This day in history:
September 16, 1955 - the first start of the ballistic rocket from the submarine. Soviet Union He became the first country with submarines with ballistic missiles. The beginning of the creation of the Soviet rocket-bearing underwater fleet and the marine strategic nuclear forces is an important part of the nuclear triad of our Motherland. This event can be considered at the beginning of the new course in the post-war development of the fleet.
It is amazing that the work of Sergey Pavlovich Queen, as the founder of the marine rocket industry, remained almost unknown, although it was essential for the navy and our country as a whole. This is explained by the fact that after all the tests of the missile complex were successfully completed, and Korolev was convinced that the new business began "on the go," he passed this topic. Makeev and never emphasized her priority.
S.P. Queen
At first there was an idea
I have not managed to end the second world WarHow the Soviet Union was imposed on the "War Cold". At that time, the ratio of forces on the sea was clearly not in our favor. Allies that have turned into probable opponentsSignificantly superior to us in the amount and quality of the main classes of ships. In addition, the United States possessed atomic weapons. The historical role of our navy was to change this strategic imbalance in the World Ocean. For a number of reasons, our country could not compete with the United States in the construction of surface ships. Therefore, not immediately, but the priority in the construction of the fleet was given to submarine.
The idea of \u200b\u200barmament by their ballistic missiles was worked out by military sailors since 1952. Making advantage of her reality, the sailors appealed to S.P. Queen with a proposal and request to agree to start working on the maritime subject. The idea was understandable to him, but also the complexity of its implementation - too. However, the upcoming difficulties were justified by the significance of new techniques in strengthening the country's defense capability. It was the birth of a new, now the maritime branch of domestic rocket lighting. Not immediately, but Korolev agreed to this work. The topic was assigned a "Wave" cipher.
So she looked in metal
It was decided that the rocket would be started from the supervision. To do this, it was necessary to raise it on the starting table to the top cutting of the mine and hold in that position on the swinging submarine until the start. At the same time, no one knew how to ensure the safety of the start, how to protect a submarine from hot gases, whether the rocket will withstand a multi-suite swing and pressure at depth.
Rocket device
The R-11FM rocket was a single-stage, with a liquid march engine. The use of light and durable materials made it possible to reduce its weight to 5.5 tons and ensure the range of flight to 150 km. The rocket was completed not separated by a monoblock head nuclear charge 10 kt capacity. When shooting at full range, the accuracy of incidence in a radius of 8 kilometers was guaranteed. Errors in targeting on the target overlapped with an area of \u200b\u200blesion from an explosion of a nuclear head. To achieve high accuracy of hitting, the boat was to lie on a combat course at least three hours without changing the speed and depth of dive.
Starting mine also developed for the first time. In the nose of the fourth compartment of the large submarine B-67 project 611, two vertical missile mines with a diameter of 2 meters and about 14 meters high were installed. Their upper parts were covered with a fence of cutting. In case of emergency, fire extinguishing systems, flooding of mines, irrigation and even emergency reset rockets in the sea were provided. Re-equipment of the boat on a new project B611 was held at the Sevmash factory under the leadership of I.S. Bakhtina. In April 1959, he was awarded the Lenin Prize for the creation of this missing submarine. The boat stood at a shallow waterfront, next to a ruling shop number 36. Here, at night, the ordinary portal crane was loaded with rockets, from here she went on shooting in the White Sea.
Placement scheme for rockets on a submarine
Test
Already by August 1955, after a year and a half after the release of the government's resolution on the topic "Wave", and the ship, and the missile complex were ready for joint tests. In Molotovsk (now Severodvinsk) arrived chief designer Rocket complex S.P. Queen. He considered his presence necessary to feel the limited space, dynamics of immersion and float, behavior on the wave and other features of scuba diving.
For a long time, it was not even allowed to mention the works on this boat. And only many years later, on November 16, 1995, a memorial plaque was opened at a solemn rally on the south side of the workshop. When I slept covers, the inscription was discovered: "In this workshop ... I worked on the creation rocket weapons For submarines of the navy, general designer rocket technology Academician Sergey Pavlovich Korolev.
During the start on board the boat there were the main constructors of the missile complex - S.P. Korolev and submarine - N.N. Isanan, as well as Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Navy Admiral L.A. Vladimirsky. Member of the events of A.A. Zapolsky recalls: "The submarine is suitable for the start point. S.P. Korolev who was at the commander periscope commands: "Five-minute readiness!" The mine cover opens. A starting table with a rocket rises to the upper position. Rocket over the boat. Attention! Start! .. The rocket broke away from the starting table. It happened at 17 hours 32 minutes September 16, 1955. " As subsequently, the commander of the boat F.I. Kozlov, all worriedly worried. Sergey Pavlovich Queen Pot Grad rolled from his forehead.
Start of the ballistic rocket with a submarine
The rocket landed "with accuracy within the tactical and technical task" on a combat field in the tundra of the Kola Peninsula, forming a funnel with a depth of 6 and a diameter of 14 meters. According to the test program, eight launches were held, of which are seven successful (one rocket fell next to the submarine, it's good that the commander managed to turn to the side in time). The serial rockets of the P-11FM were then shot from the rocking stand at the Kapustin Kapustin polygon and from the submarine B-73 of the Northern Fleet.
The final stage in the development and development of the R-11FM missile was its first underwater launches in August-September 1959. In the same year, D-1 rocket complex with a ballistic missile R-11FM was adopted. On September 16, 1955, he entered the story as the date of the origin of our marine strategic forces.
