Floum in the garden appears not as often as the mole, for example, or earthling, but may damage the crop to a lot more. This rodent is capable of digging long moves, where it arranges special places for storing the harvest grown in the garden.
Get rid of such a pest is not so simple and not always the fight with it gives a positive effect. Sometimes you have to use a whole set of funds.
Few people know that there is also such a pest capable of selecting a large part of the harvest from the owners. It is almost impossible to see on the surface of the soil for such a class as the destruction of the crop.
Pest information:
- The pest can grow up to 30 cm.
- He has no eye, and in their place there is a fold of the skin, in the upper part of which rigid hairs grow.
- The tail and ears are not at all big, and the front paws are short.
- The animal wool has a dark gray shade with blue, and adult individuals differ in the characteristic "gray".
- Pest has powerful front cutters that help him dig long underground moves. Only 2 front cutters differ well.
- Pest root long tunnels in several tiers.
- The animal diet of the animal includes potatoes, carrots, beets, worms, insects, etc. Looks bigger onions.
- When the peel appears on the gumper area, it begins to destroy large plants, tightening them into a breakthrough underground stroke. After that, he eats up the tops, and root places in their repositories. Sometimes in its repositories is up to 50 kg of different root roots.
- It is not difficult to identify the presence of the animal if you pay attention to peculiar hilly, which are similar to the entrance to molebar. Such kelches can be seen as in the garden, and next to him.
Causes of appearance
This pest, like many others, is looking for what to get used. Naturally, on the household or summer cottage, the hosts are grown by everything that is necessary to feed the chopper. In addition to vegetables, there are worms on the plot and enough insects. The higher the harvest on the site, the more chances that this pest will appear here.
Pleuma does not fall on the winter in a hibernation, so there is a lot of food for it. It is possible that on the plot where the harvest is taken, the pest will definitely settle.
The activities of this pest remain on the garden long, in several tiers of strokes, as well as underground storage rooms, in which the animal stores part of the harvest grown by the owners on their gods. As a rule, he eats the green mass primarily, and the root places for the winter. Even one pin is able to select a considerable share of the harvest. If several individuals appear on the site, then about high yields of such crops like potatoes, onions, beets and carrots can be forgotten.
In addition, it digs rather large moves, with a diameter of 5 to 15 cm, so that it damages some plants on the plot. Lower Yaruses May be at a depth of 3 meters, and the upper - at a depth of 10 cm. Such a system of underground strokes often does not give normal development to many cultural plants.
How to get rid of pedesome on the plot
Those who have had to fight this rodent, drew attention to the fact that the fence fell into the earth enough deeply, which complicates the fight against him. As already mentioned, the animal can go into a depth of 3 meters, therefore, in order to get it, you will have to break the entire area. In this regard, many owners think about how to get rid of the animal to save the harvest. As you can see, the issue price is quite significant.
Experienced gardeners tried a lot of ways and found out how to get rid of such an unnecessary neighborhood. And here the most important thing is not to show excessive humanity, as a few individuals with their cubs can deprive the host of the harvest, especially since the blinders multiply pretty quickly.
Traps are used to combat many rodents, including to combat trees. But to begin with, it is better to determine who spoils the harvest so that the effect of the traps is maximum.
For effective struggle Take these steps:
- First of all, you need to carefully examine the site to find the entrance to Noura.
- In this place, you need to break the hole well so that the shoulder has a draft. Next to the main entrance at a distance of 50 cm is deepening and a trap is installed. From above, the trap is covered with plywood.
- Since the pest is afraid of a draft, he will come out of the hole to cover it. As a result, the animal falls into the trap.
Part of the hosts breaks the soil and inside the multi-tier passes are installed with water tanks, as a result of which chopers cannot get outward. This is a rather laborious process, as it has to go deep to the land. In addition, you can not always get the desired result.
On a note! There is one but an effective way Getting rid of such a neighborhood. To do this, take a vehicle, moisten it in gasoline, kerosene and other, bad smelling substances, and bury this rag in the ground, at different depths. In addition, the animals negatively react to essential oils Plant such as Eucalyptus, cedar, lavender and others.
Thanks stormy development Electronics, science and technology, managed to create modern devicesemitting ultrasonic waves of different frequencies. The man does not perceive these waves, but many animals and rodents react negatively to ultrasound. Sound waves This range is caused by rodents a sense of fear, as a result of which the panic begins and they are trying to leave no comfortable plot as quickly as possible. It takes at all a long time, and rodents leave this area in search of more comfortable conditions For its livelihoods.
Effective struggle requires installing several such instruments. It does not make sense to install additionally any traps. Ultrasound dischargers will act on the whole site. They will help get rid of pests even if there is a good, promising crop for rodents on the site. Such devices will help the owner to get rid of other pests, and not just from the pedeshes. Ultrasound do not carry moles, earthling, bear and other pests. The main thing is to correctly choose the power devices so that they protect the entire area.
Devices for scaring do it yourself
In the process of combating this voracious animal, it was found that he was afraid of noise. If there is constantly on the site loud sounds, the pest tries to leave this site.
For implementation this method Fight, metal rods will be required, up to 1 meter long. To these rods, anywhere available methods Must cans From under beer or condensed milk. Under the action of the strength of the wind, they will publish quite loud sounds that may not like not only tender, but also their neighbors.
Many believe that application chemicals The struggle harms longer to a person than these rodents. There is a strong sense of smell strongly developed, so they practically do not touch the treats, which differ in a strange smell, and why, if in the garden and so much food. Therefore, the majority of gardeners prefer ultrasound and noise, homemade devices.
Sometimes dackets, finding the characteristic bugs of the Earth on the household plot and complex underground communications are confident that it was not without a clock. But the wines can be an ordinary peel. What is the difference between him and mole? They have a different appearance and food addiction. Today you will learn how to recognize the pretty, where they live, how to deal with their livelihoods in the garden with the help of effective ways.
