SS-26 "Iskander" is a missile operational-tactical system designed to eliminate targets of the areal and small-sized type, which may be located deep in the operational location of enemy troops. The Iskander operational-tactical missile system was destined to be created in an environment in which the 1987 Short- and Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty was in force. In addition, there was a renunciation of the use of nuclear weapons in the war of the opposing sides.
It was for this that the Iskanders were created, and taking into account the new requirements for them:
- The use of the warhead only in the presence of standard equipment;
- Refusal to carry out nuclear strikes;
- Guidance of missiles along all their flight paths;
- High accuracy of firing;
- The probability of changing combat units, taking into account the types of targets being eliminated;
- High level of automation of all processes.
The number of "Iskanders"
The Iskander, a tactical missile system, has been in service since 2010. At that time, six complexes were delivered to the military under the state defense order. The state armaments program provided for the purchase of 120 Iskanders until 2020. Since 2015, the Russian army has formed brigades armed with the Iskander-M missile system.
Some information from the history of the Iskanders
Iskanders were developed simultaneously with the help of several design bureaus and institutes. Nevertheless, the Kolomna KB Mashinostroeniya was destined to become the parent enterprise. It is known for many legendary weapons, such as Tochka-U, the Needle and Arena air defense systems, as well as many Soviet and Russian mortars.
The development of the Iskander began as early as S.P. Invincible, the legendary general designer. As a basis, he took the very successful for that period RK "Oka". It is known that it was the Oka that was the first in history to be able to pass through missile defense with a coefficient of almost one, which ensured a high probability of hitting the target. However, they were destroyed under the 1987 agreement between the USSR and the USA. New developments were assigned to Valery Kashin, the current general designer and head of the Mashinostroeniya Design Bureau.
KBM set the task: any targets, stationary or moving, should be destroyed by the new complex. And this is with the main requirement - the highest degree of penetration of missile defense with the defeat of the target, but without nuclear charges.
The passage of ABM was based on:
- The maximum reduction in the scattering surface of missiles. Their contours have become extremely streamlined and smooth;
- The outer surfaces were treated with a radio wave-absorbing special coating;
- The ability to quickly and actively maneuver, as a result of which the trajectory of the Iskanders is unpredictable and the interception of missiles is impossible.
No other built operational-tactical and tactical missiles on the planet have similar properties. In the process of development, the designers performed absolutely unique work. This led to a revision of many of the concepts laid down in the preliminary drafts of the project.
After the February Decree of the Russian President of 1993, associated with development work on the "Iskander M complex", a tactical and technical task was prepared. It indicated new approaches to the construction of complexes, as well as the optimization of all solutions.
For this reason, Iskander M had to become a completely new complex, and not a modernized old one. The complex has become the focus of numerous advanced domestic and world scientific achievements. Climatic, flight and bench tests had to drag on for many years. Basically, everything was held in Kapustin Yar, but some were in other regions of the state.
Mid-autumn 2011 was marked by the completion of the first stage of tests conducted with the Iskander-M missile system, which ended with the receipt of new combat equipment. The 9M723 missiles had excellent performance, as well as a new, correlation guidance system.
Likely targets
"Iskanders" can strike at:
- Missile systems, multiple launch rocket systems, long-range artillery;
- Missile defense and air defense means;
- Airplanes and helicopters at airfields;
- Command posts and communication centers;
- Particularly important objects in civil infrastructure.
Characteristic features of the Iskanders
The characteristic features of the Iskanders are:
- The presence of high-precision effective destruction of a wide variety of targets;
- Secrecy in carrying out combat duty, in preparation for launch and in delivering strikes;
- Automation of calculations and input of flight tasks for missiles on launchers;
- High potential in performing combat missions in an environment of active opposition by the enemy;
- High level of operational reliability of missiles, trouble-free launch and flight;
- High level of tactical maneuverability;
- High level of strategic mobility;
- High level of automation of processes in the combat control of missile units;
- Rapid processing and timeliness of bringing intelligence data to the necessary links in management;
- Long service life and convenient operation.
Combat characteristics
The combat characteristics of the Iskanders are called:
- Circular deviation probability: 1-30m;
- Launch weight of missiles - 3,800 kg;
- Length - 7.2 m;
- Diameter - 920 mm;
- The mass of combat units - 480 kg;
- The speed of the missiles after the initial part of the trajectory is 2100 m/s;
- The minimum target engagement range is 50 km;
- Maximum target range:
- 500 km - Iskander-K;
- 280 km - Iskander-E.
- Time to launch the first rocket 4-16 minutes;
- Interval between launches: 1 min;
- Service life: ten years, including three years in the field.
Elements that make up the Iskanders
The main elements that make up the Iskanders are:
- rockets;
- Self-propelled launchers;
- Transport-loading vehicles;
- Scheduled maintenance vehicles;
- command and staff vehicles;
- Items for data preparation;
- Sets of arsenal equipment;
- Educational and training facilities.
Self-propelled launchers - designed for storage, transportation, preparatory work and launches on targets of two missiles (in the export version of one missile). Self-propelled launchers can be made on the basis of special wheeled chassis, which are produced at the Minsk Wheel Tractor Plant. The tractors have a gross weight of 42 tons, a payload of 19 tons, a travel speed of 70 km/h on roads, 40 km/h on dirt roads, and a fuel reserve of up to 1,000 km. The combat crew consists of three servicemen.
Transport-loading vehicles are designed to transport an additional pair of missiles. The transport-loading vehicles are based on the MZKT-7930 chassis and are equipped with loading cranes. They have a total combat weight of 40 tons and a crew of two servicemen.
Command and staff vehicles - designed to control all processes in the Iskander complexes. They are made on the basis of the KamAZ-43101 wheeled chassis. The combat crew includes four servicemen.
Characteristic features that KShM have:
- The maximum range of radio communication on the spot is 350 km, on the march 50 km;
- Estimated mission time for missiles up to 10 s;
- Command transfer time up to 15 s;
- The number of radio communication channels - 16;
- Unfolding (folding) time up to half an hour;
- Time of continuous operation up to two days.
Routine and maintenance vehicles are designed to control instruments, missiles, on-board equipment and to carry out ongoing repairs. They are located on the KamAZ wheelbase. They have a mass of up to 14 tons, a deployment time of no more than 20 minutes, a time of automated cycles of routine checks of on-board equipment of missiles - 18 minutes, a combat crew of two servicemen.
Data preparation points are designed to determine the coordinates of targets and prepare data for missiles in order to transmit them to the SPU. Data preparation points are integrated with intelligence assets and can receive tasks from any source, including from satellites, aircraft or drones. There are two servicemen in combat crew.
Life support vehicles are designed for rest and meals by combat crews. They are located on the wheelbase of KamAZ-43118. Cars have: compartments for rest and compartments for household supplies.
Iskander missiles are solid-propellant, single-stage, with warheads that cannot be separated in flight, guided and maneuverable missiles along the entire length of difficult-to-predict flight paths. The missiles maneuver especially smartly on the starting and final stages of the flight, on which they approach targets with high overloads.
This is due to the need for anti-missile flights to intercept Iskander missiles with overloads two to three times greater, which is considered almost impossible today.
Most of the flight trajectories of the Iskander missiles were performed using stealth technologies with small reflective surfaces. The effects of "invisibility" are provided by the cumulative design features of the missiles and the processing of their surfaces with the help of special coatings.
The output of missiles on targets is used with the help of an inertial control system. They are further captured by autonomous correlation-extreme optical homing heads. The missile homing system operates according to the principle of forming images in the target area by optical instruments, which are compared with the data entered into it by the onboard computer.
Optical homing heads are distinguished by an increased level of sensitivity and resistance to available electronic warfare equipment. Thanks to this, it is possible to launch missiles on a moonless night without additional natural illumination and eliminate moving targets within a radius of two meters. To date, such tasks, except for the Iskanders, cannot be solved by any other similar missile systems on the planet.
It is interesting that the optical homing systems used in missiles do not need to be corrected for the signals that are created by space radio navigation systems. The complex of using inertial control systems with satellite navigation and optical seeker made it possible to create missiles that hit targets in almost any possible situation. The homing heads installed on the Iskander missiles can also be installed on other missiles. It can be different ballistic and cruise missiles.
Varieties of combat units "Iskanders"
The main types of Iskander combat units are:
- Cassette, having fragmentation submunitions of non-contact detonations. They can fire at a height of about ten meters above the ground;
- Cassette, having cumulative fragmentation submunitions;
- Cassette, having self-aiming combat elements;
- Cassette, having a volumetric detonating effect;
- High-explosive fragmentation;
- High-explosive incendiary;
- penetrating.
Fifty-four combat elements are located in cluster warheads.
All Iskanders are integrated with a wide variety of intelligence and control systems. They are capable of receiving information about targets assigned to hit from satellites, reconnaissance aircraft or unmanned aerial vehicles at data preparation points. Flight tasks for missiles are calculated on them and preparatory work is carried out on reference information for missiles.
Through radio channels, this information is broadcast and received by command and staff vehicles by division and battery commanders, and then by launchers. The missile launch is commanded from command and control vehicles. In addition, senior artillery commanders can also command using command posts.
Placed missiles (two) on each self-propelled launcher and transport-loading vehicle significantly increase the fire power in missile divisions. In addition, one-minute intervals appear between missile launches against a wide variety of targets, while ensuring high fire productivity. Given the high efficiency, as well as the combination of combat potential, the Iskander operational-tactical missile system is destined to become the equivalent of nuclear weapons and a reliable non-nuclear “shield of the Motherland”.
