"Buk" (according to the GRAU index - 9K37, according to the NATO and US Defense Ministry codification - SA-11 Gadfly (in translation Ovod) and its modifications) is a self-propelled air defense system designed to combat maneuvering aerodynamic targets at medium and low altitudes (from 30 meters 14-18 kilometers) in conditions of intense radio interference.

Technical characteristics of the Buk-M1 air defense missile system:

The affected area, km: - range - height - parameter	3,32..35 0,015..20-22 up to 22
Target hitting probability - fighter type - helicopter type - type cruise missile	0,8..0,95 0,3..0,6 0,4..0,6
Maximum target speed m / s	800
Reaction time, s:	22
SAM flight speed, m / s	850
Rocket weight, kg	685
Warhead weight, kg	70
Target channeling	2
Channel on missiles	3
Deployment (clotting) time, min	5
The number of missiles on a combat vehicle	4

Since the late 1970s, Buk series anti-aircraft missile systems have become one of the main means of military air defense. To date, several modifications of this technique have been developed and adopted by the Russian Federation. They are successfully used to this day and occupy a worthy place in the armament of Russia.

3RK9K37 "Buk"

The creation of new anti-aircraft systems "Buk" began after the decree of the USSR Council of Ministers of January 1972. The decree defined the companies involved in the project, as well as the main requirements for it. In the first technical assignment, it was said that the new air defense system was to replace the existing 2K12 Cube complex in service. In addition, it is necessary to create a missile that could be used both in the Buk kit and in the M-22 Uragan naval anti-aircraft system.

The new, more advanced anti-aircraft complex was intended to improve the equipment of the military air defense, which could not but affect the requirements for its development. The specialists were required to mount all the components of the complex on a self-propelled chassis, as well as to provide the ability to work together with tanks and other armored vehicles in the same battle formations. The complex should hit aerodynamic air targets moving at speeds up to 800 meters per second at medium and low altitudes at ranges of up to 30 km. In addition, it was necessary to ensure the possibility of hitting a target using electronic countermeasures and maneuvering with an overload of up to 12 units. In the future, the developers planned to "teach" the complex to resist operational-tactical ballistic missiles.

The main developer of the 3RK9K37 Buk air defense system is the Instrument Engineering Research Institute. In addition, many other companies were involved in the project, including the Engineering Design Bureau "Start" and the NPO "Fazotron" of the Ministry of Radio Industry.

• The chief designer of the anti-aircraft complex is A.A. Rastov.
• G.N. Valaev is the head of the development of the command post of the complex. Later, V.I. Sokiran.
• V.V. Matyashev was responsible for the development of the SPG.
• I.G. Hakobyan - supervised the process of creating a semi-active homing head.
• The development of the station for detection and target designation involved employees of the Research Institute of Measuring Devices, headed by A.P. Petoshko (after a while he was replaced by Yu.P. Shchetkov).

Work on the development of the 9K37 complex was going to be completed by the middle of 1975. But in the spring of 1974, the developers decided to divide all types of work into 2 separate areas. The development was to take place in two stages. First of all, it was necessary to bring the 3M38 rocket to mass production, as well as the self-propelled firing unit. Moreover, the latter was supposed to use the 9M9M3 missiles of the Kub-M3 system in service and is being built using the components of the existing system.

According to forecasts, in the fall of 1974, the complex will be tested, and the creation of a full-fledged 3RK 9K37 on new components will continue according to a pre-planned schedule. This approach to the development of new anti-aircraft systems should ensure the earliest start of the supply and production of new equipment, which would significantly increase the combat potential of the ground forces.

The 3RK 9K37 includes several main elements. To monitor the air situation, it was planned to use the 9S18 Kupol detection and target designation station, and to launch the missiles, it was planned to use the 9A39 launcher and the 9A310 self-propelled firing unit. Coordination of actions should be carried out using the command post 9С470. Means of destruction of targets - anti-aircraft guided missile 9M38.

SOTS 9S18 "Kupol" is a self-propelled vehicle on a tracked chassis, equipped with a three-coordinate coherent-pulse radar station, which is designed to monitor the situation in the air and transmit information about targets to the command post. A rotary antenna with an electric drive was located on the surface of the base chassis. The indicator of the maximum target detection range is 115-120 km. In a situation with low-flying targets, this indicator was significantly reduced. For example, a flying plane at an altitude of 30 meters was detected by the complex only from 45 kilometers. The SOC equipment allowed automatic tuning of the operating frequency in order to maintain performance when using active interference by the enemy.

The main task of the "Kupil" station is to search for targets and transfer information to the command post. With a review period of 4.5 seconds, 75 marks were transmitted. On the basis of the self-propelled chassis, the command post 9С470 was made, which is equipped with all the necessary equipment for processing data and issuing targets to launchers. The calculation of the command post - 6 people. For this, the command post was equipped with communication and data processing equipment. The equipment of the command post made it possible to process messages about 46 targets for 1 period of the SOC review. In this case, the targets could be at altitudes up to 20 km and ranges up to 100 km. The issuance of data on 6 targets to the firing installations was carried out.

The main means of attacking enemy aircraft was to be the 9A310 self-propelled gun. It was a subsequent development of the 9A38 SOU of the Buk-1 complex. The self-propelled tracked chassis housed a rotary launcher with 4 missile guides, as well as a set of all the necessary electronic equipment. In front of the launcher, an accompanying target radar was installed, which was also used to guide missiles.

To transport the charge of the SOU and additional ammunition, the Buk air defense missile system included the 9A39 launcher. Such a machine on a tracked chassis was used to transport 8 missiles, as well as to reload the launcher SOU 9A310. The missiles were transported on 4 fixed cradles and a special type launcher. Depending on the situation, the calculation of the machine could launch independently or reload the missiles from the launcher to the SDU. But due to the lack of its own tracking radar, it was impossible to do without external target designation. A special crane was responsible for reloading the missiles.

Rocket 9M38 is made according to a one-stage scheme. It was distinguished by a cylindrical body of large elongation and had an ogival head fairing. In the middle part of the hull there were X-shaped wings of low aspect ratio, and rudders of exactly the same design were provided in the tail. The rocket with a length of 5.5 meters and a starting weight of 690 kg was equipped with a dual-mode solid-propellant engine, a semi-active radar homing head and a high-explosive fragmentation warhead. To exclude changes in alignment as the charge burns out, the engine was specially placed in the central part of the body and additionally equipped with a long nozzle-gas duct.

The new 9K37 Buk air defense missile system made it possible to hit targets at altitudes up to 20 km and ranges up to 30 km. The reaction time is 22 seconds. It took about 5 minutes to get ready for work. The probability of hitting a target with a rocket, which accelerated in flight up to 850 meters per second - up to 0.9. The probability of hitting a helicopter with one missile is up to 0.6. The probability of hitting a cruise missile of the first missile defense system is up to 0.5.

Modern tests of this air defense system began at the Emba test site in the fall of 1977 and continued until the spring of 1979. During the tests, it was possible to check the combat operation of the complex in different conditions and for different conventional targets. For example, standard equipment and other similar stations were used to monitor the air situation. During test launches, training targets were attacked using a warhead radio fuse. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched.

During the tests, it was found that the new 3RK 9K37 has many important advantages over the equipment that was already in service. The composition of the electronic equipment of the SOU and SOTS ensured high reliability of detecting air targets due to the presence of its own equipment for self-propelled combat units. The updated composition of the equipment of various components of the complex, including the missile, contributed to greater noise immunity. In addition, the rocket carried a heavy warhead, which made it possible to increase the accuracy of hitting the target.

Based on the results of modifications and tests, the 9K37 Buk air defense system was put into service in 1990. New complexes began to be used as part of missile brigades. Each unit included 1 brigade control center from the Polyana-D4 automated control system and 4 divisions. The division had its own command post 9С470, three batteries with 2 SDU 9А310 and 1 ROM 9А39 in each, a detection and target designation station 9С18. In addition, the brigades had a communications, maintenance and support unit.

SAM 9K37-1 "Buk-1" / "Cub-M4"

In 1974, due to the urgent need to re-equip the air defense units of the ground forces, it was decided to create a simplified modification of the 9K37 complex, developed using existing units and assemblies. It was assumed that such air defense systems, which received the designation 9K37-1 "Buk-1", would supplement the existing systems "Kub-M3" in the troops. Thus, each of the 5 batteries of the regiment included a new 9A38 SDU, which is part of the Buk-1 complex.

