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Night butterflies,group of family of detachment of butterflies, or lepidoptera, second in the number of species in the class of insects. Most, as follows from the name, leads a twilight or night lifestyle. In addition, night butterflies differ from the daily and features of the structure. Their body is thicker, and the painting of the wings is usually dim, relatively monophonic. The antennas (mustlemen) are most often the filament or filamentous, whereas the day butterflies their ends are enhanced, and therefore the calculated the curves of this group are also called Bulavoys, and the night butterflies are different.
Life cycle.
Eggs Night butterflies are laying off singles or in pile. Females can "shoot" them on the fly, enter into plant tissue or gently post on previously selected objects. From eggs, dark-shaped larvae are hatched - caterpillars - with a clearly separate tight head, less secreted breastfeeding, carrying three pairs of real segic legs with a terminal claw each, and a belly, on which five pairs of fleshy false legs are usually located at the very end of the body. False legs of all butterflies ends with several hooked bristles. After passing a few lines, the caterpillars turn into a pupa, which most night butterflies are enclosed in a racing silk cocoon. Silk is generated by large specialized saliva glasses. They secrete a liquid rich squirrel, which, when contacting air heats in fiber. This fiber is used for the cocoon weaving, the capersion of the underground chamber, dug out the caterpillar before poking, the construction of shelters, as well as for special techniques of protection against enemies. Inside the dolls of evolutionary advanced taxa appendages of the developing adult individual (imago) are tightly pressed against the body and can not move. A certain period of time, depending on the type and external conditions, an adult butterfly comes out of the doll.
Structure.
Imago most night butterflies are very similar outward. Their body consists of three departments - head, chest and abdomen. Pretty small head carries a pair of complex (facet) eyes and a couple of well-visible mustaches. Most of the types of breasts have two pairs of wings. The whole body is thick covered with hairs and scales.
Rota machine.
Flat-cooled butterfly trumps is considered the most specialized mouth of the apparatus in the class of insects. Inoperatively, it is usually hidden under thick scales. The deployed proboscis is well adapted for suction of liquid food and its base opens directly into the throat. Hazing Imago with rudiments of the oral apparatus among butterflies are rare. The most primitive representatives of this detachment in an adult state are armed with rodent jaws characteristic of the caterpillars of other insect groups.
Wings.
Typical butterflies have two pairs of well-developed wings, thickly covered with hairs and derived from them scales. However, the structure of the wings varies very much: they can almost completely absent (due to evolutionary degeneration), represent a wide plane or narrow, almost linear structures. Accordingly, the ability of different butterflies to flight varies. A number of forms, such as some watners, wings are reduced only in females, while males remain good flyers. Known views of both covered, and with overlap females. On the other hand, there are species in which the wings are externally developed, but as fleeting appendages are non-functional; An example of this is a commercial silk of a taled silkworm: his males and female winged, but not capable of flying. Probably the best aircraft is developed in the family of brahnikov. Their rather narrow wings beat with such a frequency that the butterflies not only develop high speed, but also capable of like hummingbirds, hang in the air and even fly in advance.
A number of night butterflies, such as some brands and all glass, hairs and scales on the wings plane are practically absent, but it does not affect the ability to fly. Wings in these species are narrow, and an additional mechanical support created by scaly cover, they are not required. In other cases, the residential system in the wings is largely reduced, and the reference function is performed by a specially located flakes located on their surface. Some very small butterflies have so narrow wings that, probably could not provide lifting force if there were no long borders of their hairs. They are located so thickly, they increase the area of \u200b\u200bair-carrier surfaces.
The most clearly structural difference between night butterflies from daytime associated with the mechanisms of adhesion of the front and rear wings, i.e. Synchronization of their movement in flight. These mechanisms have two night butterflies. One of them is called bridle. The bridle is a short-shaped grown, separating from the bottom side of the front edge of the rear wing at its base. It is inserted into the so-called. Retinalum on the front wing, which in males usually resembles a pocket and is located at the front edge of the wing on the Costal resident, and the females look like a bustter bunch or hard hairs at the base of the medial vein. The second mechanism is provided clinging behind the rear wing with a narrow bladder on the inner edge of the front wing at its base. Such a structure, called the south, is known only in very few of the most primitive forms. In daytime butterflies, the clutch is caused by the growing on the rear wings, the bridle is not appropriate. However, a few exceptions are known. One primitive daytime butterfly remains a bridle, and some night butterflies are covered with a daytime.