DATA FOR 2017 (standard replenishment, v.2)
Complex 9K715 "Iskander", missile 9M723 - SS-X-26 STONE
Complex 9K720 "Iskander-M", missile 9M723-1 - SS-26 STONE-A
Complex 9K720E "Iskander-E", missile 9M723E - SS-26 STONE-B
Complex 9K720 "Iskander-M", missile 9M728 / R-500 ("Iskander-K") - SS-26 STONE-S
Operational-tactical missile system / multi-purpose modular missile system of the ground forces. The development of the complex was carried out using the developments in the complexes "", "", "" and "". It is also likely that the complex was created taking into account the research "" to study the concept of a modular-type multifunctional missile system for the ground forces. The origins of the development of the complex relate to the Iskander research project, which has been carried out since 1978. On the research topic, the possibility of placing two OTP class OTP 9M79 "" on a launcher similar to the launcher of the 9K714 Oka complex was being studied. The main goal is to create an OTP with a range of up to 400 km to replace the complex with the 8K14 missile with increased combat performance, as well as to ensure the guaranteed destruction of especially important targets by two missiles. According to unconfirmed reports, the Iskander research project was terminated in the first half of the 1980s at the stage of testing the aiming system and missile control systems.
The development of the Iskander complex in its original form began at the Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering (Kolomna, hereinafter referred to as KBM) on its own initiative by order of the chief designer S.P. Invincible and under his leadership in 1987. Design Bureau of Instrument Engineering under the leadership of A.G. Shipunov, who offered his own. The Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on financing the design of the complex was issued in 1988. When creating the complex, the task was to ensure interaction as part of the Equality RUK with the M-55 target designation aircraft (development by the RUK - NIIEMI). The original design may have planned to use the SPU 9P76 with one missile. KSHM means RUK "Equality" was designed on the chassis MAZ-543 (KSHM similar to KSHM "Polyana").
Self-propelled launcher 9P78-1 of the 9K720 "Iskander-M" missile system with a 9M723 missile at the exercises of the missile brigade in Primorye, November 14-18, 2016 (http://smitsmitty.livejournal.com/).
The development of prototypes of self-propelled units was carried out by the Central Design Bureau "Titan". The prototype of the two-rocket SPU Br-1555-1 was developed by the Central Design Bureau "Titan" on the basis of the BAZ-69501 chassis by 1991. several throw launches were made (including salvo two-rocket launches). In most sources, the SPU Br-1555-1 appears as a "dummy polygon sample" of the launcher. The development of the SPU on the BAZ-69501 chassis has not been completed. Also, in some sources, the index "9P81" is replicated, but whether it has a real relation to the Iskander / Iskander-M complexes or is an invention (mistake) could not be established.
In 1990-1992. The Central Design Bureau "Titan" designed and manufactured the first prototype SPU 9P76 on the BAZ-6954 chassis. Presumably, the development of a new type of SPU on the new BAZ chassis was carried out earlier in parallel with the development of the SPU Br-1555-1. The first launch with the new SPU was made in the summer of 1992. Then, in 1992, tests were continued with a second launch. During 1993, 5 launches were made from SPU 9P76 No. 1. In 1994-1997. with SPU, prototypes of the 9M723 rocket were tested, presumably with a cluster warhead. In total, more than 10 launches were made.
Site No. 231 of the Kapustin Yar test site, where the Iskander missile system was tested (https://www.bing.com, 2016).
Tests of Iskander missiles with SPU 9P76, Kapustin Yar training ground (TV program "Impact Force").
For testing, 2 single-rocket SPU 9P76 (samples No. 1 and No. 2) were manufactured on the BAZ-6954 chassis and 2 transport vehicles 9T246, probably on the same chassis. The tests were carried out on the same platform 4C of the 4th GTsMP Kapustin Yar. The second copy of the SPU 9P76 was used to test the RUK and was used for launches at the Kapustin Yar test site for a limited number of times. Thus, tests of the first variants of the Iskander complex were carried out from 1991 to 1997. At the same time, already on October 25, 1995, the completion of tests of the Iskander missile system was announced in Krasnaya Zvezda.
KBM specialists and testers are working at the landing site of the Iskander missile. Second from left: Igor Kotkov, deputy head of the KBM science and technology department. Polygon Kapustin Yar, 1990s - early 2000s (, edited).
After the first launches of the Iskander OTR prototypes, a decision was made to change the approach to the concept of using the complex in the direction of a "multi-purpose modular missile system of the ground forces" with different types of missiles. In 1993, the terms of reference for the Iskander-M complex were approved. The work on the complex was continued by a team of KBM specialists led by the chief designer of the direction Oleg Mamalyga. In 1995, the first experimental two-rocket SPU 9P78 was manufactured on the MZKT-7930 chassis (9P78 option 1, see figure below). Testing of the complex with an experimental SPU 9P78 option 1 has been carried out at the Kapustin Yar training ground since 1995:
- since 1995, throwing and autonomous field tests have been carried out, an experiment has been carried out with a suspension of a cruise missile;
- in 1997, ground tests of the complex began;
- in 1999, at the 71st site of the RV SV of the Kapustin Yar test site, State tests of the Iskander-M complex began, which were completed with 9M723 ballistic missiles with a new version of the cluster warhead in August 2004 (probably 9M723K5 or its prototype).
In total, during tests with SPU 9P78, 9P78-1 No. 1 and No. 2, 13 launches of 9M723 missiles were performed. As of April 2004, 10 launches were made as part of state tests, and 3 more launches were made later. State tests were successfully completed in 2004 ().
Development of the 9M728 cruise missile as one of the types of combat equipment of the missile system, the Novator Design Bureau (Yekaterinburg) was carried out under the general supervision of P.I. Kamnev. In 2007 based on the results of successful launches of 9M728 cruise missiles (Iskander ROC), a decision was made to move in 2008 to the final stage of testing the Iskander-M complex in the final expanded composition of fire weapons ().
Serial production and adoption. The production of the MZKT-7930 chassis was started by the MZKT plant (Minsk) in 1998. State tests of the basic version of the Iskander complex were to be completed in 2000, but started at the 71st site of the RV SV of the Kapustin Yar training ground in 2001. and completed only in August 2004 (as of April 2004, 10 launches were made as part of state tests, later at least 5-6 more).
The 9K720 Iskander-M complex was put into service in a truncated composition in 2004, and in 2005 the complex began to enter combat units (630th ORDN of the 60th Combat Use Center, Kapustin Yar). In 2006, the complex 9K720 "Iskander-M" (it was previously believed that this name was exclusively a fiction of the media, but in the second half of 2009 we established the reliability of the name according to documents on open government contracts)in full force adopted by the Russian Armed Forces with ballistic missiles of the 9M723 type(original - Plate for SPU 9P76 of the complex in the open part of the museum of the Kapustin Yar range) . The planned (2008) start of mass production - 2010 Completion of the deployment of the army group according to the plan (2008-2009) - 2015 .Volgograd, in series since 2006, production capacity for 2008 - 12 complexes per year), chassis - Minsk Wheel Tractor Plant (Minsk, Belarus). "Iskander-E" - export version of the complex with a reduced range and conventional warheads. It is likely that the original design of the Iskander missile system involved the use of several types of ballistic missiles. The recruitment of the first military missile brigade was completed in 2010 ().
According to the plans announced at the beginning of 2011, in the course of the implementation of the state armaments program for 2011-2020. (adopted on December 31, 2010) it is planned to supply 10 missile brigades of the Iskander-M complexes to the armed forces. On August 1, 2011, Deputy Minister of Defense of Russia D. Bulgakov announced that in total it is planned to accept 120 Iskander complexes (i.e. 12 SPU per brigade) into service with the Russian Armed Forces. In 2011, a contract was signed between the Ministry of Defense of Russia and NPK KBM for the supply of 10 brigade sets of Iskander-M complexes with ballistic and cruise missiles - each set includes 12 launchers, 12 transport-loading vehicles, 11 command and staff vehicles, 14 life support vehicles, one information preparation point, one routine maintenance vehicle, a set of training equipment, a set of portable workstations, a set of arsenal equipment and a military stock of two types of missiles (). The delivery of the first such set was carried out in June 2013. The delivery of the second set is planned for the fall of 2013. Until 2018, the 2011 program can be implemented at such a rate. of incoming complexes - there are no adequately equipped heated and air-conditioned boxes. Storage of equipment on the street ensures wear of equipment by 50% per season. In the same place and at the same time, information was made public that the control system for combat use and target designation of the Iskander-M complexes had not been worked out and had not been put into service ().
February 10, 2014 The media report that a new type of missile is being created for the Iskander-M missile system ().
Hypothesis 2009-2010 - in our opinion, the Iskander complex went through three stages in the process of creation:
1) Research "Iskander"- the first version of the 9M723 missile and the complex - was studied in the OTP configuration of the ground forces as part of preliminary research based on the ideas embodied in the Uranus, Oka and Tochka projects, which were conducted in the mid-1980s or even earlier. There is evidence that the development of some components of the missile control system and the complex within the framework of the Iskander project was carried out until 1986 at SKB-626 (now - NPO Automation named after Academician N.A. Semikhatov, Miass). The complex was supposedly intended to replace the 9K72 SCUD-B systems in the USSR Armed Forces according to the principle - 1 Iskander SPU with 2 missiles instead of a battery of 9K72 systems, and taking into account high accuracy - instead of a 9K72 division. Perhaps it was supposed to use a two-rocket non-floating SPU similar in design to the SPU of the Oka-U complex on the BAZ chassis. The following technological solutions were supposed to be implemented in the rocket and the complex: topographic referencing at any point of the route, obtaining target designation from external sources of information in real time, retargeting the rocket after launch, using correlation seekers at the final stage of the trajectory, minimum radar visibility of the rocket and a set of measures for overcoming a potential missile defense system, entering data into the missile control system inside the SPU until the missile is transferred to the launch position (first implemented by 1972 on the Temp-2S ICBM), missile control throughout the entire flight path.