According to estimates, the cost of one 9A38 SDU will be about 1/3 of the cost of all other battery means, but in this case it will be possible to provide a significant increase in combat capabilities. So, the number of target channels of the regiment would double from 5 to 10, and the number of missiles ready for use also increased from 60 to 75. Thus, the modernization of air defense units by means of new combat vehicles absolutely paid off.

SOU 9A38 in its architecture was not much different from the 9A310 machine. A turntable with a 9S35 detection, tracking and illumination radar and a launcher was made on a tracked chassis. The launcher SAU 9A38 had replaceable guides designed for the use of missiles of 2 types. Depending on the situation, the available resources and the combat mission, the complex could use the new 9M38 or 9M9M3 missiles already in service.

State tests of the air defense system began in August 1975 and took place at the Emba test site. The tests were attended by a new SOU 9A38 and existing machines of other types. The target was detected using a self-propelled reconnaissance and guidance unit 1S91M3, which was in the "Kub-M3" complex, and the missiles were launched from the 2P25M3 and 9438 SDUs. The missiles were of various types (of all available).

During the test, it turned out that the radar 9S35 SOU 9A38 can itself detect targets at distances of up to 65-75 kilometers (at altitudes of 3 kilometers). If the target height was no more than 100 meters, then the maximum detection range was up to 35-45 kilometers. Moreover, the real indicators of target detection directly depended on the limited capabilities of equipment from the "Cube-M3". Combat characteristics such as target hitting altitude or range depended on the type of missile used.

In 1978, the new 9K371 air defense system entered service as part of the 9M38 missile and the 9A38 self-propelled firing unit. As a result, the Buk-1 complex received a different designation. Since the missile and the SDU were only an addition to the already existing means of the "Kub-M3" complex, the air defense missile system using the 9A38 machine was designated 2K12M4 "Kub-M4". Thus, the 9K37-1 air defense system, which is a simplified version of the Buk, was formally assigned to the previous Cube family, although at that time it was the main air defense system of the ground forces.

SAM "Buk-M1"

In the fall of 1979, another resolution of the Council of Ministers was issued, according to which it was necessary to develop a new modification of the Buk air defense system. This time, the task was to improve the combat characteristics of the air defense system, increase the level of protection against anti-radar missiles and interference. By the beginning of 1982, the organizations participating in the project completed the development of new, more advanced elements of the complex, thereby increasing the main indicators of the system.

Experts proposed to modify the on-board equipment of the vehicles in order to improve their performance. At the same time, the complex did not have significant differences from its predecessor. Thanks to this, different vehicles from the Buk and Buk-M1 anti-aircraft missile systems were interchangeable and were part of the same unit.

In the new project, all the main elements of the complex have been finalized. SAM "Buk-M1" for target detection had to use the upgraded SOTS 9S18M1 "Kupol-M1". Now it was proposed to install a new radar station with a special phased antenna array on the tracked chassis. In order to increase the degree of unification of the complex's machines, it was decided to create a Kupol-M1 station based on the GM-567M, similar to that used in other components of the complex.

To process the data received from the SOC, it was proposed to use an updated command post, namely 9S470M1 with a new composition of equipment. An improved command post could provide simultaneous reception of data from the air defense command post of the division and from the SOC of the complex. In addition, it was planned to introduce a training regime, which made it possible to train the calculations of all existing facilities of the complex.

SOU 9A310M1 SAM "Buk-M1" has now received an updated radar tracking and illumination. Thanks to the new equipment, it was possible to increase the capture range of an air target by 25-30%. The probability of recognizing ballistic and aerodynamic targets was increased to 0.6. To increase noise immunity, the self-propelled gun mount had 72 letter frequencies, which is 2 times higher than that of the base 9A310.

The introduced innovations were reflected in the combat effectiveness of the air defense system. While maintaining the overall altitude and target hitting range and without using a new missile, the probability of hitting a fighter with one missile defense system was increased to 0.95. The probability of hitting a helicopter remained at the same level, while the similar indicator for ballistic missiles increased to 0.6.

At the Emba test site from February to December 1982, tests of a new modernization of the 9K37 Buk-M1 air defense system were carried out. Testing showed a significant increase in basic indicators compared to existing complexes, thanks to which the system was adopted. The official adoption of the air defense system for service took place in 1983. Mass serial production of the improved equipment took place at the enterprises that previously participated in the creation of the Buk complexes of the first 2 models.

A new type of serial equipment was used in the anti-aircraft brigades of the ground forces. The components of the Buk-M1 air defense missile system were distributed over several batteries. Despite the modernization of individual air defense systems, the staff organization of anti-aircraft units remained unchanged. In addition, if necessary, it was allowed to use two Buk and Buk-M1 complexes in the same divisions.

SAM "Buk-M1" - this is the first system of its series, which was offered to foreign customers. SAM was supplied to foreign armies and was called "Ganges". For example, in 1997 several complexes were transferred to Finland as part of the debt repayment from Russia.

SAM 9K317 "Buk-M2"

At the end of the 80s, the creation of an updated anti-aircraft missile system of the Buk family with the more advanced 9M317 missile was completed. Then he received the designation ZRK 9K317 "Buk-M". Thanks to the new guided munition, it was supposed to significantly increase the height and range of the target. In addition, the performance of the system should be positively affected by the use of new equipment that was installed on various machines of the complex.

But the difficult economic situation, which was at that time in the country, did not allow the adoption of the new complex into service. This did not happen either in the late eighties or in the early nineties. As a result, the issue of updating the equipment of the air defense units was resolved at the expense of the "transitional" air defense missile system "Buk-M1-2". At the same time, the improvement of the 9K317 system continued. Moreover, work on the updated project "Buk-M2", as well as its export modification "Buk-M2E" did not stop until the middle of the two thousandth years.

The most important innovation of the Buk-M project is the new 9M317 guided missile. The main differences between the new missile defense system and the 9M38 are: shorter wing lengths, a launch weight of about 720 kg, and a modified hull design. By changing the design and using a new engine, it was possible to increase the firing range, its maximum indicator - up to 45 kilometers. At the same time, the maximum flight altitude of the target increased to 25 kilometers. To expand the combat capabilities of the corps, another innovation was introduced - now the rocket was able to turn off the remote fuse with the detonation of the warhead at the command of the contact. This mode of operation is suitable for using missiles against surface and ground targets.

The air defense missile system received a modified type 9A317 SDU based on the GM-569 tracked chassis. Despite the fact that the general architecture of the firing plant has not changed, the new vehicle is being built on the basis of new equipment and modern element base. As before, the SDU can itself find and track an air target, launch a rocket and track its trajectory, and, if necessary, make adjustments through a radio command system.

SOU 9A317 has a tracking radar and illumination with a special phased antenna array. The station can track targets in a sector in elevation up to 70 ° and a width of 90 °. The target is detected at ranges of up to 20 kilometers. The target, being in tracking mode, can be within a sector with a width of -5 ° to + 85 ° in elevation and 130 ° in azimuth. The station is capable of detecting up to ten targets simultaneously and provides a simultaneous attack on four of them.

To increase the characteristics of the complex and ensure normal operation in difficult conditions, the self-propelled gun is equipped with an opto-electronic system with night and day valves.

SAM "Buk-M2" is equipped with 2 types of launcher and loader. The self-propelled vehicle was developed on the basis of the GM-577 chassis and is towed with an automobile tractor. At the same time, the general architecture is the same: 4 missiles are on the launcher and can be reloaded on the SDS or launched. 4 more are transported on special transport cradles.

The new modification includes a new command post 9С510 on a towed semitrailer or on the basis of the GM-579 chassis. KP automation can receive data from surveillance equipment and track up to sixty tracks simultaneously. Provides the ability to issue target designation for 16-36 targets. As for the reaction time, it does not exceed 2 seconds.

The main target detection tool in the Buk-M2 complex is SOTS 9S18M1-3, which is a further development of the family's systems. The new radar is equipped with an electronically scanned phased array antenna and can detect targets at ranges of up to 160 kilometers. There are modes of operation that ensure the detection of targets when the enemy uses passive and active interference.

It is proposed to introduce a missile guidance station and target illumination into the towed / self-propelled means of the Buk-M2 complex. The new 9C36 is a towed semi-trailer or tracked chassis with an antenna post on a retractable mast. Thanks to such equipment, it is possible to raise the antenna to a height of 22 meters and thereby increase the characteristics of the RSL. Such a high altitude makes it possible to detect air targets at ranges of up to 120 kilometers. According to the characteristics of tracking and guidance, the station does not differ from the radar station of self-propelled fire vehicles. It provides tracking of ten targets and allows the simultaneous firing of four of them.