This animal causes a predimentary area much more harm than the mole known to all. If the moles are capable only to do underground moves and to form a holly woman on the surface of the soil, then the ordinary laying is able to nourish many roots, the crop of which will not get the owners - carrots, beets, potatoes. Even Mole Flems like feeding foliage and stems of crops, bulbous flowers. For the winter, the animal fusing makes food reserves, the volume of which in an adult individual can reach 10 kg.
This animal is not typical of the hibernation, it just becomes less active with the arrival of cold. Externally, this is a beast up to 30 - 32 cm long. Pleum has a head, slightly reminiscent of the shape of a shovel, reduced eyes - there is a fold of skin on their place. The ears and the tail of the animal are pronounced pretty weak, the body is tightly covered with her hair.
Distinguish between ordinary, Podolsky, Bukovinsky, sandy, giant chip.
Giant Pleum is a rare species whose number is sharply declining every year. 
Giant Pleum is listed in the Red Book of Russia. His representatives give offspring 1 time in 2 years, while most of the young dies in the first year of life. Giant Pleum disappears due to active activities Man on earth - plowing, construction of irrigation canals, grazing. IN natural conditions Giant Pleum is found only in semi-deserts located in the northeastern Predęcascal. Very rarely can be seen during the rivers of Terek, Sulaca, Kuma.
The sandy blind in the nature of the color occupies an intermediate position between ordinary, Podolsky and Bukovinsky on the one hand and gigantic - on the other. The sandy peel is painted lighter. 
The back of the head, the back and sides of the body of the animal have a yellowish-pale-gray. The sandy bellow is a resident of the Nizhnedniprovsky sands of the Kherson region. He likes to settle on the weakly moist soils belonging to the chernozem type. The sandy peeper is most common where the wormwood field grow, the Kotorovenik Ukrainian, wildfielder field, cornflower, pearl and some other plants.
On our panstones Most often there is an ordinary naked type of shabby.
Video "Floum ordinary"
From the video you will learn that these animals are representing.
What is different from the crot
An ordinary peel, in contrast to the crot, is larger, and its limbs are five plated, with small claws and weakerly developed. Krotovina is rather created by powerful teeth, and the earth does not fall rodent in the mouth, because the lips with the folds are outside the scars. 
If moles prefer to eat insects, these animals eat roots, tubers and bulbs. In order to get to the ground part of the crops, they carry them for the root in their home. Most of all, the animals are umbrella, comprehensive and bean plants in taste. Stems and leaves often become their prey in spring or at the very beginning of summer.
Where dwells
For its habitat, the fields, steppes, forest belt, beam, cinema most often choose.
The underground stroke systems have two tiers. The first is located at a depth of no more than 25 cm from the surface and is food, the second is at a depth of 3 - 4 meters. In the second there are nests for living in summer and winter, as well as storage facilities.
The mole roets the soil with the help of the front paws, and the naked ordinary fusion involves strong cutters. Heaps of land more than moles. Kholmiks are capable of having a diameter of up to 50 cm, and the earth ejecting on the surface sometimes has a lot of not much, but about 10 kg.
Pleumus is able to cause a lot of harm, and it is very difficult to delete it, because most Life of the animal is underground.
Methods, means and traps to fight
The most popular way of struggle when it was detected on the plot of a layer, is the use of strong poisons. They are similar to the poison that allows ribs. Due to the high toxicity of such drugs, it is recommended to install trap or belonging on the garden. But thanks to natural intelligence, rodents are able to bypass the side of such traps. Even in case of danger, a small Pleum can be aggression - growl and expand powerful teeth. The belonging or drone should be put when leaving the mink. Known and method of catching animals with a hook. 
It is necessary to dig up the norm and insert a long wire with a crochet in either several.
On the other end of the wire is done by the loop. It is needed to fasten the hook in Nore. If there is a draft, the animal rushes to the exit and falls on the hook. Next, the owner decides how to get rid of the blind. Inhuman is considered the use of self-losses, cappos and poisons, so animal lovers prefer to get rid of pests through water and electronic repeatant. Another method is to smoke rodents from the dwelling by connecting the hose to the car exhaust pipe. But so really in terms of polluting the land on the plot. The electronic repeller gives a good effect, since the animals do not tolerate vibration and tend to leave the garden.
Private cats to hunt
How to get rid of malicious animals with animals? You must first find places under which underground animal communications are located. Next, the approximately halfter of the tunnel is shovel. As mentioned above, the naked peeper reacts acutely to drafts. Therefore, having done a hole, you need to expect a naked animal with a cat with a cat. Especially just your pet will catch a young and inexperienced pest. Also to catching animals on the plot, you can also attract a dog with the necessary skills.
Use of water for fishing
Another way does not destroy, but helping to catch the rodent - the use of water. It will take the watering hose and about 10 liters of fluid. After the detection of the tunnel, which leads the animal in the dwelling, the LAZ moves near the embankment with clay and direct water there. In order for animals to be on the surface, you need to generously pour underground moves due to their screw-like form. Using such a means, each owner of the garden will be able to catch from the uninvited guest site. How to get rid of them Next, you will have to solve yourself.
Pest of vegetable vegetable garden Not known to all gardener gardeners. Sometimes summer houses are found on land plots of land. In addition, the garden is overwhelmed by underground tunnels in such a way that you can fall into the ankle into the ground. The first thing dackets sin on moles. But it turns out, there are other rodents who are able to spoil the external and inner appearance of the country area. Of course, you should not take into account the work of moles in the construction of underground strokes, but there are other animals - representatives of the family of tender, which also, like moles, adore underground construction. Flips differ from moles in appearance and food addictions.
