Marine biologists became interested in the holoturns in the past century. Explorer Holoturi Cooper studied irritation arising on the skin when contact with sticky threads, which are protected by some types of hunters. They emit these threads (Cuviers organs), if you feel the danger. The toxins of the Hundreds explored Yamanuchi and Nigrelli. These scientists were able to allocate toxin from the Hundreds, named with the crotter. As you managed to detect, extracts from Kuvutrian bodies are more toxic than extracts from body tissues.
Yamanuchi discovered that the fish placed in one container with the sea cucumber Holothuria LeucospiLota does not get sick until it is damaged marine inhabitant. If it is damaged, then all the fish dies when it dissolves in water poisonous substance. Despite the fact that toxin is present in water in extremely low breeding, it is flying for many species of marine and freshwater fish. Scientists even offered to use goloturin To scare off a shark, which immediately leave the area, if this toxin is present in water even in a very low concentration. These properties of the Guns have long been known to residents of the Islands of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, they used toxic substancesAllocated by the holoturns in order to paralyze the fish in the reservoirs. Then the fish was boiled for a long time to become non-toxic for a person.
The first allocated Holotin American Nigrelli, this happened in 1952. It turned out that Goloturin allocate not all kinds of holoturies, but only some species. The first experiments of researchers under the leadership of Nigrelli in 1952 showed that the extract of cuwiets causes the regression of cancers in experimental groups of animals.
- Chemical study of Holotina showed that it belongs to triterpen glycosides. Then, such compounds were found in other groups of animals.
- Saponins of the holoturies have high biological activity, including antitumor effect, antimicrobial effect, increase the phagocytic activity of leukocytes.
- From the holoturi allocated a connection that regulates cardiac activity and enhances metabolic processes, has a tonic effect.
- In Yade, the Goloturi were found physiologically active substances - Glycosides, which consist of water-soluble agricultural (dovers a) and water-insoluble agricultural, having a steroid structure (dovers in). Holoturin A has a pronounced neurogenic effect, close by the action to Tetrodotoxin.
- In 1980, Soviet scientists reported that triterpene glycosides were also highlighted from the Trepagov - stycholosides. These substances are similar to Panakosides obtained from Ginseng.
- Golotoxin showed nice results In the treatment of skin fungal diseases. It has high antifungal activity towards trichomonas and candidates, and, most importantly, does not give side effects.
Those types of holoturies that distinguish toxin are possessing a specific structure - instead of cholesterol, the membranes of their cells consist of unusual sterols. In most studied, the hellly detected delta-7-sterols. Also, other substances that can destroy the cell membranes were isolated from the holotours. For use in therapeutic purposes, this property of toxins is important, since such substances can destroy the membranes of tumor cells.
Currently, Russian scientists are studying Far Eastern Hundreds, their chemical structure, biological activity of toxins. Careful study chemical structure and the biological properties of various series of compounds contained in the Far Eastern Hundreds are very important for bioorganic chemistry and pharmacology. New information will help better understand the biological significance of natural toxins and sterols. Far Eastern researchers hope to allocate new, not yet studied toxins from sponges and holotories. Then it will be necessary to establish their chemical structure and explore the biochemical properties.
Studies have already been conducted and a comparative analysis of five types of holotry of the genus Cucumaria (Holothurioidea, Echinodermata). As a result of the study, it turned out that the set of aglikons is individual for glycosides of each species. Glycosides with a trisulfated pentasaccharide carbohydrate chain were found in all studied ashoturia. The glycosides of the studied Cucumaria species differ significantly from the Glycosides of Aslia Lefevrei and Pseudoocnus Echinata, which confirms the previously removal of these species in the Cucumaria genus. The triterpene glycosides of Cukumaria (saponins, cukumarosides, holoturines) are very important for pharmacology, these substances block the reproduction of harmful fungal and yeast microflora. In addition, such glycosides and reduce the growth of tumor cells.
Since Dr. Nigrelli discovered more than half a century ago, the antitumor effect of glycosides of the Holoturi, researchers of the Goloturi from different countries There have been a lot of experiments that confirmed the anti-cancer activity of substances allocated from the Guns. Studies continue, but, despite the fact that the Golkosides of the Glycosides of the Glycosides of Glycosides have already been confirmed to us.
To: Wikipedia: Articles without images (Type: Not specified)Modern fauna is represented by 1150 species separated by 6 detachments, which differ from the form of a supreets and a lime ring, as well as the presence of some internal organs. About 100 species are found in Russia. The oldest fossils of the Hundreds belong to the Silician period.
Biology
In contrast to the rest of the needle-born, the dumplings lie on the side, while the side carrying three rows of ambulact legs ( trivium) is the abdominal, and the side with two rows of outlacral legs ( bivium) The dorsal. In deep-sea go-shovers, the ambulatory legs can be very elongated and used as a stuff. Some species move at the expense of peristaltic cuts of the muscles of the body wall, pushing out of the soil protruding limestone bones.
