The average height of oak. Oak - Description, Types, Oak Bark, Useful properties

Oak Cherka? shown

1. Title

oak stuffed area medicine

Russian titles: Summer Oak (ordinary, English), Stezhar, Nelin (about oak, which did not drop the autumn outfit).

Names in other languages: Lat. QUERCUS Robur L., Bel. Oak Zolinka, Summer, Ukr. Oak Zvitch, Lіtnіy, cherry, floor. D№B, CHECH. Dub, Serb. Oak, Rast, storing, gr., Stro, Luz. Dub, Bulgarian. Miner, Hornevo Tree, Latvian. Ohsole, EST. TAM, Fin. Tammi, it. DER EICHE, FR. Le CKne, English The Oak.

Etymology name

Generic name lat. Quercus - Oak, etymology is not fully clarified. Perhaps the word occurs or from the Celt. Quer - Beautiful + Cues - wood, or from Dr. Greek. ??????? - be a rough, which characterizes the bark of a tree. Species epithet lat. R. ? Bur - oak, oak wood - ancient latin name Oak.

The Russian epithet isted is given due to the acorns sitting in a cup-plus, equipped with a leg.

History

Oak in many Indo-European traditions - a sacred tree, heavenly gatesThrough which the Divine may appear in front of people, the dwelling of God or gods. Oak dedicated to Perkunas (apparently, and Perun), Torah, Zeus, Jupiter and other thumbs; A broken lightning of the oak in some traditions was considered unkind, in others (for example, in Lithuania), on the contrary, a favorable sign. Oak sometimes acts as an image of a tree, on which the deity is crucifantic (often solar), which, however, is destroyed. A special role in mythology plays the image of oak, the mistletoe "golden branch". The sacred was considered oak pollen; With it, the eternal flame was supported in the temple of Vesta; It was ritually burned in the middle of the summer, comparing this action with the decendment of the fertility of his male strength. At the same time, the cessation was considered and as an act leading to the resurrection of the Spirit of fertility (characterized in this regard, the widespread use of oak ashes in folk medicine). Oak clock as an instrument of a thumbnail or sunny God symbolized the hardness of power, severity. The wreath of oak leaves sent to the idea of \u200b\u200bpower, power, dignity. Oak, revered as a royal tree, was accomplished by the most important rituals (sacrifices, court, oaths, etc.), holidays were arranged. In the biblical tradition of oak (along with the cedar) symbol of pride and arrogance; Oak becomes the king of Avimeli, Saul squeezes under Oak, darked Deboor, under the oak Jacob, he buries alien gods, finds his end to Avasal. Christians are oak - the emblem of Christ (according to some versions of the Christian tradition, the cross the crucifixion was made of oak).

In ancient Greece, the center of Zeus's sanctuary in Dodon was the old oak, under which there was a source. Oracle interpreted the rustling of oak foliage, and later the events drew the events on the ringing of the vessels, according to which the oak flexible branch was struck. Zeus was dedicated to the special winged oak, which was twisted the covered with the image of the Earth, the ocean and stars.

In Athens, the boy who uttered the marriage formula during the Eleusinsky Mystery, was crowned with oak leaves and thorn (in Rome, oak branches were worn in marriage, seeing the symbol of fertility). According to some versions of the oak, the mast of the Argonauts ship was made. In the oak and the lipa were posthumously turned by the gods Filemon and Bavda. The "oak" nymphs were the Greek Dryads and Gamadryads. The oak was given a significant role in the mythopoethic representations of the Celts. In particular, under the oak creates its spells of the Hero of the People's Traditions Merlin. In a number of traditions with Oak, the origin of the human race was associated.

Oak - "King of the Forest", symbolizes endurance, strength, fame; in Ancient Rome Wreath of oak leaves was the highest award-winning winner. Druids Oak had the most revered tree; In the Christian symbolism of Oak means faith and virtue. In the book of Walter Scott Avengo, an oak image with the corrected roots on the shields of Saxon nobility symbolized the fact that it shares with simple saccs of their fate after Norman conquest.

The ancient Slavs cut out the statues of Perun - the God of Thunder and Lightning - certainly of the oak (it was called the Purunovo tree). And in front of the carved idol burned out the restless "live fire from the oak ancient", mined by friction of oak sticks. This fire was renewed annually in Ivanov's night. Actually, the oaks from fear to nourish the thunderstorm gods (equal and the excellent arrow from Luke - Raucar Apollo) did not cut the ancient Greeks and the Romans, nor ancient Germans and Slavs. Perhaps, therefore, the mighty representatives of the oak tribe are preserved today. IN pagan times Carpathian Slavs were convinced that oaks existed since the creation of the world. Pliny senior wrote: "... oaks ... not touched by centuries, one age with the universe, they are striking their almost immortal fate as the greatest miracle of the world." In the excavation of tripolian settlements of a five-thousand-thousand old, under the ruins of the furnace in the clay wreckage, they found the prints of the acorns. Apparently, people at this time have already knew how to bake bread from the acorns.

In Russia, Oak performed in the role of a guard: they created the interpretations from the oaks - stretched on hundreds of versts chain of the fallen trees. The intergrowth became a difficult obstinate barrier on the way of movement of the battlefront, and later the centuries - tank German divisions.

Leaves and oak leaves

Men's inflorescences Duba

Botanical description

The oak of the chicken - the leaf fall tree of the beech family (Fagaceae), reaching 50 m of height. The root system consists of a very long rod root; Since 6 years old, side roots begin to develop, also flowing deep into the ground. The crown is thick-like or widespread, asymmetric, stretched, with strong branches and a thick barrel (1.5 m in diameter). In young trees, the trunk is wrong, crankshaft, with age becomes straight and cylindrical. The bark in old trees (from 50-60 years old) a boring, fractured, thick up to 10 cm, in young trunks and branches of silver-gray, in young shoots smooth, olive-buurya. Young shoots fluffy, brown or reddish gray, shiny, with brown spots and slightly oblong lentils.

The kidneys are stupid-five-marched, 5 mm long and 4 mm wide, side slightly smaller and distinguished, scales are numerous, five-row, brown, bare and only around the edge of the semicircle. All kidneys are usually egg-shaped, almost spherical, light brown, on top of rounded or stupidly pointed, leaf scar with 5-7 traces. The top kidneys are surrounded by most of the side.

Location the next, on top of branches in the form of beams. The leaves are oblong, oblong-reverse-ovoid, the Book of narrowed or heart-shaped, often with the ears, on top of stupid or labeled, peristo-blade, 80-100 mm long, 25-70 mm wide, with 4-7 blades, solid, almost leathery , on top dark green, shiny, yellowish or green, with highly outstanding lighter veins, naked on both sides, with short cutters up to 10 mm long, always falling on the winter.

The blades are blunt, rounded, cutouts between them are shallow. Separed flowers. One-bed plant. Stitching flowers are collected in long hanging servings 20-30 mm long, with 10 or more flowers, 2-3 together or single on the tops of last year's shoots or at the bottom of young shoots. Each flower sits remotely from the other, so the floweros is clear between them; It has 5-7-separate, baked, edded, greenish picker. Women's flowers are usually located on young shoots above the male, collected 2-3 together on a separate reddish stalk, have a six-part, on the edges a reddish perianth, surrounded by green, hair, on top of reddish scales, representing a future plus.