Sensory authorities.
At various parts of the body of night butterflies are special sensory structures.
Obligations.
These bodies on the antennas most of the night butterflies are sidewood or wedge-shaped grows with thin cuticular walls. They are innervized by a group of special sensory cells located in deeper layers of cuticle and connected to the branches of sensory nerves. The smell of many night butterflies, apparently, is very subtle: it is assumed that it is thanks to him that they find representatives of the opposite sex and sources of food.
Hearing organs.
Some night butterflies have a tympanal hearing organs, although all day butterflies are missing. These mechanoreceptors are located in the side recesses on the temples or the first segments of the abdomen. The deepening is tightened with a thin cuticular membrane, under which there is a cavity of the trachea. Sound waves propagating in the air force the membrane to vibrate. This stimulates the excitation of special sensory cells, which is transmitted to the branches of the sensory nerves.
Organs of vision.
The main organs of the night butterflies are two major facets, occupying almost the entire top of the head. Such eyes characteristic of most insects consist of a variety of identical elements independent of each other - Ommatidiev. Each of them is a simple eye with a crystal, photosensitive retina and innervation. Hexagonal lens of several thousand ommatids of one facet of night butterflies form it convex multifaceted surface. For a detailed description of the structure and work of such bodies, there would be too much space here, and it is important to note only one thing: each ommatidium, regardless of others, perceives part of the general image, which ultimately turns out to be mosaic. Judging by the behavior of the night butterflies, their acuteness of their vision, like other insects, is good at close range, but they most likely see rather vague. However, thanks to the independent work of the set of objects of objects in their field of view, they are probably perceived even "on an enlarged scale", since they cause excitement at once hundreds or even thousands of receptor nerve cells. Therefore, it suggests that the eyes of this type are designed primarily to register movements.
Pigmentation.
As in daytime butterflies, the color of night butterflies is double - structural and pigment. Pigments of various chemical composition are formed in scales, densely covering the body of the insect. These substances absorb rays from a certain wavelength and reflect others, which are the part of the solar spectrum that we see, looking at the butterfly. Structural coloring is the result of refraction and interference of light rays, not related to the presence of pigments. The layered structure of the scales and membranes of the wing, as well as the presence of longitudinal ridges and grooves, lead to the deviation and interaction of "white" sunlights in such a way that their spectral components are enhanced and perceived by the observer as colors. At night butterflies, painting is mostly pigment.
Protective mechanisms.
Diverse protective mechanisms were found in caterpillars, dolls and imago night butterflies.
Shelter.
Cateries from several quite far from each other families of night butterflies, apparently, independently acquired similar protective types of behavior. Visual example - bags and cakes. In the family of bags, silk houses with a piece of garbage and leaves of the caterpillars are built almost immediately after hatching. The asylum device is such that only the front part of the larva speaks out of it, which, if it is disturbed, is completely drawn inside. The size of the house increases as the caterpillar grows until it finally grows and does not take off inside this of its "bag" reaching a length of 2.5-5 cm. After a few weeks later, the winged male leaves, and the females of some kind of birth remain in the house And mating occurs with the help of a highly specificized composite body, which the male is soocating there. After fertilization, the female puts the egg in his bag and either dying next to them, and without going out, or, in some species, still crashes to fall on the ground and die.
Caterpillars Caterpillar Build similar portable houses from pieces of leaves, dropped larval covers and similar materials, fastening them with the secret of the salivary glands and their excrement.
Hair, glands and other larval structures.
Protective adaptations dolls.
Protective coloring.
Caterpillars and Imago Night Butterflies are widely used by the patronage (cryptic) and warning (screking) in color. The latter attracts the attention of predators and is respectively demonstrated by views that have some powerful protective agent. Brightly painted, for example, many caterpillars with an unpleasant taste caused by the secret of special glands, or covered with burning hairs. Cryptic coloring, allowing to merge with the background, developed in the larvae of some species just fantastically. If the caterpillar finds food on a coniferous tree, it can almost not differ in color and form from the surrounding needles or scales. Other types of larvae not only remind small bitches with their appearance, but also raised on the branches at the moment of danger so as to emphasize this similarity. Such a mechanism is peculiar, for example, spiders and some tapes.