Most of the holoturi have a black, brown or greenish color. The body length varies from 3 cm to 1-2 meters, although one kind ( Synapta Maculata.) reaches 5 m. 
Lifestyle and food
Dovers - Low-moving or crawling animals, found in almost any part of the ocean - from the coastal strip to deep-sea varnish; The most numerous in the conditions of tropical coral reefs. Most types of bottom, but there are pelagic. Usually lie "on the side", raising the front, oral finish. Food with Plankton and organic residues removed from the bottom sludge and sand, which is skipped through the digestive channel. Other species filter food with tentacles covered with adhesive mucus, from the bottom waters.
For strong irritation thrown through anal hole rear part intestine with water light, screking or distracting attackers; Lost bodies are rapidly restored. In some types, it is ejected and containing the toxins of the cuvier tube. On the hunters hunt sea stars, the bunthogged mollusks, fish and crustaceans. In the aquatic light of some species, fish will be tremble - feeders ( Fierasfer.), sometimes cruise killers ( Pinnotheres.).
Reproduction and development
Sex organ ( gonada) Unpack, in the form of a beam of finger tubes. Egg fertilization and the development of the embryo in most views are outdoor. Some doves catch eggs with tentacles and attach to the spinal side of the body; In rare cases, embryos develop in body cavities.
Life expectancy - from 5 to 10 years.
Economic significance
Some types of holoturia, especially from childbirth Stychopus. and Cucumaria.Essed in food called "Trepangi". Their fishery from the coast of Japan, China, the Malay archipelago and in the southern part of the Pacific Ocean are most developed. The fishing of the Guns is produced in the Far East of Russia.
The toxins produced by the skins are of interest to pharmacology. Fishermen on the islands Pacific Ocean Use poisonous cuviers tubes of some kinds of fishing.
see also
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Notes
Literature
- Dolmatov I. Yu., Mashanov V. S. Regeneration from the hell. - Vladivostok: Dalnawka, 2007. - 208 p.
- Kalinin V. I., Levin V. S., Stonik V. A.Chemical morphology: triterpen glyothurioidea, echinodermata). - Vladivostok: Dalnavel, 1994. - 284 p.
Excerpt, characterizing ashoturia
"Sonya?" She thought, looking at the sleeping, curtailed cat with her huge oblique. "No, where to her! She is virtuous. She fell in love with Nicholya and nothing else wants to know anything else. Mom, and she does not understand. It is surprising, as I am smart and how ... she is Mila, "she continued, saying to herself in the third face and imagining that it says about her some very smart, the smartest and most nice man ..." Everything is all in it , "This man continued," smartly unusually, Mila and then good, unusually good, debris, "swims, riding a great thing, and voice! You can say an amazing voice! " She lost her favorite musical phrase from the Herubine Opera, rushed to bed, laughed at the joyful thought that she would now fall asleep, shouted the dunchers to put out the candle, and still Dunyha did not have time to get out of the room, as she had already moved to another, even a harsham of dreams where everything was as easy and fine, as in reality, but it was even better, because it was different.The next day, the Countess, inviting Boris to himself, talked to him, and from that day he stopped to be in growth.
December 31, on the eve of the new 1810, Le Reveillon [Night Dinner] was the ball in Ekaterininsky Velmazby. On the ball should have been a diplomatic corps and sovereign.
In the English embankment, the famous house of Velmazby was glowing in an innovation. The illuminated entrance with the red cloth stood the police, and not some gendarmes, but a police officer at the entrance and dozens of police officers. Crews drove away, and everyone approached new with red lacquers and with lackeys in feathers on hats. Men in uniforms, stars and ribbons came out of the carriage; The ladies in the atlas and the mountains were carefully gone along the noisy postponed the footnings, and hurriedly and silently passed through the closed entrance.
Almost every time a new crew approached, a shop was running in the crowd and the caps were filmed.
- Sovereign? ... No, Minister ... Prince ... Messenger ... Do not you see feathers? ... - said from the crowd. One of the crowd, dressed better than others, seemed to know everyone, and called the name of the most significant nobles of that time.
Already one third of the guests arrived at this ball, and in the growth, owing to be on this ball, there were still hurried dressing of dressing.
There were many people and preparations for this ball in the family of growth, many fears that the invitation would not be received, the dress will not be ready, and everything is not necessary.
Together with Rostov, the Perona, a friend and a relative of the Countess, thin and yellow Frealin of the Old Yard, leading provincial growth in the highest Petersburg light.
At 10 o'clock in the evening, Rostov should have come for Freillan to the Tauride Garden; Meanwhile, there were already ten minutes already, and the ladies were not dressed.
Natasha went to the first big ball in his life. She stood on this day at 8 am and all day was in feverish alarm and activities. All the forces of her, from the morning, were directed to them all: she, mom, Sonya was dressed as it is impossible. Sonya and the Countess were charged with her. The countess should have been Masaka velvet dress, on them two white smoke dresses on pink, silk cases with roses in the corsight. The hair should have been combed A la Grecque [in Greek].