Warfish, red, filamental, a little outstanding outward. The nests in the margin are formed only after pollination, among the three, with two testicles in each. From each planting usually develops only one yelud. Flowering begins in trees with age from 40 to 60 years. Flowers in May, fruits ripen in September. Fruit - Walnut (yeld) naked, brown-brown (1.5-3.5 cm long), on a long (3-8 cm) fruit. The thrill is placed in a saucer, or a cupid bowl - Plus (0.5-1 cm long). Reproduction seed; Acorns are spread by birds. Fruit of oak stuffed with 40-60 years. Abundant yarns of the acorns are repeated in 4-8 years. Oak lives up to 400-500 years, individual trees - up to 1500-2000 years, reaching 4 m in diameter.

Distribution area

Widespread B. Western Europe And the European part of Russia is found in the north of Africa and in West Asia. The northern border of the range is Southern Finland, North Leningrad region. In the west of Norway, due to the effect of Golf Stream, the border of the habitat reaches the 65th parallels. As it moves to the east, the habitat border is shifted to the south, and in Siberia he does not live at all. Introduced in northeast of North America. Growing in large forests and dumbers. Oak refers to thermal-loving trees. Often suffers from late spring frosts. Regardless, and at a young age, when he slowly grows, often drowns in fast-growing trees (birch, aspen, rhombus, pine, beech). Therefore, it requires care - clarification by cutting down fast-growing rocks. It is usually growing on a fertilous and wet soil, but also occurs on quite dry soils. Two ordinary oak forms are known - early and late. In the early oak, the leaves bloom in April and fall out for the winter, and later bloom into two or three weeks later and on young plants remain for the winter.

6. Collection and drying of raw materials

As medicinal raw materials is used mainly bark oak. It is harvested during a cooping (which coincides with the dissolution of the kidneys, April-May), without a cork layer from the outside and wood with the inner. To collect a bark, you can use only young trees cut down on the forest-shops and under sanitary logging. To remove the bark, every 30 cm make ring-shaped cuts that are connected by longitudinal cuts, after which the bark is easily removed. Dry it under the outdoor cannons or in well-ventilated rooms. IN good weather You can dry in the sun. When dried, the bark is turned over, in the evening they put in the premises. Before the packaging, the bark is binding to bundles, browsing the dried raw materials, remove the bark with the remains of wood covered with moss. The dry bark during bending breaks down, and the non-disgraced bends. It is necessary to ensure that the bark is not moistened when drying, since it loses a significant part of the tanning substances contained in it. There is no smell of dry cortex, but when soaked in water and especially when shelted hot water, a characteristic smell of fresh crust appears. The taste is highly binding. Save in a dry, well ventilated room. Shelf life is 5 years.

Oak fruits (aches) are collected in autumn under the trees after falling. Dried in attics under an iron roof or under sheds with good ventilation, split into one layer on paper or tissue and mixing periodically. Peace in the furnaces, in the furnaces or in the dryers. Zhloudes are cleaned of leathery of naughty and seed peel. Raw materials consist of separate cotyledons. Save in dry, well-ventilated rooms. Storage time is not installed.

7. Chemical composition

Pharmacological properties

Due to the high content of tuban substances, the oak bark has a strongly pronounced binder and sealing tissue membranes (as a result, their strength increases and permeability increases), as a result, it has a bacteriostatic, protistivocidal and largely hemostatic effect. And also has anti-inflammatory, anti-cope, anti-emoragic and anti-naisual properties. Tanning substances (tannin) cause a major tanning effect. When applying gap drugs of oak or tannin on wounds or mucous membranes, interaction with proteins is observed, while a protective film is formed, protecting tissues from local irritation. It slows down the process of inflammation and reduces pain. All parts of the plant have a disinfecting effect. Antimicrobial and antiprotozoic effect is associated with both gallic acid derivatives and the presence of catechins.

Application in medicine

The bark of young branches, subtle trunks are used as a binder, for rinsing in gingivitis, stomatitis, inflammatory processes of the oz, pharynx, larynx and for the treatment of burns. The decoction - with tuberculosis, rickets, has a pronounced deodorizing effect. Ointment - for the treatment of frostbite. Cherry oak infusion - with gastritis and enteritis, stomach ulcers, gastric bleeding, colitis, dysentery, cholera.

Summies - with skin diseases, proleells; enemas and candles - with hemorrhoids and cracks of the anal hole; Drying - with vaginal diseases and polymesis; Baths - with hyperhydrosis. Infusions and decoctions - when frostbite.

As an antidote in poisoning salts of heavy metals, alkaloids, mushrooms, whitewash, dope, with food toxicoin intakes and other poisoning, 20% of the oak bark are used for repeated stomach rinsing. With burns and frostbite, 20% of the oak bark is also used in the form of appliques of napkins, moistened with a cold decoction, on affected places in the first day. In case of skin diseases, during children's diattes, the decoction of the oak bark is used in the form of common or local baths, wickers, appliqués; With the sweating stop, local baths are recommended from 10% oak bark or oak bark bark in half with a decoction of sage. In the gynecological diseases (colpites, vulvovaginitis, the omission of the walls of the vagina, the loss of the vagina and the uterus, the erosion of the cervix and the walls of the vagina) are prescribed a script for a 10% decoction. In folk medicine (inside) - with gynecological diseases, abundant menstruation, diarrhea, peasant diseases of the stomach, dysentery, gastrointestinal diseases, diseases of the liver and spleen, thyroid gland, rickets, cholera, pyelonephritis; externally - with sweating, for kneading bleeding hemorrhoidal nodes and purulent wounds, rinsing throat and oral cavity with inflammation, to eliminate unpleasant odor from the mouth, for bringing up corners; Ointment - for burns and frostbite. The bark of oak is part of the baths for baths from gold and rickets.

Leaves. Infusion and decoction - with diabetes mellitus. Fresh chopped leaves are applied to glans and wounds for healing them. Provide astringent, anti-inflammatory and hemostatic effect. Juice - with diabetes mellitus.

Galla. Squeezes from freshly prepared beam or powder - with gastrointestinal disorders, burns, purulent wounds, degraving, eczema, leather tuberculosis.

Acorns. Academic coffee and dry powder - with gastrointestinal diseases, with colitis, gold, rickets, anemia. It is also useful for nervous and with large menstrual bleeding. Infusion and decoction - with rickets, anemia, nerve diseases, polymera, crofulosis, diabetes mellitus. Juice - similar to infusion and bravery.

Dosage forms, Method of preparation and dose

Oak bark decoction: 20 g (2 art. Spoons) of raw materials are placed in enameled dishes, 200 ml of hot boiled waterClosed with a lid and heated in a water bath for 30 minutes, cooled 10 minutes at room temperature, filtered, the remaining raw materials are pressed, the volume of the decoction is adjusted with boiled water up to 200 ml. The prepared decoction stores in a cool place for no more than 2 days. Apply for rinsing - 8 times a day as a binding and anti-inflammatory agent for inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa, zea, pharynx, larynx, gingivitis, stomatitis.

