Space Forces of Russia. Aerospace Defense Troops. Russian weapons

On March 24, 2011, the Space Forces of the Russian Federation celebrated their 10th anniversary. They were created in accordance with the decree No. 337 of March 24, 2001 of the President of Russia "On ensuring the construction and development of the armed forces of the Russian Federation, improving their structure." And by the decision of the Security Council of the Russian Federation of February 6, 2001.

Help: Space Forces- a separate branch of the armed forces of the Russian Federation, responsible for the defense of Russia in space. October 4 is celebrated as the Day of Space Forces. The holiday is timed to the day of the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, which opened the chronicle of cosmonautics, including military. The first units (institutions) for space purposes were formed in 1955, when by a decree of the Government of the USSR it was decided to build a research site, which later became the world famous Baikonur cosmodrome. Until 1981, responsibility for the creation, development and use of space assets was assigned to the Central Directorate of Space Facilities (TSUKOS) of the Strategic Missile Forces of the USSR Armed Forces. In 1981, it was decided to withdraw the Main Directorate of Space Facilities (GUKOS) from the Strategic Missile Forces and subordinate it directly to the General Staff. In 1986, GUKOS was transformed into the Office of the Chief of Space Facilities (UNKS). In 1992, the UNKS was transformed into a branch of the centrally subordinated forces - the Military Space Forces (VKS), which included the Baikonur, Plesetsk, Svobodny cosmodromes (in 1996), as well as the Main Center for Testing and Control of Spacecraft (SC) of the Military and civil appointment named after German Titov. In 1997, the Aerospace Forces became part of the Strategic Missile Forces. Taking into account the growing role of space assets in the system of military and national security of Russia, the top political leadership of the country in 2001 decided to create on the basis of the formations, formations and units of launching and missile defense, on the basis of detached from the Strategic Missile Forces, an independent type of troops - the Space Forces.

The main tasks of the videoconferencing:

Timely warning of the country's top military-political leadership about the start of a nuclear missile attack;

Creation, deployment and management of orbital groupings of military, dual and socio-economic spacecraft;

Control of the developed near-earth space, constant reconnaissance of the territories of a potential enemy using satellites;

Anti-missile defense of Moscow, destruction of attacking enemy ballistic missiles.

The composition of the troops:

Rocket and space defense,

State test cosmodromes of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation - Baikonur, Plesetsk, Svobodny,

Main Testing Center for Testing and Control of Space Facilities named after G. S. Titov,

Directorate for depositing cash settlement funds,

Military educational institutions and support units.

Population - more than 100 thousand people.

Armament of the Aerospace Forces:

Satellites of species reconnaissance (optical-electronic and radar reconnaissance),

Electronic control (radio and electronic intelligence),

Communications and a global satellite navigation system for troops, in total in the orbital grouping, about 100 vehicles,

The launch of satellites into a given orbit is provided by light (Start 1, Cosmos 3M, Cyclone 2, Cyclone 3, Rokot), medium (Soyuz U, Soyuz 2, Molniya M ") and heavy (" Proton K "," Proton M ") classes,

Means of the ground-based automated control complex for spacecraft (NACU SC): command measuring systems "Taman Baza", "Fazan", radar "Kama", quantum optical system "Sazhen T", ground receiving and recording station "Nauka M 04",

Detection systems, radar stations "DON 2N", "Daryal", "Volga", "Voronezh M", radio-optical complex for recognition of space objects "KRONA", Optical electronic complex "OKNO".

Moscow missile defense A-135 is a missile defense system of the city of Moscow. Designed to "repel a limited nuclear strike against the Russian capital and central industrial area." Radar station "Don-2N" near Moscow, near the village of Sofrino. 68 53Т6 (Gazelle) missiles, designed to intercept in the atmosphere, are located in five positional areas. The command post is the city of Solnechnogorsk.

Objects of the Space Forces are located throughout the territory of Russia and beyond its borders. Abroad, they are deployed in Belarus, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan.

OUR REFERENCE

Space Forces - a separate branch of the armed forces of the Russian Federation, responsible for the defense of Russia in space. October 4 is celebrated as the Day of Space Forces. The holiday is timed to the day of the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, which opened the chronicle of cosmonautics, including military.

The first units (institutions) for space purposes were formed in 1955, when by a decree of the Government of the USSR it was decided to build a research site, which later became the world famous Baikonur cosmodrome. Until 1981, responsibility for the creation, development and use of space assets was assigned to the Central Directorate of Space Facilities (TSUKOS) of the Strategic Missile Forces of the USSR Armed Forces.