All the essential has already been done: legs, hands, neck, ears were already especially thoroughly, on ballroom, washed, scented and frown; The shoes were already silk, openwork stockings and white satin shoes with bows; The hairstyles were almost over. Sonya finished dressing, Countess, too; But Natasha, having troubles behind everyone, lagged behind. She was still sitting in front of the mirror in a pentuar's slender shoulders. Sonya, already dressed, stood in the middle of the room and, pressing to his pain with a small finger, pushed the last squeezed under the ribbon.
"Not so, not so, Sonya," Natasha said, turning his head from hairstyles and grabbing his hair with his hands, who did not sleep to let the maid holding them. - Not so bow, come here. - Sonya sat down. Natasha pole ribbon otherwise.
- Let me, the lady, it is impossible, - said the maid that kept Natasha's hair.
- Ah, my God, well, after! So, Sonya.
- Will you soon? - I heard the voice of the Countess, - Ten now.
- Now. - Are you ready, mom?
- Only current clatter.
"Don't do without me," Natasha shouted: "You will not be able!"
- Yes, ten.
It was decided on the ball to be in half the eleventh, and it was necessary to get dressed and call back to the Tauride Garden.
After finishing the hairstyle, Natasha in a short skirt, from which the ball shoes visited, and in the maternal blouse, ran to the Son, looked at it and then ran to the mother. Turning her head, she has been tickling, and, barely time to kiss her white hair, again ran to the girls who stood her skirt.
The case was behind the Natashina skirt, which was too long; She was laid two girls, biting hurried threads. Third, with pins in lips and teeth, ran from the Countess to Sona; The fourth kept on a high hand raised all the smoke dress.
- Maurusha, rather, Golubushka!
- Give thimble from there, the lady.
- Should I finally? - said the count, entering out of the door. - Here you are spirits. Perona was already waiting.
"Ready, young lady," said the maid, with two fingers lifting the lifted smoke dress and blowing something and shook out, expressing this gesture to the consciousness of the air and purity that she kept.
Natasha began to wear a dress.
Trepang - a sea invertebrate animal belonging to the type of iglozzy. Seasy cucumbers, hollops, or sea cubes, are called mollusks, the body of which has the property to be very compressed at the slightest touch, becoming like a cucumber or an old cube.
To date, there are 1150 species that are distinguished by their structure, the shape of the tental, color and appearance. Nearest relatives are starfish and hedgehogs. In Russia, you can meet about hundreds of species of these animalsThe most popular of which are Cukumaria (Japanese sea cucumber) and Trepang Far Eastern: they prepare useful and delicious dishes. Sea cucumber reaches size to half a meter, and its most big weightFamous today is 1500 grams!
Trepang: Description
Most often, these drawing animals are found in the reservoirs of the Japanese and yellow seas, where they dwell on enough big depth (about 100 m or more). By appearance Mollusk resembles cucumber (hence the name): has elongated torso oval shape, thick skin, on which long growths are visible, similar to the spikes. Trepang possesses near healing properties And for a long time, it is used in food.
Exterior of the Holoturia
Holoturia - a unique resident underwater worldSimultaneously similar to a huge worm and a big caterpillar. The soft body of the mollusk can be as absolutely smooth or rough (depending on the variety) and covered with short or long rising. Color - red, gray, green, brown or black.
Also sea cucumbers Different with sizes. Animals can be both completely tiny (from 0.5 cm) and incredibly huge (up to five meters!) Than and are of interest from the side of the sea hunters.
The mouth of the doctrines is practically devoid of any devices for grinding and facing food. It is located either at the front end of the body, or slightly shifted to the belly. Few forms of this sea residentWith the ability to attach to cliffs or ripped into the IL, have a vaulted, color-shaped form. This is explained by the fact that the anal hole and mouth of the trepang are slightly shifted on the back.
All overalls have characteristic tentaclesAround the mouth. These processes are modified ambulapral legs. In various representatives of Trepang detachments, the structure of the tentacle is not the same, and their number ranges from 8 to 30 pieces. The tentacles are short, thyroid, intended mainly for collecting nutrient material from the ground surface, tree-shaped branched, covering a sufficiently large water space when catching mining.
But despite the fact that the hell has so unusual shape It is almost always possible to distinguish the abdominal and spinal sides, but in its structure the stomach of sea cucumber morphologically does not correspond to such in other animals. Since these drawing animals are always crawling on its side, the name "the dorsal" and the "abdominal" side does not quite correspond to generally accepted concepts.
Most of the form sea Cubia it does not have a clear separation of boundaries between head and bodyHowever, some species can still see some body separation from the head end. Trepanga is very slow and moves from place in place leisurely stretching and shrinking. However, their usual state is a quiet pastime of Lözia on the side, which greatly facilitates their catch.