Oak decoction (external): 1. 1 tbsp. A spoon of raw materials (leaves and bark) for 1 cup of water, boil 1-3 minutes, strain.

40 g of the crust is poured 250 ml of water, boiled 30 minutes, insist 2 hours. Apply in the form of lotions, enema, baths, washing.

The infusion of oak bark: 10 g of raw materials insist in 400 ml of cooled boiled water of 6 hours, then filter. Take a glass of 3-4 times a day before meals. Apply with night incontinence of urine. The infusion of the crust and leaves (inside and for douching) is prescribed under gynecological diseases: uterine bleeding, pains for menstruation, inflammation of female genital organs, trichomoniasis. Baths, douching, tampons from infused recommended during the erosion of the cervix.

Oak infusion (tea): 1 tsp of raw materials on 2 glasses of boiling water, insist 2 hours in a warm place, strain, take 0.5 glasses 3 times a day before meals. Drink more than 2 cups of tea per day is not recommended.

Juice from oak leaves: pressed from fresh, collected immediately after flowering leaves. Take on ѕ-1 h. Spoon juice with honey (1: 1), divorced in warm water, 3 times a day.

Juice from oak acorns: pressed from green acorns. Take 1-3 tbsp. Spoons with honey (1: 1) on an empty stomach 3-5 times a day.

Oak oak oak ointment: 2 parts of the oak bark powder, 1 part of the black poplar kidneys are mixed with 7 pieces of cream oil, maintain in a warm furnace of 12 hours, then boiled 30 minutes on a weak fire or water bath, filter.

Coffee from the acorns: acorns to clean from the peel, and then chop up with large pieces. After that, fry until it is forgiven. Give cool and grind into powder. Brew both coffee and used as a food additive, and also give children with diseases of cardiovascular and nervous systems.

Powder from dried gall or fresh galls: lubricate eczema, deprived, burns.

Some recipes

? Dieseneria, ulcerative colitis, hemorrhoids. Strong influence (1 tsp for 1 glass of boiling water, insist for 1 hour and more) do enemas.

? Sweating legs. Wash in the bark of the cortex (2 tbsp. Spoons on 1 cup of water, boil 1-2 minutes, insisted before cooling), in socks on the day they are squeezed with chopped bark. You can make the baths from the beam.

? The decoction of the oak bark is treated by goiter (make a row on the goobal tumor).

? Acne on the skin of the face. 1 tbsp. Spooning the bark pour the glass of water and boil 10-15 minutes. Cool, strain and add vodka, in the ratio of 1 part of the beam and 2 parts of the vodka. This loton wipe the face.

? Inflammatory processes and bleeding of adhesion. Prepare a mixture of equal parts of the bark of oak and linden flowers. 2 tbsp. Spoons of medicinal raw materials pour 1 cup boiling water and boil 2-3 minutes. Let break 20 minutes, strain. Apply for rinsing.

Contraindications

Do not allow overdose, because May cause vomiting. It may be observed a decrease in smelling at a frequency and long rinse of the oak pill.

13. Application in other areas

Used to affore the mountainside, in the traceplate. You can land the oak along the irrigation channels because it root system It does not drain the walls of the channels and does not destroy their coverage.

Wood applied in shipbuilding, for various buildings, crafts, sleepers, parquet, in furniture and cooled industries. Waste - for the production of tubyl extracts. Tannins contained in oak wood give the drinks a peculiar taste and aroma.

Powder from the bark of young branches and subtle trunks in veterinary medicine - for the sprinkles of the Russian Academy of Sciences, decoction and medicine - as a binder and anti-navigation remedy for dyspepsis, gastritis and enteritis in farm animals, with blood urine and poisoning of poisonous plants, in the form of infuses and decoctions - as anti-inflammatory Means, with burns and frostbite.

Good tubeer hard leather varieties. Oak leaves contain pigment cvercitin, which, depending on the concentration, paint wool and felted products in yellow, green, greenish-yellow, brown and black. Food for oak silkworm. Leaves are used as a spicy-aromatic addition when sickling cucumbers. Gales are suitable for the manufacture of black ink, gray and brown paints, for tanning the plantar skin.

Acorns in veterinary medicine - as a binding and anti-zinc; Inside in the form of powders, kahek and mixtures - with gastritis and enteritis. Acorns - Surrogate Coffee; Peesened from the peel - to obtain starch and flour. Food for pigs, cattle, horses, geese and wild animals. After a long stay in the water, the oak becomes "moraine", it has a black color, but does not lose its fortress. In beekeeping, it matters mainly as a dustlessness, but in some years, with a favorable combination of meteorological factors, he gives nectar and then in abundance is visited by bees. However, the dub often appears a pair, from which bees produce falling honey, low-quality and unsuitable for wintering.

Cultivation

Oak acorns, in contrast to the seeds of the vast majority of other trees, do not keep germination during drying and long storage at room temperature. Therefore, it is necessary or sow them in the fall until snow and soil freezing, or provide them with special storage conditions. Autumn sowing is the most simple, but with it there is a serious risk of damage to the part of the godzuns.

For spring seeding of acorns must be properly saved. The best storage conditions are created at low (about 0 ° C or a little higher) temperature, high humidity and moderate ventilation. Acorns can be saved in the basement, in which potatoes are well saved in winter; You can also touch them in the fall into the soil to a depth of at least 20 cm, closed on top of a sheet of waterproof material, leaving the air layer between this sheet and acceleration and ensuring the protection against mice. It is necessary to lay healthy acorns without external damage to winter storage, preferably collected in dry weather and dried at room temperature during the week. No special preparation of surviving seed seed before sowing.

Before sowing, appreciate the quality of the acorns, opening a few of them. Living acorns have yellow seedlies, and in the place of their connections with each other there is a living (yellow or red-yellow) germ. Dead acorns inside black or gray. By external signs You can not always distinguish live acorns from the dead. Not bad results gives soaking the acorns in a water tank - dead acorns are mostly pop up, the living mostly drown (if there is a lot of stomach, then this way of separating the dead from living can well be recommended, but a small part of the living accesses will be lost).

If you could not be stocking acindly from autumn, then in some years (after a large harvest of the acorns and under the condition of "crawling" mice, and if the winter was not very frosty) you can in the spring to score alive and germinating acorns in the near forest or park. It is necessary to collect gerbial jerseys early in the spring, almost immediately after the snow saving, otherwise many acorns you will find damaged roots. The collected acorns must be sown or immediately sow, or stored before sowing so that the roots do not dry (for example, a mixture with wet leaves in plastic box, Refrigerator or cold basement). Even with short-term storage, it is necessary to ensure that geracting acorns do not spill (damaged immediately throw away), and provide them with ventilation. The faster you can sow the collected spring acorns, the biggest part of them will be able to develop into seedlings.