2) 9K715 "Iskander" / OCD "Tender"- the second version of the rocket 9M723 and the complex - was created starting in 1987 as a replacement for OTP "Oka" and 9K72 SCUD-B. Tests began in 1991 at the Kapustin Yar test site, the weight of warheads was reduced. The tests were carried out using the polygon launcher, SPU 9P81 and 9P78. On the basis of this version of the rocket, the initial version of the Iskander-E complex was created and is being promoted on the market, the tests of which were carried out approximately in 1995-2001. (as part of missile testing 9M723 ). According to fragmentary data and an interview with the chief designer O.I. Mamalyga (2004), Iskander-E carries 1 missile on the SPU.
3) 9K720 "Iskander-M"- the third option - a modular multifunctional complex created using the results of research and development "Volna". Fire weapons:
- base model - "Iskander-M" with a 9M723 missile (" 9M723 third option") - the characteristics of the rocket have been noticeably changed - a more modern mixed fuel and a control system for both the rocket and the complex, built on a new element base, are used.
- export version of "Iskander-E" with the 9M723 missile.
- development - "Iskander-K" with a cruise missile in the TPK. SPU 9P78-1 is used with a hitch on one arrow SPU 1 TPK. tests started in May 2007.
This system is intended only for the Russian Armed Forces. Tests were carried out in 2001-2005. Basing - universal two-rocket SPU 9P78-1.
P.S. based on the concept of a modular multifunctional complex, different fire weapons can be used on the launch units of the Iskander-M complex - cruise missiles ("Iskander-K"), including simultaneously (one arrow is a ballistic missile, the other is a cruise missile), operational-tactical missiles extended range, etc. The chassis based on the MZKT-7930 "Astrolog" made according to this concept by replacing modules can be quickly rebuilt for launchers of other types of fire weapons.
Launcher:
- experienced wheeled SPU Br-1555-1 /polygon prototype launcher(1991) - the development of prototypes of self-propelled units was carried out by the Central Design Bureau "Titan". The prototype of the two-rocket SPU Br-1555-1 was developed by the Central Design Bureau "Titan" on the basis of the BAZ-69501 chassis by 1991. several throw launches were made (including salvo two-rocket launches). In most sources, the SPU Br-1555-1 appears as a "dummy polygon sample" of the launcher. The development of the SPU on the BAZ-69501 chassis was not completed. Until 2011, we believed that there was a separate polygon mock-up launcher, but, as it turned out, this is not true.
Experimental two-rocket self-propelled launcher Br-1555-1 of the Iskander complex. Probably, a variant of a missile for throwing launches is installed on the SPU. Polygon Kapustin Yar, 1991 (photo from the archive of the user "Sluchany", published on 06/30/2011).
The prototype of the SPU 9P76 chassis is the BAZ-69501 chassis (Vasiliev V. To the 40th anniversary of the Bryansk Automobile Plant. // Equipment and weapons. No. 2 / 1999).
During the first stage of testing at the Kapustin Yar test site, the missile launch of the complex and the operation of launch systems were practiced from this launcher. The peculiarity of the launch of the Iskander rocket is the use of the launcher's elevating boom and the firing bandages of the rocket's attachment. After the boom of the lower ring of the shroud is released from the locks and the main plug connector is undocked, a command is sent to trigger the squibs holding the shrouds (two squibs for each shroud). The bandages are fired, the holes for the mounting pins in the rocket body are closed with spring-loaded covers - in order to reduce the RCS of the rocket.
In the photograph of the launch of the rocket of the Iskander complex, a cloud is clearly visible, which arose as a result of the shooting of the upper drag clip (Rocket and artillery weapons. Catalog "Weapons of Russia". M., Military Parade, 2004).
Shooting of the upper drag clip during the launch of the 9M723K5 rocket, Kapustin Yar test site, 08/22/2011 (photo by Vadim Savitsky, http://twower.livejournal.com).
- SPU 9P81- in some sources, the index "9P81" is replicated, but whether it has a real relation to the Iskander / Iskander-M complexes or is an invention (mistake) - it was not possible to establish.
- experimental wheeled SPU 9P76 on the BAZ-6954 chassis - The SPU was designed by the Central Design Bureau "Titan" (design bureau of the Barrikady plant), the first prototype 9P76 was manufactured in 1992. Presumably, the development of a new type of SPU on the new BAZ chassis was carried out earlier in parallel with the development of the SPU Br-1555-1. The SPU chassis was developed within the framework of the research project "Facet" by the Design Bureau of the Bryansk Automobile Plant on the basis of the BAZ-69501 chassis in 1990-1992, the head of the design bureau is V.B. Vyushkin, the chief designer of the chassis is V.P. Trusov (since 1997 - Yu.A. Shpak). SPU is not floating, carries one missile, in front of the body with a rocket there is a gas turbine power generator that provides power to the SPU.
The first launch with the new SPU was made in the summer of 1992. Then, in 1992, tests were continued with a second launch. During 1993, 5 launches were made from SPU 9P76 No. 1. In 1994-1997. with SPU, prototypes of the 9M723 rocket were tested, presumably with a cluster warhead. In total, more than 10 launches were made. To test everything, 2 single-rocket SPU 9P76 (samples No. 1 and No. 2) were manufactured on the BAZ-6954 chassis and 2 transport vehicles 9T246, probably on the same chassis. The tests were carried out at site 4C of the 4th GTsMP Kapustin Yar. The second copy of the SPU 9P76 was used to test the RUK and was used for launches at the Kapustin Yar test site for a limited number of times.
TTX SPU 9P76:
Engines - 2 x diesel KamAZ-740 with a capacity of 210 hp, each engine works on its own board
Wheel formula - 8 x 8
Length - 11.3 m
Width - 3.08 m
Height - 3.05 m
Clearance - 470 mm
Gross weight - 36000 kg
Curb weight - 18500 kg
Load capacity - 17100 kg
Highway speed - 60 km / h
Fuel range - 682 km
Calculation - 4 people
Experimental self-propelled launcher 9P76 of the Iskander complex, Kapustin Yar training ground, 1992-1996. (photo from the archive of the user "Random", published on 06/30/2011).
Experimental SPU 9P76 on the BAZ-6954 chassis at the Kapustin Yar training ground (TV program "I serve Russia!", TV channel "Zvezda", 12/17/2006)
Drawing of an experimental SPU 9P76 on the BAZ-6954 chassis, the lifting boom from the Oka complex is mistakenly drawn (probably the drawing was made on the basis of the TV material of the Zvezda TV channel, http://www.military.cz).
Experimental self-propelled launcher 9P76 of the Iskander complex on the BAZ-6954 chassis, the open museum of equipment of the Kapustin Yar test site, summer 2016 (photo from the archive of the user "Sluchany", published on 10/21/2016).
- wheeled SPU 9P78- after changing the concept of the Iskander complex, starting from 1993, work is underway to redesign the SPU on the MZKT-7930 chassis for two launch booms with different types of combat load (OTR, KR). In 1995, a new SPU 9P78 was manufactured. Launches from it began in the same 1995. Later, SPU 9P78 was converted into SPU 9P78-1 - the body was modernized. Probably, the reason for the modernization was the refusal to place some types of combat load on the complex.
- wheeled SPU 9P78-1(apparently, not earlier than 1994) - MZKT-79301 chassis (two missiles on SPU with separate lifting booms). In our opinion, this is a prototype or the first series of SPU "Iskander" on the MZKT chassis, visible differences from 9P78-1 are insignificant. Perhaps the SPU 9P78 can only launch 9M723 ballistic missiles. The installation was designed by the Central Design Bureau "Titan" (design bureau of the "Barrikada" plant). Chassis MZKT-7930 "Astrolog" was developed by SKB-1 of the Minsk Wheel Tractor Plant in 1990 (prototype). Serial production of the chassis began in 1998. Chassis tests were carried out at the Kapustin Yar test site, test tracks of the NIIIAT MO RF and public roads. After the 30,000th run, the tractor was tested in a climatic chamber at a temperature of -50 ° C, then in a wind tunnel, where shock wave resistance was assessed.
SPU 9P78-1 variant 1 with a 9M723 missile, in the pre-launch position, the left of the two missiles, late 1990s - early 2000s (http://milparade.com, according to RIA Novosti, the photo was taken on 07.11.2008 , which is not true).
- universal wheeled SPU 9P78-1 / 9P78-1E(serial modification, appearance - 2001-2005) on the MZKT-7930 chassis (probably model MZKT-79305) "Astrolog" (two missiles on SPU with separate lifting booms - ballistic or winged or a combination of ballistic and winged). TZM 9T250 on the MZKT-79305 chassis carries two missiles and is equipped with a jib crane. The installation was designed by the Central Design Bureau "Titan" (design bureau of the "Barrikada" plant) and is manufactured by the "Barrikada" production association (Volgograd) on the chassis of the Minsk Wheel Tractor Plant (Minsk, Belarus). Serial production of SPU and TZM began in 2006, the production capacity of the Barricades software, according to 2008 data, is 12 complexes per year. As of 2014 - 2 brigade sets per year.
