Atmospheric air has physical density, as a result of which it is attracted to the Earth and creates pressure. During the development of the planet, both the composition of the atmosphere and its atmospheric pressure changed. Living organisms were forced to adapt to the existing air pressure, changing their physiological characteristics. Deviations from average atmospheric pressure cause changes in a person’s well-being, and the degree of sensitivity of people to such changes varies.
Normal atmospheric pressure
The air extends from the Earth's surface to heights of the order of hundreds of kilometers, beyond which interplanetary space begins, while the closer to the Earth, the more compressed the air is under the influence of own weight, accordingly, the atmospheric pressure is highest at earth's surface, decreasing with increasing altitude.
At sea level (from which all heights are usually measured), at a temperature of +15 degrees Celsius, atmospheric pressure averages 760 millimeters mercury(mmHg.). This pressure is considered normal (from a physical point of view), which does not mean that this pressure is comfortable for a person under any conditions.
Atmosphere pressure measured by a barometer, graduated in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), or other units physical units, for example, in pascals (Pa). 760 millimeters of mercury corresponds to 101,325 pascals, but in everyday life the measurement of atmospheric pressure in pascals or derived units (hectopascals) has not taken root.
Previously, atmospheric pressure was also measured in millibars, which fell out of use and were replaced by hectopascals. Normal atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Art. corresponds to the standard atmospheric pressure of 1013 mbar.
Pressure 760 mm Hg. Art. corresponds to the action of a force of 1.033 kilograms on each square centimeter of the human body. In total, air presses on the entire surface of the human body with a force of about 15-20 tons.
But a person does not feel this pressure, since it is balanced by air gases dissolved in tissue fluids. This balance is disrupted by changes in atmospheric pressure, which a person perceives as a deterioration in well-being.
For some areas, the average atmospheric pressure differs from 760 mm. rt. Art. So, if in Moscow the average pressure is 760 mm Hg. Art., then in St. Petersburg it is only 748 mm Hg. Art.
At night, the atmospheric pressure is slightly higher than during the day, and at the Earth's poles, fluctuations in atmospheric pressure are more pronounced than at equatorial zone, which only confirms the pattern that the polar regions (Arctic and Antarctic) as habitats are hostile to humans.
In physics, the so-called barometric formula is derived, according to which, with an increase in altitude for every kilometer, atmospheric pressure drops by 13%. The actual air pressure distribution follows barometric formula not entirely accurate, since temperature, atmospheric composition, water vapor concentration and other indicators change depending on the altitude.
Atmospheric pressure also depends on the weather, when air masses move from one area to another. All living things on Earth also respond to atmospheric pressure. Thus, fishermen know that the standard atmospheric pressure for fishing is reduced, because when the pressure drops predatory fish prefers to go hunting.
Impact on human health
Weather-dependent people, and there are 4 billion of them on the planet, are sensitive to changes in atmospheric pressure, and some of them can quite accurately predict weather changes, guided by their well-being.
It is quite difficult to answer the question of what standard of atmospheric pressure is most optimal for a person’s place of stay and life, since people adapt to life in different climatic conditions. Typically the pressure is between 750 and 765 mmHg. Art. does not worsen a person’s well-being; these atmospheric pressure values can be considered within the normal range.
When atmospheric pressure changes, weather-dependent people may feel:
- headache;
- vascular spasms with circulatory disorders;
- weakness and drowsiness with increased fatigue;
- joint pain;
- dizziness;
- feeling of numbness in the limbs;
- decreased heart rate;
- nausea and intestinal disorders;
- shortness of breath;
- decreased visual acuity.
The first thing to react to changes in pressure are those located in the cavities of the body, joints and blood vessels baroreceptors.
When pressure changes, weather-sensitive people experience disturbances in the functioning of the heart, heaviness in the chest, pain in the joints, and in case of digestive problems, also flatulence and intestinal disorders. With a significant decrease in pressure, a lack of oxygen in brain cells leads to headaches.
Also, changes in pressure can lead to mental disorders - people feel anxious, irritated, sleep restlessly, or generally cannot sleep.
Statistics confirm that with sudden changes in atmospheric pressure, the number of crimes, accidents in transport and production increases. The influence of atmospheric pressure on arterial pressure is traced. In hypertensive patients, increased atmospheric pressure can cause a hypertensive crisis with headache and nausea, despite the fact that at this moment clear sunny weather sets in.