When sowing an acorns, mark on the garden parallel grooves at a distance of 15-25 cm apart. Spread acorns into the furrow at the rate of 15-50 pcs. Per 1 m length of the furrows, depending on the quality and size (if the justs are large and almost all alive, then they must be laid less frequently, if small and with a large share of dead and doubtful - thicker). If you plan to plant an oak seedlings on a permanent place, one should be sown even less often - at a distance of 7-10 cm from each other (this will allow for the maximum increase in each tree). We press acorns into the bottom of the furrow in such a way that they are at a depth of 2-3 cm relative to the soil surface at the spring landing and 3-6 cm - with autumn. After that, mark the furrow, the cover of the jade of the earth.

Acorns germinate for a very long time. At first they develop a powerful root that achieves a length of several tens of centimeters, and only after that the stem begins to grow. Therefore, oak sprouts may appear on the surface of the soil after a month and a half after the start of germination. Do not hurry to conclude that your dubs died, and to drag the bed with sowing (as the experience of novice forest belongings shows, it happens). If you have doubts, try to dig a few acorns. If the roots have ripen, it means that the acorns are alive.

Oak shoots are much less suffering from weeds and drying the soil than shooting of coniferous trees (large roots and leaves are developing in the jiffs. However, try to always keep sowing clean from weeds and providing watering with a strong drought, especially if you want to get large seedlings in one year. Stop all kinds of additional watering for about a month and a half until the time when a massive leaffall begins in your area - it will allow the oak seedlings better to prepare for wintering (too late increments of oak are often freezing in winter). In summer, the oak seedlings are often amazed by a torpid dew - fungal disease. Puffy dew is not able to kill the shootings of oak, but can significantly reduce their increase. With the strong development of malical dew (if the white flare will cover more than half of the area of \u200b\u200ball leaves), sewers can be treated with 1% copper sulfate solution or a 1% sulfur suspension. Oak seedlings can be grown for two years in one place without transplanting, and you can transplant in the second year in the "School". The second method is preferable, since it allows you to form a more compact and branched root system, which suffers less in transplantation to a permanent place (in two-year seedlings grown without transplanting, the length of the main root can be more than a meter, and it is almost impossible to transplant them without damage to the root).

The transplant of seedlings in the "Sht" should be produced in spring, it is desirable as early as possible so that the root system damaged during transplantation managed to partially recover even before the leaf is dissolved (it is also important that the soil during the transplant is still wet). When transplanting, cut the main root of each seedlings at a distance of 15-20 cm from the place where acorn was located (most seedlings stomach residues for the second year are still visible). This will make it possible to form a more compact root system. It is possible that the main root can not cut, but in this case it will be very difficult to dig up for two year old seedlings without serious damage to their root system.

In the "School", place the number of seedlings at a distance of 25-30 cm from each other, and seedlings in a row - after 12-15 cm. When landing under each sighter, make a flip of 20-25 cm shovel (the sump depth should be such So that when landing seedlings, the place of attachment of the acorns was 2-3 cm below the soil surface). Insert the seedlings into the pits (the main root of the oak seedlings, unlike the root of conifer, solid and straight and inserted into the pits without problems). Then pour the lines of the earth and construct it with your hands so that the Earth is more densely to the roots of the seedlings.

Transplanted seedlings in the first weeks after the transplantation strongly suffer from damage to the roots - the dissolution of the leaves occurs quite slowly, and the growth of shoots is relatively small.

Nevertheless, by the middle of summer, the normal development of seedlings is restored, and by autumn, as a rule, large and quite suitable for landing on a permanent place seedlings are obtained (30-50 cm height). If the size of the seedlings by autumn leaves much to be desired, then only the largest, and the others can be left in the "Shkay" for another year.

If you transplant the permanent place annually oak seedlings (such is quite possible, if the landing is made on areas with low herbal cover or plowed soil), then do not cut the main roots of seedlings - try to save as much of their length as much as possible. The root system of the annual oak seedlings is represented mainly long and direct rod root with weak and short lateral roots, so it is enough to make it necessary to do the corresponding depth of a narrow yam with the help of a cola or cutting shovel

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Oak has long been considered a special tree. Our ancestors worshiped this majestic giant, attributing imaginable and inconceivable miracles and magical power. What is the reason for such a revelation attitude, what is the features and is it possible to grow oak in your country, we will try to figure this article.

Botanical description

Oak puffed, he is an ordinary oak or summer oak, is a bright representative of the beech family. He is rightfully considered a long-lived among the trees, average age It is 400 years old, but can reach 1500.

Root system, bark, krona

Oak refers to stable durable deciduous plants, therefore has a powerful and developed root system, which provides him with high resistance to external natural factors:

• the root tree system lies very deeply. A young individual typically has one rod-shaped long root, from which side roots spread over the first seven years;
• the height of the trunk can reach 40-50 meters, the thickness of the barrel continues to slowly increase throughout the life of the tree;
• the bark changes its appearance Depending on the age of the plant: young individuals, it is usually light gray, without obvious furrow, smooth, but as it grows it thickened, it becomes a bug, the color begins to change towards the dark gray with an admixture of brown shades;
• crown of tree stretched, lush and thick. The volume of the crown can reach 25 meters in diameter.

Shoots, kidneys, leaves

Young shoots near the tree usually do not naked or covered small flyAs a rule, they are brown or red with numerous kidneys. The kidneys are rounded, have a shade a little lighter than the escape and scaly surface. Dummy foliage dark green. The leaves have an oblong ovoid shape with rounded blades, a short petiole and a lot of residences. The size of the leaves can vary from 7 to 35-40 cm. Young foliage has the edge.

Flowers, fruit

The oak is black is a one-sex plant, respectively, and the flowers of one-sex. Men's individuals bloom in lush servants hanging down, consisting of small yellowish flowerfish. The pestle flowers are reddish, small, located in the sinuses of the leaves, are going to small inflorescences up to 5 pieces.
Fruit tree nuts. We are fruitful oak familiar as acy - oblong bare nuts of brown, 2-7 cm in size with dark brown stripes, located each in their cupid "nest". The first aches usually appear on the trees that the 40-year-old frontier crossed.

Did you know? Despite the abundant yields, according to statistics, from 10,000 nuts, the oak can be only one heal.

Where oaks grow: distribution

Oak ordinary is not in vain can be seen on many coat of arms and emblems of old Europe. It is in Western Europe that this kind of trees is the most common. It also grows in the European part of Russia and Western Asian countries. In the south, it can be found in the mountainous regions of the Black Sea coast and the Caucasus.

Can it be raised in the country

Green, an empty long-lived looks very impressive, and many gardeners dream of the shadow of his crowns. Whether it is possible to grow oak on their own on the summer site, let's try to figure it out. Growing oak powder panstone It is a common business for landscape design, it looks great in the neighborhood with standard shrubs and coniferous trees for the garden.
However, it is necessary to remember that the oak requires a large space and soil resource for growth and it is quite capable of "robging" its neighbors for nutrients. In order for the Oak to bring you trouble and pleased the eye, it is necessary to choose the right place to land and follow the formation of the plant, without letting it be overcome.