Gathering and the appearance of the erection
It turns out that there are greater harm to the gardens than crots. They are insectivorous land workers who can annoy dacnisters only with their chokes of hills and minks in the plots. The blinders are real rodents, whose delicacies are root -, beets, carrots. In addition to vegetables, animals love to eat with stalks and leaves of plants, adore to eat.
In addition, shortly before the onset of winter, the blinders are engaged in the fact that they are soaring food. The reserves of one rodent can reach 10 kilograms. The animals are active all year round, do not fall into the hibernation, however, to the onset of cold, their behavior becomes somewhat calmer.
Features and appearance of shabby.
The animal is distinguished by a flat vopotoxic head, on which reduced eyes are located, on the site of which the skin fold is located. The animal has a weakly pronounced ears and a tail, and his body covers thick and thick hair.
Many dacms are confused with crots, calling with chopped crots. But between these two animals, leading an underground lifestyle there are many differences.
- Flower has larger sizes than mole.
- If the mole roets the moves in the ground with legs, then the peeper differs slightly developed limbs, five plated, with small claws.
Such legs can not be pouring tunnels to a half-kilometer long, so the peeper makes them with their powerful teeth. Its wide cutters vague into the ground, and lips with multiple folds are located behind the cutters. Thanks to this, the earth does not fall into Rodzun's mouth.
Features and differences between the cloth from the clock.
Where do they live with choppers?
The habitat of rodents can be a steppe, field, a virgin plot of land, forest belt, beam. Ordinary blinds are broken down holes in several tiers having complex system moves. The location of the forage passes is the depth of 10-30 cm. From these passes, other, deeper moves - nests and pantry rodents are located at a depth of 80 cm - 3 meters.
Picture of a chopper pest, which can deliver not few problems to dacnis.
When the rodent root his moves, he is able to throw heaps to the surface of the earth, reaching huge sizes. Get rid of blind It is quite difficult, since rodent most of the time of their life lives underground.
Methods, means and traps to combat tears
The most effective way to combat trees is the use of strong poisons that are similar to the poison used to escape rats. However, when used poisonous substances The likelihood of the fact that pets or children will suffer.
For this reason, it is better to install trapper or ladies, however, and here there are drawbacks. Installing these devices takes a lot of time. In addition, rodents have vagueness and smartness, so it is easily bypass a dangerous place where the trap is installed.
Old and experienced pedesome excellent flair, which allows them to bypass even very cunning traps. In addition, animals can be aggressive - they make the growl, if their life threatens something. If you choose your traps - install them at the entrance to the mink of animals.
Flower pest destroying landings and harvest in the country area.
Experienced choppers are caught with a hook. To do this, it is necessary to open the entrance to the mink, and insert the length of the long wire into the end, at the end of which one or more hooks have been attached. The other end of the wire is equipped with a loop that helps to fix the hook in the mink of the animal (otherwise the rodent can drain the trap).
Feeling the appearance of drafts, the blind will hurry to exit from the mink and falls on the hook. Moving from side to side, he will only aggravate his already unenviable position. The owner of the country area remains only to remove the animal from the hook and decide what to do with him.
The use of self-losses, cackanov, poisonous substances - these methods are inhuman, because they kill the shoulder. The use of water and electronic repelsers leave the animal alive. Some dackets smoke rodents from mink, connecting the hose to the car exhaust pipe. Due to this method, there are no tender for several months on the plot, but the soil is noticeably contaminated.
A good effect can be achieved when using an electronic repeller, which acts on the moles and pedeshes. The rodents are not transferred to the vibration, so they quickly leave the plot.
Active pets - cats and cats, excellent rats, can help you hunt on elasticks - summer houses are often used to use this method, acquiring cats to rodent hunting.
Acquisition of cats to the hunt for eats
This requires the following actions:
Initially, it is necessary to determine the seats of underground strokes of the animal, which is easy to do, because in those places the land falls under the legs.
Using a shovel, override for about half a meter underground tunnel. Since rodents are sensitive to the appearance of drafts, you will very quickly see a tender, which will come to fill the land open part of the Laza.
Cats are inborn hunters, but not all pets are capable of female deals.
At this time, you should not waste time - you need to dug around the exit of the mink a wide pit (up to half a meter), the depth of which should be 30-40 cm, and then take your favorite pet and wait with it when the rodent appears. If the pin is young, he is less damned, and catch it not to make work.
By the way, it is possible to use and help the dogs.
Use of water for catching chopper
One or two buckets you do not have enough to put rodent. In order to catch it with water, it is necessary to take advantage of the long irrigation hose, or stock up at least ten buckets of water.
Initially, it is necessary to find a tunnel, which leads to the nore of a chopper. Conventional moves are calculated on the ground, nosed by the holloch. There is a move in mink, which is characterized by the fact that the clay is contained in the hilly (the rodent's nest has big depthwhere the soil is clay).
It rolls onto the laz near the mound from the clay, and the water flow continuously is sent to it. Underground moves deepen the screw-like, so the generous pouring into their water is necessary so that the rodent floods to the ground surface. It remains to grab the animal and come with him, as you wish.
So, I should draw conclusions:
Blinds are voracious pests, which also live for a long time. To save your crop should urgently get rid of rodents The method that each dachnik chooses himself.
Features and habitat
Ordinary blind- This is a mammal animal, which refers to the Rodent detachment. In the course evolutionary Development All organs of this animal adapted to an underground lifestyle.
The eyes were completely atrophy and lost the ability to see. This is almost the only case in the hardest rodent when there was a complete loss of vision.
Lifestyle in these mammals is exceptionally underground. Blind, as well as the long labyrinths of the moves, and the extra soil, which prevents them from them, they pushed to the surface.