All changes and innovations in the composition of the complex have significantly improved its characteristics. The maximum altitude for intercepting an air target is 25 km, and the maximum range is at the level of 50 km. When attacking non-maneuvering aircraft, the longest range is achieved. Interception of operational-tactical ballistic missiles is carried out at altitudes up to 16 km and ranges up to 20 km. There is also the possibility of destroying helicopters, anti-radar and cruise missiles. If necessary, the calculation of the air defense missile system can attack radio-contrast or surface ground targets.

The first version of the 9K317 project appeared in the late 80s, then due to the difficult economic situation of the state, it was not accepted into service. The use of this complex in hostilities began only in 2008. By that time, the air defense missile system had undergone a lot of improvements that made it possible to improve its characteristics.

SAM "Buk-M1-2"

Numerous political and economic problems did not allow the new 9K317 air defense system to be adopted and put into mass production. Therefore, in 1992, they decided to create a simplified, so-called "transitional" version of the complex, which would not only use some of the components of the Buk-2, but would also be cheaper and simpler. And the solution was found - Buk-M1-2 and Ural.

The modernized anti-aircraft missile system "Ural" combined several improved machines, which were represented by the further development of technology of old samples. To launch missiles, as well as target illumination, the use of the 9A310M1-2 SOU, which works in conjunction with the 9A38M1 launcher and loader, was implied. As for the SOC, it has not changed - the Buk-M1-2 was supposed to use the 9S18M1 model station. The auxiliary means of the complex did not receive significant changes either.

In order to increase the secrecy of work and survivability, as well as to expand the range of tasks, the self-propelled gun mount received the ability to passive target direction finding. For this, the use of a laser rangefinder and a television-optical sight was implied. Such equipment was worth using when attacking surface or ground targets.

The modernization of various elements of the complex and the development of a new missile made it possible to significantly increase the size of the target's firing zone. In addition, the likelihood of hitting a ballistic or aerodynamic target with one missile has increased. It became possible to fully operate the 9A310M1-2 SDU in the role of an independent air defense system, which could detect and destroy air targets without outside help.

SAM "Buk-M1-2" entered service with the Russian army in 1998. In the future, several contracts were signed for the supply of this equipment to foreign and domestic customers.

SAM "Buk-M2E"

The export version of the Buk-M2E air defense missile system was presented in the second half of the 2000s. It received the designation 9K317E "Buk-M2E" and was an improved version of the basic system, which had some differences in the composition of computing and electronic equipment. Thanks to the improvements made, it was possible to improve some of the characteristics of the system, primarily related to its operation.

The main differences between the export version of the complex and the base one are in the modernization of electronic equipment made using modern digital computers. Due to its high performance, such equipment allows not only performing combat missions, but also working in the training mode for preparing calculations. Data on the air situation and the operation of steel systems are displayed on liquid crystal monitors.

Instead of the teleoptical sighting system, which was previously, a tele-thermal imaging system was introduced into the observation equipment. It allows you to find and automatically track targets in any weather conditions and at any time of the day. Also, the equipment for documenting the operation of the complex, communication facilities and many other systems were updated.

Self-propelled fire vehicle RZK 9K317E can be built on a wheeled or tracked chassis. Several years ago, a variant of such a machine based on a wheeled chassis of the M3KT-6922 model was presented. Thus, a potential customer will be able to choose the chassis option that would completely suit him.

SAM "Buk-M3"

The creation of a new anti-aircraft missile system of the Buk series was announced several years ago. SAM 9K37M3 "Buk-M3" should be the impetus for the subsequent development of this family with increased combat capabilities and characteristics. It was proposed to fulfill the requirements for the system by replacing the equipment of the Buk-M2 air defense missile system with new digital equipment.

The funds of the complex will receive a set of new equipment with better characteristics. Fighting qualities are going to increase through the use of a new missile along with a modified SDU. Instead of the open launcher, which was previously, the new self-propelled fire installation should receive special lifting mechanisms with attachments designed for transport and launch containers. The new rocket model 9M317M will be delivered in containers and launched from them. Such changes to the air defense missile system will increase the ammunition ready for use.

If you look at the photo of the Buk-M3 system, you will see a machine based on a tracked chassis with a rotating platform, where 2 swinging packages with 6 containers of missiles are fixed on each of them. So, without cardinal revision of the design of the SOU, it was possible to double the ammunition ready for firing.

Unfortunately, the detailed characteristics of the Buk-M3 complex have not yet been disclosed. Domestic media, referring to their sources, reported that the new 9M317M missile will be able to attack targets at ranges of up to 75 km and destroy them with one missile with a probability of at least 0.95-0.97. In addition, it was reported that soon the experienced Buk-M3 air defense system will undergo a whole set of tests, after which it will be put into service.

There are rumors that the domestic defense industry plans to continue the development of the Buk air defense system. The next air defense system of the family, according to unofficial data, may receive the designation "Buk-M4". But it is too early to speak about the characteristics of this system. At the moment, even the general requirements for it are unknown.

Its main developer was the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering, and the 9A39 launchers and loaders were created at the Start Engineering Design Bureau. The unified tracked chassis for the combat vehicles of the complex were developed at OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant, while the design of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau "Novator". The 9S18 Kupol detection and targeting station was developed at the Scientific Research Institute of Measuring Instruments. In the West, the complex received the designation SA-11 Gadfly ("Bumblebee").

The Buk air defense missile system included:

- Anti-aircraft missile SAM 9M38 It was equipped with a dual-mode solid-propellant engine (total operating time - 15 seconds), and a semi-active homing head, autopilot equipment, power supplies and a high-explosive fragmentation warhead were sequentially located in the front part.

- Command post 9С470 Its function is to receive and process information about targets received from the detection station 9С18 and six self-propelled firing installations, the choice of targets and their distribution between installations. The command post processed messages about 46 targets at an altitude of 20 km in an area with a radius of 100 km.

- 9S18 Kupol detection and targeting station A three-coordinate coherent-pulse station of centimeter range with electronic scanning of the beam in the sector and mechanical rotation of the antenna was intended to detect and identify air targets at ranges up to 120 km and transmit information to the command post.

- Self-propelled firing unit 9A310 The time for transferring the installation from the traveling position to the combat position was no more than 5 minutes, and the time for transferring from standby to working mode was no more than 20 seconds, it took no more than 12 minutes to charge the installation with four missiles. The length of the 9A310 is 9.3 m, the width is 3.25 m (9.03 m in working position), and the height is 3.8 m (7.72 m, respectively).

- Launcher 9A39 Designed for the transportation and storage of eight missiles (4 each on the launcher and on fixed cradles), launching four missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradles and self-loading eight missiles from a transport vehicle (in 26 minutes). The launcher, in addition to the launching device, crane and cradles, included: a digital computer, navigation equipment, topographic referencing and orientation, a communication system, power supply and power supply units. The length of the launcher is 9.96 m, the width is 3.316 m, and the height is 3.8 m.

Joint tests of the Buk complex were carried out from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Emba test site in Kazakhstan. "Buk" surpassed all previous complexes of a similar purpose (air defense systems "Kub-M3" and "Kub-M4"), demonstrating higher combat and operational characteristics.

The installation ensured the simultaneous shelling of up to six targets by the division, and, if necessary, the performance of up to six independent combat missions with the autonomous use of self-propelled firing installations. The Buk was distinguished by greater reliability of target detection due to the organization of a joint survey of space by a detection station and six self-propelled firing installations.

Based on the results of firing tests, it was determined that the Buk air defense missile system provides shelling of non-maneuvering targets flying at speeds up to 800 m / s at altitudes from 25 m to 18 km, at ranges from 3 to 25 km (up to 30 km at target speeds up to 300 m / s) and with a probability of defeat equal to 0.7-0.8. When firing at targets maneuvering with overloads of up to 8 units, the probability of defeat was reduced to 0.6. As a result, the Buk complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces in 1980.

Buk-M1

In accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of November 30, 1979, the Buk air defense missile system was modernized to increase its combat capabilities, the protection of electronic equipment from interference and anti-radar missiles. Combat assets of the Buk-M1 complex were interchangeable with the Buk air defense missile system without modifications, the regular organization of combat formations and technical units was also similar to the Buk complex.

The 9A310M1 self-propelled gun mount, in comparison with the 9A310 unit, provided detection and target acquisition for tracking at long ranges (by 25-30%), as well as recognition of aircraft, ballistic missiles and helicopters with a probability of at least 0.6.

The 9S470M1 command post, in comparison with the 9S470 command post of the Buk complex, ensured the simultaneous reception of information from its own detection and target designation station and about six targets from the control point.