Composition and properties
Sea cucumbers can be safely called a dietary product, as they have a very low calorie (only 33 kcal per 100 gr). The beneficial properties of mollusks are determined by their composition. In marine cucumber the following substances are contained:
Holoturia is a unique natural substance, the use of which is allowed to achieve rapid recovery After surgery or illness. Eastern medicine uses sterile marine cucumber meat to normalize metabolic processesdecline arterial pressure, stimulation of cardiac activity, acceleration of tissue regeneration and even getting rid of bradycardia and tachycardia.
Thus, trepanga provide beneficial influence On human health and if you enable them in your daily diet, many diseases can be avoided. Holoturia also has improved joints on the joints, thanks to which it is widely used to treat arthritis. Elements that are part of the meat of trepang will help reduce the rigidity of the joints, and also remove pain.
Useful properties have not only fresh marine cucumber meat, but also hood from Trepenga. According to the statements of Chinese doctors, the extract of this mollusk obtained by unique recipe Prolongs life, improves the work of nervous and cardiovascular systems, and also contributes to the saturation of the body with a complex of necessary elements and strengthening immunity. It is especially recommended to use exhaust to people suffering from chronic diseases and pensioners.
Thus, the trepang meat is a unique raw material for the production of drugs and therapeutic extracts.
In addition, the sea cucumber found widespread use in cooking. It is consumed in canned, stewed or fried, and also prepare delicious salads.
However, I. contraindications for the use of drugs Based on Trepang, as well as its meat:
- Hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. The use of sea cucumber can cause aggravation of the disease;
- hypertension. The product contributes to a significant decrease in blood pressure;
- pregnancy and lactation;
- age up to 15 years;
- individual intolerance.
How to cook?
Prepare a sea cucumber for eating is completely easy. However, it should be prepared for the product. To start dried mollusk should be thoroughly rinsed Up to the complete disappearance of the black powder. Then, for a while, put it in the water capacity for camp. Water should be changed periodically. After the actions of the sea cucumber boil to clean water Until readiness (at least three hours).
Exists great amount The dishes are based on trepang. It can be a Solyanka, soup, pilaf, salad, as well as all sorts of snacks. Sea cucumber can be used as a filler for the kitlet. The dishes, which contains this mollusk, can be served with various sauces (especially sharp).
Trepang with Mid. Won a special popularity among gourmets not only for its unique taste, but also for very useful properties.
Too overcurrent clams should be swallowed for several days, until the product ceases to exhibit the smell of iodine, and the water after it does not become absolutely transparent.
Storage of marine cucumbers
Store dried product follows in a cool and dry place away from sun ray. Already cooked or fresh sea cucumber, if necessary, you can freeze. However, you should not store trepang in the freezer too long (more than two months), otherwise it will lose its useful properties.
The Japanese use raw holotours. For this remove the insides of the animal, Cut it with small pieces fill with vinegar or soy sauce. Also, residents of the Pacific Islands and Japan are used to prepare a gonad and an intestines of sea cucumber. These products are valued more expensive, the skin-muscular bag of trepang.
In the world, canned food from sea cucumber is enjoyed, thanks to modern plants And the firms of European countries put the production of canned foods from meat of the Gotus on the flow. Now it is widely practiced not only the hunt for Trepang, but also his artificial breeding , including us, in Russia (Far East).
So, this is seemingly non-zealous and to some extent even the nasty marine animal can not only save you from many ailments, but also provide healthy and satisfying dinner.
Sea Cucumber Trepang
November 23rd, 2016
Marine cubes, ashots or sea cucumbers are called animals whose body with the slightest touch is strongly compressed, after which many forms it becomes like an old cube or cucumber. About 1,100 types of marine cubes are known. The name "Sea cucumbers" by these animals gave more plyland, and the description of some species belongs to Aristotle.
Guns are interesting for external features, a bright colorful, busy way of life and some habits, in addition, they have a dally substantial economic significance. Over 30 species and varieties of Guns man uses. Edible aspirations, which are often called trepagas, have long been appreciated as a very nutritious and healing dish, so the fishing of these animals is practiced since the times of deep antiquity.
The main crafts of trepalg are concentrated mainly from the coast of Japan and China, in the waters of the Malay Archipelago, at the islands of the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, near the Philippine Islands. Less significant crafts of trepalgs are conducted in Indian Ocean, in the Red Sea, off the coast of America, Africa, Australia and Italy. In the Far Eastern seas, 2 species of edible Guns (Stichopus Japonicus and Cucumaria Japonica) are mined, which go on the preparation of canned and dried products. The food is more often used by the skin-muscle bag of holoturies, pre-exposed long-term treatment by cooking, drying, and in some countries and smoking. Of these semi-finished products, broths are prepared, stew. In Italy, fishermen eat fried holoturi, without exposing their preliminary complex processing.
In the raw form of edible, the Hundreds are used in food in Japan, where they are, after removing the indoors, cut into slices and refill soy sauce and vinegar. In addition to the skin and muscular bag, residents of Japan and the Pacific Islands use the intestines and gonads of edible hell, which are valued more expensive. Some modern European firms make various canned food from the holoturi, which are in great demand. World Field of Stichopus Japonicus in 1981 amounted to 8098 million tons. In addition to the fishery, the breeding of the Hundreds is practiced, in particular, Far East.