The cryptic color of imago night butterflies can be illustrated with a huge number of examples. Recreation of individuals of some kinds of distant families resemble a bunch of bird litter, others are perfectly merged with granite rocks, bark, leaves or flowers, which are usually sitting. The belts demonstrate on the fly a bright warning color of the rear wings, but almost indistinguishable alone, since the cryptic pattern of the front wings folded on the back perfectly masks the insect on stones or wood trunks. Wings of many night butterflies carry stains, very similar to widely open eyes of large predators. This scares enemies who try not to risk, finding out the true size of the animal "looking" on them.
Industrial melanism
- One of the most interesting phenomena, for many years already attracting the attention of biologists to night butterflies. In populations against the background of normally painted insects, there is often some small percentage of darker individuals (melanists). The formation of pigments they do not go out as others, due to the gene mutation, i.e. Transferred by inheritance. It was noted that over the past century, the proportion of melanized forms in populations of certain types of night butterflies has increased significantly, and it happened in industrial areas, mainly in Europe. Often, dark butterflies almost completely displacing the bright, considered a previously species norm. Obviously, we are talking about some kind of rapidly developing evolutionary process.
The study of the species with industrial melanism showed the following. The probability of the survival of "normal", i.e. Light, forms in rural areas are higher than that of melanists, since it is normal coloring that is cryptic in this type of medium. True, dark butterflies have a physiological advantage - they survive in an alimentary deficit (insufficiency of some components of nutrition), lethal for their bright fellows, but obviously, with the danger of attacks of predators insects faced more often than with an infallible diet, so melanysts are not Just do not displacing normal individuals, but also remain in the minority. In industrial areas, many facilities for which butterflies are usually sitting are covered with soot, and dark coloring here is better masks from enemies than normal light. In addition, under conditions, when feed plants suffer from pollution, the reduced requirements of melanists are of particular importance for food quality. As a result, they displacing normal butterflies in the industrial environment, and if the danger of an alimentary deficit is becoming more important than the attacks of predators, they sharply increase their presence in rural areas. Thus, the fundamental position of the modern evolutionary theory is confirmed: the genes that give the body any advantage is distributed in the population, if they do not lead simultaneously to the appearance of signs that reduce the adaptability. It is interesting to note that the melanistic color, spreading among butterflies in industrial and neighboring rural areas, is inherited as a dominant sign. The phenomenon of industrial melanism still requires further study. Being an excellent example of a very quickly walking in our eyes of the evolutionary process, it allows you to deeper to understand some fundamental mechanisms.
Spread.
Night butterflies are found at all continents, except Antarctica, and in most ocean islands. Obviously, Imago's ability to flight has become the most important factor explaining the widespread most species. However, some taxa in the main methods of resettlement are different. So, at high altitudes and in places, young caterpillars traveling through the air on the silk threads allocated by them are caterpillars. The spread of species contributes to the attachment of eggs to logs and other subjects, which are then transferred, for example, floodwater or wind. Many night butterflies are associated with symbiotic relationships with other species, and their ranges practically coincide with the area of \u200b\u200bdistribution of the "hosts". An example is a yukovaya mole that breeds in Yukki flowers.
Economic value of night butterflies.
Benefit.
Since the oral apparatus of the overwhelming majority of adult night butterflies is a soft proboscis, not capable of piercing animals and vegetable fabrics, the imago of these insects rarely cause harm to a person. In many cases, they feed on floral nectar, bringing indisputable benefits as pollinators of important crops.
An example of such benefit and at the same time symbiotic interdependence is the relationship of yukkaya moths with Yukki plants. The latter flower is designed in such a way that the fertilization of the seeds and the development of these seeds are impossible without the help of the pollinator. Such help has a female Yukkova moth. Having gathered from several flowers to pollen, she sculpts the ball from her, who gently puts on the pistil's stil, thereby ensuring the fertilization of the seeds in the wound, where she laying her eggs. The developing seeds of Yukki are the only food of its larvae, which, however, eat only small percentage of their percentage. As a result, the complex behavior of the imago of these night butterflies in an unusual way ensures the reproduction of well-defined plants. There are several types of yukkov moles, each of which is symbioticly associated with one or more types of Yukki.
Harm.
Caterpillars of night butterflies are very voracious. They can damage the leaves, stems and roots of plants, eat stored food products, spoil various fibers and other materials. The larvae of many types of night butterflies cause significant damage to agriculture.