Combat service
This complex was equipped with five diesel submarines of the project 611. Four of them, located on the Northern Fleet, were summarized in the brigade. Commanded Brigade Captain 1 rank Sergey Stepanovich Khomchik. The touch then there was no forty. Combat activity This brigade confirmed the promise of a new direction in rocket-building and underwater shipbuilding, as well as the possibility of using submarines to solve the most important strategic tasks.
By the end of the 1970s, intercontinental marine ballistic missiles were created. Atomic submarines armed with them, got the opportunity to apply a retaliatory nuclear blow from anywhere in the world's ocean. This ensured the invulnerability of the marine component of the strategic triad. Moreover, as nuclear weapons reduce and increase its combat qualities, this invulnerability is becoming increasingly fundamental importance. In addition, submarines allow you to deploy nuclear weapons outside national territorythat reduces risks for their population.
Since then, new samples of missiles were constantly developed, new boats were built under them, and each new complex Tired in itself a lot of unknown and unpredictable. When mastering this weapon, Soviet submariners showed great courage. With this weapon, they went to the ocean positions of the "Cold War", mastered the Arctic and equatorial zones, penetrated the unexpected depths of the oceans and defended the interests of the Soviet state at the expanses of the World Ocean.
When writing the article, the following materials were used:
Electronic reference "Rocket and space weapons" MEDIAUZ LLC. 2006
Zuev V. Rocket starts from the sea. Article from submarine.id.ru
Zapolsky A.A. "Rockets start from the sea." Spb. 1994
IN lately We only read about accidents and catastrophes accompanying the development of the Soviet military equipment. Achievements that have become the result of this development, we are stubbornly silent. Meanwhile, these achievements were truly great, and many of them could not exceed many of them.
One of these achievements was the launch of a complete ammunition, consisting of 16 intercontinental ballistic missiles from the onboard nuclear submarine K-407 "Novomoskovsk" in the framework of the "Hippopot-2" exercises.
All scenarios of the Global Thermonuclear Conflict, born during the Cold War, provided for the massive use of ballistic missiles of marine base. In this matter, the US and Soviet military strategists thought the same. It was assumed that nuclear submarines, until time, hiding in the depths of the World Ocean, would produce a volley launch of all their ammunition. But one thing is planning such actions and completely different implement them in practice. Since the appearance of the first submarine rocket mines in the late 1950s and before the early 1990s, none of the superpower checked the opportunity rocket volley From their sides. Before the moment we are described maximum amount The rockets released from the boat was eight pieces: December 20, 1969, from the board of the Soviet nuclear submarine K-140 of the project 667A "Navag", under the command of the captain of the 2nd rank of Yuri Beketov, launch of missiles with two series of four rockets with a small interval.
However, with Gorbachev, the opinion was prevailed that the octa-school start was an accident, and in fact the boat can shoot two, well, in best case, Three rockets. And if so, it is necessary, first of all, it is necessary to reduce the underwater fleet, especially since he demanded the most money for its content. To refute this opinion, submariners and decided to carry out the operation "Hippopot". The operation was carried out in 1989 by the K-84 boat "Yekaterinburg", but ended in failure: a few minutes before the start, even with the covered covers of the mines, due to the failure of the pressure sensors did not turn off the "Subsidious rockets", which led to a violation of the integrity of fuel tanks and oxidant. As a result, there was a quick-aesthefore fire. From a sharp increase in pressure in the mine, the mine cover was pulled out and a partial release of the rocket occurred. One of the reasons for an abnormal situation was the common nervousness of the crew on submarine due to availability huge number Fleet authorities.
Two years have been prepared for the operation of the "Hippo-2" operation two years. As a "starting" site, a new to-407 Rocket cruiser was chosen to 667BDM (Dolphin cipher, according to NATO classification - Delta IV). He was launched on the water on February 28, 1990, and on December 29 of the same year he became part of the Northern Fleet. Later, on July 19, 1997, the ship received his own name "Novomoskovsk".
And finally, the moment was coming with eagerly: on August 6, 1991 at 21 o'clock 9 minutes Moscow time from a depth of 50 meters was launched the first Sorokaton Fifteen-meter Rocket R-29rm. Ten seconds followed the second, then the third. And so all sixteen rockets were released in just two with a little minute.
Even if the crew was able to put 11, 12 or 13 missiles, and that would be a success. But they did more. Made everything that had to do.
Witnesses of this historical event were a bit. The volley starts could only see the crew of the watchman drifting nearby, and operators of control services for the launch of ballistic missiles, preserved for a unique spectacle on the locator screens.
Fortunately, a filming of the outlet of rockets from under the waters was carried out and now anyone who will succeed in visiting the Rubin Design Bureau in St. Petersburg, can see how it all happened.
It is impossible to say that the operation has passed without a bitch and zadorinka. Half an hour before it began unexpectedly disappeared sound superwater shipwho watched shooting. At the submarine, Storozhevik heard, and on the surface of the water were in complete ignorance of what was happening at the depth. According to the instructions in this situation, it is impossible to shoot a shooting, after all peaceful timeWhen any careless silence can lead to unpredictable consequences. Nevertheless, Council Admiral Leonid Salnikov took responsibility for himself and allowed shooting.