In the family of tears, there are 4 types. Each of them has their own habitat. Pet animalselects the steppe, populations, forest-steppe and outskirts of forests for its stay.
Soil suitable for their habitat should be moderate density. The clay and sandy soil does not fit them. The area of \u200b\u200btheir habitat includes forest-steppes and steppes of Moldova, Ukraine and Russia. These are mainly pastures or non-painted areas rich in herbal vegetation.
Pleuming root land with his teeth
Mole blind By itself, a small size. Its length is 30-32 cm. Weigh from 700 grams. up to 1 kg. He leads a fairly secluded lifestyle, so he saw him live in living. To correct this emboss and have an idea of appearance of this animal, we bring to your attention a few photo of tender.
As can be seen in the image, he has no ears, the eyes are hidden under the folds of the skin, and the small tail is practically not visible. The limbs of this underground resident is short, and the head resembles a bayonet shovel.
By the way, digs of his tunnels mole blind Exclusively teeth, not legs. This happens as follows, the front cutters of the mammal is bungled into the soil, and then with the help of a vopotary head, crushed lumps of the ground are pushed out. Special structure The jaws and muscles makes it possible to push the lower cutters and move them forward, then back.
Such work leads to significant wear of teeth sharp. But you should not worry, the cutters grow very quickly, so without the "instrument" for digging of their tunnels this underground resident will not remain.
By the way, thanks to his work, he not only steps the incisors, but also sharpens them when swinging into the soil. More sympathy deserve animals in captivity. They do not have the ability to bring teeth and sometimes they cannot close the mouth due to the fact that the cutters rose to huge sizes.
The fur of these giants is very soft, dark color. The nose is covered with a damaged layer of skin. This layer is protective. It protects against various mechanical damage during the end of the walls of the hole.
Character and lifestyle shabby
If the mobs break the soil with front paws, then sand shabby Wire with powerful cutters. Heaps of the Earth after their activities remain more than the moles, and reach about 0.5 m.
On the photo sandy bellow
The weight of one such a bunch can reach 10 kg. On 1 hectares of land lives from 3 to 20 representatives of this species. The most active period of life of these rodents falls on the spring months. In the summer and winter period, they become less active, but in winter hibernation do not fall.
Maze strokes slept Giants special in their structure. Their distinctive feature is the tunnel system of tunnels. So, the upper floor of "such construction" is considered to be food, it is located at a depth of 25 cm.
At this tier, rodents collect feed: tubers, rhizomes of plants. On the second floor there are tunnels, summer and winter nests and pantry. It is located more deeply - 3-4 m. In winter, the entrance to these underground galleries is clogged with land, and the animal lives here before the onset of warm times.
total area Such labyrinth is 450 m. The number of grocery storey in such an area can reach 10 pieces, and winter reserves are 10 kg. Here is such a stocked animal.
Lifestyle giant blindsalone. They carefully guard their borders. Sometimes, the collisions of two males ends with ships for a fatal territory. Life expectancy slept It is 2.5 - 9 years.
Their activities are tremendous harm to agriculture. Signs flick on vegetable garden - These are slides of the earth. They not only spoil the aesthetic species of the site, but also harvest.
From these underground animals, corn, legumes, carrots, beets and potatoes suffer the most. Only per day 1 part is able to damage 4-6 bushes of roots.
Blind fought on your site how to deal with him? You can get rid of such a pest by re-emptying the soil. So destroy the feed tiers of their moves. It happens that they are frightened by an unpleasant smell, so you can use special purchased dischargers.
One of the facilities of the struggle is the capture sharp manually. For this, the latest entry in Noura is determined and another entrance is searched. Then the segment is riveted between them.
In the photo Giant Pleum
This animal does not tolerate drafts, so it will try to eliminate destruction. It is at this moment that it will be possible to catch this pest. Drive out out croothes blind It is possible with water. Find a Mixed Mixed Hamik with clay and pour water in Noura nearby.
Food is blind
Blind Food exclusively vegetable food. They eat tubers, bulbs and rhizomes. To get to the stem, they are pulled for the root, so that all the plant is in their hole. Favorite "dishes" sharp are bean, complex and umbrella.
Breeding and lifespan
Blind Live one side, but during the reproduction period they form family groups. The composition of such a family includes 1 male and 1-2 females. As the rules, members of such families live in the neighborhood. The male is digging the tunnel to its chosen. He moves to the sounds that make up the female.
If in a group of 2 females, then they are fruitful in turn. One year first, the second is different. Such unions disintegrate, only in the event of death. 2-3 kids are born per year. It is necessary significant event From February to May.
The resettlement of the younger generation is peculiar. So "girls" are detached to the upper tiers a year after their appearance, and the "boys" - on the 2nd year, on the lower floors. Halfish individuals are becoming 2-3 years of life.
Ordinary blind It lives in the territory of Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, in the European part of Russia for north to about the line passing through exactly - Kiev Chernigov - Tula - Penza - Ulyanovsk, east to the Volga and south to the foot Big Caucasus and Perekop Isthmus.
The rear department of the head, the back and the sides of the adult ordinary is choppy are characterized by a common pale-gray-brown tone. The base of the hair is mouse-gray. When typing the tips of the hair, having the color described above, gray tones prevail in the color of the fur. The front department of the head and cheek is lighter than the color of the back. Sometimes in the forehead area there is a bright, with a yellowish slide spot. Short vibralya-palia vibrioles, long - whore-yellowish. The abdominal side in the throat area, chest and the front of the abdomen of mouse-gray; In the middle and rear - Palevo-brownish. Length of winter fur up to 14 mm, summer - 10-11 mm. Young individuals in color are dominated by gray tones with a weak fawn tint at the ends of the hair. The abdominal side is intense gray. Throat and chest intense gray. Abdominal hair with admixture of pale-brown shades. Many copies also observed incorrect form White spots in the chest and back of the belly. Occasionally, the phenomenon of complete albinism is found at the ordinary shabby.