Dovers are rather large animals, the average dimensions of which are from 10 to 40 cm. However, among them there are and dwarf species, barely reaching a few millimeters, and real giants, the length of the body of which with a relatively small diameter - about 5 cm - can reach 2 m, and sometimes even 5 m. On the shape of the body of the Guns, they are very different from the representatives of other characters. Most of them are rather reminded large worms, but some species have almost cylindrical or spindle-shaped, and sometimes a spherical or somewhat flatted body carrying various growns.
Despite such a form of the body, the doctors almost always clearly clearly distinguish the spinal and abdominal sides, however, their abdominal side morphologically does not correspond to such other bilateral symmetric animals. They actually crawl on the side, the mouth of the end, therefore the titles "abdominal" and the "spinal" side are conditional, but are fully justified. In many forms, the abdominal side is more or less glorified and adapted for crawling. The abdominal side includes 3 radius and 2 interradius, so it is often called the trivium, and the spinal side, or bivium, consists of 2 radii and 3 interradius. The arrangement of the legs on the body of marine cubes even more enhances the difference between the dorsal and abdominal sides, since strongly reduced trivium legs focused on radii or sometimes encountered and at interradias are equipped with suckers and serve to move the animal, while the legs of the bivium often lose motor functionThe suckers are deprived, become more subtle and there are already sensitive functions. There are no extinction of the head of the Guns, although a number of forms, for example, in deep-water representatives of the unfounded of the headlocks, can notice some branch of the front end from the rest of the body, so sometimes it is called the head.
The mouth, devoid of any devices for grinding food and closed by the near-theft sphincter, is located at the front end of the body or slightly shifted on the abdominal side; Anus is placed at the rear end. With relatively few forms that break into the IL or are attached to the rocks, mouth and the anus are moved to the spinal side, giving an animal with a spherical, color-shaped or vaulted form. Very characteristic of all the launch of the tentacle, surrounding the mouth, which are modified ambulapral legs. The number of supreets ranges from 8 to 30, and their structure among representatives of different detachments is not the same. Tentacles are tree-like branched and relatively large, covering large water space when fishing, or shorter, thyroid, resembling flowers and intended mainly to collect nutrient material from the surface of the soil, or simple with different numbers of finger-shaped processes, either, or ripping Guns in the ground. All of them, like an ambulakral legs, are associated with the channels of the aquifer and are essential not only for nutrition, movement, but also for tanging, and in some cases And for breathing.
Another distinctive feature of marine cubes is the presence of most forms of soft skin Pokrov. Only a few representatives of the detachments of the Void Packup Duties and Dactylochemotide are noticeable by the naked eye an outer skeleton in the form of plates, tightly adjacent to each other and forming a shell like. The skeleton of the skin of the rest of the holoturies consists of microscopic lime plates a very bizarre and surprisingly beautiful shape.
We can meet along with smooth plates containing a small number of holes, openwork "baskets", "glasses", "sticks", "buckles", "Tennis rackets", "Turks", "Crossings", "Wheels", "Anchors" . In addition to the skin of the body, lime plates can be found in the tentacles, the near-break membrane, ambulapral legs, genitals. Only in a few species limestone lamers are missing, for most species they are characteristic and play important role In determining.
The largest skeletal education is located inside the body of the Gun and surrounds the throat. Sulfur lime ring Holoturium is a diverse form: with or without proceedings, solid or mosaic, etc., but, as a rule, consists of 10 pieces, 5 of which correspond to the radius of the animal, 5 - interradias. In a number of forms, the sipboard serves as a place to attach five tanning muscles (muscles-retractors), pulling inside the front end of the body along with tentacles.
Fragrance to the front end of the body and pulling the tentacle is ensured by the action of other five tanning muscles (protractor muscles) attached to the pharyngeal ring next to the retractors. Musculature in sea cubes is quite developed and enhances the strength of their covers, the skin-muscular bag consists of a layer of transverse muscles and five pairs of longitudinal muscle tapes located along radiuses.
With such a strong musculature, some doves move, buried into the ground and strongly reduce the body with the slightest irritation. The internal structure of marine cubes has already been considered as characterized by A. It follows, perhaps, only pay attention to the special protective device - Cuviere organs available from individual groups of holoturies, and on special respiratory organs - water lungs. Cuvarovy organs are developed from different representatives of the T-shovels of the Shield Powder. They are ferrous tube-shaped formations that flow into the extension of the rear intestinal department - Cloaca.
When irritating the animal, they are capable of throwing out the clock and stick to an annoying object. With a clock, the total ducts are connected and water lungs, missing from sounding and gadflows. They are two strongly branched barrels located on the left and to the right of the cloaca and the body wall and the intestinal loops are very thin muscular and connective tissues. Water lungs can be brightly painted in orange tones and occupy a significant part of the cavity of the body of the animal.