Usually, carrying out such experiments was accompanied, and even now accompanied by hail state awards. Documents went and that time. But soon the Soviet awards went down in history and, as a result, the sailors were content with only regular asterisks on the shoulder. And although the submariners deserved more than they received, in the end, the main thing is a trace in history, not the order and medals.
The achievement that could be installed in August 1991 by the world's securities is the world record. None of them, nor after, no one could do this. And now in the foreseeable future will not do.
The very idea to arm submarines, or, as they used to be called, "hidden courts", the missiles arose in the XIX century. She belongs to Karl Andreevich Schilder. It was according to his project in March 1834, a "rocket" submarine was completed in May of the same year. The corps manufactured on the Alexander Foundry Plant (today it is a "proletarian plant"), weapons and equipment objects - in the workshops of the Life Guard of the Sapper Battalion, and rockets in the St. Petersburg missile institution.
The submarine became the first vessel in Russia with a all-metal case. Its weapons made up an underwater mines of a special design and several powder missiles placed in six horizontal iron pipes (a package of three pipes from each side). The package could be reduced to the inclined position to create the elevation of 10-12 ° necessary when shooting angle shooting. Electricity rockets were made from the inside of the boat, and when the plugs that closed the ends of the pipes were embroidered, knocked out the rockets themselves and their exhaust gases.
However, the Russian Imperial Fleet. I did not take this submarine, and later the inventor himself disassembled it on scrap metal. The idea of \u200b\u200bsecuringly delivery rockets has found its continuation in the works of other engineers and military.
Underwater weapon of retaliation
IN again The idea of \u200b\u200ba rocket submarine in practice tried to implement in III Reikhe. At the initiative of Captain Luftwaffe Ernst Steinhof, from the Office of the famous Center in Penelund in the summer of 1942, one of the boats of Crymsmarine, U-511 was converted to special purposes.
To determine the possibility and effectiveness of rocket shooting from the PL in the underwater position, two types of missiles created in the interests of the Wehrmacht were finalized: Fugas Mines of Calibers 280 millimeters of the 1940 sample and 210 millimeters of the 1942 sample. For startup, the installation of a truss type was used, recharge - only in an overnight position.
On tests, rocket firing were performed from a depth of 9 to 15 meters on maximum range About 4 kilometers. A total of 24 missiles of both calibers spent 24 rockets. The results were higher than expected, therefore, in the report signed by the head of the Major Major Rocket Polygon, Valter Dornberger and Verner von Brown, it was indicated that German pls equipped with such systems would be able to hidely reach the American coast and unhindered to strike the objects located on the shores. But the command of Crigsmarine reacted to the "uniqueness" of the project skeptically and refused him.
The idea of \u200b\u200bthe armament of the "Steel Shark Denitz" rocket weapons returned after the development of Fau-2. For her, in the second half of 1943, the so-called "Test Stand XII" was created. Huge sizes "Weapons of Retribution" did not allow to put the rocket inside the submarine hull, so I had to create a floating starting platform in the form of a transport and starting container (TPK) managed by the wires, which should be towed this "conditionally rocket" pl.
Work on the project (called in honor of the sponsor - the head of the Volkswagen automotive concern Bodo Lafferenz) went quickly, and by the mid-1944 all the necessary technical documentation was prepared for the manufacture of the container itself and conducting its tests. In December 1944, on the shipyard in Shttttin and in January 1945, orders were placed on three containers in Elbing, and on the submarines U-518, U-546, U-805, U-880 and U-1235 started work on their Re-equipment for new tasks.
Different technical disadvantages of the complex appeared at the design stage, and in general, his vitality turned out to be very low: a submarine with one or more containers (it was planned that the submarine of the XXI series would be towed to three TPK) "on the tail" was just an ideal target for enemy aviation and anti-submarine ships. And the cost of the project blocked all imaginable limits and laid an exorbitant burden on the worried no best times III Reich. Ultimately, the practical implementation of the Dickman engineer project, as well as his other "brainchild", a rocket submarine with a container on board (before the start of the submarine popped up to an overworld position, made a launch of a rocket, discharged TPK and again went under water), Fiasko suffered. And the first launch of a ballistic missile with a submarine produced in our Soviet Union.
A - BRPL P-11FM complex D-1. THE USSR. Single-stage. Consisted of in service from 1959 to 1967
B - BRPL P-21 complex D-4. THE USSR. Single-stage. Was in service from 1963 to the end of the 1980s
B - BRPL P-29 complex D-9. THE USSR. Two-stage, liquid. Removed with weapons. Carrier - project atoms 667b / database
G - BRPL R-29RM complex D-9RM. THE USSR. Three-speed, liquid. Is in service. Media - RPLSN project 667BDM
Project "Wave"
The process of creating a ballistic missile for basing on a submarine (BRPL) multifaceted and is much more complicated than creating a "land" br. Here it is necessary to simultaneously solve problems related to both rocket technology, and with underwater shipbuilding, and with a submarine rocket start, and with the leading of the latter in flight.
Americans who brought out the tons of technical documentation from defeated Germany, the Fau-2 missiles and their designer, tried to immediately create a rocket submarine. In February 1947, the US Navy was tested with the US Navy, and after six months, the Midway's aircraft carrier deck was launched by the FAu-2 missile. Then the Americans tried to create a sea missile complex with BR "Jupiter" and arm their submarines. Not there was something - the first pancake came out with a com.
The Soviet Union was incomparably less than German scientific trophies, although among them were three TPK for the boat "FAu-2". There was a completely natural desire to transfer the ideas of Dickman on our soil. An ambitious program, or, as we have been taken to say, "Theme", received an inconspicuous "wave" cipher.