The complex used a more advanced detection and target designation station 9S18M1 ("Kupol-M1"), which has a GM-567M self-propelled tracked chassis, of the same type as the command post, a self-propelled firing unit and a launch-loading unit.

"Buk-M1−2"

Cooperation of enterprises headed by V.V. Tikhomirov in 1994-1997, work was carried out to create a modernized complex "Buk-M1-2". As a result, it turned into a universal firepower: through the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other means, for the first time, it was possible to defeat tactical combat missiles, aircraft missiles at ranges of up to 20 km, elements of high-precision weapons, ships at ranges of up to 25 km and ground targets ( aircraft at airfields, launchers, large command posts) at ranges up to 15 km. The effectiveness of the defeat was also increased, the boundaries of the affected areas were increased to 45 km in range and up to 25 km in height.

The Buk-M1-2 complex differs from its predecessor in the past by the use of the new 9M317 missile. In addition, it is envisaged to introduce a new means into the complex - radar target illumination and missile guidance with the antenna placed in a working position at a height of up to 22 meters using a telescopic device. Thanks to this, the combat capabilities of the complex for hitting low-flying targets, in particular, modern cruise missiles, have significantly expanded.

The complex is offered in two versions - mobile on tracked vehicles of the GM-569 family of the type used in the previous modifications of the Buk complex, as well as transported by KrAZ vehicles with semitrailers. In the automotive version, with a slight decrease in cost, the cross-country performance deteriorates and the deployment time of the anti-aircraft missile system increases from 5 to 15 minutes.

The 9A310M1-2 self-propelled firing unit includes:- radar station (radar) - launcher with four missiles - digital computing system - television-optical sighting device - laser rangefinder - navigation and communication equipment - radio direction finder

Buk-M2

The 9K317 Buk-M2 multifunctional high-mobility medium-range anti-aircraft missile system is designed to destroy tactical and strategic aircraft, cruise missiles, helicopters and other aircraft in the entire range of their practical use in conditions of intense electronic and fire countermeasures of the enemy, as well as to combat tactical ballistic, aircraft missiles and other elements of high-precision weapons, destruction of surface and ground targets. SAM "Buk-M2" can be used for air defense of troops, in various forms of hostilities, administrative and industrial facilities and territories of the country.

The Buk-M2 was intended to replace the Kub and Buk anti-aircraft systems of previous generations and was supposed to enter service in the early 1990s, but this did not happen due to the collapse of the USSR and the difficult economic situation. Work on improving the complex continued in 2008, and the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant began mass production of a modern version of the 9K317 Buk-M2 complex, which began to be supplied to the troops. In parallel, taking into account the requirements of foreign customers, an export version of Buk-M2E - Ural was developed. Currently, the Buk air defense missile system is in service with Belarus, Azerbaijan, Venezuela, Georgia, Egypt, Cyprus, Serbia, Syria, Ukraine, Finland.

Composition of the 9K317 Buk-M2 complex:- military equipment - anti-aircraft guided missiles 9M317 - self-propelled firing installations 9A317 and 9A318 (towed) - launchers 9A316 and 9A320 - controls - command post 9С510 - target detection radar 9С18М1-3 - radar station for illumination and guidance of missiles 9С36

The 9A317 self-propelled gun mount is based on the GM-569 tracked chassis. In the process of combat operation, the self-propelled firing unit performs detection, identification, auto-tracking and recognition of the target type, development of a flight task, solution of a launch problem, launch of a rocket, target illumination and transmission of radio correction commands to a rocket. The installation is capable of firing at targets both as part of an anti-aircraft missile system with target designation from a command post, and autonomously in a predetermined sector of responsibility. The complex can be transported without speed and distance limitation by rail, air and water transport.

"Buk-M3"

Currently, work is underway to create new military air defense systems, including the promising Buk-M3 air defense system. It is expected that the new complex will have 36 target channels and will be able to hit air targets flying at a speed of up to 3 km / s at a distance of 70 km and an altitude of up to 35 km, which will allow attacking highly maneuverable targets in conditions of strong radio countermeasures, and hitting all existing aerodynamic targets. targets, ground and surface targets, operational-tactical missiles. The upgraded self-propelled gun mount will receive a modified seven-track tracked chassis and 6 missiles in transport and launch containers.

The uniqueness of the Buk complex and all its modifications lies in the fact that with a significant size of the affected area in terms of range, height and parameter, the combat mission can be performed by the autonomous use of only one ground-based fire weapon - a self-propelled firing unit. This quality makes it possible to ensure the surprise of air targets firing from ambushes and an autonomous operational change of the combat position, which significantly increases the survivability of the installation.

Designed to protect ground targets and troops from air strikes, including defense against cruise missiles. SAM is known in international indexing as 9K317. According to the American classification, the complex is designated SA-17 Grizzly or simply "Grizzly-17".

History of creation

Initially, there was controversy about the development of only the 9K37 project, but over time, more powerful modifications were proposed by military engineers. Their goal was to defeat up to 24 objects at the same time. The Buk M2 project (a photo of the complex can be seen in this article) was given a start. During the first year of development, Russian designers managed to achieve amazing results. The once invulnerable F-15 aircraft became a simple target for 9K317, even at a distance of 40 km. The range of destruction of cruise missiles increased to 26 km.

One of the main advantages of the complex was the time of its deployment and shelling. The first indicator was only 5 minutes, and the rate of fire was 4 seconds for 1 projectile at a speed of up to 1100 m / s. Such a complex was immediately adopted by the Soviet Union. However, since the early 1990s, widespread production was stopped due to the difficult economic situation in the country after in 2008, the air defense system joined the ranks of the Russian air defense.

Development features

The Buk M2 complex is a highly mobile and multifunctional air defense missile system with a medium range. It is designed to destroy objects of strategic and combat helicopters, missiles and other aerodynamic vehicles). 9K317 is able to withstand enemy forces even with a continuous fire attack.

The main developer of the percussion machine is the famous designer of the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering E. Pigin. Under his leadership, the air defense missile system received an independent implementation project. Previously, the development of the complex was intended to partially replace the unsuitable for use mobile anti-aircraft installations "Cube". The fundamental difference from the Buk M1 was the introduction of a new universal missile 9M317 into the BC.

For a long time, the M2 model remained without modification. And only in 2008 the complex was improved. Export variations gradually began to appear with the letter "E" at the end of the codification.

Tactical and technical characteristics

The total mass of the vehicle is 35.5 tons. Moreover, the crew is limited to only 3 people. The complex is sheathed with bulletproof armor. In terms of performance characteristics, "Buk M2", first of all, differs in engine power, which is 710 hp. This makes it possible to move at speeds of up to 45 km / h over rough terrain. The transport part is represented by wheeled or tracked chassis.

The characteristics of the combat configuration of the Buk M2 are surprising. SAM can fire, both under the control of operators, and autonomously. In turn, the command post processes data on the air situation simultaneously for 50 targets in a matter of seconds. Detection and identification is carried out by special stations SOC, RPN and SOU.

When fully equipped, the air defense system provides a one-time shelling of 24 aircraft at altitudes from 150 m to 25 km. The range of destruction of targets at a speed of 830 m / s is up to 40 km, at 300 m / s - up to 50 km. Ballistic and cruise missiles can be easily neutralized at a distance of up to 20,000 m.

One of the striking advantages of the complex is shooting accuracy. The probability of hitting aircraft is 95%, missiles - 80%, light helicopters - 40%. The reaction time of the air defense missile system is also noted - only 10 seconds. Defensive means include aerosol curtains, laser sensors and radiation screens.

Data exchange between the air defense systems is provided via two-wire lines or a radio signal.

Target hitting characteristics

SAM "Buk M2" is capable of neutralizing enemy aircraft moving at speeds up to 830 m / s. However, according to experts, 420 m / s is most likely the optimal lesion rate. As for the minimum speed threshold, it varies within 48-50 m / s. The modernized model of the complex of 2008 is integrated into the one capable of destroying those flying at a speed of up to 1200 m / s.

An important characteristic in an attack is the identification of the enemy. So "Buk M2" can determine the reflective surfaces of aircraft with an area of ​​2 sq. m., rockets - from 0.05 sq. m.

During a maneuver, the air defense missile system is capable of attacking 10 aerodynamic units at once.

Combat and tactical means

The base is equipped with one command post 3S510, a station for indicating and detecting targets with the codification 9S18M1-3, from 4 to 6 modernized guidance and illumination radars 9S36, up to 6 self-propelled percussion units 9A317, 6 or 12 launch-charging systems 9A316. Special attention was paid to the 9M317 series anti-aircraft guided missile.