In 1981, it was decided to withdraw the Main Directorate of Space Facilities (GUKOS) from the Strategic Missile Forces and subordinate it directly to the General Staff. In 1986, GUKOS was transformed into the Office of the Chief of Space Facilities (UNKS). In 1992, the UNKS was transformed into a branch of the centrally subordinated forces - the Military Space Forces (VKS), which included the Baikonur, Plesetsk, Svobodny cosmodromes (in 1996), as well as the Main Center for Testing and Control of Spacecraft (SC) of the Military and for civil purposes named after German Titov.

In 1997, the Aerospace Forces became part of the Strategic Missile Forces. Taking into account the growing role of space assets in the system of military and national security of Russia, the top political leadership of the country in 2001 decided to create on the basis of the formations, formations and units of launching and missile defense, on the basis of detached from the Strategic Missile Forces, an independent type of troops - the Space Forces.

The main tasks of videoconferencing:

- timely warning of the country's top military-political leadership about the start of a nuclear missile attack;

- creation, deployment and management of orbital groupings of military, dual and socio-economic spacecraft;

- control of the developed near-earth space, constant reconnaissance of the territories of a potential enemy using satellites;

- anti-missile defense of Moscow, the destruction of attacking enemy ballistic missiles.

The composition of the troops:

- Command of the Space Forces;

- Main Center for Missile Attack Warning (GC PRN);

- The Main Center for Outer Space Control (GC KKP);

- State test cosmodromes of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation - Baikonur, Plesetsk, Svobodny;

- The main test center for testing and control of space assets named after G.S. Titov;

- Formation of anti-missile defense (ABM);

- Office for the introduction of new systems and complexes of the Space Forces;

- Military educational institutions and support units.

The number of the Military Space Forces is more than 100 thousand people.

Armament of the Aerospace Forces:

— reconnaissance satellites(optical-electronic and radar reconnaissance);

— electronic control satellites(radio and electronic intelligence);

— communication satellites and a global satellite navigation system for troops, in total in the orbital group of about 100 vehicles;

- the launch of satellites into a given orbit provide light carrier rockets("Start 1", "Cosmos 3M", "Cyclone 2", "Cyclone 3", "Rokot"), middle("Soyuz U", "Soyuz 2", "Molniya M") and heavy("Proton K", "Proton M") classes;

— means of ground-based automated control complex for spacecraft(NAKU KA): command measuring systems "Taman Baza", "Fazan", radar "Kama", quantum optical system "Sazhen T", ground receiving and recording station "Nauka M-04";

— detection systems, radar stations "DON 2N", "Daryal", "Volga", "Voronezh M", radio-optical complex for recognition of space objects "KRONA", optical-electronic complex "OKNO";

— Moscow missile defense A-135- the anti-missile defense system of the city of Moscow. Designed to "repel a limited nuclear strike against the Russian capital and central industrial area." Radar station "Don-2N" near Moscow, near the village of Sofrino. 68 53Т6 (Gazelle) missiles, designed to intercept in the atmosphere, are located in five positional areas. The command post is the city of Solnechnogorsk.

Objects of the Space Forces are located throughout the territory of Russia and beyond its borders. Abroad, they are deployed in Belarus, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan.

/Based on materials www.mil.ru and topwar.ru /

March 24, 2011 marked the 10th anniversary of the Space Forces of the Russian Federation. They were created in accordance with the decree No. 337 of March 24, 2001 of the President of Russia "On ensuring the construction and development of the armed forces of the Russian Federation, improving their structure." And by the decision of the Security Council of the Russian Federation of February 6, 2001.

OUR REFERENCE

The Space Forces are a separate branch of the armed forces of the Russian Federation responsible for the defense of Russia in space. October 4 is celebrated as the Day of Space Forces. The holiday is timed to the day of the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, which opened the chronicle of cosmonautics, including military.

In 1997, the Aerospace Forces became part of the Strategic Missile Forces... Taking into account the growing role of space assets in the system of military and national security of Russia, the top political leadership of the country in 2001 decided to create on the basis of the formations, formations and units of launching and missile defense, on the basis of detached from the Strategic Missile Forces, an independent type of troops - the Space Forces.

The main tasks of the videoconferencing:

Timely warning of the country's top military-political leadership about the start of a nuclear missile attack;

Creation, deployment and management of orbital groupings of military, dual and socio-economic spacecraft;

Control of the developed near-earth space, constant reconnaissance of the territories of a potential enemy using satellites;

Anti-missile defense of Moscow, destruction of attacking enemy ballistic missiles.

The composition of the troops:

Space Forces Command;

Main missile attack warning center (GC PRN);

The Main Center for Outer Space Control (GC KKP);

State test cosmodromes of the RF Ministry of Defense - Baikonur, Plesetsk, Svobodny;

Main Testing Center for Testing and Control of Space Facilities named after G.S. Titov;

Missile Defense Formation (ABM);

Administration for the introduction of new systems and complexes of the Space Forces;

Military educational institutions and support units.