Materials on molting are extremely incomplete. It is only known that an ordinary chopper has a change of thick winter fur to a more rare summer happens in May-June, and the autumn molting - in September (Fire, 1947).
Floum ordinary is the characteristic inhabitant of the plain steppes and the forest-steppe to the east of the river. Dnipro. In Western Precocality reaches the preege. Mounts mainly on the slopes of beams and other reduced relief areas with the most fertile soil Chernozem and abundant herbal vegetation; It is less common on sandy soils and cultural lands (noted on crops of perennial herbs, rye, oats, corn and other field crops, on the vegetables, Bakhchi, in the zone of the trace forest plantings). Separate rules found even in the center of forest arrays and settlements. Avoids clay and very loose, susceptible to drying sandy soils, as well as highly moistened sections of the floodplain. N. M. Dukelskaya (1932) gives next characteristic Typical for ordinary shabby of the stations within the Petrovsky district, the Saratov region.
In a significant number, the ordinary layer is marked by S. I. Firem (1947) in the steppes Voronezh regionwhere the most numerous traces of its partnership were concentrated on the slopes of ravines and beams, along the outskirts of forest areas and occasionally - in the depths of forest arrays. Within the Krenovskaya steppe of the settlement of the pedeshes are marked on sandy and sampling ridges located on the edges of the Krenovsky forest, overgrown with a charm, wormwood, sharing cabbage and kobyl. Under conditions similar to those described above, an ordinary Pleum dwells in the left-bank steppe and forest-steppe Ussr (reshetnik, 1941). In the Skubansky steppes, the most characteristic stations of this species, by L. B. Bem (1931), are the sections of virgin and deposits on chernozem soils with abundant vegetable cover From perennials. Sometimes it goes to sowing predominantly perennial herbs. Footprints in the form of a bunch of land are also found on the Bakhchi and sowing of Svarov and only occasionally on winter fields. Finally, in the conditions of the Bloodstones of the Western and Central West, according to K. N. Rossikov (Cyt. By: Fire, 1947), inhabiting open and shrub's shrub slopes of moderately wet beams with black earth soil. Avoid clay and sandy places subject to severe drying. On plateaua is found in significant quantities in the valleys of r. Malki and Baksan, where dwells in the meadows, glades, in gardens and vegetable gardens, for sparse thickets, creamy, barbaris and hawthorn in places, where, again, the chernozem prevails over sandy and clay soils. Information about the density of populations in various biotopes is extremely scarce. It is only known that in the Kharkiv region an exemplary number of an ordinary chopper can reach 10 individuals on the virgin slopes of beams, 5-7 - on hay and 2 - on the cultivated fields per 1 hectare (reshetnik, 1941).
The foundations of freshly dried horms have rounded outlines. Heaps are composed of individual comulets of land, and some of them even retain the shape of the columns, the diameter of which corresponds to the stroke diameter leading to the outlet, through which the Earth is pushed. As dry and under the influence atmospheric oyphans Heaps acquire the type of flattened holloch. The magnitude of individual CUs varies from 20 x 20 cm to 230 x 240 cm. Most often there are emissions 50-60 cm in diameter. Small heaps are thrown into one intake, largely undergoes in the process of their education. whole line Changes and are obtained as a result of a merger of several small coups, in between which the Earth is discharged for a fairly long period. So, according to the observations of N. M. Dukelskaya, the formation of a complex heap took place for 39 days. The distance between a pile of 20-1175 cm (most often 100-200 cm). The greatest number Earth emissions focused in the area of \u200b\u200bthe location of surface fodder moves. Depths usually do not have any external signs. However B. some cases About the nest cameras were observed large heaps of the Earth, represented mainly by the indigenous rock, pointing to the location of the vertical stroke. The discarded land is not located above the main feed. The nosed land is usually transported through a larger, the length of which can reach 75 cm, ending with the outlet. Through it, the next portion of the removed soil is pushed. In this regard, the direction in the arrangement of Kuch does not coincide with such a fodder stroke.
By the location of the heated pile of land, N. M. Dukelskaya (1932) breaks the holes of an ordinary chopper to the next 4 groups.
1. Emissions are located in a straight line with one or two short secrets. The total length of the emission sections is different. In some cases, the distance between extreme emissions can reach 169 m, and the number of CU 114.
2. Heaps are located radially towards one or two centers. In this case, the individual largest rules may have over 90 per caps, and the total distance between extreme emissions is about 250 m.
3. Heaps are randomly located. With this arrangement of 1 Nora, there may be more than 100 emissions on the area of \u200b\u200b100 m 2.
4. Part of the pouch is located in a straight line, and between them a group of randomly scattered emissions. NORS of this type usually occupy most Square. For example, a peel released on an experienced area, for 4 months (from May 9 to September 12), 284 heaps of land on an area of \u200b\u200bapproximately 61 hectares.