The Buk M2 provides for the possibility of using shock sections based on SDU, ROM and RPN. They provide a one-time shelling of 4 objects with a relief height of up to 20 m. In the basic and export configuration of the air defense system there are 2 such sections, in the modernized version - 4.

Changing the basing position requires no more than 20 seconds. At the same time, the readiness time for each of the sections varies from 5 to 15 minutes.

Firepower

The 9M317 missile is the most formidable weapon of the Buk M2 air defense system. The range of destruction of missiles is 50 km. At the same time, the missile is capable of destroying a target floating in the air at an altitude of 25 km. The installation has an integrated inertial control system with semi-active radar seeker version 9E420. The rocket itself has a mass of 715 kg. The flight speed is 1230 m / s. The wingspan reaches 0.86 m.The explosion covers a radius of 17 m.

The complex also includes a tracked installation 9A317. It allows you to timely detect, recognize and monitor an air target. After analyzing the 9A317 type, it develops a solution to the defeat problem and launches the rocket. During the flight, the installation not only transfers commands to the warhead, but also preliminarily evaluates the results of the attack. Fire can be conducted autonomously in a given sector or as part of an air defense system after specifying a target from a command post.

The radar station of the 9A317 installation has a phased array antenna with the possibility of electron beam scanning. This allows you to detect targets at a distance of 20 km with a maneuver angle of up to 70 degrees. The station is capable of scanning 10 objects at the same time. The shelling can be carried out on the 4 highest priority targets. The installation is also equipped with an optical system for television and matrix channels. This allows you to monitor the airspace in any climatic conditions and radio interference. The weight of the installation is 35 tons. In combat configuration - 4 missiles.

The 9A316 launch and charging system is based on tracked chassis. During transportation, it is towed on a wheeled trailer. Its weight is 38 tons. The package includes 8 missiles. A self-charging device is built into the system.

Management and control tools

The fundamental in the air defense system is the command post with codification 9S510. It is based on the GM597 series tracked chassis. Long-distance transportation is carried out by a KrAZ tractor on a wheeled semitrailer. The checkpoint serves up to 60 units of directions. The maximum number of targets researched is up to 36. The item includes 6 controllable sections, the reaction time of which varies within 2 seconds. The 9C510 weighs 30 tons when fully equipped. The crew consists of 6 people.

The 9C36 radar is equipped with an antenna installation that rises to a height of 22 m, which provides localization and identification of targets even in wooded areas. The radar is based on an electronic phased array scanner. The station moves on a tracked chassis. Target detection is possible within a range of up to 120 km. It is worth noting the escort radius - up to 35 km. Simultaneous tracking of 10 objects at wind speeds up to 32 m / s. Crew capacity - up to 4 people.

Radar 9S18M1-3 is a 3-coordinate pulse-coherent installation for centimeter range coverage. Based on vertical plane electron beam scanner. The radar is designed for airspace exploration. The received data is instantly transmitted via the telecode line to the command post for further processing. An antenna with a waveguide phased array is used. Target detection azimuth - 360 degrees with a range of 160 km. The installation is based on tracked chassis. Weight - 30 tons.

Application and capabilities

Modern 9K317s are capable of producing intense strikes against unmanned high-speed warheads from several directions at once. The complex meets such important criteria as mobility, versatility, fire performance, instant response, variability of attack, autonomy of detection and defense systems.

Most often, the air defense system is used to protect especially important objects and locations of troops. 9K317 is capable of solving a wide range of tasks. This makes it indispensable for reconnaissance or attacking the enemy from the air, even at extremely low altitudes.

The tasks of the air defense missile system include keeping enemy targets at the maximum distance to protected objects, eliminating interference, analyzing risk, building an algorithm for a possible attack, etc.

Comparison of upgrades

The Buk M1 version was put into service in 1982. The air defense missile system could shoot down planes with an accuracy of 60%, cruise missiles of the ALCM class - up to 40%, helicopters - up to 30%. The possibility of intercepting ballistic warheads soon arose. In the course of revision in 1993, the 9M317 unit was introduced. For a long time, the M1 vehicles remained inaccessible in the international military space.

The newest version of the Buk M3 air defense system should be put into service only in the fall of 2015. After the success of the M2 model in the international arena, the Russian government allocated a round sum for the implementation of the modernized project. It is expected that the Buk M3 will be able to attack up to 36 targets, piloted at a speed of 3000 m / s. The recognition range will vary up to 70 km. Such results will be possible thanks to the updated launch unit 9M317M and an improved seeker.

Export issue

The Russian Federation is armed with about 300 air defense systems of the M2 model. Most of them are based at the Alkino and Kapustin Yar landfills.

The largest number of export Buk M2E is located in Syria. In 2011, 19 complexes were delivered to the local army from Russia.

Venezuela has 2 air defense systems on its balance sheet. How many complexes Azerbaijan, Ukraine and Iraq have is unknown.

In accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of November 30, 1979, the Buk air defense missile system was modernized in order to increase its combat capabilities, the protection of its radio electronic means from interference and anti-radar missiles.

The Buk-M1 complex provides for effective organizational and technical measures to protect against anti-radar missiles. Combat assets of the "Buk-M1" complex are interchangeable with the same type of combat assets of the "Buk" air defense missile system without their modifications, the regular organization of combat formations and technical units is similar to the "Buk" complex.

As a result of tests carried out from February to December 1982 under the leadership of a commission headed by B.M. Gusev at the Embensky test site (headed by V.V. Zubarev), it was found that the upgraded Buk-M1 complex compared to SAM "Buk", provides a large area of ​​destruction of aircraft, is able to shoot down ALCM cruise missiles with a probability of hitting one missile not less than 0.4, helicopters "Hugh-Cobra" - with a probability of 0.6-0.7, as well as hovering helicopters - with with a probability of 0.3-0.4 at a distance of 3.5 to 6-10 km.

The Buk-M1 complex was adopted by the air defense forces of the ground forces in 1983, and its serial production was established in cooperation of industrial enterprises that had previously produced the Buk air defense missile systems.

Complexes of the Buk family were offered for delivery abroad under the name " Ganges". After the collapse of the USSR, the Buk air defense missile system in various modifications, in addition to Russia, also went to Ukraine and Belarus. The Buk-M1 anti-aircraft missile system was exported only to Finland. The sea version of the Uragan (Calm) complex has been supplied since 2000. to China on two Sovremenny-class destroyers.

During the Defense 92 exercise, the Buk-family air defense missile system successfully fired at targets based on the R-17 and Zvezda ballistic missiles and on the basis of the Smerch MLRS missile.

Composition

The Buk-M1 air defense missile system includes the following weapons:

SAM 9M38M1;

Command post 9С470M1;

9S18M1 Kupol-M1 detection and targeting station;

Self-propelled gun mount 9A310M1;

Launching and charging installation 9A39.

The 9A310M1 self-propelled gun mount, in comparison with the 9A310 mount, provides detection and capture of a target for auto-tracking at long ranges (by 25-30%), as well as recognition of aircraft, ballistic missiles and helicopters with a probability of at least 0.6.
The 9A310M1 uses 72 letter illumination frequencies (instead of 36), which contributes to increased protection against mutual and intentional interference. The recognition of three classes of targets is provided - airplanes, ballistic missiles, helicopters.

The 9S470M1 command post, in comparison with the 9S470 command post of the Buk complex, provides simultaneous reception of information from its own detection and target designation station and about six targets from the air defense control center of a motorized rifle (tank) division or from the army air defense command post, as well as comprehensive training of all crews, combat assets SAM.

The complex uses a more advanced 9S18M1 (Kupol-M1) detection and target designation station, which has a flat elevation HEADLIGHT and a GM-567M self-propelled tracked chassis, of the same type as the gearbox, a self-propelled firing unit and a launch-loading unit.
The length of the detection and target designation station is 9.59 m, width - 3.25 m, height - 3.25 m (8.02 m in working position), weight - 35 tons.

The technological equipment of the complex includes:

9V95M1E - machine of the automated control and test mobile station on the ZIL-131 and the trailer;

9В883, 9В884, 9В894 - repair and maintenance vehicles for the Ural-43203-1012;

9V881E - Ural-43203-1012 maintenance vehicle;

9T229 - transport vehicle for 8 missiles (or six containers with missiles) on the KrAZ-255B;

9T31M (9T31M1) - truck crane;

The Buk (9K37) military anti-aircraft missile system is designed to destroy aerodynamic targets flying at a speed of up to 830 meters per second, at low and medium altitudes, at ranges of up to 30,000 m, maneuvering with overloads of up to 12 units under radio countermeasures. in the future - ballistic missiles "Lance". Development began in accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated 01/13/1972. it provided for the use of cooperation of manufacturers and developers, in terms of the basic composition corresponding to those previously involved in the creation of the anti-aircraft missile system "Kub". At the same time, they determined the development of the M-22 (Uragan) anti-aircraft missile system for the Navy using an anti-aircraft guided missile, the same as the Buk air defense system.