The number of the Military Space Forces is more than 100 thousand people.

Armament of the Aerospace Forces:

Satellites for species reconnaissance (optical-electronic and radar reconnaissance);

Electronic control satellites (radio and electronic intelligence);

Communication satellites and a global satellite navigation system for troops, in total in the orbital constellation of about 100 vehicles;

Launching satellites into a given orbit is provided by light carrier rockets (" Start 1», « Cosmos 3M», « Cyclone 2», « Cyclone 3», « Roar"), Medium (" Soyuz U», « Union 2», « Lightning M") And heavy (" Proton K», « Proton M») Classes;

Means of ground-based automated control complex for spacecraft (NACU SC): command measuring systems "Taman Baza", "Fazan", radar "Kama", quantum optical system "Sazhen T", ground receiving and recording station "Nauka M-04";

Detection systems, radar stations " DON 2N», « Darial», « Volga», « Voronezh M", Radio-optical complex for recognition of space objects" CROWN", Optoelectronic complex" WINDOW»;

Moscow missile defense A-135 is a missile defense system of the city of Moscow. Designed to "repel a limited nuclear strike against the Russian capital and central industrial area." Radar " Don-2N"Near Moscow, near the village of Sofrino. 68 missiles 53T6("Gazelle"), designed to intercept in the atmosphere are located in five positional areas. The command post is the city of Solnechnogorsk.

Objects of the Space Forces are located throughout the territory of Russia and beyond its borders. Abroad, they are deployed in Belarus, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan.

Space Forces

From the history of creation

Space Forces The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation were created in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 24, 2001.

The first military formations for space purposes were formed in 1955, when by a decree of the government of the USSR it was decided to build a research site, which later became the world famous Baikonur cosmodrome.

In 1957, in connection with the preparations for the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, the Command and Measurement Complex for spacecraft control was created (now - the Main Test Center for Testing and Control of Space Facilities named after G.S. Titov, GITSU KS). In the same year, in the city of Mirny, Arkhangelsk region, construction began on a test site intended for launches of R-7 intercontinental ballistic missiles - the current Plesetsk cosmodrome.

On October 4, 1957, the spacecraft launch and control units launched the first artificial Earth satellite "PS-1", and on April 12, 1961 - the launch and control of the flight of the world's first manned spacecraft "Vostok" with cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on board. Subsequently, all domestic and international space programs were carried out with the direct participation of military units for launching and controlling spacecraft.

In 1964, in order to centralize the work on the creation of new means, as well as to promptly resolve the issues of using space means, the Central Directorate for Space Means (TsUKOS) of the USSR Ministry of Defense was created. In 1970, TsUKOS was reorganized into the General Directorate of Space Facilities (GUKOS) of the Ministry of Defense. In 1982, GUKOS and its subordinate units were withdrawn from the Strategic Missile Forces (Strategic Missile Forces) and were directly subordinated to the Minister of Defense.

In 1992, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 27, 1992, the Military Space Forces (VKS) of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation were created, which included the Baikonur cosmodrome, parts of the launch of spacecraft at the Plesetsk test site, the Main Test Center for Testing and Control of Space Facilities. Colonel-General Vladimir Ivanov was appointed the first commander of the Aerospace Forces.

In 1997, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 16, "in accordance with the needs of defense and security, as well as the real economic capabilities of the country," the Russian Aerospace Forces merged with the Strategic Missile Forces (Strategic Missile Forces) and the Rocket and Space Defense Forces (RKO) of the Air Defense Forces.

In 2001, in connection with the growing role of space assets in the system of military and national security of Russia, the country's top political leadership decided to create, on the basis of formations, formations and units for launching and controlling spacecrafts, as well as missile defense forces, a new kind of troops on the basis of the strategic missile forces detached from the Strategic Missile Forces. Space Forces. On March 26, 2002, the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation presented a personal standard to the commander of the Space Forces.

On October 3, 2002, by the decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the Day of the Space Forces was introduced, which is celebrated annually on October 4.

detection of the beginning of a missile attack on the Russian Federation and its allies;
fighting enemy ballistic missiles attacking the defended area;
maintaining in the established composition of orbital groupings of military and dual-purpose spacecraft and ensuring their intended use;
control over outer space;
ensuring the implementation of the Federal Space Program of Russia, international cooperation programs and commercial space programs.