The final side sprigs of pulmonary trunks form thin-walled ampuo-like expansions, and quite often the left water light is emoted by the network blood vessels. The walls of the aqueous lungs are equipped with a strongly developed muscles, the relaxation of which leads to the expansion of the lung cavity and the retracting of sea water through the clock inside, and the abbreviation is to pushing the water from the lung. Thus, due to rhythmic abbreviations and relaxing of cloac and aqueous lungs, sea water fills the smallest branching of the latter, and dissolved in water oxygen through their thin walls penetrates the body cavity liquid and is dealt with it throughout the body. Very often through aqueous lungs, unnecessary organisms of substances occur. The thin walls of the aqueous lungs are easily breaking, and the amobocytes loaded with decay products are outlined. Almost all the dolls separators, hermaphrodites are very rare among them, and most of them are most in the detachment of Gentle Guns.
Usually, hermaphrodites have sex glands first produce men's germ cells - spermatozoa, and then female - eggs; But there are species in which men's and female sex products are developing at the same time. For example, Labidoplax Buskii (from the detachment of gadflows), living in the northern regions Atlantic Ocean, I breed off the shores of Sweden in the fall, from October to December. In her hermaphrodite sexual gland at this time of the year there are equally mature and female and men's sexes, but every Holoturia produces first eggs in the water, and in a day or two - sperm, or vice versa.
The release of genital foods can occur at intervals and small portions. Numerous observations have shown that dovers pull out sex products in the evening or at night. Apparently, darkness is a stimulus for spawning. More often reproduction occurs in spring or summer and is associated with temperature, but known species in which mature sex products can be found throughout the year, but their maximum development, for example, Holothuria Tubulosa is observed in August or September. The timing of spawning is different not only for different species, but also for the same species, if he has a big range.
So, very often found in the Barents and Kara Sea The sea cucumber Cucumaria Frondosa breeds in these seas in June - July, and off the coast of Great Britain and Norway in February - March. Usually, sex products are removed into water, where eggs are fertilized and develop. After their crushing is formed free-laying larva auriculory. Many auricularities have relatively large sizes - from 4 to 15 mm. In a number of larvae, the larvae, before becoming like an adult organism, pass another larchaemonary staging stage - Dololaria, and then the last larval stage called Pentacle.
However, not all ducks are developing in this way. Now there are more than 30 types of sea cubes, which show care of the descendant and enter young. In such species common in cold waters, the stage of free-pointed larvae is lost and eggs are developing either due to large number Yolk, or getting food directly from the maternal body. In very simple case Eggs and young develop on the surface of the body of the mother, for example, under the protection of the crushed skeletal plates, or in the swollen skin rollers, or simply attaching to the crawling sole. Further changes led to the formation of skin deepends, internal brood chambers, entering the secondary cavity of the body, and in a number of branch-bubbling and non-abnormalities, the developments of the juvenile to the late stages directly in the cavity of the female body. In all these cases, the floor of the Guns is easily distinguished, then it is almost impossible to do it.
Giant sea cucumber
Semi-meter dovers that lead a predominantly motionless lifestyle and are even a permanent housing for some small inhabitants of the seabed, can pump up to 800 milliliters of water every hour. The organism of these animals eliminates oxygen from the remaining components of sea water and saturates them their cells.
Dr. William Jackle (William Jaeckle) from Weslimian University of Illinois and Richard Stratmann (Richard Strathmann) from Washington University decided to explore these amazing creatures in more detail.
They found out that the blood vessel system connecting the respiratory branched bags with the intestines (the so-called rete Mirabile), It is not intended not to transport oxygen to the intestines. From a scientific point of view, it would be more logical to assume that this structure is needed to transfer food from anus to the intestines, and not vice versa, as it usually occurs in animals. Zoologists decided to test their hypothesis.
In order to confirm its hypothesis, the researchers fed several giant sea cucumbers with radioactive algae, which contained iron particles. With this trick, the team was able to trace the entire path that makes food on the organism of the Icharkin. In addition, radioactive particles accumulate in that part of the body, where the hole is located, through which the creatures use food.
The results of the study demonstrated that downturns feed mainly through the mouth. But high concentration Radioactive particles and iron were also observed in the RETE MiraBile structure, which proves the use of anus with sea cucumbers as the second mouth. It turns out that the anal hole in these creatures performs as many as three vital functions: respiratory, nutritious and excretory.
Scientists argue that the study of only one type of sea cucumbers does not mean that only they use a bipolar nutritional method. Later, zoologists intend to study other types of iglinodes.
The results of the study were published in the March issue of Invertebrate Biology magazine.
Among numerous species Guns The greatest value for the fishery is Trepang and Kukumaria. Trepang and Kukumaria have similarities in the structure of the body and chemical composition meat. Trepang contains biologically valuable substances (stimulants), for which it in the countries of the East is called the sea root of life (ginseng) and are widely recommended by the suffering of the physical forces and increased fatigue. Eating Trepang helps to strengthen nervous system. Trepang fishery is conducted in spring and autumn only in the Far East. Dropped trepagges are separated on the place of fishing - it is cut off abdomen and remove the insides. Stripped trepalds are washed and boiled 2-3 hours until the meat becomes soft, after which it is used to prepare culinary dishes.