On the contrary, hypotensive patients react more sharply to a decrease in atmospheric pressure. The reduced concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere causes circulatory disorders, migraines, shortness of breath, tachycardia and weakness.
Weather sensitivity can be a consequence of an unhealthy lifestyle. The following factors can lead to weather sensitivity or aggravate its severity:
- low physical activity;
- poor nutrition with accompanying excess weight;
- stress and constant nervous tension;
- poor state of the external environment.
Elimination of these factors reduces the degree of meteosensitivity. For weather dependent people follows:
- include foods high in vitamin B6, magnesium and potassium in your diet (vegetables and fruits, honey, lactic acid products);
- limit the consumption of meat, salty and fried foods, sweets and spices;
- stop smoking and drinking alcohol;
- increase physical activity, take walks in the fresh air;
- organize your sleep, sleep at least 7-8 hours.
In cold weather we are often interested in which low temperature ever recorded by meteorologists, and in the heat, what is the highest. Here are some weather records that surprised people with the generous climate of our planet.
Highest air temperature
The maximum air temperature was recorded on September 13, 1922 in Libya, in the city of Al-Aziziya. Thermometers of the townspeople then showed 58.7 ̊ C. And the highest average annual air temperature was in 1960, in Ethiopia (the city of Dallol) and it was 34.4 ̊ C.
Lowest air temperature
Meteorologists recorded the minimum air temperature of -89.2 ̊С (!) at the Antarctic Vostok station in 1983. There, in Antarctica, at the Pole of Inaccessibility in 1958, the lowest average annual air temperature was recorded. It was -57.8 ̊С.
Maximum precipitation
The maximum amount of precipitation in a minute, 31.2 mm, fell on July 4, 1956 in the American city of Unionville.
Daily allowance maximum amount precipitation of 1870 mm was recorded from March 15 to 16, 1952 on the island Indian Ocean Reunion, in the city of Cilaos.
The maximum amount of precipitation in a month, 9299 mm, fell in July 1861 in the Indian city of Cherrapunji. There and in the same year the maximum was recorded annual quantity precipitation – 26461 mm.
Maximum and minimum atmospheric pressure
The maximum atmospheric pressure normalized to sea level was recorded on December 31, 1968, in the village of Agata Krasnoyarsk Territory and it was equal to 812 mm Hg.
The minimum atmospheric pressure was recorded on September 24, 1958 in the center of the typhoon near the Philippines. Its value was only 654.8 mmHg.
Wind speed records
The maximum wind speed (gust), 104 m/s, at a height of ten meters above the Earth's surface, was measured on April 12, 1934 in America, on Mount Washington. There and at the same time it was measured maximum speed winds for several minutes – 101 m/s.
The maximum average monthly wind speed was recorded in July 1913 at Cape Denison (Antarctica) and was 24.9 m/s.
The average annual maximum wind speed, measured there from April 1912 to February 1913, was 19.4 m/s.
Maximum height snow cover recorded in the spring, May 9 (!) 1911 in the village of Tamarack, California. The thickness of the “snow blanket” was 11.5 meters!
The most big hailstone, which fell on September 3, 1970 in the American town of Coffeyville, weighed 750 grams!
And another natural record: greatest number sundial per year recorded in the Sahara Desert. There are 4700 of them or 97% of all possible ones.
About a third of our planet's population reacts sensitively to environmental changes. The biggest influence on a person's well-being is atmospheric pressure - gravity. air masses to Earth. What atmospheric pressure is considered normal for a person depends on the area in which he spends the vast majority of the time. Everyone will find their familiar conditions comfortable.
What is atmospheric pressure
The planet is surrounded by an air mass, which, under the influence of gravity, presses on any object, including human body. The force is called atmospheric pressure. For each square meter crushes a column of air weighing approximately 100,000 kg. Atmospheric pressure is measured using a special device - a barometer. It is measured in pascals, millimeters of mercury, millibars, hectopascals, atmospheres.
The normal atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Art., or 101 325 Pa. The discovery of the phenomenon belongs to the famous physicist Blaise Pascal. The scientist formulated a law: at the same distance from the center of the earth (it doesn’t matter, in the air, at the bottom of a reservoir), the absolute pressure will be the same. He was the first to propose measuring heights using the barometric alignment method.