The machines of the complex are air transportable by An-124 class aircraft. In front of the body with rockets there is a gas turbine electric generator, which is part of the power and air conditioning unit (controlled from the driver's console). Presumably, a laser sighting optical system is placed in the body for exposing the GSP of the rocket to the launch plane and entering the flight task numbers into the onboard computer before launch in a horizontal position. It is possible that SPU 9P78-1 differs from 9P78 in that it can use both old and new types of missiles (see the stages of development of the complex above), and also, probably, SPU 9P78-1 is universal and is used as part of the Iskander complexes -M" and "Iskander-K".
Engine - YaMZ-846 diesel engine with a power of 500 hp, YaMZ-202.04 (9/2) manual gearbox with YaMZ-151-10 clutch, MZKT-79306 - Deutz BF8M105C diesel engine with 544 hp power. with a 5-speed Allison HD4560P hydromechanical gearbox.
Wheel formula - 8 x 8 (the first two axles are swivel)
Length - approx. 13070 mm
Width - 3070 mm
Height - approx. 3290 mm
Ground clearance - 400 mm
Tires - R25 with adjustable pressure
Gross weight - 40000-43200 kg (up to 45000 kg on the chassis)
Weight curb chassis - 21000 kg
Load capacity:
MZKT-79301 - 22200 kg
MZKT-79305 - 25000 kg
- MZKT-79306 - 24000 kg
Permissible axial weight (MZKT-79306):
- front axles - 21800 kg
- rear axles - 23200 kg
Highway speed - 70 km / h
Speed on a dirt road - 40 km / h
Cross country speed - 20 km/h
Fording depth - 1.4 m
Fuel range - 1000 km
Calculation - 3 people (2 people TZM)
Missile launch sector - 180 degrees.
The MZKT-79306 chassis is a close analogue of the MZKT-79305 (Technology that knows no barriers. Minsk Wheel Tractor Plant. Booklet, 2009).
SPU 9P78-1 version 2 of the 9K720 "Iskander-M" complex, rehearsal of the Victory Parade in Moscow, 04/26/2011. The last two photos - 05/03/2011 (photo - Vitaly Kuzmin, http://vitalykuzmin.net).
SPU of the operational-tactical complex "Iskander-M" / "Iskander-K" at the 231st site of the 4th GTsM training ground of the Russian Ministry of Defense, 2010 (4th interspecies: the XXI century begins. 4th GTsMP of the Russian Ministry of Defense, 2011 ..
SPU 9P78-1 board No. 811, probably of the 630th ORDN after the missile launch, Kapustin Yar training ground, 08/22/2011 (photo by Vadim Savitsky, http://twower.livejournal.com).
Serial military SPU 9P78-1 of the Iskander-M complex. 26th Neman Red Banner Rocket Brigade. October 20, 2011 (photo - Alexey Danichev, http://sputniknews.com).
SPU 9P78-1 with cruise missiles of the 9K720 Iskander-M missile system of the first serial brigade set on the day of transfer of equipment from the 107th RBR. Kapustin Yar, June 28, 2013 (http://i-korotchenko.livejournal.com).
SPU 9P78-1 option 2 and TZM 9T250 of the 9K720 Iskander-M complex, rehearsal of the Victory Parade in Moscow, 05/03/2011 (photo - Andrey Kryuchenko, http://a-andreich.livejournal.com).
New SPU BAZ- in February 2007, at an off-site meeting of the military-industrial commission based on NPO Almaz, the management of the BAZ announced that an SPU would be created on the basis of the Voshchina-1 chassis and / or on the basis of the promising Voshchina-2 chassis being developed for complex "Iskander". There is no other information.
Missiles of the complex.
Ballistic missile 9M723(the 9M728 cruise missile is described in a separate article - " "
):
Design single-stage missiles with an inseparable warhead. Much attention is paid to reducing the RCS - there are no protruding parts, holes and noticeable joints, the cable fairing is minimized to the maximum on the first versions of the missiles and is made in the form of a thin plume on the surface of the rocket body on more modern series, aerodynamic rudders instead of lattice ones are replaced by swept ones. A special heat-shielding coating of the case is used, which, probably, can act as an EPR-reducing coating.
Rocket 9M723-1 complex "Iskander-M". Kubinka, forum "Army-2015", 06/17/2015 (photo - Sergey Karpukhin, Reuters).
Rocket 9M723-1 complex "Iskander-M". Kubinka, forum "Army-2016" (September 2016).
Projections of 9M723 missiles of the 9K720 "Iskander-M" complex (, 11/06/2016).
According to the scheme previously adopted on OTP complexes, the missile of the complex (for example, 9M723K5) includes a missile unit (for example, 9M723) and a warhead (for example, 9N722K5).
According to the information available for 2011, missile units 9M723 and 9M723-1 are mentioned.
Model of the Iskander-E rocket with the 9M723 missile part at the exhibition "Technologies in Mechanical Engineering - 2010", Moscow, June 30 - July 4, 2010 (http://maks.sukhoi.ru).
Cable fairing on the old model of missiles of the complex (on the left, probably 9M723) and on the new one (on the right, probably 9M723-1). Frames from the films "Impact Force".
Fragments of the 9M723K5 rocket design (probably). Footage from a report on the receipt of the 9K720 Iskander-M complexes by the 26th missile brigade in Luga, 10/21/2011 (NTV channel).
Training missile 9M723 during reloading from TZM 9T250 complex 9K720 "Iskander-M" on SPU 9P87-1. Publication no later than 2015 (photo - Dmitry Rogulin,).
Presumably, during the group launches of the 9K720 Iskander-M complexes during the Center-2011 exercises, missiles with a 9M723-1 missile part were used, the Kapustin Yar test site, 09/22/2011 (http://www.mil.ru).
Ballistic missile 9M723 of the 9K720 Iskander-M missile system in a shipping container. The photo was taken at the ceremony of handing over the first serial brigade set of equipment of the 107th RBR. Kapustin Yar, June 28, 2013 (http://i-korotchenko.livejournal.com).
The same moment - frame of the Zvezda TV channel (http://www.mil.ru).
9Y293-E containers with missiles for the Iskander-E complexes of the Armenian armed forces (09/22/2016, footage from the Armenian television report).
Control system and guidance - the missile control system is autonomous inertial (developed by TsNIIAG, Moscow), the missile is controlled by the control system throughout the flight. The control system is built on the basis of a gyro-stabilized platform (GSP) and a digital computer (analogous to the DAVU OTR "Point"). When using missiles with a seeker, the onboard computer of the inertial control system of the rocket corrects the trajectory according to the seeker's data. Control is carried out using aerodynamic and gas-jet rudders and, probably, on the 9M723-1 rocket part, gas-dynamically using shunting reusable solid propellant rocket engines or using a gas generator. The warhead is inseparable.
Deep modernization and experimental testing of the previously developed command gyroscopic device (complex of gyroscopic devices) for Iskander / Iskander-M missiles was carried out by NPO Electromechanics (Miass). State tests were successfully completed in 2004. Serial production of gyroscopic instruments is carried out in the same place ( see - Annual report of OJSC "NPO Electromechanics...", ).
An autocollimator (left) and an automatic gyrocompass of the first SPUs of the Iskander complex developed by Arsenal Design Bureau (Kyiv), Ukrainian television footage.
The topographic positioning system of the launch unit of the complex can interact with space navigation systems such as NAVSTAR and GLONASS. The input of sighting data into the missiles (the display of the GSP in the launch plane and the input of the flight task numbers in the onboard computer) occurs automatically when the missiles are in a horizontal position inside the launcher, probably using an improved optical system for setting the GSP of the missile using a laser optical device (because there are no light guides typical for light systems on the SPU - see "Point" and "Oka"). Entering target data takes little time and before the start, target data can be adjusted according to information from an external source. With an interval of 1 minute, the complex can strike with two missiles at two different targets. The flight trajectory is flat ("quasi-ballistic"), perhaps for some variants of missiles with the ability to maneuver.
Supports of the automatic gyrocompass (AGK) in the central part of the SPU 9P78-1 ().
Probably wind sensors on the SPU 9P78-1 board No. 811, apparently of the 630th ORDN. Polygon Kapustin Yar, 22.08.2011 (photo by Vadim Savitsky, http://twower.livejournal.com).
The equipment of the GLONASS system based on SPU type 9P78-1 is represented by a portable receiver-indicator 14Ts821 "Grot-V" ("portable"). The receiver-indicator antenna is placed on the roof of the SPU cabin. The product has been developed and mass-produced by NII KP since 2001.
Probably the onboard computer (DAVU) of the missiles of the Iskander complex ( http://youtube.com)
Command-gyroscopic device (gyro-stabilized platform), automation unit and on-board computer (DAVU) on missiles of the 9M723 type of the Iskander complex. Photo from the area of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict (August 2008) and a frame from the films of the "Shock Force" series ( http://youtube.com)
Porthole of the optical aiming system for the gyroscopic devices of the 9M723 rocket (http://militaryphotos.net).
Probably, the optical system for aiming the gyroscopic devices of the rocket on the SPU 9P78 (frame from the promotional film of the Central Design Bureau "Titan", http://youtube.com)
For comparison, systems similar in purpose to the SPU of the Oka (left) and Tochka-U (right) complexes.
The internal structure of the Iskander-M complex armed with the R-500 SPU 9P78-1 cruise missile, Kapustin Yar, 10/30/2015 (video footage of the Russian Ministry of Defense, http://mil.ru).