And in October 1947, an employee of the NII-88 engineer V.A. Ganin receives a copyright certificate of No. 7797 for the invention "The method of launching controlled reactive shells from water and from under the water." According to the author, the launches could be produced from a submarine from any position "rocket apparatus" (starting container): horizontal, vertical or inclined.
The basis for the first in the world of BRPL became the "royal" operational-tactical R-11, the leading designer of which was V.P. Makeev is the future head of the Mias KB, who gave the Soviet fleet almost all types of BRPL. The creation of a "boat" rocket was made possible due to the features of the P-11: the ability to be a long time in the filled state, small dimensions and use as an oxidizing agent of a high-boiling component based on nitric acid, which significantly simplified the operation of the rocket on the submarine.
The new rocket complex was assigned the cipher D-1 (Rocket R-11FM, "Fleet Model"). Start was made from the surface position. To do this, the fully refueling rocket should be raised to the top cut of the mine and hold there before the start. Test starts new rocket Sergei Korolev conducted at the beginning of a stationary stand (imitated the external submarines of submarines), then from a swinging stand (imitation of pitching and lying in the PL carrier at the rate) and, finally, from the square.
On September 16, 1955, for the first time in the world, from the side of the Diesel Electric Submarine, the B-611 project was a successful launch of the P-11FM ballistic missile (for a range of 250 kilometers). Now it was possible to firmly talk about birth in the USSR of marine strategic nuclear forces. Further work The rocket was transferred from OKB-1 to a special KB No. 385 in the Ural Miass, the head of which from March 11, 1955 was V.P. Makeev. D-1 complex was adopted by the Navy of the USSR in 1959, after which the first stage of the topic "Wave" was completed.
P-11FM was a sea single-stage ballistic missile with an intenseed head and with a long-term engine liquid fuel (Components - kerosene T-1 and AK-20 nitric acid flammable with special starting flammable). The most important part of The R-1 complex was the starting table located in a rocket mine and with the help of a special lift rising to its upper cut for Loading BR to the submarine and performing rocket firing. If necessary, he could turn around the azimuth around the longitudinal axis of the mine. Starting the first rocket could be made after 5 minutes after the PL.
The second stage of the "Wave" program was the creation of a more advanced maritime strategic missile weapon - the D-2 complex with the R-13 rocket and the DEPL of the project 629 (Malachite CB). The shooting range was supposed to be 400-600 kilometers. Tactical and technical assignments on the Republic of Kazakhstan and the carrier were issued in January 1956.
The first developer of the launcher did not cope with the task - it turned out to be huge and did not satisfy the requirements of S.P. Queen. As a result, the design of the Miask KB specialists who created the rocket were engaged in the design: the weight of the installation decreased ten times and almost the entire volume of RS began to be used to increase the range of the rocket and the magnitude of the thrown mass. CB specialists once and forever abandoned the use of a special starting container used in "land" complexes, believing that the missile mine of the PL and there is a better container.
In the R-13 rocket, the combat part was already separated and to ensure stabilization in flight had a plate "feathers" on the rear conical "skirt. In October 1961, during the teachings with the sonorous name "Raduga" RAKETONOUS project 629 sent to New earth Rocket with real nuclear BC. Such a radioactive "rainbow" turned out.
However, the superval method of start significantly reduced the efficiency of the order to make a rocket attack and lowered the security of actions. In fact, during pre-training, underwater rocket mines - the thunderstorm of the depths - turned into a defenseless target. Sailors as the air needed a complex with an underwater start.
And this appeared at the USSR in the early 1960s. They became D-9 with a single-stage liquid rocket P-21. The start of the rocket, the so-called "wet" start, was carried out from the flooded mine. Once as a result of a phenomena of the rocket tanks, the pressure was reached in them, the team was automatically supplied to filling the mine with water, the water pressure in the mine was aligned with pressure over the board, the crevofers were distinguished and the RS cover was discovered. Immediately before the start, there was a transition to the onboard nutrition of the rocket, and after a short period of time it was started. The use of such equipment was possible with depths of 40-50 meters. R-21 became the last BRPL first generation.
BRPL R-27U complex D-5U. THE USSR. Single-stage, liquid. Starting mass - 14.2 tons of head part - 650 kg. Type of GC - monoblock or cassette. The maximum range is 3,000 km. Rocket length - 8.9 m. Diameter - 1.5 m. Removed with weapons. Carrier - Non-Outputs of Project 667AU
"Killers of cities"
At the time when in the USSR, work was in full swing on the development of the second missile complex with the BRPL, and the ocean could not even warm over the ocean. Only in 1955, on the instructions of President Eisenhower, a relevant committee was formed to develop a strategic program rocket system Sea basing. But, unlike the USSR, the Americans initially set the task to wash off the planet not military facilities, but major cities, administrative and economic centers of the country of the Soviets. So Western seal quickly painted them with "killers of cities."
The first answer to the Soviet missiles were the Palaris system as part of a solid fuel BR, a nuclear submarine (PlaRB), starting systems for launching a BR with PL in the underwater position, a rocket firing control system, a navigation system, a long-distance system for maintaining a connection with immersed submarines as well as with relevant coastal infrastructure and even with rocket transport transport.
As important features The rockets of this complex should be noted that it has already been originally created with the underwater type of start. It gave the PL-carrier to a large secretive and raised combat stability The entire system as a whole.