Choose a place

Grow oak on the plot is not as simple as it seems at first glance. In order for the idea to be crowned with success, you need to comply with the basic rules for plant landing. One of the most important tasks is the choice of the right place for the future of Giant.

Important! Do not forget that even a small oak has very developed roots and loves space, so you need to avoid planting a tree too close to other plants.

Lee is needed

Oak loves good bright lighting, especially it is useful for the top of the crown. At the same time, the lateral shading is not scary. In this regard, the open area of \u200b\u200bthe site with the trees and low shrubs located nearby shrubs are suitable for growing green giants.

Creation to soil

The second important point is the definition of a suitable soil - this is one of the key secrets of the success of oak cultivation. The tree loves the fertile neutral soil, but it does not tolerate its increased acidity, so it is not worth growing oak near coniferous rocks.

It feels best on fertile loams, although it is quite viable and on poor, stony soils. Oak drought-resistant, does not like stagnation of water and excessive soil moisture.

Temperature and weather conditions

The oak ordinary is a relatively heat-loving plant, overall racks to frosts, but harsh cold can damage the bark of a tree by forming frostsobyins. It has high resistance to drought and wind due to deep root running.

Features landing

In order for young dubs to take root on your site, you need to pay a maximum of attention to landing and subsequent caring for the tree.

When planting oak black

Sugging young individuals is recommended early in the spring before the leaves are blown. If the reproduction is performed by the acorns, they are sown either in the fall or late spring, closer to May, in this case, from autumn and before spring, Zhöldi stored in cool dark place With high humidity.

Growing methods

The cherry oak can multiply with stalling or sprinkling from the acorns. Consider what features these methods have.

Shining

The reproduction of trees trees is a rather labor-intensive process, but it allows you to grow a tree without much costs. The oak is chopped by rooting cuttings from the mother tree:

Important! The older the parent plant, the less chances of the fact that the cuttings taken from him will survive and safely root.

As soon as your pet is rooted, he will immediately give you to know: the kidneys of the plant will begin to increase in size and soon the first young shoots will appear on it. After that, the plant can be used to teach environmentFirst, a slightly opening shelter, and later, leaving open for several hours. Usually by early September, the greenhouse can be removed and prepare a plant for translation in the fall in open ground. Well rooted cuttings are capable of falling under the snow.

How to grow oak from acorns

Much less trouble will bring the cultivation of oak ordinary from Zhlouda. The most important thing is to seriously approach the selection of the acorns that will become a landing material, because among them may not be viable:

A little more and rapid seedlings will be ready for a transplant in open ground.

Oak care

So, you have successfully coped with the task of growing a seedling and transplanted the plant for a permanent habitat in the country area. Now your main task becomes providing a young treet of the right care. We emphasize that careful leaving the oak requires only at first, while the plant is young, that is, about 5 years of age.

Do I need to water the plant

Despite the fact that the oak is considered a drought-resistant plant, in this case adult trees mean, and regular watering is required by young individuals. As soon as you landed a seedling into an open ground, it needs to be right away and continue to water up to 5 days daily.

Then B. hot season From the end of spring and before the beginning of autumn, young oaks need a systematic watering as the earth dries. It is important to remember that the oak does not like moisture stagnation, so it is periodically necessary to loosen the soil around the trunk and timely remove the leaves and another trash.

Responsiveness to subcord

The young man is very sensitive to the environment, so that the Oak must take care of, in the first years it is especially important to pay attention to feeding. Usually, oak fertilize twice in the season: at the beginning of spring and in the fall - for this, special mineral feeders are used in the form of granules. It was noted that regular fertilizer increases the stability of oaks to diseases and fungi, and also contributes to a more intensive growth of a young tree.

Literate trimming of young oak

As you know, Oak has an impressive crown that can bring on garden plot Not only welcome coolness, but also an unwanted shadow for other plants. In addition, the timely removal of the fish branches gives the tree a more accurate look.

Processing against diseases and pests

Oak - very stable culture, but, like other deciduous trees, is subject to some diseases and attracts pests:

• most often the oak is striking puffy dew, forming on the leaf of wood whiten falling. it fungal disease Not only spoils the appearance, but also weakens the plant, in addition, it can go to the shrubs and trees adjacent to the oak. Fight with mildew dew is the easiest way all methods of prevention: it is necessary to periodically process the plant with fungicidal agents, and if the first signs of the disease were found, then destroy the affected branches, and the tree itself to spray fungicide;
• dropsy. Such a disease occurs in the oaks due to the pathogenic bacterium. As a result of the development of the disease under the crust, bloating filled with liquid is formed, then the water can be opened and leaves cracks and stains on the crust. The disease occurs after adverse weather conditions: strong heat or sharp cooling. In order to avoid water, you need to carefully monitor the branches and the crown, remove dry branches, leaves, cut wild shoots;
• rota is caused by mushroomswhich develop directly in wood and even roots. Usually, such mushrooms live on dead trees, but there are species that affect and live plants and leading drying and destruction of these, such mushrooms include sponge root, Dubovy Blutch. For the prevention of rot, it is necessary to observe the agricultural machinery of the cultivation of the tree, to carry out timely trimming and cleaning of the dried branches, protect the tree from rodents to preserve the integrity of the cortex and do not give disputes to penetrate inside;
• gallians- Most common pests. Many saw small balls around oak leaves. They have nothing to do with the fruits, these are eggs deferred by these insects, the larvae stimulate the growth of the tissue around themselves, thus form a refuge in the form of balls (galls). From the attack of malicious nutpaths will help the timely processing of oak pesticides of industrial production.

Video: oak stuffed, sickness description

Did you know? On the inner surface of the balls is contained great amount Tubyl substances that were used in the production of ink, which is why Gales got the name "Ink balls".

• green oak leasting - Malicious caterpillar, which devours foliage, relaxing the tree and reducing its yield. Appears in hot wet weather. To fight it, as with other insects, is recommended by spraying insecticides when the first symptoms appear.

Despite the natural frost resistance of an oak of an ordinary, it is sensitive to sharp temperature drops, so the young trees at least the first 1-2 years of life is better to strengthen the winter. For these purposes, you can use special insulation or ordinary burlap, which is winding the barrel and branches. With the age of oak adapts to the cold, and the 2-3-year-old trees will already stand them without shelter.

Gardener errors when leaving the oak

The success of growing any tree, including oak, is to comply with agrotechnology, but often beginner gardeners allow standard errors that lead to the death of a seedling or violate the growth of an adult individual and other plants.