Skobling with Trepang in tomato sauce.
Boiled trepagi chopped with small pieces and fry on the oil along with onions, flour and tomato paste. Mix everything, put in a saucepan, add some water and boil 10-15 minutes on low heat.
400 g Trepagov, 3/4 glass of oil, 3 heads on Luka, 4-5 spoons of tomato paste, 2 tbsp. Spoons of flour, 4 tbsp. Spoons of water, salt to taste.
Trepanga fried with onions.
Trepanga and onions cut and fry separately, then mix, add spices and serve hot to the table. Sprinkle from above green bow.
400 g Trepalgov, 2 heads of the onions, 1/2 cup of vegetable oil, 1 teaspoon of fragrant pepper, 100 g of green bow, salt to taste.
Trepanga stew.
Melt the oil in the pan and put the baked trepags chopped with pieces, stew for 3 minutes. Add milk, salt, pepper and bring almost to a boil. Sit on the table, decorating with red pepper.
250 g of trepagov, 4 tbsp. spoons of margarine or vegetable oil, 1 tbsp. A spoon of milk, black pepper, red pepper, salt to taste.
Trepanga with vegetables.
Cooked trepanga cut into pieces and fry. Chopping fresh cabbage, grind vegetables (potatoes, carrots, zucchini, tomatoes) and mix with trepangs, put in a saucepan and stew on slow heat until vegetables are ready.
300 g Trepang, 1/4 Fresh Flusted Cabbage, 3-4 pcs. Potatoes, 1-2 carrots, 1-2 zucchini, 1 glass of oil, 2-3 tomatoes or 2 tbsp. Spoons of tomato paste, pepper, sugar, salt to taste.
Trepangs stewed with chicken.
Plaisted trepagges put in sucks with boiled or roasted chicken, fill the cooked sauce and grieving on a weak heat until ready.
200-300 g of trepagov, 1/2 chicken. For sauce: 1-2 Art. Spoons of tomato puree, 1 tbsp. A spoon of 3% vinegar, 2 tbsp. Spoons of wine (Portver or Madera), 2-3 tbsp. Spoons butter, 1/2 cup of meat broth.
Trepangi with horseradish.
Boiled trepanga cut slices. The vinegar is bred by water, add grated horseradish, salt, sugar and bring to a boil. Then poured boiled, sliced \u200b\u200bslices of trepanga. The dish is served cold.
Trepanga boiled 70, vinegar table 40, horseradish grated 10, sugar 2, salt
Trepang clean, pour boiling water. After approximately 1 minute, the water is merged, quinng cut into pieces.
Sauce: Soy sauce 2 tbsp, garlic 3 teeth (squeeze), mayonnaise 1 tbsp. Mix all. Delicious.
Salad with trepang.
Boiled trepanga cut into small pieces, boiled potatoes - cubes, put green pea, naked egg, add lemon juice, salt. All products are mixed, then refuel mayonnaise and decorate green salad and egg.
Trepang boiled 80, potatoes 80, egg 0.5 pcs., Green peas 40, sauce-mayonnaise 40, lemon juice, salt.
Classification
View: Trepang Far Eastern - Apostichopus Japonicus
Family: Steepidide
Squad: Doves of shitovoidPaltsevaya
Class: Guns
A type: Echinoderms
Subtype: Free-duty, Eleutherozoa
Without rank: Recently
Family: Real multicellular, eumetases
Kingdom: Animals
Life expectancy: up to 11 years old
Lives in sea depths The creature similar to the snails without shells or on large, fleshy raindrops. It is called sea cucumber.
But this is not algae and not the type of shell or coral.
This invertebrate creature is in scientificly called Trepang, the photo will demonstrate to you a person, completely stuck with papillomas.
That is why she belongs to the species of igblerikes.
Habitat
Large populations of sea cucumbers live near Sakhalin, in the east of Japan, near the coast of Kunashir and Korea, Kyushu Islands, in the Gulf of Peter Great, Kagoshima and Kurilah.
Choosing Trepang tries the place warm and not deep, loves to hide in the thickets sea algae Under the cover of the mussel or in the upper layer of Slah.
In the afternoon, it rises to the surface of the water. And the church itself - favorite place His habitat.
In particularly hot days, he descends to a depth of 150 meters away - who wants to be frozen in the sun.
Characteristic
Trepang looks like big worm. Flexible from the sides, it grows up to 40 cm. Its body consists, in fact, from two parts:
- On one side there is a mouth and the near-voltage tentacles (20 pieces), which he scratches the suspension and the upper loose layer of the precipitate to send the microorganisms in the mouth.
- The second part is a natural output, that is, an anal hole.
Inside the trepang, these two parts link the intestine.
Such a structure is called reduced, that is, many organs and parts of the body that do not have functional value For hello, over time disappeared, leaving only the most significant.