Americans have chosen on a rocket engine on solid fuel. RDTT is structurally easier than liquid engines, have a smaller mass and less roads in production. In addition, such BRPL is ready for almost immediate combat use, less complex in service and differ more high degree Security compared to liquid rockets.
Several modifications were created strategic system Polaris with a range of 2,200 to 4,920 kilometers. Start "Polaris" was made from an underwater position, from a depth of 25-35 meters. Compressed air high pressure The rocket is simply "threw out" from the mine, and the first could start after 15 minutes after receiving the order for the attack. The flight to the maximum range occupied 15 minutes 12 seconds.
In the rocket of the Polaris A-2 complex, the means of overcoming the missile defense, which created by the USSR was applied. They were primitive and hardly saved the rocket, but still it was done for the first time in the world (we have a little later). In the head part of the BRPL, there were traps and active means of overcoming the pro, about which Americans did not particularly applied, then this information was not necessary for anyone. By the way, the recent Pentagon and the US Department of Energy (responsible for strategic rockets) decided to re-template all the information concerning the history of the creation of BR Marine and ground basingTo avoid their ingress of designers from the so-called "Rogue Countries".
Unlike the American first-generation plague (type "George Washington") carriers of the Polaris A-2 complex, ethen allen type platform were originally designed under the strategic missile set of maritime basing. Although their architecture by and large did not differ much from predecessors. The main changes were mainly related to the improvement of the Rocket Shipping System. Conditions have drastically improved: the complexes have a library, a photo laboratory, a laundry with washing and drying machines, a living room with ironing and sewing machines, as well as the bathroom - luxury, inconceivable on ships of a similar class of Soviet Navy. What can we say about the presence on board the American atoms of gymnastic halls with exercise bikes, exercise equipment for rowing and exercise electrical trading different groups muscles. The cost of one Pla rubbed was $ 80 million, and the cost of one BRPL is about $ 1 million. At the same time, it is not necessary to forget that the "those" dollars were much more significant than dollars of the "current".
For the first time in the market of marine missile weapons strategic appointment The Americans have included special supply vessels. The first of the "Rocket carriers", "Hanli", descended into the water in 1961. It provides for the storage premises of BRPL, torpedo, spare parts - about 8,000 items, and 52 repair shops were placed. The equipment that had been on the vessel made it possible to replace and repair various mechanical, electrical, electronic and optical systems of underwater rocket trainers and their BRPL.
From the underwater rocket gauges like "ethen allen" the most interesting way "Missed" "Patrick Henry", which in April 1961 fell before it was his own ballistic missile.
With the development of BRPL changed and their purpose. They have already stopped being simple "killers of cities." For example, with the adoption of the Poseidon missile complex, the tasks of the defeat of the enemy ICBR and single military facilities that have no high degree of protection began to be imposed on underwater rocket mines. But the appearance of High-precision BRPL complex "Trident I" gave the Pentagon the ability to plan strikes on most of the objects of Soviet RVSN. The rockets of the Trading II complex have even higher accuracy and could successfully affect high-strength targets: mine PU MBR, command items and underground storage facilities.
A - Ohio-type plague. USA. Non-water displacement / underwater - 16764/18750 t, the length is the highest - 170.7 m, the depth of immersion working / limit - 305/550 m, 1 nuclear reactor, the speed is underwater - 25 tons, autonomy - 70 days, crew - 163 people . Main Armament - 24 Rockets of the Complex "Trident II" D5
B - BRPL "Triandent-II". USA. Three-speed, solid fuel. Starting mass - 57.0 tons. Raised mass - 2,700 kg. It is in service with 1990 carrier - Ohio-type plass
1. Spherical antenna of the hydroacoustic station AN / BQS-13
2. Nasal (Wring) Horizontal Handles
3. Central ship management post
4. torpedo compartment; MK68 torpedo devices
5. Rocket compartment
6. Reactor compartment (S8G type reactor)
7. Turbine compartment
8. Elements of feed plumage
Jump between continents
Mass yielding to the world ocean of Soviet missile mines were not ignored by the leadership of the United States and NATO - they began to rapidly increments the forces and means of anti-submarine defense, began to create in North Atlantic Powerful races are strongly saturated large number Stationary, ship and aviation means of detection and destruction. Penetrate this "fence" unnoticed soviet submariners It became increasingly harder. There was one way out - to create a boat missile for an intercontinental range.
The decision to develop such a complex that received the cipher D-9 (with BRPL P-29) was made in September 1964. In the Leningrad TsKB Ruby, they started designing a fundamentally new "strategist" - project 667b.
P-29 became the first in the world of "marine" intercontinental BR. Motors of the first and second steps were placed directly in the fuel tanks of the rocket. This so-called "recessed" scheme of the EDD was implemented on previous missiles of the R-27 family. Soping raques have become called Liquid engines new scheme "Drill".
The rocket was generally distinguished by a high degree of design novelty and "filling". For example, for the first time in the world, a system of azimuthal flight astrocorrection was applied, which even with significant errors of the navigation complex all the same high accuracy Shooting for large ranges. The novelty was the system for documenting rocket firing processes, thanks to which it was then possible to "lose" the situation again and to find out the cause of failure. The newest system of control system of the complex allowed for 8 minutes to carry out a missile volley with complete ammunition (12 missiles), with a pace of 10 seconds. Unlike the American plars, our missile mines with new complexes could produce rocket shooting both from the underwater and surface position. Now it was possible to "get" America directly from the pier, without leaving the distant student sea.