One of them:

• incorrect selection of space. Oak, as you know, the owner of an empty crown and an extensive root system. Salting it too close to other plants or objects, you can harm. Ground roots can harm neighboring cultures, as well as damage to buildings;
• violation of landing rules. Many gardeners are hurry to plant a tree into the ground, which is not paying attention to the preparation of the pit. The landing pit must be dug in advance so that the exchange processes necessary for adaptation in the soil. It is impossible to plant a tree in the newly dug hole;
• wrong watering. Many even experienced daches watered plants insufficiently, this often leads to the fact that only the upper layer of the soil is moistened, respectively, to the deepening moisture roots, it simply does not reach. It is important to take into account that for moisturizing 25 centimeters of the soil layer on 1 square meter, 25-26 liters of water are needed;
• failure to comply with the rules of trimming branches. Many produce crown crowns strictly by calendar, which often leads to negative consequences For wood. To avoid this, in addition to the calendar, it is necessary to focus on weather conditions, if it is too cold and at night there are frosts, trimming is better to postpone until a stable plus air temperature is established.

Video: Heavy oak So, we looked at one of the types of oak called "cherry" and learned how to grow it properly on the nursery. It is noteworthy that despite its power, oak - a very capricious church and to its cultivation you need to approach very responsible, observing all the rules.

Oak puffy (oak ordinary): properties and application

Oak, probably know everything. But not everyone knows that there are more than 600 biological species Plants genus oak. And the oak is black (ordinary, English, summer) is just one of them.

Oak belongs to the beech family (Fagaceae). Many types of oaks are evergreen plants. Almost all of them occur from the northern hemisphere.

In Russia, he received the greatest dubbing and fame (lat. QUERCUS Robur. ). In the west of our country and on Black Sea coast The Caucasus is spread by the oak rock (lat. Quercus Petraea). But then it will only be about Oak, who is stated in the title of the article.

Translated into Russian, the Latin name of the plant means "beautiful sturdy tree". Majestity oak cherry sifting in folklore of various peoples: from the Mediterranean to rocky Gor. Scandinavia.

Biological skin description Cherry

Oak black - a tree that can reach a height of 45 m. Medium duration The lives of these trees is 300-400 years, but there are copies that are about 2000 years old. Of course, such oaks differ from the rest of their representatives and take note. So, who received the status of a monument to Nature, Stelmuzh Oak, growing in Lithuania, at the base reaches a diameter of 13 m. According to scientists, its age ranges from 1500 to 200 years.
with his long-life, Oak is obliged to be part of his bark with tanning substances, destructively acting on pests, pathogenic bacteria and mushrooms.

And this is despite the fact that no more than 200 years are growing in the height of oak, and then only the increase in the thickness continues.

Oak has a very powerful root system, according to the type of stem. Immediately after germination, a young dubbing lasted a long rod root, and the side roots begin to develop at 6-8 years of age, also deeply flowing into the land.

The crown of the oak of the cherry can acquire a different form depending on the conditions of growth: from a wide-brushed to the shatter-like. Most often it is scattered, asymmetric (most of the crown in the south side). It is noteworthy that the trunk is wrong, the crankshaft is curved, but with age straightens.

The bark at the oak dark gray color, black, thick. As the plants are growing (by 20-30), deep cracks begin to form on it, and in old specimens of trees the thickness of the bark can reach 10 cm.

The "landmark" oak is also a sheet of leaf. Oak sheet do not confuse with anything. Oak leaves in the form of peristopoles, length from 40 to 120 mm, a width of 25 to 70 mm, with 4-7 blades. Hard, leathery, naked.

Fruit the oak begins late, only by 40-60 years. His fruit - acorn - from a botanical point of view is a real nut. The oak is cereal sharp, bare, brown-brown, length from 1.5 to 3.5 cm. Ripen acorns in September-October.

Its species name "black" this plant obtained due to long fruits reaching 8 cm.

There are 2 cherry oak forms - early and late. In the early oak, the leaves are dissolved in April, and in the fall always fall. In the late oak, the leaves are blooming for 2-3 weeks later, and it is not always discharged for the winter (especially in young plants), although they die at the end of the growing season.

The spread of oak cherry

This type of oak has a very wide range of distribution. It is found almost throughout the territory of Western Europe, in the European part of Russia, the foci comes to the north of Africa and in West Asia. The northern border of oak ordinary passes in the south of Finland and the North of the Leningrad Region. By the way, thanks to the influence warm current Golfstrum in Norway Area Oak comes up to 65 o S.Sh., but as it moves to the east, the northern border of the oak area of \u200b\u200bthe cherished is shifted to the south, and in Siberia, the oak powder in natural conditions is not at all occasionally, although it can be found in landings. Southern areas of Siberia and the Far East.

Thanks to migrants from Europe, oak groves can be found in North America.

In the broadstone forests of Europe, oak ordinary is one of the main forest-forming breeds. Nearby you can find a lipa, hornbeam, male, ash, elm, beech, birch, pine, spruce, fir, etc. in taiga zone Oak occurs singly, then there is no solid thickets forms.

Young plants of teotelubiva for their normal development they need lateral shading. As they say, "the oak grows in the fur coat, but without a hat." However, as the oak adulthood is becoming more freaky. The plant is quite demanding for soil fertility.

Common Oak Raw Oak

In the phytotherapeutic purposes predominantly bark of this plant is harvested. The optimal period of the workpiece - April-May, when there is an intensive intensity.

Cora is removed from young branches and thin trunks (with a diameter of up to 10 cm). In order to avoid the extermination of the plant, this is allowed only on areas allocated under the slam (cutting) or during cutting (thinning cuts).

To remove the bark from the branches and the trunk every 30 cm, it is necessary to make annular cuts, which are then connected by longitudinal slots, after which the bark is easier to peel. The technology is exactly the same as when removing from the birch of Beresta.

Then the corter needs to be dried, and it should be done in rooms with good ventilation or under a canopy. After drying, the bark is stored in a dry and well-ventilated room, the shelf life is up to 5 years.

Chemical composition of church oak bark

In the crust found:

• tubyl substances (the name of these substances themselves is obliged to be a cherry oak);
• flavonoids (cvercitin et al.);
• eLLATIC AND GALLIC Acid;
• penotosan;
• flakafen;
• pectins;
• sugar and starch;
• slime;
• proteins.

Useful properties of the bark of oak ordinary

Galenic preparations obtained from the bark of this plant with the following properties:

• binders;
• anti-inflammatory;
• anti-shirt.

In Korea B. large quantities It contains such tannins like a tannin. If the tannin or galenic drugs are applied to the mucous membranes or wounds, then chemical interaction with skin proteins will occur, while the film is immediately formed, which will protect the fabric from local irritation. All this contributes to the termination inflammatory processes and reducing pain. In addition, those who are part of the bark of oak, tanning substances are adversely acting on pathogenic microorganisms.

The oak bark of the crested since sincervilla is used as an anti-inflammatory and astringent drug in the treatment of diseases of the oak of the oak (for example, stomatitis, periodontal), the evil odor of the mouth, the diseases of the upper respiratory tract (pharyngitis, gingivitis and others), internal bleeding In the gastrointestinal tract, with an increased sweating of the stop, abundant monthly, poisoning of lead and copper salts, in the poisoning of mushrooms, as well as during diseases of the spleen and liver.

Oak bark has proven especially well in the treatment of chronic enterocolitis, inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract and bladder. Outwardly, oak drugs are used in the treatment of chronic purulent ulcers, a number of mine-skinned skin diseases, non-healing wounds, bleeding hemorrhoids and cracks in the area of \u200b\u200bthe rear pass, with colpites, eczema, frostbite and in general in dermatological practice.