The NIIP (Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Engineering) NPO (Scientific and Design Association) Fazotron (General Director Grishin V.K.) MRP (formerly OKB-15 GKAT) was identified as the developer of the Buk complex as a whole. Chief designer of the 9K37 complex - A.A. Rastov, KP (command post) 9S470 - G.N. Valaev (then - Sokiran V.I.), SDU (self-propelled firing installations) 9A38 - Matyashev V.V., semi-active Doppler seeker 9E50 for anti-aircraft guided missiles - Akopyan I.G.

ROM (launcher) 9A39 were created in MKB (Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Start" MAP (formerly SKB-203 GKAT), the head is Yaskin A.I.

The unified tracked chassis for the machines of the complex was developed by OKB-40 MMZ (Mytishchi Machine Building Plant) of the Ministry of Transport Machine Building under the leadership of N.A. Astrov.

The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to SMKB (Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Novator" MAP (former OKB-8) headed by LV Lyuliev, refusing to involve the design bureau of plant No. 134, which had previously developed a guided missile for the "Cube" complex.

SOC 9S18 (station for detection and target designation) ("Kupol") was developed at NIIIP (Scientific Research Institute of Measuring Instruments) of the Ministry of Radio Industry under the leadership of A.P. Vetoshko. (later - Shchekotova Yu.P.).

Also, a set of technical tools was developed for the complex. provision and service on a car chassis.

The completion of the development of anti-aircraft missile systems was planned for the II quarter of 1975.

But for the earliest possible strengthening of the air defense of the main strike force of the SV - tank divisions - with an increase in the combat capabilities of the Kub anti-aircraft missile regiments included in these divisions by doubling the channelization on targets (and, if possible, ensuring full autonomy of the channels during work from target detection to its destruction), the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated 05/22/1974 ordered the creation of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system in 2 stages. Initially, it was proposed to rapidly develop an anti-aircraft guided missile and a self-propelled firing unit of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, capable of launching 9M38 missiles and 3M9M3 missiles of the Kub-M3 complex. On this base, with the use of other means of the "Kub-M3" complex, the Buk-1 (9K37-1) anti-aircraft missile system was to be created, and in September 1974, its output for joint tests was to be ensured. At the same time, the previously prescribed terms and volumes of work on the Buk air defense missile system in full specified composition were retained.

For the Buk-1 complex, it was envisaged that each anti-aircraft missile battery (5 units) of the Kub-M3 regiment, in addition to one SURN and 4 self-propelled launchers, included a 9A38 self-propelled firing unit from the Buk missile system. Thus, thanks to the use of a self-propelled firing unit, the cost of which was about 30% of the cost of the rest of the battery, the number of combat-ready anti-aircraft guided missiles in the Cub-M3 regiment increased from 60 to 75, and target channels - from 5 to 10.

The 9A38 self-propelled gun mount, mounted on the GM-569 chassis, seemed to combine the functions of the SURN and the self-propelled launcher used as part of the Kub-M3 complex. The 9A38 self-propelled firing unit provided search in the established sector, detected and locked targets for automatic tracking, prelaunch tasks were solved, the launch and homing of 3 missiles (3M9M3 or 9M38) located on it, as well as 3 3M9M3 guided missiles located on the 2P25M3 self-propelled launcher, associated with it. The combat work of the firing unit was carried out both autonomously and under control and target designation from the SURN.

Self-propelled gun mount 9A38 consisted of:
- digital computing system;
- radar 9S35;
- a starting device equipped with a power tracking drive;
- television optical sight;
- ground radar interrogator operating in the "Password" identification system;
- equipment for telecode communication with RMS;
- equipment for wire communication with SPU;
- autonomous power supply systems (gas turbine generator);
- equipment for navigation, topographic referencing and orientation;
- life support systems.

The weight of the self-propelled gun mount, including the mass of the four-man combat crew, was 34,000 kg.

The progress that has been achieved in the creation of microwave devices, electromechanical and quartz filters, digital computers, made it possible to combine the functions of detection, illumination and target tracking stations in the 9S35 radar station. The station operated in the centimeter wavelength range, it used a single antenna and two transmitters - continuous and pulsed radiation. The first transmitter was used to detect and automatically track a target in a quasi-continuous radiation mode or, in case of difficulties with unambiguous determination of range, in a pulsed mode with pulse compression (chirp is used). The CW transmitter was used to illuminate the target and anti-aircraft guided missiles. The station's antenna system carried out a sector search by an electromechanical method, target tracking in range and angular coordinates was carried out by a monopulse method, and signals were processed by a digital computer. The width of the directional pattern of the antenna of the target tracking channel in azimuth was 1.3 degrees and in elevation - 2.5 degrees, the illumination channel - in azimuth - 1.4 degrees and in elevation - 2.65 degrees. The search sector survey time (in elevation - 6-7 degrees, in azimuth - 120 degrees) in autonomous mode - 4 seconds, in control mode (in elevation - 7 degrees, in azimuth - 10 degrees) - 2 seconds. The average transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel was equal to: in the case of using quasi-continuous signals - at least 1 kW, in the case of using signals with linear-frequency modulation - at least 0.5 kW. The average power of the target illumination transmitter is at least 2 kW. The noise figure of direction finding and survey receivers of the station is no more than 10 dB. The transition time of the radar station between standby and combat modes was less than 20 seconds. The station could unambiguously determine the speed of targets with an accuracy of -20 to +10 m / s; provide selection of moving targets. The maximum error in range is 175 meters, the root mean square error in measuring angular coordinates is 0.5 d.u. The radar was protected from passive, active and combined interference. The equipment of the self-propelled firing unit provided blocking of the launch of an anti-aircraft guided missile while escorting its helicopter or aircraft.

The 9A38 self-propelled gun mount was equipped with a launcher with replaceable guides designed for 3 3M9M3 guided missiles or 3 9M38 guided missiles.

In the 9M38 anti-aircraft missile, a dual-mode solid-propellant engine was used (the total operating time was about 15 seconds). The use of a ramjet engine was abandoned not only due to the high resistance in the passive sections of the trajectory and the instability of operation at a high angle of attack, but also because of the complexity of its development, which largely determined the failure to create the Cube air defense system. The power structure of the engine chamber was made of metal.

The general scheme of the anti-aircraft missile is X-shaped, normal, with a low aspect ratio wing. The appearance of the missile resembled the American-made Standard and Tartar anti-aircraft missiles. This corresponded to the strict size limitations when using the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles in the M-22 complex, which was developed for the USSR Navy.

The rocket was carried out according to the normal scheme and had a low aspect ratio wing. In the front part, a semi-active GMN, autopilot equipment, food and a warhead are sequentially placed. To reduce the centering spread over the flight time, the solid propellant rocket combustion chamber was placed closer to the middle, and the nozzle block was equipped with an elongated gas duct, around which the steering drive elements are located. The rocket has no parts separating in flight. The rocket had a diameter of 400 mm, a length of 5.5 m, and a rudder span of 860 mm.

The diameter of the front compartment (330 mm) of the rocket was smaller in relation to the tail compartment and the engine, which is determined by the continuity of some elements with the 3M9 family. The rocket was equipped with a new seeker with a combined control system. The complex implemented the homing of an anti-aircraft guided missile using the proportional navigation method.

The 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile ensured the destruction of targets at altitudes from 25 to 20 thousand meters at a distance of 3.5 to 32 km. The missile's flight speed was 1000 m / s and maneuvered with overloads of up to 19 units.

The rocket weighs 685 kg, including a 70-kg warhead.

The design of the rocket ensured its delivery to the troops in a finally equipped form in a 9Ya266 transport container, as well as operation without routine maintenance and inspections for 10 years.

From August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 anti-aircraft missile system consisting of 1S91M3 SURN, 9A38 self-propelled firing unit, 2P25M3 self-propelled launchers, 9M38 and 3M9M3 anti-aircraft missiles, as well as MTO (maintenance vehicles) 9V881 passed state. tests at the Embensky test site (head of the test site Vashchenko B.I.) under the leadership of a commission headed by Bimbash P.S.