Atmospheric pressure standards by region
Find out what atmospheric pressure is considered normal for healthy person, impossible - there is no clear answer. By different regions globe the impact is not the same. Within a relatively small area, this value can vary noticeably. For example, in Central Asia Slightly elevated numbers are considered standard (on average 715-730 mm Hg). For middle zone In Russia, normal atmospheric pressure is 730-770 mm Hg. Art.
Indicators are related to the elevation of the surface above sea level, wind direction, humidity and ambient temperature. Warm air weighs less than cold. Above the area with elevated temperature or humidity, the compression of the atmosphere is always less. People living in high mountain areas are not sensitive to such barometer readings. Their body was formed under these conditions, and all organs underwent appropriate adaptation.
How pressure affects people
The ideal value is 760 mmHg. Art. What awaits when the mercury column fluctuates:
- A change in optimal indicators (up to 10 mm/h) already leads to a deterioration in well-being.
- With a sharp increase or decrease (on average by 1 mm/h), even healthy people experience a significant deterioration in well-being. Appears headache, nausea, loss of performance.
Meteor dependence
Human sensitivity to weather conditions - wind changes, geomagnetic storms- called weather dependence. The influence of atmospheric pressure has not yet been fully studied. It is known that when weather conditions change, internal tension is created inside the vessels and cavities of the body. Meteorological dependence can be expressed:
- irritability;
- pain of various localization;
- exacerbation of chronic diseases;
- general deterioration of health;
- problems with blood vessels.
In most cases, people with the following diseases suffer from weather dependence:
- illnesses respiratory tract;
- metabolic disorders;
- hypo- and hypertension.
Reaction to high blood pressure
A decrease in barometer readings by at least 10 units (770 mm Hg and below) has Negative influence to your health. People with long-standing cardiovascular and cardiovascular diseases are especially affected by weather changes. digestive system. Doctors on such days recommend reducing physical exercise, spend less time on the street, do not abuse heavy food and alcohol. Among the main reactions:
- feeling of congestion in the ear canals;
- decrease in the number of leukocytes in the blood;
- decreased activity of intestinal motility;
- dysfunction of the cardiovascular system;
- poor ability to concentrate.
Many people are subject to change in environment. A third of the population is affected by the attraction of air masses to the earth. Atmospheric pressure: the norm for humans, and how deviations from the indicators affect general health of people.
Changes in the weather can affect a person's condition
What atmospheric pressure is considered normal for humans?
Atmospheric pressure is the weight of air that presses on the human body. On average, this is 1.033 kg per 1 cubic cm. That is, 10-15 tons of gas control our mass every minute.
The standard atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg or 1013.25 mbar. Conditions in which the human body feels comfortable or adapted. In fact, an ideal weather indicator for any inhabitant of the Earth. In reality, everything is not like that.
Atmospheric pressure is not stable. Its changes are daily and depend on the weather, terrain, sea level, climate and even time of day. The vibrations are not noticeable to humans. For example, at night the mercury rises 1-2 notches higher. Minor changes do not affect the well-being of a healthy person. Changes of 5-10 or more units are painful, and sudden significant jumps are fatal. For comparison: loss of consciousness from altitude sickness occurs when pressure drops by 30 units. That is, at a level of 1000 m above the sea.
continent and even separate country can be divided into conditional areas with different norm medium pressure. Therefore, the optimal atmospheric pressure for each person is determined by the region of permanent residence.
An example of the distribution of atmospheric pressure over Russia in January
The flexible human body has the potential to adapt to unfamiliar natural conditions. The notorious resort acclimatization is an example of this. It happens when restructuring is impossible. This is how the mountain people suffer feeling unwell in the lowlands, no matter how long they stay there.
Doctors confirm the theory that the appropriate level of pressure is measured not by numbers, but by individual well-being. And yet the optimal value for the average person is within 750-765 mm.
Atmospheric pressure standards in different regions
Each region of Russia has developed an individual level of pressure. In Moscow, ideal 760 mm practically does not exist. The average value is 747-749 units. For Muscovites, the increase to 755 mm is not noticeable. The values above sometimes affect your well-being. Moscow is located on a hill, so pressure above average is a priori impossible. In the Moscow region, the divisions are even lower: the territory is located above the capital.