For P-29, the R-29R rocket came. To the new "Defense" of Soviet rackets, the word "for the first time" could be applied infinitely. For the first time, the dividing GC with the initial guidance warheads (RGCH IN) was delivered to the BRPL (RGCH IN), which were also a completely new type - high-speed and small-sized, with a small amount of dispersion on the atmospheric area. For the first time, it was possible to equip rockets with various grades of head units - one, three or seven warheads. For the first time, the principle of complete astrocorrection was implemented, significantly improving shooting accuracy.
"Tsar-Rocket" and fatal "blue"
Usually the "tsar-rocket" is numbered by the N-1 carrier rocket created under the Soviet Lunar Program. However, there is its own "tsar-rocket" and at the submariners. And how otherwise to name a solid fuel giant with a starting weight of 90 tons and a length of 16 meters, which is capable of throwing two and a half tons of nuclear warhead to another continent?
For a new rocket, which received the cipher R-39 (complex D-19), developed a fundamentally new starting system with the placement of the elements of the launcher on the rocket itself. ARSS, or a depreciation rocket starting system, ensures the sealing of the mine cavity, the amortization of the rocket, its safe storage on the carrier and allows for a dive of rocket mines with an open lid of the missile mine at the maximum starting depth!
In fact, all the power elements of the rocket needed during its operation on land facilities and on the ship were placed directly on the ARSS and the casing of the tail compartment discharged at the initial portion of the flight after the yield out of the water from the water. According to the appearance of ARSS, reminds "Mushroom", based on its "hat" on a rubberome dollar ring laid on a rocket miner missile mine. At the bottom of the BRPL does not have any supports - this is the so-called "hanging" scheme.
The R-39 rocket was so unique that it had to create again a unique underwater rocket minister - a project 941 "shark", or, as he was often called, Typhoon. The peculiarity of the "strategist" is that it is not alone in a single outer lightweight building, but five durable buildings. In addition, missile mines are located here before chipping, and even outside the durable case of the submarines - between the two main durable buildings. In fact, each rocket mine is a miniature durable building that has no operational and technological hatches and a completely autonomy. In the event of an accident, only one mine is out of order, and not the entire rocket compartment.
But the most unique was the R-29RM rocket, latest version Which wears the beautiful name "blue". It was already a miracle rocket: use of correction on signals of navigation satellites, the ability to fly through "flexible" and different trajectories (for minimal, intermediate and maximum range), the ability to raise warheads, as well as extended combat use conditions due to the possibility Use of high latitudes of the Arctic. That is, you can even shoot with the "top of the world" - the North Pole, which was done by Rocket Ekaterinburg in September 2006.
By the way, for the first time in the world, a rocket firing from the Pole region was performed by the crew atoms of the K-92 project 667 kd under the command of the captain of the 2nd rank V.V. Patrushev. This grand event occurred in the summer of 1982. And in order to emerge in the Polar district, to do wormwood in pack arctic ice We used combat torpedoes.
The Arctic trips are the topic of a separate conversation, it is also worth mentioning the unique "Bephemot-2"'s unique operation: on August 6, 1991, the strategic missile minister "Novomoskovsk" type "Delphin" for the first time in the world performed shooting from the underwater position with full ammunition from sixteen rockets. What is called, know ours! And our submariners became famous for the fact that - also for the first time in the world - began to perform a group missile shooting of the BRPL. From such a "machine-gun" nuclear strike Already definitely not saved.
Rocket "icebreaker"
Few people remember that at one time actively studied the possibility of placing the BR and on the re-equipped transport ships. Moreover, such "rocket carriers" externally should not have different from their civilian "counterparts". Try then find among thousands of dry cargo carrier of deadly rockets.
The Americans offered NATO countries to create a whole flotilla of such "ships with a surprise" on the basis of marifer vehicles. In the USSR, the program was launched in August 1964 - rocket shipDesigned on the basis of the ship ice floating ship 550 Aguema, received the working name "Scorpio" (Project 909). On its board, eight PU rockets were supposed to be located, and appearance Alone differed only by the presence of additional antennas. According to the calculations, patrolling the Arctic waters of the Soviet Union, such a vessel could hit the objects with its missiles almost throughout the United States. In addition, the CKB-17, already in the initiative order, also designed rocket carriage, disguised as a hydrographic vessel (project 1111, "Four Cola"). The first in a series of courts of these projects in the prices of 1964 would cost the state budget, respectively, in 18.9 and 15.5 million rubles.
Work on this topic was discontinued in the second half of 1965 - first in the United States, and then in the USSR. Although the idea was subsequently transformed into projects involving the use of conversion BRPs as part of the sea space starting complexes "surf" and "Selena".
From under the water - into space
The word "conversion" firmly entered our lexicon. Did not stay away from her and boat br. On their basis, rocket carriers "Zybye", "Wave", "Chang", "Sweena", "Ricksha", "Selena" and "Urengoy" were designed.
Losing the "Union" and "Proton", maritime rockets were very beneficial for the withdrawal of spacecraft to low orbits. The greatest fame was obtained by the R29RM and R-29R missiles and R-29 missiles, and the first "took place" BRPL P-27, on the basis of which the pH of Zybye was created: in 1991-1993, submariner sailors were performed three Starting such rockets on subborobital trajectories.