Everyone is well known to harm moles-keratophagus. They make eggs on wool and fur that feed their larvae. The fibers of these materials are used by some species and for the construction of pupae cocoons.
Olive pests are mole grain, or barley, mole Indian flour and fire mill, destroying grain in warehouses. All three types are cosmopolitans, i.e. Virtually all over the world are common, and to reduce damage caused by them has to constantly carry out insecticide.
Probably the most noticeable type of damage caused by the caterpillars by plants is defoliation, i.e. Destruction of foliage. The hungry larvae of butterflies can literally cut the fields, gardens and even forest plantings.
Classification.
The most common classification scheme for the detachment of the calculated is divided into two sub-traines - Palaeolepidoptera and Neolepidoptera. Their representatives differ from each other by many signs, including larval structures, oral apparatus, the housing of the wings and the structure of the sexual system. Palaeolepidoptera includes some kinds of species, but they are represented by a wide evolutionary spectrum mainly very small forms with mine caterpillars, while the Neolepidoptera subproduction combines the vast majority of modern butterflies. In total, the detachment of the scraper has more than 100 families, some of them (only for night butterflies) are listed below.
Sesiidae glass: Slender shapes with transparent flakes without scales; Outwardly resemble bees; Flying day.
Fights (Pyralidae): small, varied butterflies; Wings alone are composed by a triangle: many species are pests.
Palkener (PTterophoridae): Small shapes with longitudinally dissected wings, the edges of which are baked from scales.
Real moths (Tineidae): Very small butterflies with fringe from scales along the edges of the wings.
Gelchiidae: Small, often brightly colored butterflies; Many, such as mole grain (barley), are malicious pests.
Manniki (Sphingidae): usually large species, outwardly resembling hummingbirds.
Bags (Psychidae): males winged, small, dark painted; Outless females and caterpillars live in silk bags.
Saturniidae: very large, wicked butterflies with massive torso; Many on the wings "eye" stains.
PDIENTIES (Geometridae): small, slender, wide-colored forms whose caterpillars are "walking", curving the loop in the vertical plane.
Lapticket (Tortricidae): small and medium species; Folded wings often resemble a bell on the outlines; Many are dangerous pests, such as spruce leaflerting, and apple fruit.
Coconoppers (Lasiocampidae): medium sized shaggy butterflies with massive torso; Caterpillars - dangerous pests.
Medoli (Arctiidae): medium sized shaggy butterflies with bright painted wings.
Scoops (Noctuidae): Forms with unbroken gray or brown wings and filamentoid antennas.
Lymantriidae: males with gray or brown wings and cigarette antennas; females sometimes beless; Crawler brightly painted.
1.2.5 Night and Day Butterflies
Many adult butterflies are active, and at night rest, sleep. This is day butterflies. We have repeatedly admired blueberries, lemon, a mourning, urticaria, a peacock eye, brahniks and many other beauty, whose names are unknown to us. Another large group of butterflies, called night, flies at twilight and at night, and in the afternoon hidden in secluded places. Among them are distinguished, yurt, fluffy, shaggy, medium size or shallow creatures, which in the darkness unexpectedly flying into light, the lights are taled with noise, bounce off from them, do not fly away the ravisa, and we are banging about any surface, feverishly vibrating Wings with mad speed. When you try to catch them, they elude, leaving in the hands of an irrelevant amount of scales in the form of a gray dust. These are different scoops. Night butterflies include: spiners, stalls, cockokers, scoops, brahniks, spiders, bear moths and others.
1.2.6 Protection against predators
Methods of protection against predators are very diverse. A number of species have a bad smell and unpleasant taste, or poisonous, all this makes them intolerable. Having tried such a butterfly once, predators will avoid a similar appearance in the future.
Poisonous and inedible species often have a warning bright color. Butterflies, devoid of such protection equipment, often mimicize inedible species, imitating not only painting, but also the shape of the wings. This type of mimicry is most developed precisely from scales, and is called "Bates".
Some butterflies imitate the axes and bumblebees, such as glass, the brahnik Shamerevidka is a hurious, Schemevidka Scabizo. This similarity is achieved due to the color, the contours of the body and the structure of the wings - they are almost deprived of the scales and transparent, the rear wings are shorter than the front, and the scales are concentrated on the veins.
