from Osina. However, the aspen helped in the fight against all the evil spirits, heragues were made from it. It was believed that the cleanest water will be in a wedge with an aspen logone.
A long time ago used the antibacterial effect of the aspen - the twigs of the tree were necessarily put in the barrels with a sauerkraut - so that it does not roam.
Taiga hunters use in winter the aspen bark in food. The substances contained in the aspen cortex remove fatigue and increase endurance with long and severe transitions.
Aspen tree is included in the Red Book of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (2008).
Literature
- Grozdova N. B., Nekrasov V. I., Globa-Mikhaylenko D. A. Trees, shrubs and Liana: Reference Manual. - M.: Lesn. Prom-St, 1986. - P. 287-288.
- Ivanova T. N., Putintseva L. F. Forest Storeroom. - Tula: Tits. kn. Publishing house, 1993. - P. 55-56.
- Skvortsov V. E. Training Atlas. Flora of Central Russia. - M.: Chero, 2004. - P. 95.
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