Two years later, the turn of "waves": On June 7, 1995, within the framework of the TCM program, the conversion R-29P with a complex of scientific equipment of the Center for Applied Space Technologies and the study of the micrographs of the University of Bremen was launched from the winding position in the Barents Sea crew of the Russian atogen "Ryazan". Overcoming in 20 minutes about 9,000 kilometers, the rescue capsule launched safely on Kamchatka. Interesting, by the way, in addition to scientific equipment, there were also postal correspondence on board, thanks to which this launch was in the Guinness Book of Records as "the most fast Mail in history".
On July 7, 1998, another atomic approach was already another atom - "Novomoskovsk" - performed the first commercial underwater launch of the BR in our history: German artificial satellite went to space.
The Russian submariner heroes accepted the active participation in the well-known program "Sunny Sail". Underwater missile mines "Borisoglebsk" and "Ryazan" (both projects 667 KDR, PH "Wave") three times performed within its framework rocket starts. Unfortunately, the "Sunny Sail" never managed to go into orbit: then the rocket was leaving, then the device itself was malfunction. But the developers are not despair and have already begun to work on its new modification.
Illustrations of Mikhail Dmitriev
The world's first start of a battle ballistic rocket with the Soviet submarine took place.
Work on the creation of a missile was launched by the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 26, 1954 "On the conduct of design and experimental work on submarines by ballistic missiles of long-range and development on the basis of these works of the technical project of a large submarine with reactive weapons." Sergey Queen, the main designer in OKB -1 (now RKK "Energia" is appointed responsible for the development of the rocket. S.P. Queen).
To meet on the specified deadlines, in OKB-1, they decided to go along the way of adaptation of already created and tested missiles to new conditions.
The designers upgraded the R-11M operational-tactful rocket, which had suitable dimensions to be placed on the submarines selected as possible carriers.
As the main one, the option of starting missiles from the surface position of the submarine (PL) was taken, for which it was necessary to raise a special launcher with a fully refilled rocket from the PL to the level of the combat cutting and hold it there in a vertical position until the start. The adopted option made it possible to do without the root alteration of the constructions of the submarine and restrict ourselves to refinement on the shipyard of places associated with the specifics of the placement of the rocket on the pl. Serious changes were also required in the on-board rocket management system (receiving baseline data on a start from the PLC navigation system).
When developing a ballistic missile (BR) of marine modification, which received the designation of the R-11FM on the Navy, was resolved whole complex complex problemsassociated with a liquid rocket engine (EDD) installed on it, which possessed higher energy characteristics compared with the engine on solid fuel.
In particular, the storage of reflares in the submarine mine was stored (the R-11 rocket was refueling before shooting). It was achieved by a substitute for alcohol and liquid oxygen, which required after refueling constant drainage and, accordingly, feeding, on kerosene and nitric acid, which could be stored in sealed rocket tanks for a long time.
In the fall of 1954, at the same time, the first three starts of the rocket with a stationary stand were held in the country, the first three starts of the rocket were held in the country, which allowed us to make sure that the adopted technical solutions were made on the launching device and its installation on a submarine. In May-July 1955, the launches were carried out from the stand, on which the conditions of the storm up to four points were simulated. The results of the tests carried out at the test site made it possible to conclude the possibility of marine testing of the product together with the PL.
To place the rocket complex systems, working out the start of rockets from the submarine and conduct different species The tests were converted a large torpedo submarine project 611. On it, two vertical mines were installed in the diametral plane in the diametral plane, which stored rockets. The start of the rocket was made from special launchers extended along with a rocket before the shooting on the top cut of the mine.
The launching of the rocket had a horizontal depreciation of a mechanical type, a rotary launcher for guidance in azimuth and a corset device for holding a rocket on the top cut of the mine.
Sea tests Rocket R-11FM were performed on the Northern Fleet, in the water area White Sea. In the midst of deep secrecy, at night from 14 to September 15, 1955, the rocket was taken aboard the submarine. To provide accurate shooting, near settlement Nenox ( Arkhangelsk region) Changed signs were installed, ensuring the performance of the aiming problem. On the water, at the point of the start, installed buoy. An hour before the scheduled start time began preparing the rocket for the launch.
September 16, 1955 at 17 o'clock 32 minutes from the Water area of \u200b\u200bthe White Sea, for the first time in the world, from the side of the submarine, which was in an overnight position, a ballistic missile was successfully launched. Practically confirmed the possibility of starting ballistic missiles from a submarine. On board, Sergey Korolev, as well as representatives of industry and maritime polygon, was located on board.
The R-11FM rocket was a single-stage, with carrier fuel tanks made of steel alloy. When it is design and construction used newest achievements in the field of rocket education and metallurgy. The use of lungs and durable materials made it possible to reduce the weight of the rocket to 5.44 tons.
On the P-11fM, one march liquid rocket engine was established, the components of the fuel in the combustion chamber of which were not fed by a turbochargeable unit, but by the displacement system. Tanks rocket refuel in the database before entering combat patrol. For these purposes, a special complex of terrestrial facilities was created.
The rocket control system solved the range management tasks and ensured the resistance of the movement of the rocket in flight. It included a stabilization machine, a range of range management, switching equipment and power supplies. Gas routes were used as flight control bodies. The flight range was 150 kilometers.
The rocket was equipped with a monoblock head side in flight with a 10 kiloton nuclear charge. When meeting, the rocket was held with the aim of the explosive device and ensure the undermining of the special charge of the head.