The bark of oak is part of various herbal fees and more complex integrated drugs.

Medical use also found acorns. Of them are presented by surrogate coffee, which contains a huge amount of mineral elements and vitamins, showing anemia (anemia), gold (especially in children), with rickets and various gastrointestinal diseases. Doctors also recommend drinking such a drink with abundant menstruation, with stress and nervous exhaustion.

Recipes for applying an oak oak

1. The decoction is used to rinse the throat and mouth, for enema, baths and rims. For its preparation, you need to take 20-40 g of chopped bark, pour 200 ml of boiling water and insist in the collaring half an hour. Then the decoction is cooled and filter. If this decoction is diluted with vodka in a 1: 1 ratio, then they can wipe the face (as a lotion) with different inflammatory skin diseases.

2. Infusion is used as an inner remedy with the above diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and the genitourinary system. For its preparation, 10 g of the cortex is poured with 2 glasses of cold boiling water and insist about semisal. Then the infusion is filtered. Take 1/2 cup 3 times a day.

3. Outflow Ointment The oak bark is used in the treatment of mentioned skin diseases. To make it cooking, the bark is peathed into a powder (you can at a coffee grinder), and then stirred with butter and cinema of the black poplar. The ratio of marked components 2: 7: 1. It will be even better if this mixture is withstanding about 12 hours into the furnace.

Contraindications for the use of crucifier bark

There are no special contraindications, so you need to focus only on individual intolerance. To avoid allergic reaction Pediatricians recommend with caution to apply drugs from oak bark to small children.

Choleretic, laxatives and fixing
Badan tolstolent	Barberry ordinary	Immortelle sandy
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Oak ordinary (cherry). The powerful leaf fall tree of the first magnitude from the beech family, reaching 40 m in height and having the diameter of the barrel to 1.5 m, with a well-developed spherical crown. The bark of the old barro is gray, with deep cracks, the bark of young shoots olivovo - brown. The leaves are short-flowered, extended - inversely-shaped, up to 15 cm of length and 10 cm wide, with 6 to 8 unequal blades on each side. Flowers same-sex, small; Stomaching are collected in thin, diluting earrings sitting in the sinuses of the leaves; Pistical sitting 1 - 3 on the elongated flower. Fruits - brownish - yellow acorns. Flowers in May - April, simultaneously with breaking the leaves. Acorns ripen in late September - early October. The tree begins to be fruit from 40 to 60 years. Freedom of oak fertures annually; In dense forests, seed years are in 4 - 8 years old, and than north the less often.

Oak grows in the forest and steppe zones of the European part of Russia, the south of the line passing from St. Petersburg to Vologda, Kirov and further descending to the Urals. It is one of the main forest-forming breeds of the zone of widely - coniferous and deciduous forests, as well as one of the main components of the structural lanes in the forest-steppe and steppe zones of Russia. Within its range, Oak varies greatly. Two main varieties are distinguished: late blooming and early dissolving, going into growth and dissolving leaves 15-20 days earlier, but the fall of the losing leaves is also a month earlier. In medicine also use raw materials oak rocky, occurring in Ukraine, in Moldova, in the mountainous Crimea and in the North Caucasus.

Applying oak. Oak has the widest and most diverse use. Wood has high technical qualities: it is flexible, strong and durable, is widely used in the national economy. The crust and wood containing a large number of tanning substances use for taking skin. Acorns contain up to 40% starch, about 5% fat oil, proteins, sugar, they are used in the food industry for the production of coffee surrogate, as well as in large quantities use for fattening livestock, especially pigs.

Therapeutic properties of oak. Drug goal will be applied oak bark ordinary. It contains 10 - 20% of the tanning substances of the pyrogalla group, as well as pectins, sugar, flavonoid of quercetin and other connections. The bark is harvested early in the spring with the beginning of intensive deployment, which roughly coincides with the dissolution of the kidneys. At this time it is easily separated from the wood. On the trunks and branches make half rings at a distance of 25 - 30 cm one from the other, then a longitudinal incision, after which the grass is separated from the wood. Even the partial removal of the cortex often leads to a drying of the trees, so practically for harvesting the bark has to use young oak trees cut down on the forest-shops and under sanitation logs. Corah Topic 6 mm with cracks and lichen growths should not be assembled. It is dried in the shade in the wind or in a well-ventilated room, on allowing it to dump, pollution, and especially wigching, since the submissive bark loses most of the tanning substances contained in it. The dry bark during bending breaks, alone only bends. The guaranteed shelf life of the dried bark is 5 years.

Hoods from the bark of oak Due to the large content of tannings, strong binder and anti-inflammatory effect on live fabrics are provided. For therapeutic use of the best medicinal shape is an oak bark decoction(1:10). They use for rinsing when tearing down the gums and inflammation of the mucous membrane oral cavity, tonsillitis and pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharynx). The decoction of the same fortress can be taken inside by half a compartment with diarrhea and gastrointestinal bleeding.

1. What does oak look like
2. Spread
3. Climate and soil
4. Interesting features of wood
5. Using a tree
6. Building
7. Industry
8. Leaves and acorns
9. Medicine
10. When collecting material
11. Interesting facts about oak

Oak ordinary (lat. " QUERCUS ROBUR »)represents the genus oaks of the beech family. He is an oak stuffy, summer, English. The Motherland of Tree - Forest Southern Russia, Eastern Europe.

What does oak look like

Oak ordinary - leaf fall tree, height reaches 50 meters, trunk girth - up to 2 meters. It grows up on average up to 200 years, then the remaining life is expanding. On this basis, it is possible to determine how much about it is a tree. The life expectancy of individual individuals is up to 500, or even more than a year.

The oldest representative of the species is growing in Lithuania near the village of Stamluzh. Scientists managed to determine approximate age The long-liver is about 2,000 years, in historical documents there is his description. Stembo oak still flowers and periodically fruits.

The root oak system has a main rod that deepens to the ground, due to which the tree gets a reliable support and high vitality. Over time, side root processes of the first, second, third, etc. are formed and developing. order, the system acquires a spherical shape. The longest rod of the adult tree can be located 20 meters from the surface of the Earth and deeper.

The young plant has a flat light gray bark with a smooth surface, with age she darkens and thickens to 10 cm by the end of the life of the oak, is covered with deep cracks.

Croon pyramidal structure, wide, spread. A tree with strong branches, growing alternately on a powerful trunk.

What does an oak leaf in Russia and in the world know each: blade with a characteristic ring-round edge of a simple form. Allowers slightly protrude from the main plane.

Oak fruits - acorns. They ripen to the middle of autumn in September-October. They have a rounded extended shape, a brown-brown, sometimes yellowish. The fruit is deepened in a flat pluisk on a short leg.

Kidney brown scaly, egg-shaped with a pointed tip. The scales are a seating edge.