Presumably a regular theodolite for maintenance of the SPU aiming system at the polygon position. Sighting is carried out on the base reflector of the automatic gyrocompass and then, through the second portable theodolite, in several stages, binding to the reference point is made and the azimuth of the base launch direction is checked. The picture shows the SPU of the 9K720 Iskander-M complex during launches to test a new type of military equipment, the Kapustin Yar training ground, 10/11/2011 (Zvezda TV channel).
In addition to missiles with an inertial control system, missiles with a seeker of two types can also be used, which are activated at the final stage of flight (according to our assessment, there are none in service as of 2009, probably being tested starting from 2004 or later). The GOS on the final section of the trajectory corrects the operation of the inertial control system of the rocket (it is estimated that it cannot be used on the Iskander-E):
- radar correlation seeker- developed by TsNIIAG (Moscow) at the end of the 1980s on the topic "Volga", the missile is guided by comparing a digital map of the terrain in the target area and data from the seeker radar;
- optical correlation seeker 9E436 - developed by TsNIIAG (Moscow), the missile is guided by the reference image of the target, similar to the GOS of the 8K14-1F missile. The GOS was presented for the first time at the Eurosatory-2004 exhibition.
Mass GOS - 20 kg
Flight task input time - no more than 5 minutes
KVO - up to 20 m
Optical seeker 9E436 for OTR "Iskander" at the stand of TsNIIAG at the MVSV-2004 exhibition
- active radar seeker 9B918 - developed and produced by NPP "Radar MMS" as of 2009. In 2009, it is planned to mass-produce 22 primary information processing units for the 9B918 seeker of 9M723-1F missiles in 2010-2011.
Option 1 (possibly 9N722K1 or another) - cassette warhead - R & D - Design Bureau of the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant. Weight 480 kg, 54 combat elements, warhead deployment height - 900-1400 m, warhead actuation height - 6-10 m, the use of this type of warhead with optical or radar correlation seeker is estimated by us as unlikely.
Types of combat elements:
1. fragmentation non-contact
2. cumulative fragmentation
3. self-aiming
4. volumetric detonating
Option 2 (possibly 9N722K1 or another) - a cluster warhead with 45 9N730 submunitions developed and manufactured by GosNIIMash (Dzerzhinsk) with a central bursting charge (TsRZ) 9N731. As of 2008, it is in mass production in the experimental workshop 4510 GosNIIMash (production of 16 sets of equipment per year). In 2009, the labor intensity of manufacturing the 9N730 combat element was 16.23 standard hours, the TsRZ - 30 standard hours. Proximity fuses 9E156 "Zont" for submunitions of a cluster warhead were developed by the Research Institute of Electronic Devices (Novosibirsk, Russia).
- Rocket 9M723-1F / 9M723-1FE- a missile with a radar seeker 9B918 developed and manufactured by NPP "Radar MMS". Developed as of 2009
- Complex 9K720E "Iskander-E", missile 9M720E / 9M723E- export modification of the complex with SPU 9P78-1E,
- Complex "Iskander-MKR"- during the IMDS-2005 exhibition, it was announced that a sea-based missile would be created on the basis of the Iskander OTR.
- Rocket 9M723, variant 2016- in September-October 2016, a rocket was launched at the Kaputsin Yar test site, the footage of which was posted on Youtube in October 2016. The rocket differs in appearance from the previously known variants of the 9M723 rocket.
Rocket type 9M723 version 2016 (video footage from the Youtube network).
Tactical and operational-tactical missile systems.
The strategy of conducting armed conflicts shows that one of their essential tendencies is the striving of the opposing sides to maximally limit the fight on the front line, in direct contact between troops in order to preserve manpower for inflicting a decisive blow and transfer the bulk of operations to the second echelons, which can be achieved by using aviation or missile systems for various purposes.
However, given that aviation operations are not all-weather and are also associated with human losses, missile systems remain the most effective means of destroying various types of objects at any time of the day, year, in any climatic conditions.
The social and political situation that prevailed at the initial stage of the development of the fuel and airborne missile systems and OTRK predetermined the creation of complexes, the use of which provided for only nuclear warheads (8K14, Luna, Temp-S), while the missiles had low accuracy and a low probability of overcoming enemy missile defense and other shortcomings determined by the level of scientific and technological development for the period of creation of these complexes.
The subsequent change in the military-political situation and the transition to conventional (non-nuclear) equipping of the fuel and air complex and OTRK required a fundamental change in the ideology of building these complexes, the main directions of which at the present stage are:
- high efficiency of the use of combat units of conventional equipment due to precision shooting accuracy;
- a wide range of combat units;
- autonomy, mobility, maneuverability and high cross-country ability of combat vehicles;
- secrecy in the preparation and delivery of a missile strike;
- speed of deployment of SPU and the minimum time for preparing a rocket launch;
- the possibility of using starting positions unprepared in engineering and topographic and geodetic terms;
- high reliability and ease of use;
- a high degree of automation of the process of preparing and conducting a launch;
- wide temperature range of combat use;
- long service life;
- high probability of overcoming enemy missile defense.
The first missile system of this class, created by KBM together with other leading enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the USSR, was the Tochka tactical missile system, which was put into service in 1975.
The "Tochka" complex, having high firing accuracy, was the first model of missile weapons of the Ground Forces, capable of effectively solving the tasks of destroying objects in the tactical depth of the enemy's defense with conventional warheads, has significant advantages over previously created RK (including foreign ones) in maneuverability, the possibility of preparing and delivering a covert missile strike, etc.
The complex is still in service with the Russian Army and the armies of a number of foreign countries and has proven itself to be one of the most effective and reliable means of destruction.
Subsequently, in order to expand combat capabilities, on the basis of the Tochka complex, a modernized Tochka-U tactical missile system was developed and put into service (in 1989) with a firing range of up to 120 km and maintaining high firing accuracy. At the same time, the Tochka-U complex has the ability to operate and combat use of missiles of the Tochka complex.
The "Tochka" and "Tochka-U" complexes, in addition to combat equipment, also include a complete set of their service maintenance and training equipment. KBM services organized after-sales service of the complexes and extension of their technical suitability.
Simultaneously with the work on tactical missile systems, KBM, together with co-executors, developed and put into service (in 1979) the Oka operational-tactical missile system with a firing range of up to 400 km.
9P71 with the 9K714 Oka missile in Slovakia (2000, a month before they were destroyed for American money).
The Oka complex was the only one in this class of missile systems, both domestic and foreign, in which the problem of overcoming the enemy's anti-missile defense was solved for the first time with a probability close to one.
The combat and technical characteristics of the complex significantly exceeded the characteristics of similar complexes, providing it with a significant perspective.
However, the Treaty on Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles, concluded in 1987 between the USSR and the United States, led to the elimination of not only the Temp-S complex with a range of up to 900 km, which falls under the Treaty, but also the Oka complex.
The scientific and technical groundwork accumulated by KBM in the development of the TRK and OTRK and the experience of operating these systems made it possible to use them in the creation of modern weapons, incl. in the development of the operational-tactical missile system "Iskander-E", which meets the requirements of the regulation on the control regime for the non-proliferation of missile technologies, with technical characteristics that ensure the fulfillment of not only modern, but also future requirements for weapons of this class.
The complex is designed for covert preparation and delivery of effective missile strikes against particularly important small-sized and area targets. It is built on the latest scientific, technical and design achievements in the field of operational-tactical missile systems and, in terms of the combination of implemented technical solutions and high combat effectiveness, is a weapon of a new generation. This is a "weapon of deterrence" in local conflicts, and for countries with limited living space - a strategic weapon.
The large firing range, which allows it to be used from the depth of the location of its troops, and the short time spent at the starting position make the complex practically invulnerable. According to the conclusion of the leading military-technical centers, the Iskander-E complex in terms of efficiency-cost exceeds the best foreign analogues by 5-8 times.
The structure of the complex, its control system, automated combat control and information support make it possible to quickly respond to new requirements without significant refinement of combat assets and, as a result, provide it with a long life cycle.
The complex ensures the adaptation of its elements to the automotive and radio-electronic base of potential customers, as well as the possibility of constant (or periodic) maintenance of its elements by highly qualified specialists of Russian companies.
In terms of the level of combat capabilities achieved, the Iskander-E missile system has no analogues in the world, which makes it a promising weapon for the coming decades of the 21st century.
High-precision tactical missile system "Tochka-U".
Purpose: designed to effectively defeat the most important targets in the tactical depth of enemy troops.
The composition of the complex:
- single-stage missile, controlled along the entire trajectory, with an inseparable warhead; control system - inertial;
- automated control and testing machine;
- maintenance vehicle;
learning aids.
Main tactical and technical characteristics:
Firing range, km minimal 15 maximum 120 Shooting accuracy high Starting weight, kg 2010 Time.: preparation for launch, min:
from readiness No. 12 from the march 16 Launcher weight (with rocket and crew), kg 18145 Maximum speed of PU movement, km/h: by highway 60 afloat 8 Cruising range of combat vehicles by fuel (with full load), km 650 Technical resource of combat vehicles, km 15000 Crew, pers. 3 Temperature range of operation, deg.С -40 to +50 Service life, years at least 10, of which 3 years in the field Warheads (warheads) of the missile: type Cassette, high-explosive fragmentation weight, kg 482
Operational-tactical missile system "Iskander-E".
The mobile missile system "Iskander-E" is designed to destroy the following ground targets in the operational range of high-precision missiles:
- command posts and communication centers;
- large groupings of troops;
- means of fire destruction;
- air defense and missile defense facilities;
- airplanes and helicopters in parking lots;
- the most important industrial and energy facilities.