Many species have a patronage color, disguise under dry leaves, twigs, bark pieces. For example, a silvery hole resembles a broken bitch, a dabutant cocoon is like a dry birch leaf.
Unlike butterflies active in the daytime, the types are active at dusk or at night, possess other protective color. The upper side of their front wings is painted in the color of the substrate, on which they sit alone. At the same time, their front wings fold along the back like a flat triangle, covering the lower wings and abdomen.
One of the types of scaping color are "eyes" on wings. They are located on the front or rear wings and imitate the eyes of vertebrate animals. In the calm condition of the butterfly with such a color usually sit, folding the wings, and being disturbed, spread the front wings and demonstrate scared the brightly colored bottom wings. Some species are clearly distinguished by large and very bright dark eyes with a white contour, similar to the eyes of Owl.
Night butterflies to protect against bats are thickly pubescent bodies. The hairs help to absorb and disperse ultrasonic signals of volatile mice, and thereby mask the location of the butterfly. Many butterflies are freezing when the Sonar Sonar signal is detected. Males are able to generate a series of clicks that, according to a number of researchers, also prevent their detection.
2. Features of the biology of individual representatives of this family in the Urals
2.1 Reapenitsa
Replica, or thistle, is a daytime butterfly from the nymphalide family.
Description. Top view of light brick-red with black spots, forming in the middle of the front wing transverse tearing, and white spots at the end of the front wings; The lower side of the rear wings with dark and bright divorces and 4-5-eye stains (yellow with a blue core) in front of a sprinkle. Spread. More than any other butterfly spread, as it is found in all parts of the world, with the exception of South America; In the north of Europe comes to Iceland. Caterpillar is found at the reurenger and artichokes. Fertilized females winter. Habitat and lifestyle. Butterflies are found everywhere where thistle and nettle grows, in the mountains get to a height of 2000 m, but preference is still given to dry sunny areas of the terrain - the degree, fields and meadows, avoiding dark forests. Refencing - the famous traveler who arrives in Europe from North Africa in the spring, and in the fall they are going to the executioners with flocks and fly south: in Iran, India, and some in Africa.
2.2 Urban
Hardwriter, she is a chocolate butterfly from the nymphalide family.
Early spring urticaria is already flying. Winter in adult butterflies. And only the sun priges, from different slots, from under the crust get out. Fly a little, postpone the testicles and die. Caterpillars usually live on nettle.
Description. Butterfly, urticaria is often meeting with a day butterfly. Its color brick-red with black spots and black gap. This black gap decorates bright blue specks. The length of its wing is 4-5 centimeters. Hermitage caterpillar is usually long in 5 centimeters, the color is bright green, the abdominal caterpillage is yellow and covered with black stripes. Her black hairy caterpillar feeds the leaves of nettle, in abundance of growing in the gardens, at houses, at the weed places, precisely for the addiction to this grass, butterfly caterpillars and got its name "Harpivnica". Eggs, urticaria, laying on the bottom side of the sheet, the color of eggs yellow. Body length of urticaria is usually up to 5-10 millimeters. The doll refers to the type of covered. The mobility of the pupa is caused by the movements of her abdomen. Interesting is that the desorphs are almost impossible to distinguish each other.
Spread. Today it can be found everywhere in Europe. The wretched family has more than five hundred butterflies and about 20 genera. Butterfly urticaria is a frequent guest in almost all countries of the world.
Information about the work of "representatives of class insects - as objects of scientific and educational tourist routes. Detachment of scraping, or butterflies "
Many adult butterflies are active, and at night rest, sleep. it day butterflies. We have repeatedly admired blueberries, lemon, a mourning, urticaria, a peacock eye, brahniks and many other beauty, whose names are unknown to us. Another large group of butterflies called night , Twilight flies and at night, and in the afternoon hidden in secluded places. Among them are distinguished, yurt, fluffy, shaggy, medium size or shallow creatures, which in the darkness unexpectedly flying into light, the lights are taled with noise, bounce off from them, do not fly away the ravisa, and we are banging about any surface, feverishly vibrating Wings with mad speed. When you try to catch them, they elude, leaving in the hands of an irrelevant amount of scales in the form of a gray dust. These are different scoops. TO night butterfly Believers: spiders, hurrying, cocoon peasants, scoops, brahniks, spiders, bear moths and others.
Protection against predators
Methods of protection against predators are very diverse. A number of species have a bad smell and unpleasant taste, or poisonous, all this makes them intolerable. Having tried such a butterfly once, predators will avoid a similar appearance in the future.