As a result of the tests, the detection range of aircraft was obtained by a radar station of a self-propelled firing installation operating in an autonomous mode at altitudes of more than 3 thousand m - from 65 to 77 km, at low altitudes (from 30 to 100 meters) the detection range was reduced to 32-41 kilometers. Detection of helicopters at low altitudes occurred at a distance of 21-35 km. When operating in a centralized mode, due to the limited capabilities of the issuing target designation of the SURN 1S91M2, the detection range of aircraft at altitudes of 3-7 km was reduced to 44 kilometers and targets at low altitudes - to 21-28 km. In autonomous mode, the operating time of the self-propelled firing unit (from the moment the target was detected to the launch of the guided missile) was 24-27 seconds. The loading / unloading time of three 9M38 or 3M9M3 anti-aircraft guided missiles was 9 minutes.

When firing a 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile, the defeat of an aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 thousand meters was ensured at a range of 3.4-20.5 kilometers, at an altitude of 30 meters - 5-15.4 kilometers. The affected area in height is from 30 meters to 14 kilometers, according to the course parameter - 18 kilometers. The probability of hitting the aircraft with one 9M38 guided missile is 0.70-0.93.

The complex was adopted in 1978. Since the 9A38 self-propelled gun mount and the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile were means complementary to the Kub-M3 anti-aircraft missile system, the complex was given the name Kub-M4 (2K12M4).

Self-propelled firing installations 9A38 were produced by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MRP, and the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles were produced by the Dolgoprudnensk Machine-Building Plant MAP, which previously produced 3M9 missiles.

Complexes "Kub-M4", which appeared in the air defense forces of the Ground Forces, made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the air defense of the armored divisions of the Army of the SA.

Joint tests of the Buk air defense missile system in the full specified composition of funds took place from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Embensky test site (chief VV Zubarev) under the leadership of the commission headed by Yu.N. Pervov.

The combat assets of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system had the following characteristics.

The 9S470 command post installed on the GM-579 chassis provided reception, display and processing of target data coming from the 9S18 station (detection and target designation station) and 6 self-propelled firing installations 9A310, as well as from higher command posts; selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing installations in automatic and manual modes, assigning their sectors of responsibility, displaying information about the presence of anti-aircraft guided missiles on firing and launch-loading installations, about the letters of the transmitters of illumination of firing installations, about working on targets, about the mode work of the station of detection and target designation; organization of the complex operation in case of interference and the use of anti-radar missiles; documenting the training and the work of calculating the CP. The command post processed messages about 46 targets located at altitudes up to 20 thousand meters in a zone with a radius of 100 thousand meters per cycle of the station's survey and issued up to 6 target designations to self-propelled firing installations (accuracy in elevation and azimuth - 1 degree, in range - 400-700 meters). The mass of the command post, including a combat crew of 6 people, is not more than 28 tons.

Coherent-pulse three-coordinate station for detection and target designation "Kupol" (9С18) centimeter range with electronic scanning of the beam in elevation in the sector (set at 30 or 40 degrees) with mechanical (in a given sector or circular) rotation of the antenna in azimuth (using a hydraulic drive or electric drive). Station 9S18 was designed to detect and identify air targets at a range of up to 110-120 kilometers (at an altitude of 30 meters - 45 kilometers) and transmit information about the air situation to the 9S470 command post.

Depending on the presence of interference and the established sector in elevation, the speed of the space survey during the circular view was 4.5 - 18 seconds and when the survey in the 30-degree sector was 2.5 - 4.5 seconds. Radar information was transmitted to the 9C470 command post via the telecode line in the amount of 75 marks during the survey period (4.5 seconds). Root mean square errors in measuring the coordinates of targets: in elevation and azimuth - no more than 20 ", in range - no more than 130 meters, resolution in elevation and azimuth - 4 degrees, in range - no more than 300 meters.

To provide protection against aiming interference, we used the tuning of the carrier frequency between pulses, from response interference - the same plus blanking of range intervals along the automatic pickup channel, from asynchronous impulse noise - blanking of range sections and changing the slope of the linear-frequency modulation. The station for detection and target designation with noise barrage interference of self-cover and external cover of specified levels ensured the detection of a fighter at ranges of at least 50 thousand m.The station provided targeting with a probability of at least 0.5 against the background of passive interference and local objects using a selection scheme for moving targets with automatic compensation of wind speeds. The detection and targeting station was protected from proto-radar missiles by programmed tuning of the carrier frequency in 1.3 seconds, switching to circular polarization of the sounding signal or to blinking mode (intermittent radiation).

Station 9S18 consisted of an antenna post, consisting of a reflector with a truncated parabolic profile and an irradiator in the form of a waveguide ruler (it provided electronic scanning of the beam in the elevation plane), a rotary device, an antenna addition device; transmitting device (average power 3.5 kW); receiving device (noise figure up to 8) and other systems.

All station equipment was housed on a modified ob. 124 self-propelled chassis of the SU-100P family. The tracked base of the detection and target designation station differed from the chassis of other means of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, since the Kupol radar was initially set to develop outside the anti-aircraft complex - as a means of detecting the divisional link of the air defense of the Ground Forces.

The time for transferring the station between the stowed and combat positions was up to 5 minutes, and from standby to operating mode - about 20 seconds. Station weight (including a crew of 3 people) - up to 28.5 tons.

In terms of its structure and purpose, the 9A310 self-propelled firing unit from the 9A38 self-propelled firing unit of the Kub-M4 (Buk-1) anti-aircraft missile system was distinguished by the fact that it communicated with the command line not with the 1S91M3 SURN and the 2P25M3 self-propelled paragraph 9C470 and ROM 9A39. Also, on the launcher of the 9A310 installation there were not three, but four 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles. The time for transferring the installation from the traveling to the firing position was less than 5 minutes. The time to transfer from standby to operating mode, in particular, after changing position with the equipment turned on, was up to 20 seconds. The 9A310 firing launcher was loaded with four anti-aircraft guided missiles from the launcher and loader in 12 minutes, and from the transport vehicle - 16 minutes. The mass of the self-propelled firing unit, including a combat crew of 4 people, was 32.4 tons.

The length of the self-propelled firing unit is 9.3 meters, the width is 3.25 meters (in the working position - 9.03 meters), the height is 3.8 meters (7.72 meters).

The 9A39 launcher mounted on the GM-577 chassis was intended for transporting and storing eight anti-aircraft guided missiles (4 on the launcher, 4 on fixed cradles), launching 4 guided missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradles, self-loading 8- yu SAM from a transport vehicle (loading time 26 minutes), from soil cradles and transport containers, unloading and on the launcher of a self-propelled firing unit with 4 anti-aircraft guided missiles. Thus, the launcher of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system combined the functions of the TZM and the self-propelled launcher of the Kub complex. The launch-charging unit consisted of a starting device with a tracking power drive, a crane, cradles, a digital computer, equipment for topographic referencing, navigation, telecode communication, orientation, power supply and power supply units. The mass of the installation, including a combat crew of 3 people, is 35.5 tons.

Dimensions of the launcher: length - 9.96 meters, width - 3.316 meters, height - 3.8 meters.

The command post of the complex received data on the air situation from the command post of the Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade (the Polyana-D4 automated control system) and from the detection and target designation station, processed them and issued instructions to self-propelled firing units that searched for and captured for automatic tracking When the target entered the affected area, anti-aircraft guided missiles were launched. For missile guidance, the proportional navigation method was used, which ensured high guidance accuracy. When approaching the target, the seeker would issue a command to the radio fuse for close cocking. When approaching at a distance of 17 meters, the command was made on command. When the radio fuse failed, the anti-aircraft guided missile self-destructed.

Compared to the Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 anti-aircraft missile systems, the Buk air defense missile system had higher operational and combat characteristics and provided:
- simultaneous shelling of up to six targets by the division, and, if necessary, the performance of up to 6 independent combat missions in the case of autonomous use of self-propelled firing installations;
- greater reliability of detection due to the organization of a joint survey of space by 6 self-propelled firing installations and a station for detection and target designation;
- increased noise immunity due to the use of a special type of illumination signal and an on-board computer for the homing head;
- greater efficiency of hitting targets due to the increased power of the warhead of the anti-aircraft guided missile.

Based on the results of tests and simulations, it was determined that the Buk anti-aircraft missile system provides firing at non-maneuvering targets that fly at altitudes from 25 meters to 18 kilometers at a speed of up to 800 m / s, at ranges from 3-25 km (at a speed of up to 300 m / s - up to 30 km) with a course parameter of up to 18 kilometers with the probability of being hit by one guided missile - 0.7-0.8. When firing maneuvering targets (overload up to 8 units), the probability of defeat was 0.6.