Shooting rockets could only be carried out when the boat is in an overnight position, with the sea amissing up to 4-5 points and speed of 8-12 nodes. Preparing for the start of rockets was carried out in the underwater position, which went to two hours. Starting the first rocket could be produced five minutes after the flooding of the submarine. During this time, the launching table with a rocket rose to the level of the top cutting of the mine.
In order to work out all the missile systems, which included rockets, starting installations, shipping complex of fire management devices, special systems Rocket service, in 1955-1958 intensive comprehensive terrestrial and flight tests were carried out. Only in 1955 eight launches were held. The test program of the R-11FM and the missile complex, which received the designation D-1, lasted until the end of 1958, and on February 20, 1959, D-1 complexes equipped with R-11FM rocket were adopted by the Navy. The Soviet Union became the first country, as part of the underwater forces of which were rocket submarines with ballistic missiles. Rocket complex D-1 was removed from weapons in 1967.
The work of the OKB-1 team on the creation of a ballistic missile for sea basing R-11FM was noted by the Lenin Prize.
Material prepared on the basis of open sources information
Recently, we read only about accidents and catastrophes accompanying the development of Soviet military equipment. Achievements that have become the result of this development, we are stubbornly silent. Meanwhile, these achievements were truly great, and many of them could not exceed many of them.
One of these achievements was the launch of a complete ammunition, consisting of 16 intercontinental ballistic missiles from the onboard nuclear submarine K-407 "Novomoskovsk" in the framework of the "Hippopot-2" exercises.
All scenarios of the Global Thermonuclear Conflict, born during the Cold War, provided for the massive use of ballistic missiles of marine base. In this matter, the US and Soviet military strategists thought the same. It was assumed that nuclear submarines, until time, hiding in the depths of the World Ocean, would produce a volley launch of all their ammunition. But one thing is planning such actions and completely different implement them in practice. From the moment of the appearance of the first submarine rocket mines in the late 1950s and before the early 1990s, none of the superpowers check the possibility of a missile volley from their sides. Before the moment described by us, the maximum number of missiles issued from the boat was eight pieces: December 20, 1969, from the board of the Soviet nuclear submarine, the K-140 of the project 667A "Navaga" under the command of the captain of the 2nd rank of Yuri Bettov was the launch of missiles in two series Four rockets with a small interval.
However, at Gorbachev, the opinion prevailed that the octa-plating start was an accident, and in fact the boat could shoot two, well, at best, three rockets. And if so, it is necessary, first of all, it is necessary to reduce the underwater fleet, especially since he demanded the most money for its content. To refute this opinion, submariners and decided to carry out the operation "Hippopot". The operation was carried out in 1989 by the K-84 boat "Yekaterinburg", but ended in failure: a few minutes before the start, even with the covered covers of the mines, due to the failure of the pressure sensors did not turn off the "Subsidious rockets", which led to a violation of the integrity of fuel tanks and oxidant. As a result, there was a quick-aesthefore fire. From a sharp increase in pressure in the mine, the mine cover was pulled out and a partial release of the rocket occurred. One of the reasons for an abnormal situation was the common nervousness of the crew on the submarine due to the presence of a huge number of fleets.
Two years have been prepared for the operation of the "Hippo-2" operation two years. As a "starting" site, a new to-407 Rocket cruiser was chosen to 667BDM (Dolphin cipher, according to NATO classification - Delta IV). He was launched on the water on February 28, 1990, and on December 29 of the same year he became part of the Northern Fleet. Later, on July 19, 1997, the ship received his own name "Novomoskovsk".
And finally, the moment was coming with eagerly: on August 6, 1991 at 21 o'clock 9 minutes Moscow time from a depth of 50 meters started the first Sorofatone FifteenTeeter Rocket P-29RM. Ten seconds followed the second, then the third. And so all sixteen rockets were released in just two with a little minute.
Even if the crew was able to put 11, 12 or 13 missiles, and that would be a success. But they did more. Made everything that had to do.
K-407 "Novomoskovsk" - a nuclear rocket underwater cruiser of the strategic appointment of the project 667BDM "Dolphin".
Witnesses of this historical event were a bit. The volley starts could only see the crew of the watchman drifting nearby, and operators of control services for the launch of ballistic missiles, preserved for a unique spectacle on the locator screens.
Fortunately, a filming of the outlet of rockets from under the waters was carried out and now anyone who will succeed in visiting the Rubin Design Bureau in St. Petersburg, can see how it all happened.
It is impossible to say that the operation has passed without a bitch and zadorinka. For half an hour before it began, there was unexpectedly disappeared with a sound boss with a surface ship, which watched the shooting. At the submarine, Storozhevik heard, and on the surface of the water were in complete ignorance of what was happening at the depth. According to the instructions in such a situation, it is impossible to guide the shooting, after all, peaceful time, when any careless chih can lead to unpredictable consequences. Nevertheless, Council Admiral Leonid Salnikov took responsibility for himself and allowed shooting.
Usually, the conduct of such experiments was accompanied, and is now accompanied by a hail of state awards. Documents went and that time. But soon the Soviet awards went down in history and, as a result, the sailors were content with only regular asterisks on the shoulder. And although the submariners deserved more than they received, in the end, the main thing is a trace in history, not the order and medals.
The achievement that could be installed in August 1991 by the world's securities is the world record. None of them, nor after, no one could do this. And now in the foreseeable future will not do.
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