Poisonous and inedible species often have a warning bright color. Butterflies, devoid of such means of protection, often mimicriate inedible species, imitating not only painting, but also the shape of the wings. This type of mimicry is most developed precisely from scales, and is called "Bates".
Some butterflies imitate the axes and bumblebees, for example glassnitsa , brahnik schmerevidka Humid, Skbabiosoy Schemevidka . This similarity is achieved due to the color, the contours of the body and the structure of the wings - they are almost deprived of the scales and transparent, the rear wings are shorter than the front, and the scales are concentrated on the veins.
Many species have a patronage color, disguise under dry leaves, twigs, bark pieces. For example, silver well reminds a broken bitch, cockonopher Dolisnaya suit on a dry birch leaf.
Unlike butterflies active in the daytime, the types are active at dusk or at night, possess other protective color. The upper side of their front wings is painted in the color of the substrate, on which they sit alone. At the same time, their front wings fold along the back like a flat triangle, covering the lower wings and abdomen.
One of the types of scaping color are "eyes" on wings. They are located on the front or rear wings and imitate eyes vertebrates. In the calm condition of the butterfly with such a color usually sit, folding the wings, and being disturbed, spread the front wings and demonstrate scared the brightly colored bottom wings. Some species are clearly distinguished by large and very bright dark eyes with a white contour, similar to the eyes of Owl.
Night butterflies to protect against bats are thickly pubescent bodies. Hair helps to absorb and disperse ultrasound Signals of volatile mice, and thereby mask the location of the butterfly. Many butterflies are freezing when the Sonar Sonar signal is detected. Mesmen considerable to generate a series of clicks that, according to a number of researchers, also prevent their detection.
Night sisters day butterflies
Inspective among the colors of Cyrrofan suddenly pursues into the sky. It is exactly blinded from butter. The sun shines through his yellow, drawn by orange wings strokes. But this is not a day butterfly.
Epimyless - black moths with a large red patch on the back wing and a large white spot on the front.
In the afternoon, he feeds on the wild grapes in the pan from the Sun of the Forest of the East of North America. It is usually taken after day butterfly. But it is not.
The front wings of the night light named by the Madam - Green in Yellow Krapinka. Rear Wings of Alla, as a raincoat of Matador.
At one Indian nightly night on the wings, a real carpet is green and orange-white, and even with a metal blue sweat.
One moth leading a daily lifestyle looks like a sailboat.
The other overflows like a rainbow.
What is the difference between day and night butterflies, between butterflies and moths? Entomologists have already been tired of answering this question. Hearing him, an entomologist, depending on his nature, or sighs, or angrily shrieked.
In principle, both day-to-day (or, on another classification, equils) Butterflies - Papilionoidea (real daytime butterflies) and Hesperioidea (Tolstogol) - have characteristic signs that distinguish them from most higher diverse.
But sometimes the difference is so insignificant that scientists are quite aware of how bad it seems this separation.
Entomologists decided that approximately 11 percent of the types of scales (all these species of 165 thousand) should be considered daily or equiliba butterflies. Other in English are referred to as Moths - "moths" or "moths". The vast majority of them - micro-Failed,the creatures are predominantly small and primitive (in the sense that during the evolution they appeared earlier than day butterflies). From fifty to one hundred million years ago, a group has allocated from this overwhelming majority macroenseed - This is day butterflies and several night families.
Each other, as well as food for itself and feed plants for the future offspring, daytime butterflies are found with vision. For communication with friends and enemies, they serve as visual signals: color color, patterns ...
As some scientists believe, their enemies have kicked out on the sun of butterflies - bats; In other words, bats practically created daytop butterflies.
It is unclear how reliably this is an assumption, but on the evolution of night butterflies, bats affected for sure. Bats make a ultrasonic peak. This is their "radar signal", which allows you to accurately fly insects flying in the night. In response, night butterflies accepted their countermeasures - their bodies are usually covered with hairs scattering a locator signal. Some have also developed a "ears" sensitive, located on wings, chest and trouser. Having heated the approach of the bat, the night butterfly stone falls on the ground. Some nights themselves emit ultrasonic make-up and skidding - it is likely to confuse radar. However, it is quite possible that these sounds warn a bat: "Caution, poison." So to speak, the sound analogue of the coloring of the inedible monarch.