Organizationally, Buk anti-aircraft missile systems were reduced to missile brigades, consisting of: a command post (combat control point from the Polyana-D4 automated control system), 4 anti-aircraft missile divisions with their command posts 9S470, a 9S18 detection and targeting station, a platoon communications and three anti-aircraft missile batteries (each with two self-propelled firing installations 9A310 and one launcher 9A39), maintenance and support units.

The Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade was controlled from the command post of the army's air defense.

The Buk complex was adopted by the air defense forces of the ground forces in 1980. The Buk complex was mass-produced in cooperation with the Cub-M4 air defense missile system. New means - KP 9S470, self-propelled firing installations 9A310 and detection and target designation stations 9S18 - were produced by the Ulyanovsk mechanical plant MRP, launch-charging units 9A39 - at the Sverdlovsk machine-building plant named after Kalinina MAP.

In accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of 30.11.1979, the Buk anti-aircraft missile system was modernized to increase its combat capabilities, the protection of the complex's radio electronic means from anti-radar missiles and interference.

As a result of tests, which were carried out in February-December 1982 at the Embensky test site (chief - V.V. Zubarev) under the leadership of a commission headed by B.M. Gusev, it was found that the upgraded Buk-M1 compared to the anti-aircraft missile system "Buk", provides a large area of ​​destruction of aircraft, can shoot down an ALCM cruise missile with a probability of hitting one guided missile more than 0.4, Hugh-Cobra helicopters - 0.6-0.7, hovering helicopters - 0.3-0, 4 at ranges from 3.5 to 10 kilometers.

In a self-propelled firing unit, instead of 36, 72 letter illumination frequencies are used, which contributes to an increase in protection against deliberate and mutual interference. The recognition of 3 classes of targets is provided - ballistic missiles, airplanes, helicopters.

Compared to the 9S470 command post, the 9S470M1 KP provides simultaneous reception of data from its own detection and target designation station and about 6 targets from the air defense control center of a tank (motorized rifle) division or from an army air defense command post, as well as comprehensive training of calculations of the combat means of an anti-aircraft missile system.

Compared to the 9A310 self-propelled firing unit, the 9A310M1 launcher provides detection and capture of a target for automatic tracking at long ranges (approximately 25-30 percent), as well as the recognition of ballistic missiles, helicopters and aircraft with a probability of more than 0.6.

The complex uses a more advanced Kupol-M1 (9S18M1) detection and targeting station, which has a flat elevation phased antenna array and a GM-567M self-propelled tracked chassis. The same tracked chassis is used at the command post, self-propelled gun mount and launcher.

The detection and targeting station has the following dimensions: length - 9.59 meters, width - 3.25 meters, height - 3.25 meters (in working position - 8.02 meters), weight - 35 tons.

The Buk-M1 complex provides for effective technical and organizational measures to protect against anti-radar missiles.

Combat assets of the Buk-M1 air defense missile system are interchangeable with the same type of weapons of the Buk complex without their modifications. The regular organization of technical units and combat formations is similar to that of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system.

The technological equipment of the complex consists of:
- 9V95M1E - machines of an automated control and test mobile station based on ZIL-131 and a trailer;
- 9V883, 9V884, 9V894 - repair and maintenance vehicles based on Ural-43203-1012;
- 9V881E - maintenance vehicle based on Ural-43203-1012;
- 9Т229 - a transport vehicle for 8 anti-aircraft guided missiles (or six containers with guided missiles) based on the KrAZ-255B;
- 9T31M - truck crane;
- MTO-ATG-M1 - maintenance workshop based on ZIL-131.

The Buk-M1 complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces in 1983 and its serial production was established in cooperation with industrial enterprises that produced the Buk anti-aircraft missile system.

In the same year, the M-22 Uragan anti-aircraft missile system of the Navy, unified with the Buk complex for 9M38 guided missiles, entered service.

Complexes of the Buk family called "Ganges" were proposed to be supplied abroad.

During the Defense 92 exercise, Buk anti-aircraft missile systems successfully fired at targets based on the R-17, Zvezda ballistic missile and the Smerch MLRS missile.

In December 1992, the President of the Russian Federation signed an order on further modernization of the Buk air defense system - the creation of an anti-aircraft missile system, which was repeatedly presented at various international exhibitions under the name Ural.

In 1994-1997, the cooperation of enterprises headed by the Tikhonravov Research and Development Institute carried out work on the Buk-M1-2 anti-aircraft missile system. Thanks to the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other air defense systems, for the first time, it was possible to destroy tactical ballistic missiles "Lance" and aircraft missiles at a range of up to 20 thousand meters, elements of high-precision and surface ships at a distance of up to 25 thousand meters and ground targets (large command points, launchers, airplanes at airfields) at a range of up to 15 thousand meters. The effectiveness of destruction of cruise missiles, helicopters and airplanes has increased. The boundaries of the affected zones in range have increased to 45 kilometers and in height - up to 25 kilometers. The new missile provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a semi-active radar homing head with guidance according to the method of proportional navigation. The rocket had a launch mass of 710-720 kilograms with a warhead mass of 50-70 kilograms.

Outwardly, the new 9M317 rocket differed from the 9M38 in the shorter wing chord length.

In addition to using an improved missile, it was envisaged to introduce a new means into the air defense system - a radar station for target illumination and missile guidance with an antenna installed at a height of up to 22 meters in a working position (a telescopic device was used). With the introduction of this radar station, the combat capabilities of the air defense missile system for the destruction of low-flying targets, such as modern cruise missiles, are significantly expanded.

The complex provides for the presence of a command post and two types of firing sections:
- four sections, each including one modernized self-propelled firing unit, carrying four guided missiles and capable of firing at four targets simultaneously, and a launcher-loader with 8 guided missiles;
- two sections, including one illumination and guidance radar station, which is also capable of simultaneously firing at four targets, and two launchers and loaders (eight guided missiles each).

Two variants of the complex were developed - mobile on tracked vehicles GM-569 (used in previous modifications of the Buk air defense missile system), as well as transported by KrAZ vehicles and on road trains with semi-trailers. In the latter version, the cost decreased, however, the passability worsened and the deployment time of the anti-aircraft missile system from the march increased from 5 minutes to 10-15.

In particular, the ICB "Start" during the work on the modernization of the "Buk-M" air defense system (complexes "Buk-M1-2", "Buk-M2") developed a 9A316 launcher and a 9P619 launcher on a tracked chassis, as well as PU 9A318 on a wheeled chassis.

The process of development of the families of anti-aircraft missile systems "Kub" and "Buk" as a whole is an excellent example of the evolutionary development of military equipment and weapons, providing a continuous increase in the capabilities of the air defense of ground forces at a relatively low cost. This development path, unfortunately, creates the preconditions for gradual technical. lagging behind. For example, even in promising versions of the Buk air defense system, a more reliable and safe scheme of continuous operation of missiles in a transport and launch container, an all-aspect vertical launch of guided missiles, introduced by other second-generation SV anti-aircraft missile systems, did not find application. But, despite this, in difficult socio-economic conditions, the evolutionary path of development has to be considered the only possible one, and the choice made by the developers of the complexes of the Buk and Kub families is correct.

For the creation of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system AA Rastov, VK Grishin, IG Akopyan, II Zlatomrezhev, AP Vetoshko, NV Chukalovsky. and others were awarded the USSR State Prize. The development of the Buk-M 1 anti-aircraft missile system was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation. The laureates of this prize were Yu.I. Kozlov, V.P. Ektov, Yu.P. Shchekotov, V.D. Chernov, S.V. Solntsev, V.R. Unuchko. and etc.

The main tactical and technical characteristics of anti-aircraft missile systems of the "BUK" type:
Name - "Buk" / "Buk-M1";
The affected area in range is from 3.5 to 25-30 km / from 3 to 32-35 km;
The affected area in height - from 0.025 to 18-20 km / from 0.015 to 20-22 km;
The affected area by parameter - up to 18 / up to 22;
The probability of a fighter being hit by one guided missile is 0.8..0.9 / 0.8..0.95;
The probability of a helicopter being hit by one guided missile is 0.3..0.6 / 0.3..0.6;
The probability of hitting a cruise missile is 0.25..0.5 / 0.4..0.6;
Maximum speed of targets hit - 800 m / s;
Reaction time - 22 sec .;
The flight speed of the anti-aircraft guided missile is 850 m / s;
Rocket weight - 685 kg;
Warhead weight - 70 kg;
Target channel - 2;
Channeling on missiles (to the target) - up to 3;
Deployment / collapse time - 5 minutes;
The number of anti-aircraft guided missiles on a combat vehicle - 4;
The year of adoption for service is 1980/1983.

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