Oak fruits are tied in spring with the arrival of heat in April-May. Blossoms takes place in the same time when there is a breaking of leaves. Different flowers:

• Female reddish shade on a short leg;
• Male have the appearance of yellow-green hanging earrings.

Two varieties of wood are distinguished: Early and Late. Early looks dismisses the leaves in April-May, throws their middle autumn until October. Blossom occurs at the same time. The late representative is activated by 2-3 weeks later than the fellow, often the leaves remain on branches for the whole winter, fall in spring with swelling of new kidneys. The external look is practically different.

Fruit of oak ordinary every 4-5 years to achieve age over 50 years.

Spread

The plant does not like frosts, because in northern latitudes is practically not found. Forms forests in the middle and southern regions of Russia from the Urals to the Caucasus, where his homeland is located. In natural conditions, it grows in Western Europe, West Asia and Africa.

A person spreads a view at different points of the earth, but in unusual climatic conditions The tree develops worse: the trunk is slowly stretching, height does not exceed 20 meters, it is unstable, often the oak wood is not different high quality. Of the oaks create interesting park compositions, alleys are decorated and forest belts.

Under normal conditions, the ordinary breed grows in the valleys of rivers, forms mixed forests. The breed is favorable neighboring representatives of coniferous and deciduous: with pine, fir tree, rhombus, birch, beech, ash, maple.

Often there are separate individuals.

Climate and soil

Family loves temperate climate: Normal humidity, average temperatures. Mixed forests Russia is the optimal habitat of oak.

For a comfortable lifetime, rich in minerals and organic soil fertilizers is required. Wet and deep gray forest loams are optimal for the development of the tree. At such sites, the lifespan of oak is maximal, the trunk is actively growing and a long lasting in a living condition.

Useful composition of wood and fruit

Oak and leaves wood - a storehouse of various trace elements used by man in different industries of medicine and industry:

• Up to 20% of wood and leaves - tanning substances, they are used in medicine, leather industry.
• Gallean and egal organic acids;
• Carbohydrates and sugar, in particular Penotosan (up to 14%);
• Flavonoids;
• Microelements (in descending order): K, CA, MN, FE, MG, CU, Zn, Al, Cr, Ba, V, SE, Ni, SR, PB, B, CA, SR, Sr.

Acorns How the fruit for breeding also have a number of useful and vital for the development of substances:

• Starch;
• Proteins;
• Carbohydrates (sugar);
• Saturated oils up to 5% of total.

Oak forests serve as a source of unique wood, widely used in different industries in view of unique useful properties:

1. Elasticity.
2. High strength and density;
3. High tensile strength (95 MPa), compression (50 MPa), stretching (118 MPa);
4. Processed trunk saves their specifications with high humidity and under water;
5. Low drying coefficient without cracking;
6. Well persists in air;
7. The duration of the service of structures and products reaches 100 years with proper care.

Using a tree

Man uses all pieces of cherry tree - leaves, trunk, acorns, kidneys. Each material found an application in different branches of our life.

Building

The oak barrel is a source of durable wood, which is used for the manufacture of building structures and products:

• Massive board;
• Parquet;
• Boards for the walls of walls and ceilings;
• Elements of window frames;
• Doors.

Material is distinguished by strength, resistant to abrasion, hardness. Oak age directly affects the quality of raw materials: the older the plant, the stronger and valuable wood. Its color is uniform, interesting texture and cutting pattern look attractive and calmly. Thanks to this quality, the material found the application in the furniture industry and the creation of interior items.

Industry

Use of wood ordinary oak It turned out in the manufacture of components for:

• Ship construction;
• Mining industry;
• Hydraulic structures;
• Production of barrels for winemaking;
• Horse harnesses, wagons, wheels, etc.

The trunk of an adult plant serves as raw materials for efficient fuel.

Leaves and acorns

When flowering begins, the bees pollinate trees, collect pollen and nectar, of which valuable honey is obtained.

Acorns from the forest serve as feed for wild boars and domestic pigs. High nutritional value Fruits are also suitable for humans: mature material is dried, grinding into flour and use it for baking. And the acorns treated with specially added to the ground chicory - it turns out a useful drink that replaces coffee.

Leaves on young branches brought from oak forestThey associate in brooms who will argue with birch - in the bath they are as good.

Medicine

Scientific information on the useful substances and healing properties of wood make it possible to use the material as an independent or accompanying treatment of many diseases of different plan.

The description of tannies as a binder and anti-inflammatory drug exists not one century. The active ingredients are contained in the crust. Preparations are prescribed in the pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract and food poisoning, with the problems of the bladder, kidneys.

Outwardly apply a decoction of bark and leaves. Tubils in their composition help when there is a violation skin Pokrov: wounds, abrasions, cuts, eczema, ulcers. In addition, decoctions and infusions are prescribed for rinsing throats and pharynx for ORVI, angina.

Admitting concomitant phytotherapy, the doctor takes into account the characteristics of the main treatment, the course of the disease and the condition of the body. Combining factors, the specialist determines how much time and in what form to apply natural means. Independent treatment can be only prophylactic in nature.

When collecting material

In the course of life and growth of the tree, the trunk acquires greater strength and density, and the material value is because it is chosen for the size of the individual.

The bark is harvested in a month of Sokhodvivia, usually in April-May. It is dried in the open air, not allowing the convergence.

Acorns for landing are collected in autumn when the fruits achieve their maturity. They are placed in an artificial winter hibernation in the refrigerator or cellar to spring, after which they germinate and determine in the ground. You can collect in the first or second month of spring, when the snow has only descended, and Acorn did not have time to put roots.

It would seem that a tree as a tree, but the breed of the oak family is not so simple. Some interesting facts from the life of the state plant.

1. The breed is so diverse that around 600 representatives of the oak fraternity are around the world. Many of them are similar to each other and distinguish their only advanced biologists.
2. 80 years - a serious time, especially for a person's life. And the eightieth anniversary of the marital life is called "Oak" wedding.
3. Determine how many years oak can be in two ways: to calculate the number of rings on the cutting cut or measure the trunk in the girth in centimeters, to derive the radius by the formula (circle / 2π) / 2. New rings appear every year, expanding 2-3 mm, based on this, we divide the resulting radius by 2-3 mm.

1. Oak coal has a significant burnt duration, but the combustible material does not hold the heat, and a powerful thrust is required to maintain the process.
2. Dear construction and finishing material - Mony Oak. Wood artificial or natural way It falls into the water for a long time (up to 100 years), there is a significant set of strength of raw materials and the purchase of black color.
3. For reproduction, the plant in most cases uses small yellow, rather than root processes.
4. Oak forests create optimal conditions for the lives of many representatives of flora and fauna.
5. Interesting oak sounds can be heard: Musician Bartolomasus Traubek created a kind of record with nano-technologies.

1. Forests with oaks possess healing power. There is information that the leaves and the bark are highlighted with special phytoncides, removing the headache and soothe the nervous system.
2. The breed has high electrical conductivity - lightning falls in oaks more often than other trees.
3. The life expectancy of oak products can be several thousand years: in English county, Norfolk opened a monument to the Bronze Age Sienge, created in the XXI century. BC.