Over the night butterflies hunt and spiders, spreading their networks on the path of insects that blindly fly in darkness. But from the web, the night butterflies can literally slip by sacrificing scales (they are very easy to leave the wings). Spiders, in turn, learned to recognize on the crash of the web, who landed into their network: fly, bee or butterfly. In the latter case, they hurry to bite prey as soon as possible until she fastened. Some spiders stretch over the web alone over another, building multi-tiered silk towers. Blooming up, the butterfly again and again comes across the network until all the scales appear: naked wings are stuck in a web.
The night lifestyle means that the food and partners a night butterfly fits predominantly by smell. Spiders and this use - produced in the air a captivating stream of fake genital pheromones. The males hurry to the bait and fly straight on the threads, lubricated by specially harvested glue of a special viscosity.
Going on a daily lifestyle, the butterflies left these dangers, but turned out to face the face with a new threat - a treacherous bird, perfectly distinguished colors. Yes, and real daytime are considered not all of them: some kind of close genetic relationships are preserved with their night relatives.
A mustache is that most distinguishes the day butterfly from the night. The daily mustache at the end thickened like Bulava (hence the scientific name of daytime butterflies - Bulavoy). The ammunition of night butterflies can be drown on either either to go to the teeth of the saw, the bird feather, palm leaf ... The main function of the mustache is to smell, and the night butterflies are famous for their scent. These are champions on a little. Thanks to the laboratory experiments, we know that the males of the brands know how to accurately determine almost any bouquet of odors that we are able to offer them. We know that the huge cakes of the male Pavlin-eyed, the female pheromones in the very meager concentration (one thousand molecules - molecules! - On one cubic centimeter air). It is known that the males of some nights can teach both the smell of finding the female more than mile.
However, in the gloomy world of nightties, females usually call on males on their own initiative, highlighting a special aroma of a special gland on the trouser. The females of different species send their chemical signals into certain, "fixed" only for them hours under certain conditions in certain places. The males are sitting and waiting for the signal, "turning" air to the air. Having hated the mounted fragrance, the male flies on this fraud trail, finds a female and emits his own chemical signal. Since the initiative belongs to the female, the matching procedure usually lasts long and costs without unnecessary ceremonies. Like a pairing act.
The third way to distinguish daytime butterflies from the night is to look at the device of the wings. Most night butterflies have a front wings are connected to the rear with a sort of spinlet. In flight, it helps synchronize the movements of the wings. There are no such devices such a device.
In addition, daytime butterflies tend to rest, folding the wings above the back, and fly and do not fit in the sun, spreading the wings parallel to the ground. Night butterflies are resting by folding the wings "house" or melting them. Eggs and caterpillars of night butterflies also have their own features: Pore location, special iron on the neck, bunches of hairs ...
But exceptions from the rules abound. Tolstogolovka - day butterflies, but they are small and faded, the wings are set as a house, and the mustache is thickened, then only the smallest. But the pray-birds were covered with red spectacles, flying in the afternoon, and they have definitely male-shaped mustache.
One group of butterflies - let's call them day and night - combines as many almost incompatible properties that they only recently ranked to the daily. For example, the headiloids (HEDYLOIDEA), who lives in the tropical areas of the Western Hemisphere. They are mostly small and dull painted, they have "ears" on the wings - it means that there would be no night? But only some types of families lead the night lifestyle, and the rest is daily. Their mustlemen will not call the male-shaped, but their eggs and caterpillars are quite the same as in daytime butterflies; Yes, besides, they can weave silk belts as day sailboats.
Another family of day-night butterflies is larger tropical creatures. They fly mostly during the day, painted in screaming colors and have mawed mustache; But their caterpillars in all correspond to standards of night butterflies.
This family is currently not related to daytime.
Fuck as in the light of mammalian species. Now - how many types of birds. Calculate amphibians and reptiles. Do not forget fish. Now fold all the results. So, species of moles and night butterflies are even more. In such a numerous group, a variety of adaptation strategies is simply guaranteed.
And indeed, options are the most curious.
Some moths are so small that their larvae spend the entire caterpillar stage, tearing through the moves in the thickness of the sheet. Tunnels of these caterpillars form characteristic patterns: elegant spirals and simple labyrinths.
Other caterpillars bite into the trunks of the trees - for years, sometimes up to four years in a row, sullenly chew the woody mass and spew out of their minks to Uyma Pakhukih excrement.