Interesting! If the trepang is not enough or specially cut into three parts, then the extreme parts immediately become independent and crawl. The average will lie down a bit and also becomes a living person, just as short.
Trepang is not afraid water Residents It seems like, birds, arthropods, mammals like.
But he has enemies - this is a man and starfish.
Interesting! Frightened or concerned Trepang is going to the ball as hedgehog, defending himself with sprockets - spikes.
Appearance
The body of the trepang is elongated, form resembling a trapezium, the lower part is slightly flattened.
- Length - maximum 40 - 45 cm
- Width - 8 - 10 cm
- Weight - adult individuals refill to 1.5 kg
The back of the trepang is easy to distinguish from the abdominal part. On the trouser are located oral cavity, surrounded by tentacles, color light brown or olive.
The back is darker, often dark green or chocolate, sometimes black.
Skin is tight to the touch, the elasticity gives her one-only internal organ - tubular intestine.
Key Features
On the trouser - ambulatal legs, with which Trepang slowly moves along the bottom.
Interesting! The movement of the DNU resembles the movement of the caterpillar. Trepang is going to a lump, moves his tentacles, is attached to the bottom or leaves of algae rear. The front part straightens and finds the support, then pulls up the back.
Food
Because of the inner structure, food passes through a solid bowel.
At the same time, the beneficial substances have time to succeed in its walls, the rest goes through the back of a natural way.
In the morning, trepangs sleep, the search for food is sent after noon or at night.
In the fall and in winter, the Guns are almost not eaten, the appetite wakes up at the beginning of spring and does not fall until the middle of the summer.
Interesting! After spawning, sea cucumbers are so weakened that they fall into the hibernation, during which they do not move and do not eat. Then, waking off her in a month, literally pounce on the food and quickly restore the former form.
Reproduction
In Trepagov, there are females, and males, but to distinguish them for any external signs It is impossible.
Sexual maturity comes at the age of 2 years and continues the rest of his life.
The time of courtship, and, accordingly, and spawning depends on the water temperature:
- The southern coast of Japan is March-April.
- Petra Great Bay and northern regions - Second half of summer.
- Yellow Sea - June.
Guns become on the hind legs, strengthened on the ledge of the rock or pebble, stretch out, reminding meerkats in the steppe, and begin to swing towards each other.
Fertilization occurs when the genitals are connected. The female will spawn several times in a couple of days, throwing up to 77 million eggs.
Ikrinka Hundreds of metamorphose - of them immediately float the larvae.
For two years, they grow up to 15 cm, passing four stages of development: Diplevrul (initial stage), auriculory (early stage) and Dololarian (middle stage) and Pentacula (late stage).
Interesting! Very appreciated in the countries of the East Trepang. It is possible to buy it today only on farms, where the hell's artificially grown. Unfortunately, the population in wildlife were almost exterminated by poachers. It was even necessary to publish a law prohibiting the catching cucumbers from June to September, that is, at a time of spawning.
Trepangs live in large herds, but they prefer to move along the bottom alone. And, however, each has its own speed and purpose of movement.
Guns love warm water, but it is worth it and negative temperature. But with the quality of water, everything is different.
If saturation of oxygen does not strongly affect their livelihoods, a significant decrease in salt concentration in seawater (less than 20 grams of salt per liter of water) threatens the population of marine cucumbers in death.
The most comfortable medium for them is ocean water with a salt concentration of 35 grams per liter.
IN fresh water Doves do not live, they die, turning inside out.
Value
Therapeutic properties of Trepangov were known in the 16th century.
Then the imperial parties were consumed to extend their lives, improving health.
They are called "marine ginseng" for an extremely valuable composition.
- vitamins and fats;
- phosphorus and iodine;
- magnesium and copper;
- tiamine and Riboflavin;
- iron and calcium;
- proteins and manganese;
- fatty acids and phosphatides.
This rich composition can boast Trepang. What are they treated? Many diseases:
- diabetes;
- gastritis, pancreatitis;
- endocrinological diseases;
- constipation;
- mastopathy and fibromes of the uterus;
- avitaminosis;
- ranks;
- arthritis;
- respiratory and eye diseases;
- prostatitis;
- helmintosis and a number of other ailments.
Interesting! Trepang, like any other sea reptile, is a powerful aphrodisiac, and therefore copes with sex disorders.
Asian chefs extinguish trepalgs with herbs and onions, generously squeezing with spices, dried and marinate them.
Unlike mollusks, Goloturi need to boil as long as possible. From this, their meat becomes soft and gentle.
As a medicinal product, pharmaceutical companies produce extracts from trepagov infused on honey.
In addition to therapeutic qualities, it is valued for the rejuvenating effect and the ability to quickly delay the wounds and scars.
Important!Trepagov can not eat for children up to 15 years old, pregnant and nursing, reduced pressure people.
Trepang: Small creation of great importance
Residents eastern countries Found in the sea an analogue of terrestrial ginseng is Far Eastern Trepang. Marine ginseng by virtue of its properties is very valued by doctors and cooks.
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