According to the Dukelskaya (1932), obtained as a result of the exkkings of the norm of this species in the Saratov region, the root tubes of a sixiest labber, the bulbs of the tiled and round and bow round, roots, leaves and stems of the dandelion and the riser of ordinary, roots and stems of the dandelion and stems of the ordinary Chicory, roots and leaves of mountain clover, leaves and stalks of alpine clover, the buttercup of multi-color and forest forget-me-not, the leaves of the autumnal cloth and the feast and, finally, shoot the field Bindweed. Among the plants listed above dominated the labaznik Schaleplice. In Norah, close to the forest, in the storerooms found sprouted acorns. The latter sometimes met in significant quantities. So, in one of the holes, expedited in May, from 916 g of the weight of all stocks of an ordinary chopper 613 g, accounted for an oak acorns. E. G. Reshetnik (1941) leads the following list of feed plants, mined during the excavations of Nor ordinary chopper in the conditions of the left bank steppe and forest-steppes Ussr: Sage Stunt, Kozovennik Shortosikoviki, Kotorogennik Ukrainian, Cycologies Ordinary, Dandelion, China Cheeknosna, Labacious , Cornflower pearl, carrots, wildlife field, white-metering bunting, annual jerk, kozhelets straight, yarrow, segueuer, Malodean, drinking, dresses, Zegrennosnapy, Hochlak Marshall, Tulip Forest, Safran Striped, Cutter, Common, Clover. On the disturbed areas and in the zone of the trace and parking lots in stocks the roots may prevail wood breeds, as well as sprouted acorns. So, according to Silantyev (Cyt. By: Fire, 1947), in the storage room of an ordinary shabby, inhabited in the territory of the Veliko-Anadol Lesnia, the Donetsk region, the roots of seedlings and in a lesser extent were quantitatively prevailed. In the conditions of parking spaces in the drawing of Kharkov during the excavation of a hole in abundance, the roots of the young mulberry, oak seedlings and white acacia (reshetnik, 1941) were found. From the garden crops in stocks most often there are potatoes, carrots and beets. Less often came across corn, onions, beans and cucumbers. General weight Plestable vegetable mass fluctuates from 8 to 14 kg. The distribution of reserves in the pantry is uneven. Total amount The feed increases as the depth increases, on which the pantry is located. Food stocks occurs mainly in summer months and early-year period. In addition to plant residues, when analyzing the contents of the stomach occasionally discovered the remains of insects. Finally, the bones and wool of mysterious rodents and wool are very rarely falling alongside (Varabash-Nikiforov, 1928; Reshetnik, 1941).
Extremely few information about the reproduction of an ordinary chopper. According to N. M. Dukelskaya (1932), from 11 females of this species mined at the end of April in Petrovsky district. The Saratov region was not a single pregnant woman and only 4 copies were discovered drawn nipples and the Milky glands were developed. This seems to indicate the end of lactation. Of the 15 females caught by E. G. Reshetnik (1941) in the Barvinka district of the Kharkiv region in the first half of April, 7 were lactating. At the same time, 4 of them were mined with young. All this, apparently, testifies to the appearance of young in March and on the end of lactation by the end of April. In May and early June, their intensive settlement is already observed (Dukelskaya, 1932; Reshetnik, 1941). A very close period of reproduction is indicated by K. G. Rossikov (1887) for an ordinary chopper living in the flat part of the Western Western Pre-Bureau. However, in the foothills, they were mined a pregnant female in early June. According to Ogneva (1947), this fact may indicate a delay of reproduction deadlines in the foothills of the Western Pre-Bukcascia. Most researchers are inclined to the fact that the ordinary Pleum is multiplied once a year and brings 2-6 young in the litter.
Diagnosis.The dimensions are on average similar to those in the sandy blind (body length 197-232-290 mm; foot length 23.0-26.3-30.0 mm; Condylobasal skull length 37.2-49.8-58.4 mm; length of the upper row, constant indigenous 7.3-8.2-9.0 mm ; Length nizhny row constant indigenous 6.8-7.6-8.4 mm). Rostral Skull Department gradually narrows towards forward, wedge-shaped. The width of the nasal bones is behind more than each of the foremost, and the last one in turn is less than half the front joint width of Nasale or about it. In addition, the width of the nasal bones in the front is roughly doubled and more exceeds their rear width (in all cases is measured; at the level of the front-line-limit seams). Lobno-nasal and front and foremost seams are straight, often slightly plug-down due to the extension: Nasale ends back behind the front-line seams line. Cutting between the nasal bones in the frontal-nasal seam area is missing either slightly outlined, in connection with which the rear ends Nasale dulted. The length of the nasal bones exceeds the joint length of the dumplings and the frontal. The front-outer edges of the bile arcs are almost not bent down. Massener playground shortened, with a weakly developed front ridge; Its length is approximately equal to the distance between the front ridge of the last and seam of the intercelion and jaw bones. The outer wall of the under-judicial process is narrow;, the smallest width is less than the length of the front constant indigenous. Alveolar bugs in adults and old copies are barely outlined, removed from the front edge of the M1 alveoli to the distance exceeding the length of this tooth. The auditory is small; Its largest diameter in most cases less, less often approximately coincides with M1 length. The alveolar traction of the lower jaw in height is significantly superior to the articular (in adults and old instances). The grill is high. Coronary alveolar clipping slightly pingy down. The locked hole of the pelvic bone is large; Its length approximately coincides with such acetabulum.
Description.Rostral Skin Departmentnot extended, in the direction forward gradually narrows. Its width at the level of the front edges of the supporting holes always exceeds such in the middle. Joint width of nasal bones behind always more width Primary bone, and the latter in turn is inferior or is approximately equal to half of the front joint width of Nasale. In addition, the nasal bones are strongly narrowed in the rear section; The joint width of Nasale in front is twice and is greater than the width of the back. Cutting in the frontal-nasal seam area is missing either slightly outlined, in connection with which the rear ends of the nasal bones are dump and do not form a wilk split, characteristic of S. graecus. It should also be noted that the nasal bones of an ordinary chopper on average relatively longer than that of a gigantic and, apparently, in the sandy. The ratio of their lengths to such a number of permanent indigenous is 231.0-259.5-306.0 in adults and old copies and 205.0-220.0-231.0 in young and semi-sucks. In addition, the Nasale front, on average, apparently, is relatively wider than a gigantic chopper; The ratio of their collaborative width to the length M1-M3 is 84.5-96.4-121.0 in adults and old and 77.1-82.1-87.0 in young and half-eyed. The length of the nasal bones, as a rule, exceeds the joint length of the frontal and dark; The value of the corresponding ratio is 95.0-106.5-120.0 for adults and old and 94.2 - 101.9-106.7 for young and semi-impact copies. The features of the structure of the frontal-nasal and frontal-jaw seams are noted in the diagnosis. The nasal opening is relatively narrow, although on average, apparently, wider than a gigantic chopper; The ratio of its width to the length of a number of permanent indigenous 70.8-88.0-101.0 for adults and old copies, 70.8-77.2-80.7 for young and semi-unpaved. The alignmental narrowing is less pronounced than the leaps from the Giganteus group; The ratio of the title width to the length of a number of permanent indigenous 77.9-94.2-114.0 for adults and old, 166.0-176.0-195.0 for young and semi-unpaved. Lobno-dark department shortened; The ratio of the joint length of the frontal and dark bones to the length M1-M3, respectively, is 218.0-233.5-302.0 and 209.0-218.0-227.0.