Third caterpillars live in the water bodies, feed on perennial underwater plants, build houses from their leaves and breathe under water with foam trachean gills.
Fourth shelter shelter - bags that drag on themselves and camouflage garbage and coniferous needles. Having achieved an adult condition, the male is chosen from the bag. But the adult female remains to sit in his house, because even after metamorphosis, she has no legs, no wings, nor eye. In fact, this female is only a bag of eggs, waiting for it until it is fertilized.
The caterpillars of one Arizonian nightnight feed the tiny oak flowers and they themselves are pretending them - yellow-green painting, fake "pollen bags". In the same summer, the second generation of caterpillars appears on the second generation - but the oak has already been poured, and the new caterpillars outwardly are not similar to flowers, but on the shoots of oak. And their jaws have others - more massive and powerful so that you can eat leaves. Once scientists thought that these were two different views. But no - this is the same kind, only in different kinds.
The scope of the wings of the largest night butterfly in the world (she lives in South America) - one foot.
And at one Madagascar brahnik, the trumps are also long in foot: after all, at the orchid nectar, which this brandist pollinates, the length is the same.
A night butterfly lives in Asia, capable of pumped by his "teeth" of human skin and suck blood.
But at night butterflies by name Saturn Moon there is no mouth at all.
Ascetic software YUKKova also does not eat and does not drink - only pollinates Yukki flowers, collecting pollen on one plant and dropping the cargo on the flower stil on the other. At the same time, the female lays eggs into the marking of the flower. The flower turns into a box, complete seeds and eggs. Caterpillars are removed, a certain part of the seeds devour the way to the outside, fall on the ground and pound. YUKKOVA OSCE - one of those few insects that pollinate plants actively intentionally to provide food their own offspring.
Glassnitsa Roughlywood and really resembles a caricature harrow: the wings are long, transparent, the abdomen is thick, in the yellow-black stripe. The hornevochka is angry with angrim and stokenly protruding the abdomen - that's why they are stool!
There are among the night butterflies and twins of bumblebees.
Some night butterflies can hang in the air like hummingbirds.
One Venezuelan Mole pretends to the cockroach.
Thanks to its huge variety and number, night butterflies and moths affect the ecosystem much more than the day. They are the main and most skilled pollinators of flowering and grain plants. Their caterpillars are fed the whole world. Some moles, we even domesticated are silkworms, our tiny live silk combines. We are proudly blocked in clothes from their discharge.
But harm from moles and night butterflies is also more than from daytime. They devour flour and cloth. Close plants in the fields and in the gardens. Unpacking silkworm shares whole forests, devouring foliage.
Negative associations are connected in European culture with moles and night butterflies. Night butterflies, like their day sisters, symbolize the souls of the dead, but the night visits of the soul - the phenomenon is rather ominous. Night butterflies bring misfortune. They predict troubles. They appear from the darkness. They are gray and shaggy. In a suicidal impulse, they fly directly on the lamp, on the lantern beam, in the flame of the candle - apparently, the bright source of light creates an optical illusion and deceives the facet of butterfly: next to the flame .
Let us remember the brahnik "Dead Head." This yellow-black night butterfly weighs no less mouse. On her back it is a pattern in the form of a skull. Her scientific name - Achemntia Atropos - formed from the Greek Words "Aheront" (River of suffering in the kingdom of the dead) and "Atropos" (the name of one of the three Moir - the one that cuts the thread of life). If you disturb the brahnik, it starts to squeak. He breaks through the wax walls of bee nests with its short-fastened trunk. There is a hypothesis that marks in the form of a skull imitates the "face" of bee uterus to be deceived workers bee. did not attack the thief. Perhaps the same function - to mislead other insects - performs the peak of the butterfly.
Brahnik "Dead Head"
In the film "Silence of the Lambs", the serial killer grows by the "Dead Head" brahnikov and shoves their pupa in the throat for their victims.
In one manuscript of the XV century, the "dead head" is drawn in the corner of the page dedicated to St. Vincent - the Holy, who symbolizes victory over death and eternal life.
Night butterflies - allegory of the sad part of the story about the resurrection of the dead: after all, before the eternal life becomes, death comes.
We will give them due. Night butterflies are beautiful. Night butterflies are very busy creatures.
But day butterflies - still something special.
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