Table “Normal atmospheric pressure for Russian cities”
In Donetsk, the atmospheric pressure also differs from the region. In the city the average is 744-745 mm, and populated areas closer to sea level – 749-750.
What effect does atmospheric pressure have on humans?
Atmospheric and blood pressure interconnected. A decrease in mbar (cloudy, rainy weather) affects the body:
- lowering blood pressure;
- drowsiness and apathy;
- decreased heart rate;
- difficulty breathing;
- rapid fatigue;
- dizziness and pain;
- nausea;
- problems with the gastrointestinal tract;
- migraine.
During rainy weather feeling drowsy
People with depressed respiratory functions are also at risk for hypotension. Their health on such days is characterized by aggravated symptoms and attacks. Cases of hypotensive crisis are becoming more frequent.
Increased air pressure (clear, dry, windless and warm weather) brings a depressed state of health to hypertensive patients. The symptoms are opposite:
- increased blood pressure;
- increased heart rate;
- facial redness;
- headache;
- noise in ears;
- dizziness;
- pulsation in temples;
- before your eyes;
- nausea.
High air pressure has a negative effect on hypertensive patients
Similar weather generous to strokes and heart attacks.
For people who are vulnerable to the vagaries of nature, doctors advise on such days to stay outside the active work zone and deal with the consequences of weather dependence.
Meteor dependence - what to do?
The movement of mercury by more than one division in 3 hours is a reason for stress in the strong body of a healthy person. Each of us feels such fluctuations in the form of headaches, drowsiness, and fatigue. More than a third of people suffer from weather dependence in varying degrees gravity. In the zone of high sensitivity, populations with diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous and respiratory system, aged people. How to help yourself if a dangerous cyclone is approaching?
15 ways to survive a weather cyclone
There's not a lot of new advice here. Together they are believed to alleviate suffering and teach the right image life with weather vulnerability:
- See your doctor regularly. Consult, discuss, ask for advice in case your health worsens. Always have prescribed medications on hand.
- Buy a barometer. It is more productive to track the weather by the movement of the mercury column, rather than by knee pain. This way you will be able to anticipate the approaching cyclone.
- Keep an eye on the weather forecast. Forewarned is forearmed.
- On the eve of a weather change, get enough sleep and go to bed earlier than usual.
- Adjust your sleep schedule. Provide yourself with a full 8 hours of sleep, getting up and falling asleep at the same time. This has a powerful restorative effect.
- Meal schedule is equally important. Maintain a balanced diet. Potassium, magnesium and calcium are essential minerals. Ban on overeating.
- Take vitamins in a course in spring and autumn.
- Fresh air, walks outside - light and regular exercise strengthens the heart.
- Don't overexert yourself. Putting off household chores is not as dangerous as weakening the body before a cyclone.
- Accumulate favorable emotions. A depressed emotional background fuels the disease, so smile more often.
- Clothes made from synthetic threads and fur are harmful due to static current.
- Store traditional methods symptoms relief list in a visible place. It’s hard to remember a recipe for herbal tea or a compress when your temples are aching.
- Office workers in high-rise buildings suffer more often from weather changes. Take time off if possible, or better yet, change jobs.
- A long cyclone means discomfort for several days. Is it possible to go to a quiet region? Forward.
- Prevention at least a day before the cyclone prepares and strengthens the body. Do not give up!
Don't forget to take vitamins to improve your health
Atmosphere pressure- This is a phenomenon that is absolutely independent of man. Moreover, our body obeys it. What the optimal pressure should be for a person is determined by the region of residence. People with chronic diseases are especially susceptible to weather dependence.
The highest atmospheric pressure was recorded in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 1968, 812.8 mm Hg. The lowest was in the Philippines in 1979 – 652.5 mmHg. The lowest pressure on Earth may never be measured because it occurs at the very center of the tornado. It is hardly possible to place a barometer at the exact location where a tornado will pass. Moreover, it seems incredible that any device could withstand the tremendous force of the winds raging at the center of a tornado. Palm 100 sq.cm. A column of atmospheric air of 100 kg presses on it.
Slide 17 from the presentation "Air pressure". The size of the archive with the presentation is 481 KB.Geography 6th grade
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