Dummy bones relatively long, highly extended; The ratio of the length and width of each of them to the length of a number of constant indigenous is respectively 107.0-130.0-156.0 and 45.3-68.4-92.9 in adults and old; 116.0-128.0-134.0 and 71.9-86.2-94.2 in young and semi-impassable; The ratio of the joint width of 80.2-140.0-179.0 in adults and old, 166.0-176.0-195.0 in young and semi-unpaved. Their seams form a pentagon, in shape resembling the right five-pointed star. The triangular fossa on the frontal bones at the site of the divergence of the sagittal ridge is not expressed. Lobno-dark and frontal-temporal seams form a stupid angle. Top diasthem and solid solvent. Thus, the magnitude of the diasthemno-tootte index is 204.0-241.0-317.0 in adults and old copies and 177.0-192.0-214.0 in young and semi-unpaved, and the ratio of the length of the solid sky to the length of a number of constant indigenous, respectively, is 334.0-378.0-463.0 and 302.0-322.0 -347.0. The features of the structure of the mass major platform and the alveolar bugs are fully marked in the diagnosis. The solid sky at the level of the front constant indigenous as a whole, apparently, is wider than that of a gigantic and already than the sandy chopper. Its width in adults and old copies only slightly exceeds the length of M1. Skylight arcs are thin. Their front-outer edges are almost not rejected down. Zhilogo angle is significantly less than 45 °. The outer wall of the subordinate hole was narrowed; The smallest width of it is noticeably inferior to the length of the front constant indigenous.
Self subjective holehigh; Its height significantly exceeds the length of the top row of constant indigenous. Rearly, zoomy arcs are significantly raised in relation to Fossa Glenoidea. The seam between the zhulic processions of the jaw bones and Frontale (located at the beginning of the outer wall of the under-judicial hole) strongly beveled. The inner comb of Fossa Glenoidea is discouted sharper than gigantic and weaker than the sandy chopper. The articulated surface is extended. The base of the occipital bone is expanded, in connection with which the hearing drums are widely arranged. Thus, the greatest distance between the outer edges of the lateral sipboard tuberculos significantly exceeds the length of M1-M2. Hearing drums on average, apparently, relatively wider than the representatives of the Giganteus group. The ratio of their width to the length of a number of constant indigenous is 92.8-101.5-116.0. Features of the structure of the auditory point are noted in the diagnosis. The occipital skull department on average, apparently, is relatively higher than all of the living representatives of the kind; The ratio of the height of the occipital bone, measured from the upper edge of the occipital hole, to the greatest width of the backbone is 52.5-55.0-66.1.
Upper incisorsrelatively narrow (for representatives of the genus); The ratio of the width to the front-rear diameter; 104.4-112.0-120.8. Their front surface is flattened.
M1.(length 2.4-2.7-3.2 mm; width 2.1-2.5-3.0 mm;. The ratio of the width to length is 80.6-91.1 -107.1) only in very young copies has the type of the structure of the rubbing surface, similar to those of the gigantic and sandy blind, and from The number of representatives of the Microphthalmus group - at S. GRAECUS (Paracon do not merge with the front collar, but communicating with the neck connecting the protocon with hypocon; two incoming loops in the outer row. In the overwhelming majority of cases in the early and middle stages of the womb (in young, semi-unified stages And partly in adult copies) the average outer tubercle is drained with the front collar, but is disassembled with a neck connecting the front and rear internal tubercles, as a result of which the tooth is characterized by the presence of only one incoming loop in the outer row. With the age of anterior interior The outer incoming loop is closed into the brand. The protocon and hypocon in the overwhelming majority of cases are merged, occasionally separated. Traces of metacone occasionally persist in very early stages of the tooth womb. In adults and old driving surface as a whole, it is similar to that of the gigantic and sandy pedeshes. Incoming loops are closed in the brand as the teeth are erasing in the following sequence: the inner part of the outer, outer and, finally, is internal. The roots are two - powerful front-inner (formed by the instinction of the front outer and the only inner roots) and weaker developed, free posterior-outdoor. The front-inner root does not carry the traces of split. Apparently, the instinction of the rear outer root with the front-inner root does not occur.
M2. (Length 2.1-2.4-2.8 mm; width 2.1-2.5-2.9 mm; The ratio of the width to length 92.3-105.3-124.0) in the structure of the rubage surface is similar to the stenched choppy molars. However, he seems to be on average. It is quite clearly different from the pediffs of the Giganteus group almost constant the presence of three roots - powerful internal and weaker than developed front and rear exterior.