The main features of the missile system:
- effective destruction of various types of targets in the conditions of the use of countermeasures by the enemy;
- possibility of covert preparation, combat duty and effective delivery of missile strikes;
- automatic calculation and input of the flight mission of missiles by means of the launcher;
- high probability of failure-free operation of the rocket during preparation for launch and in flight;
- high tactical maneuverability due to the high cross-country ability of combat vehicles mounted on all-wheel drive chassis;
- strategic mobility due to the transportability of the machines of the complex by all modes of transport, including transport aviation;
- automation of combat control of missile subunits, operational processing and bringing intelligence information to the appropriate command and control levels;
- long service life and ease of use.
The composition of the complex:
- rocket complex "Iskander-E" - solid-propellant, single-stage, controlled throughout the flight path, with an inseparable warhead in flight;
- self-propelled launcher;
- transport-loading machine;
- routine maintenance vehicle;
- command and staff vehicle;
- information preparation point;
- a set of arsenal equipment;
- training aids.
Main characteristics
Firing range, km minimal 50 maximum 280 Weight, kg: launch rocket 3800 payload 480 rocket launcher 42300 Warhead type cassette, high-explosive fragmentation, penetrating Rocket engine RDTT Type of control system autonomous, inertial, integrated with optical seeker Chassis type wheeled, off-road Number of missiles, pcs.: on the launcher 2 on a transport-loading machine 2 Combat crew of a self-propelled launcher, people: 3 Temperature range of application, hail. FROM ±50 Service life, years 10, of which 3 years in the field
Replicas from http://www.kbm.ru/ru/product/otrk, http://www.kbm.ru/ru/product/otrk/tochka-u, http://www.kbm.ru/ru/ product/otrk/iskander-e
Chronicle of the OTRK "Iskander".
The state tests of the Iskander-E operational-tactical complex are being completed, the supply of which to the Russian Armed Forces is provided for by the state defense order. As part of the state tests of the Iskander-E OTRK, more than 10 launches were carried out - more than half. The main problem is the delay in the prepayment of subcontractors for the manufacture of the material part for the next stages of testing. With proper funding, they will be completed within a few months. (as of April 2004)
Russia has successfully completed testing of the new Iskander tactical missile system. According to Krasnaya Zvezda, the Chief of the General Staff, Colonel-General Yuri Baluyevsky, said that it is planned to purchase a complex of the new Iskander tactical missile system and create a brigade equipped with this latest weapon. (30.08.2004. Business News Agency). In 2005, the first missile brigade equipped with new weapons will appear in the Ground Forces: each of its three missile divisions has 3 batteries, each of them has 3 mobile launchers of the Iskander-E complex, each with 2 missiles. In total - 27 launchers and (taking into account the stock on "loading" vehicles) 100 missiles. (for August-September 2004)
The first division of operational-tactical missile systems (OTRK) "Iskander" has been formed in the Russian Armed Forces. It will operate in one of the units of constant readiness in the south of the country, said Colonel-General Vladimir Zaritsky, head of the Missile Forces and Artillery of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Subsequently, in accordance with the Armament Program and the Development Concept, we will begin re-equipping, apparently, the missile brigades of the Far East and the Siberian Military District," the general said. (03/25/2005 ARMS-TASS news agency)
In 2005, plans were reported for the supply of Iskander complexes to Syria. This caused a negative reaction from Israel and the United States. During a visit to Israel, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced a ban on such supplies in order to prevent disruption of the balance of power in the region.
According to the information received during the IMDS-2005 exhibition, the Iskander OTRK is also being developed in a sea-based version (for the Navy). This variant has the designation "Iskander-MKR". While there are no details on this topic, it is only known that the TT charge of the remote control is created at the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Perm Plant named after S.M. Kirov", and the TT rocket engine - at the Iskra Scientific and Production Association (Perm). >>>
On May 30, 2007, tests of the R-500 cruise missile for the Iskander-K complex were completed at the Kapustin Yar test site, which is expected to be put into service in 2009. The R-500 high-precision subsonic cruise missile has an increased firing range compared to the Iskander-M and develops a cruising speed of 230-260 m/s. The combat load is 500 kg, the firing range is 500 km. The R-500 is equipped with a compact two-circuit low-thrust high-efficiency turbojet engine. (http://www.kapyar.ru/index.php?pg=218)\
According to the Dutch Foreign Ministry, the Iskander missile with a cluster warhead was used on August 12, 2008 during the shelling of the city of Gori during the August war against Georgia. The Russian side considers the evidence provided in the application to be insufficient.
In August 2008, during a visit to Moscow, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad expressed his readiness to deploy complexes in Syria.
On November 5, 2008, Russian President Medvedev, addressing the Federal Assembly, said that the response to the American missile defense system in Poland would be the deployment of Iskander missile systems in the Kaliningrad region.
The export of Iskander-E high-precision operational-tactical missile systems will be suspended until the Russian army is equipped with these weapons in sufficient quantities, said Nikolay DIMIDYUK, Director for Special Assignments of Rosoboronexport. Earlier, he stated that Syria, the United Arab Emirates, Malaysia, and India are showing interest in the Iskanders. True, the head of one of the defense plants recently admitted that foreign orders for Iskanders are several times higher than Russian ones. Moreover, the defense industry could not accept orders from the Russian army, because all production facilities are busy manufacturing Iskanders for export. We may need about 50 such complexes. And industrial capacities allow us to produce only 12 Iskanders per year. Therefore, it will take four years... (KP, 11/13/2008)
Optical seeker of the TRK "Iskander", shown by TsNIIAG at MVSV-2006.
- This GOS for Iskander was shown at the TsNIIAG stand at MVSS-2004. Apparently this is an optical-electronic correlation-extreme guidance system 9E436 (-E) for the Iskander missile system (-E).
- Model "Iskander-E" at MAKS-2005. The KBM representative said that the name "Iskander-M" was an invention of journalists...
- Model at the St. Petersburg MAKS-2003.
Questions about products on the KBM website.
Section: OTRK.
And what can you say about the possibility of overcoming the Iskander-E missile defense system of the enemy?
For the first time, the issue of overcoming missile defense was raised during the development of the Oka complex. The technical solutions adopted at that time made it possible to effectively overcome the existing missile defense system. It is quite natural that missile defense did not stand still and the developers of missile weapons attach great importance to the solution of the problem of overcoming missile defense, built on the basis of modern anti-missile systems. In the Iskander-E complex, of course, technical solutions have been implemented that make it possible to overcome the most modern missile defense with a high probability.
Doesn't the need to prepare two missiles lead to an increase in the time spent by the launcher of the Iskander-E complex at the launch position, which in turn will lead to an increase in the likelihood of it being hit by an enemy retaliatory strike?
No. In the Iskander-E complex, as well as in the Tochka, Tochka-U and Oka complexes, the time spent by the launcher at the launch position is minimal and is up to 20 minutes, while the interval between launches of the 1st and 2nd missiles no more than one minute. In addition, it should be noted that missile launches do not require launching positions specially prepared in engineering and topographic and geodetic terms, which can lead to their disclosure by the enemy. Launches can be carried out from the so-called "readiness from the march", i.e. the launcher drives into any site (except for swampy terrain and loose sands) and its calculation in an automated cycle, without leaving the cockpit, prepares and launches a rocket. After that, the launcher moves to the reloading point and, after loading the missiles, is ready to deliver a second missile strike from any starting position.
What warheads can be carried by the missile of the Iskander-E complex?
The missile can be equipped with: a cluster warhead with fragmentation submunitions of non-contact detonation; cluster warhead with cumulative fragmentation submunitions; cluster warhead with self-aiming submunitions; cluster warhead volumetric detonating action; high-explosive fragmentation warhead (OFBCH); high-explosive incendiary warhead; penetrating warhead (PrBCh). I would like to note that, unlike previously developed similar systems, in which missiles used a cluster warhead with contact detonation submunitions, the missile of the Iskander-E complex uses a cluster warhead with non-contact detonation submunitions that fire at a height of » 10 m above the surface.
Why, unlike the complexes you have previously developed, the launcher of the Iskander-E complex is equipped with two missiles, and not one. After all, this complicates the launcher and increases its cost.
Yes, of course, the launcher becomes more complex and more expensive, but not twice. If we evaluate the cost of performing a combat mission to hit a certain number of targets, then it is obvious that in the case of Iskander-E it will be significantly lower than when using the same missile from a hypothetical launcher for one missile, because the number of launchers involved to hit all the intended targets in the latter case is required just twice as much. It is possible, of course, to reload the launchers after the first missile strike, but this takes time, which, given the enemy's countermeasure capabilities, may not be enough. In addition, when using a launcher for two missiles in the complex, the cost of operation is reduced and the number of personnel of the missile unit is reduced.
KBM is known as the developer of such effective tactical and operational-tactical missile systems as “Tochka”, “Tochka-U”, “Oka”. Currently, information about the latest development has appeared in the media.
At one time, these complexes fully met the requirements and the level of development of technology of that period. But the Tochka and Tochka-U complexes have a range of up to 70-120 km, respectively, and Oka, unfortunately, was unfairly classified as a “shorter-range” missile and was liquidated in 1989 in accordance with the INF Treaty. The Iskander-E complex is a modern model of weapons, in which the latest achievements of science and design ideas are implemented. Its main features include: - high firepower of a missile strike due to the placement of two missiles on one mobile launcher; - effective engagement of one or two missiles of a large range of targets with warheads of conventional equipment due to the use of modern warheads, high accuracy and reliability of the rocket, as well as the ability to overcome the enemy's missile defense; - high efficiency of missile strikes and efficiency of control by bringing the automation of combat control to the launcher; - ample opportunities for modernizing the complex, including building up combat equipment, improving the accuracy of missile firing, and in other areas. Due to its characteristics, the complex is a “weapon of deterrence” in local conflicts, and for countries with limited living space it becomes a strategic weapon.