M3. (Length 1.6-2.1-2.4 mm; Width 1.9-2.2-2.6 mm; The ratio of the width to the length of 90.5-107.0-120.0), like the previous molar, is generally similar to that of the sandy chopper. However, an ordinary chopper seems to be more commonly disconnected front and rear internal tubercles, as well as young teeth there are a more pronounced tendency to complicate the entire driving surface due to the formation of additional tubercles and folds. In addition, for M3 S. Microphthalmus is characterized by a less pronounced degree of reduction of the front outer root. The latter almost always does not merge with the back-inner (thorough rear outdoor and unpaid inner roots) and is represented in the Alveole an independent nest.
Lower jaw with elongated diastylene; The magnitude of the diasthemno-tooth index 98.9-117.0-138.7 in adults and old copies and 92.0- 106.0-125.0 in young and semi-impassable. The horizontal branch is relatively high; The ratio of its height to the length of the lower row of constant indigenous 109.0-129.2-146.4 in adults and old copies and 92.0- 106.0-125.0 in young and semi-unpaved. Alveolar process, like the sandy chopper, high, in adults and old heights significantly exceeds the articraft. Height of the process S. inner Starting with an adult state, as a rule, significantly exceeds the length of the lower row of constant indigenous (the value of the corresponding index is at an ordinary chopper 95.0-114.4-138.6).
Nizhny cutteron average, apparently, relatively wider than all the current representatives of the kind are currently; The ratio of the width to the front-rear diameter 100.0-109.5-120.7.
M1.(Length 2.2-2.5-3.0 mm; Width 2.1-2.4-2.7 mm; The ratio of the width to length 79.3-94.5-108.3) differs from the same permanent native sandy sandy blinds by the presence of young and semi-impact copies of an additional front incoming loop in the outer row or its traces As a small front brand, as well as on average, apparently, less reduced entokonide. In addition, metaconide at the specified stages of the womb merge with the front collar, and through it and the protonade. In some cases, the neck of the front internal tubercle at the point of merging with the front collar carries distinct traces of the reasons. The protonide and hypoconids are merged at all stages of the womb. Since the tooth in young and semi-impact copies has additional outdoor (almost always) and internal (occasionally) incoming loops, the number of last in the external and internal rows on these stages of the womb can vary from one to two. In adults and old copies, the tooth always has one inner and outdoor incoming loop. The procedure for the closure of incoming loops in the brand is as follows: the front internal and outer additional in the specified sequence, the main inner and, finally, the main outdoor, the tooth has two roots; The rear is stronger than the front.
M2.(Length 1.9-2.2-2.7 mm; Width 2.1-2.5-2.9 mm; The ratio of the width to length 95.4-110.7-128.5) on average, apparently, is relatively wider than in previous species. According to the overall configuration of the leaf surface, it is mainly similar to the same permanent indental sandy and giant pediffs. The roots are two; The rear is stronger than the front. Sometimes the roots tend to merge.
M3. (length 1.9-2.2-2.5 mm; width 1.7-2.2-2.7 mm; the ratio of the width to length 81.8-101.4-121.0), like the previous molar, according to the relative width of the crown and the nature of the structure of the rubbing surface and the roots in principle, is similar to the same permanent indigenous sandy choppy.
Measurements.Condylobasal skull length 37.2-50.0-58.4 mm; The main length of the skull 34.3-46.8-54.2 mm; nasal bone length 15.8- 20.9-25.9 mm; Joint length of dark and frontal bones 15.9-19.9-24.0 mm; The length of dark bones 8.9-10.7-12.8 mm; Length of the upper diasthem 13.4-19.4-24.7 mm; Length of a solid sky 23.0-30.7-37.1 mm; length of the upper row of constant indigenous 7.0-8.2-9.0 mm; The width of the nasal opening 5.3-7.1-8.5 mm; Cutting width 7.0-8.7-10.3 mm; width of nasal bones in front of 5.4-7.8-9.6 mm; Rostral width 9.3-11.6-14.7 mm; Bedroom width 6.7-7.9-9.9 mm; The width of two Parietale 8.7-11.8-15.4 mm; The width of the dark bone along the lambudida crest 3.9-5.4-6.7mm; Skulent width 31.1-39.7-45.9 mm; The width of the back of the largest 26.3-33.9-38.8 mm; Length of hearing drums 10.7-12.7-14.5 mm; Width of hearing drums 7.4-8.2-9.1 mm; width top cutter 2.2-2.9-3.4 mm; front-rear diameter of the upper cutter 2.0-2.6-3.3 mm; nose height 2.4-3.0-4.0 mm; Condiorsal Length of the Lower Jaw 24.2-33.0-40.1 mm; Angular Length of the Lower Jaw 23.3-32.2-39.8 mm; Length of the lower diasthemium 6.7-8.8-10.4 mm; Length of the lower row of constant indigenous 7.3-7.6- 8.4 mm; The height of the horizontal branch at the level of the rear edge of the alveoli M1 outside 7.3-9.6-11.2 mm; Horizontal branch thickness at M2 3.5-4.7-6.5 mm; The height of the alveolar process is internal 3.7- 8.2-11.2 mm; The width of the lower cutter 2.1-3.1-3.8 mm; Front-rear diameter of the lower cutter 1.8-2.9-3.7 mm.
An ordinary peel largely retained the similarities of the resemblance to the fossil Pliocene Priazovsky S. MINOR. This with a sufficient share of probability allows you to consider it as direct descendant The latter. Holocene residues from the whereabouts associated with the molestore, everywhere, "are found within the range of species. Finds of close forms are also known from Pleistocene deposits (Molotnaya Less).
Literature:
1. Flusted. Topachevsky V. A. In the series: Fauna of the USSR, mammals, t. III, vol. 3. 1968. Publishing House "Science", Leningr. Dep., L. 1-248.
2. Sokolov V.E. Systematics of mammals (detachments: Town-shaped, rodents). Studies. Manual for un-tov. M., "Higher School ", 1977.
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