The operational-tactical missile system "Iskander" (index - 9K720, according to NATO classification - SS-26 Stone "Stone") - is a family of operational-tactical missile systems: Iskander, Iskander-E, Iskander-K. The complex was developed in the Kolomna Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering. The Iskander missile system was adopted by the Russian army in 2006; to date, 20 Iskander systems have been produced (according to open data from the Ministry of Defense).
The complex is designed to engage combat units in conventional equipment of small-sized and area targets in the depth of the operational formation of enemy troops. It is assumed that it can be a means of delivery of tactical nuclear weapons.
Most likely targets:
Means of fire damage (missile systems, multiple launch rocket systems, long-range artillery);
Means of anti-missile and air defense;
Airplanes and helicopters at airfields;
Command posts and communication centers;
The most important objects of civil infrastructure.
The main features of the Iskander OTRK are:
High-precision effective destruction of various types of targets;
The possibility of covert combat duty, preparation for combat use and launching missile strikes;
Automatic calculation and input of the flight task for missiles when they are placed on the launcher;
High probability of completing a combat mission in the face of active opposition from the enemy;
High operational reliability of the rocket and its non-failure operation in preparation for launch and in flight;
High tactical maneuverability due to the placement of combat vehicles on all-wheel drive all-wheel drive chassis of high cross-country ability;
High strategic mobility, which is ensured by the ability to transport combat vehicles by all modes of transport, including aviation;
A high degree of automation of the process of combat control of missile units;
Rapid processing and timely delivery of intelligence information to the necessary levels of command and control;
Long service life and ease of use.
Combat characteristics:
Circular probable deviation: 1…30 m;
— launch weight of the rocket 3 800 kg;
- length 7.2 m;
- diameter 920 mm;
— weight of the warhead 480 kg;
- rocket speed after the initial part of the trajectory 2100 m / s;
- the minimum range of target destruction is 50 km;
- maximum range of target destruction:
500 km Iskander-K
280 km Iskander-E
- time before the launch of the first rocket 4 ... 16 minutes;
- interval between launches: 1 minute
- service life: 10 years, including 3 years in the field.
The main elements that make up the Iskander OTRK are:
Rocket,
- self-propelled launcher,
- transport-loading machine,
- routine maintenance machine,
- command and control vehicle,
- point of information preparation,
- a set of arsenal equipment,
- training aids.
Transport-loading vehicle of the Iskander complex Self-propelled launcher (SPU) - designed to store, transport, prepare and launch two missiles at a target (1 missile in the export version). SPU can be implemented on the basis of a special wheeled chassis MZKT-7930 manufactured by the Minsk Wheel Tractor Plant. GVW 42 t, payload 19 t, highway/dirt road speed 70/40 km/h, fuel range 1000 km. Calculation 3 people.
Transport-loading vehicle (TZM) - designed to transport an additional two missiles. TZM is implemented on the MZKT-7930 chassis, equipped with a loading crane. Full combat weight 40 tons. Calculation of 2 people.
Command and staff vehicle of the Iskander complex The command and staff vehicle (KShM) is designed to control the entire Iskander complex. Implemented on the KamAZ-43101 wheeled chassis. Calculation 4 people. KShM CHARACTERISTICS:
- maximum range of radio communication in the parking lot / on the march: 350/50 km
- task calculation time for missiles: up to 10 s
- command transmission time: up to 15 s
- number of communication channels: up to 16
- unfolding (clotting) time: up to 30 minutes
- continuous work time: 48 hours
Machine regulations and maintenance (MRTO) - designed to check the on-board equipment of missiles and instruments, for routine repairs. Implemented on a KamAZ wheeled chassis. The mass is 13.5 tons, the deployment time does not exceed 20 minutes, the time of the automated routine check cycle of the on-board equipment of the rocket is 18 minutes, the calculation is 2 people.
Information preparation point of the Iskander complex Information preparation point (PPI) - designed to determine the coordinates of the target and prepare flight missions for missiles with their subsequent transfer to the SPU. PPI is integrated with reconnaissance means and can receive tasks and assigned targets from all necessary sources, including from a satellite, aircraft or drone. Calculation 2 people.
Life support vehicle (MZhO) - designed to accommodate, rest and eat combat crews. Implemented on a KamAZ-43118 wheeled chassis. The machine includes: a rest compartment and a household supply compartment. The rest compartment has 6 wagon-type beds with folding upper deck chairs, 2 lockers, built-in lockers, an opening window. The household supply compartment has 2 lockers with seats, a folding lifting table, a water supply system with a 300-liter tank, a water heating tank, a water pump, a drain system, a sink, a dryer for clothes and shoes.
The life support vehicle of the Iskander missile system The Iskander missile complex is a solid-propellant, single-stage, in-flight warhead, guided and vigorously maneuverable missile throughout the flight path that is difficult to predict. It maneuvers especially actively on the starting and final stages of the flight, on which it approaches the target with a high (20-30 units) overload.
This necessitates the flight of an anti-missile to intercept the Iskander OTRK missile with an overload 2-3 times greater, which is currently almost impossible.
Most of the trajectory of the Iskander missile, made using stealth technology with a small reflective surface, passes at an altitude of 50 km, which also significantly reduces the likelihood of it being hit by the enemy. The effect of "invisibility" is provided due to the combination of design features of the rocket and the treatment of its surface with special coatings.
To bring the missile to the target, an inertial control system is used, which is subsequently captured by an autonomous correlation-extreme optical homing head (GOS). The principle of operation of the missile homing system is based on the formation by the optical equipment of the GOS of the image of the terrain in the target area, which the on-board computer compares with the standard introduced into it when preparing the missile for launch.
The optical homing head is distinguished by increased sensitivity and resistance to existing electronic warfare equipment, which makes it possible to launch missiles on moonless nights without additional natural illumination and hit a moving target with an error of plus or minus two meters. At present, no other similar missile system in the world, except for the Iskander OTRK, can solve such a problem.
It is characteristic that the optical homing system used in the rocket does not need corrective signals from space radio navigation systems, which in a crisis situation can be disabled by radio interference or simply turned off. The integrated use of an inertial control system with satellite navigation equipment and an optical seeker made it possible to create a missile that hits a given target in almost any possible conditions. The homing head installed on the Iskander OTRK missile can be installed on ballistic and cruise missiles of various classes and types.
Types of combat units
- cassette with fragmentation submunitions of non-contact detonation (work at a height of about 10 m above the ground)
- cassette with cumulative fragmentation submunitions
- cassette with self-aiming submunitions
- cassette volumetric detonating action
- high-explosive fragmentation (OFBCH)
- high-explosive incendiary
- penetrating (PrBCh)
The cluster warhead accommodates 54 combat elements.
The Iskander complex is integrated with various intelligence and control systems. It is capable of receiving information about a target assigned to hit from a satellite, reconnaissance aircraft or an unmanned aerial vehicle (of the Reis-D type) to an information preparation point (PPI). It calculates the flight task for the rocket and prepares the reference information for the rockets.
This information is transmitted via radio channels to command and staff vehicles of battalion commanders and batteries, and from there to launchers. Commands to launch missiles can come from the KShM or from the command posts of senior artillery commanders.
The placement of two missiles on each SPU and TZM significantly increases the firepower of missile battalions, and a one-minute interval between missile launches at different targets ensures high fire performance. In terms of its effectiveness, taking into account the total combat capabilities, the Iskander operational-tactical missile system is equivalent to a nuclear weapon.
There are magic words in world politics that terrify entire governments of countries. For example, the phrase "chemical weapons in Syria" or "nuclear weapons in Iran" makes the political elite of Western countries a state of extreme military-diplomatic excitement. However, in terms of the speed of the reaction of the progressive public to such phrases, our Iskander has no equal. The mention of the Iskander-M OTRK, especially in the context of its deployment at someone's borders, inevitably entails a reaction close to hysteria from the media, the military and politicians of the border countries and their Western overlords. Let's see what is the secret of the magical properties of this operational-tactical missile system that frighten our neighbors so much.
The problem of the Iskander missile system is that it is impossible to "catch" it. Firstly, because during the flight the missile maneuvers with huge overloads, which are still inaccessible for any interceptor missile in service with the countries of the world. Secondly, it flies very low - up to 6 km. from the surface at a speed of Mach 4, so it is almost impossible to detect using standard radar tools. Thirdly, it throws out decoys to deceive the enemy radar, sets up active radio interference and “jamming” all emitters that are used to navigate the missile defense system in space. Those. "Iskander" can destroy any object within a radius of 500 km with an accuracy of 2 meters and a probability close to 100%. Theoretically, by launching a rocket from Kaliningrad, one can “get” to the government quarter in Berlin, and the striking force of the strike can be easily increased by “hanging” a nuclear warhead on the rocket. No one in the world has such missile weapons. At the same time, the Iskander is extremely mobile and secretive - the probability of its detection, even by means of space reconnaissance, is very low. Within 1 minute, he launched a set of missiles and immediately left the place of deployment, turning off all devices.
The rocket is single-stage, has a single-nozzle engine, is non-ballistic and is controlled throughout the entire flight path using aerodynamic and gas-dynamic rudders. Most of the flight trajectory of a missile made using the Stealth technology and having a small dispersion surface passes at an altitude of 50 km, and on the approach section - 6-20 km (depending on the type of OTRK), which makes it an almost impossible task to defeat the enemy . The effect of "invisibility" is achieved due to a combination of design features, in particular, the treatment of the rocket with special nanostructured scattering coatings, the dropping of protruding parts after launch, etc. The trajectory of the Iskander is not only non-ballistic, but also difficult to predict. Immediately after the launch and immediately upon approaching the target, the rocket performs intensive maneuvering. Depending on the trajectory, overloads range from 20 to 30 units. Accordingly, the interceptor missile must withstand an overload at least 2-3 times higher, which is technologically impossible within the framework of the 4th technological order existing in the world and even the promising fifth.
Iskander-M - the main option for the Russian army - is significantly more complex than the exported Iskander-E. Less noticeable, more maneuverable at the start and at the end of the flight. In addition, it has not just an inertial guidance system, like Iskander-E, but a combined one, including radio correction, GPS, GLONASS, laser and optical homing in the final section. It is controlled by lattice rudders. The warhead is not separated in principle, because. the body serves to create lift in the final section.
In 2012, another complex, Iskander-K, which is a further development of M, passed the final tests. It launches even more accurate, already cruise missiles, which are equipped with small bearing surfaces, like on the R-37. Thanks to this, it became possible to fire along a flat trajectory, as, at one time, at the OKA complex, only much more accurately and faster. The missile can fly at an altitude of only 6 km (horizontal radars have no chance), it uses a combined seeker and interchangeable warheads. Two missiles in a salvo can be equipped with different guidance systems and fire both on a hinged and flat trajectory.
Experts express the opinion that the combined use of the two brothers - Iskander-M and Iskander-K provide a synergistic effect, which is not able to counteract any of the existing missile defense systems. One of the missile technology experts, speaking on the forums under the nickname "Evil Critic", described the new product as follows: "It is known that both ballistic missiles (BR) and cruise missiles (CR), as well as their guidance systems, have a number of limitations on the "current state" of the object being hit ... For example, - if you bet ONLY on the Iskander-M, for example, with an optical-correlation system for final guidance on the object being hit, - and if we assume that the object will have to be hit at "X hour" with low clouds and intense visual opposition from the enemy, the bet may be lost. Similarly, with the radar system of final guidance, similar in principle to that of the Pershing-2, - here the "cards" can be confused by the enemy's intense electronic warfare. At the same time, low cloudiness, for example, and intense visual masking of the final object, will, to a certain extent, "on the drum" of the CR with an inertial and optical-correlation system that works out navigation corrections throughout the ENTIRE route (similar to the pedossk. CR ALCM) .. Here, no masking of the target will help, - and here you need to shoot down ONLY, shoot down on the route or on the edge on the way to the target.
Finally, let's imagine a situation when Iskander-K and Iskander-M "approach" the target (the Czech missile defense radar or the gentry mines with GBI) - SIMULTANEOUSLY ... And each demonstrates "his own set of gadgets" , - "Iskander-M" - high-intensity maneuvering of a high-flying hypersonic target, "Iskander-K", - an extremely low flight profile (about 6 m) and following the terrain in a practically "autonomous" (i.e. not dependent on the search for a target on-board sensors) mode ... This is REALLY a situation close to 100% probability of hitting a target ... So, for the fight against EuroPRO, the COMBINATION "Iskander-M" + "Iskander-K" is really optimal. The whole point is to use these products at the same time, "in one blow"".
The German newspaper Bild, citing its sources, reported that Russia deployed Iskanders in the Kaliningrad region near the border with Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. This message was followed by the reaction of the US authorities, who immediately, through all channels of interaction, called on Russia not to destabilize the situation by deploying Iskanders in the west. "We would not want them to take steps that lead to destabilization in the region," said US State Department spokeswoman Marie Harf. Translated from diplomatic to human, it sounds something like this: “The deployment of Iskanders will upset the entire balance of power in Europe, and not in our direction. Anything but Iskander! Concern was also expressed in Poland and Latvia. Lithuanian Defense Minister Juozas Oleakas called it disturbing news, while Lithuanian presidential adviser Dalia Grybauskaite said that Russia's actions are not in line with declarations of a desire for closer cooperation with the European Union and NATO. Even China got nervous when it learned that the missile system would be located near its border.
It should be noted that the hands of Azerbaijan were tied with the supply of Iskanders to Armenia, which has recently been trying to play military muscles in the region - the aggressive rhetoric against Yerevan has ceased. In 2014, Armenia will complete the re-equipment of its missile units with ultra-precise and long-range missile systems. Armenian Defense Minister Seyran Ohanyan stated this at a press conference in Yerevan on January 24, answering a question from journalists about whether reports about the acquisition of Russian modern operational-tactical missile systems (OTRK) Iskander-M by Yerevan are true. Note that the export Iskander-E, not cut in capabilities with a range of 280 km and one missile in the launcher, but a full-fledged M, firing at a distance of up to 500 km and having 2 missiles at once (by the way, so far the only OTRK in the world capable of launch 2 missiles at once from one launcher). For Armenian friends, apparently, they made an exception due to the heated geopolitical situation throughout the CIS.
"Iskander" can deliver to the target cluster (with 54 submunitions), penetrating, high-explosive fragmentation, as well as nuclear warheads. This allows you to hit small and area targets, including enemy fire weapons, air defense and missile defense systems, aviation at airfields, command posts, etc. The structure of the Republic of Kazakhstan includes a rocket, a self-propelled launcher, a transport-loading and command and staff vehicles, a mobile information preparation point, mobile technical and household support units, as well as sets of arsenal and training equipment.
The history of the creation of this OTRK began in the early 80s. The use of warheads of conventional (non-nuclear) equipment while maintaining the effectiveness of the weapon forced the developers to look for new ways to build a missile control system (CS). The accuracy of the inertial control system for solving this problem is insufficient, it should have been raised
about an order of magnitude. In the 80s. attempts have already been made in our country to solve this problem. Optical homing equipment was created for the Scud (we even managed to conduct field tests and put the missile into trial operation in the troops). A non-nuclear warhead guided by a correlation-type radar seeker was developed for the Volga complex. The modernized "Oka" and "Tochka" had not only an inertial control system, but also an optical correlation-extreme guidance system, which was also not only tested, but also passed trial operation in the troops. During the idle years of our military-industrial complex, the United States achieved great success in this direction: on the American Pershing-2 missile, which was destroyed under the INF Treaty, a radar seeker was installed that identified the terrain in the target area; optical homing systems are used in modern versions of Tomahawk and CALCM cruise missiles. Their effectiveness has been clearly demonstrated in Iraq and Yugoslavia.
The task of creating similar equipment for the Iskander was handled by the Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics (TsNIIAG), a leading developer of guidance and control systems for domestic tactical and operational-tactical missiles, which has a 25-year backlog in the development of homing heads. As the main way to solve this problem, the combination of an inertial system with optical guidance along the surrounding terrain was chosen. Moreover, the homing head created at TsNIIAG can be used both as part of the Iskander and on ballistic and cruise missiles of various classes and types (including intercontinental ones). This seeker has already passed flight tests and showed better accuracy than the Americans achieved on their Tomahawks.
The principle of operation of homing systems, which have the scientific name of correlation-extreme, is that the optical equipment forms an image of the terrain in the target area, which is compared in the on-board computer with the reference one, after which corrective signals are issued to the missile's controls.
The optical seeker is universal and makes only one requirement for the inertial control system of the rocket: bring the latter to the point where the optics begin to see the target. Against such a head, the existing active electronic warfare systems are powerless, which very effectively counteract radar homing systems. The high sensitivity of the seeker allows you to work even on a moonless night, which distinguishes the new system from existing analogues. In addition, optical systems do not need signals from space radio navigation systems, such as the American NAVSTAR, which in crisis cases can be turned off by its owners or disabled by radio interference. By the way, many potential customers of Iskander-E put forward demands for independence from satellite navigation. At the same time, the integration of inertial control with satellite navigation equipment and optical seeker makes it possible to create a missile that hits a given target in almost any conceivable conditions.
Information about the target is transmitted from a satellite, a reconnaissance aircraft or an unmanned aerial vehicle to an information preparation point (IPP). It calculates the flight mission for the missile, which is then broadcast via radio channels to the command and staff vehicles (CSV) of the battalion commanders and batteries, and from there to the launchers. Commands for launching missiles can be formed both in the KShM and come from the command posts of senior artillery commanders. The PPI and KShM equipment is built on local networks of Russian computers, and the functional purpose of the control means complex depends only on software and can be easily upgraded to control various fire weapons.
On October 11, 2011, it was announced the completion of the first stage of testing the updated Iskander-M missile system with new combat equipment - with a new electronic warfare system that provides missile cover in the final flight segment. This system includes means of setting passive and active interference with surveillance and firing radars of the enemy's air and missile defense, through noise and the release of decoys. Since 2013, new missiles have been supplied to the Russian army.
The 2012 CIA analytical review “On Strategic Risks and the Global Military-Political Situation in the World” contains a very revealing definition: “The Iskander operational-tactical missile system is a weapon capable of influencing the military-political situation in the regions of the world, if located in Their states do not have an extended territory. Therefore, the issues of locating the Iskander complexes, as well as their export supplies, are the subject of political consultations between the countries.”
And, in addition, a few beautiful videos:
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