Unification of rocket and space defense (RKO)
State test cosmodromes of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation Baikonur, Plesetsk and Svobodny
Main Testing Center for Testing and Control of Space Facilities named after G.S. Titov
cash deposit department
military educational institutions and support units.
Combining missile defense includes formations of missile attack warning (PRN), anti-missile defense and control of outer space (RCS). It is armed with radar, radio-technical, opto-electronic, optical means, which are controlled from one center, function according to a single plan in real time using a single information field.
Control of orbital constellations of spacecraft is carried out by the Main Test Center. G.S. Titov. The state test cosmodromes Plesetsk, Svobodny and Baikonur are intended to create, maintain and replenish the national orbital constellation of spacecraft.
Objects of the Space Forces are located throughout the territory of Russia and beyond its borders. Abroad, they are deployed in Belarus, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan.
As of the end of 2007, the orbital constellation of the Russian Federation consisted of 100 spacecraft. Of these, 40 are defense satellites, 21 are dual-use (capable of simultaneously solving military, socio-economic and scientific tasks) and 39 spacecraft for scientific and socio-economic purposes. Since 2004, it has increased by one and a half times.
The Space Forces are armed with species reconnaissance satellites (optical-electronic and radar reconnaissance), electronic control (radio and radio-technical reconnaissance), communications (series "Cosmos", "Globus" and "Rainbow") and a global satellite navigation system for troops ( series "Hurricane"). The launch of satellites into a given orbit is provided by launch vehicles of light (Start-1, Kosmos-3M, Cyclone-2, Cyclone-3), medium (Soyuz-U, Soyuz-2, "Zenith") and heavy ("Proton-K", "Proton-M") classes.
The main cosmodrome for launching military and dual-use spacecraft is the Plesetsk cosmodrome. It is based on technical and launch complexes for space rockets Molniya-M, Soyuz-U, Soyuz-2, Cyclone-3, Kosmos-3M, Rokot.
Space forces use the means of a ground-based automated control complex for spacecraft (NAKU SC): command and measurement systems "Taman-Baza", "Fazan", radar "Kama", quantum-optical system "Sazhen-T", ground receiving and recording station " Science M-04 ", radar stations" DON-2N "," Dnepr "," Daryal "," Volga ", radio-optical complex for recognition of space objects" KRONA ", Optical-electronic complex" OKNO ".
The structure of the Space Forces includes military educational institutions: the Military Space Academy (VKA) named after AF Mozhaisky (St. Petersburg), Pushkin Military Institute of Radio Electronics of the Space Forces named after Air Marshal E.Ya.Savitsky (Pushkin), the Moscow Military Institute of Radio Electronics of the Space Forces (Kubinka), the Peter the Great Military Space Cadet Corps (St. Petersburg).
From July 4, 2008 to December 1, 2011, Major General Oleg Nikolaevich Ostapenko is the commander of the Space Forces.
With the formation of the Aerospace Defense Forces in Russia, the Space Forces ceased to exist. The aerospace defense troops were formed on the basis of the Space Forces and the troops of the operational-strategic command of aerospace defense.
The creation of the Aerospace Defense Forces was required to combine the forces and means responsible for ensuring Russia's security in space and from space, with military formations solving the tasks of the air defense (air defense) of the Russian Federation. This was caused by the objective need for integration under the unified leadership of all forces and means capable of waging war in the air and space sphere, proceeding from modern world trends in armament and rearmament of leading countries to expand the role of aerospace in ensuring the protection of state interests in the economic, military and social spheres.
Objects of the Aerospace Defense Forces are located throughout Russia - from Kaliningrad to Kamchatka, as well as beyond its borders. Objects of missile attack warning and space control systems are deployed in the neighboring countries - Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan.
- From December 1, 2011 to November 9, 2012 - Colonel General Oleg Nikolaevich Ostapenko.
- Since November 9, 2012, the interim Lieutenant General Valery Mikhailovich Ivanov.
- Since December 24, 2012 - Major General Alexander Valentinovich Golovko.
The organizational structure of the aerospace defense forces
- Aerospace Defense Troops
- Command of the Aerospace Defense Forces
- - The main test space center named after G.S. Titova
- - Air defense brigades
  - Missile defense compound
- - Separate scientific research station (test site "Kura")
- Arsenal
Aerospace Defense Forces (VVKO)- a separate branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, created by the decision of President Dmitry Medvedev. The first duty shift of the command post of the VKO troops took up combat duty on December 1, 2011.
- Main Missile Attack Warning Center (Missile Attack Warning System);
- The Main Center for Space Situation Intelligence (Outer Space Control Center);
- Main Testing Space Center named after German Titov;
- The command of air defense and missile defense (K air defense and missile defense) (Operational-strategic command of aerospace defense), having in the composition of the air defense brigade (former troops of the operational-strategic command of aerospace defense and the Special Forces Command of the Moscow Air Defense District) and anti-missile formations defense;
- State test cosmodrome Plesetsk (1st State test cosmodrome), having a separate scientific research station (test site "Kura"). Kura Rocket Range - a test range of the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia;
- Arsenal (a military institution for storing, repairing and assembling, accounting, issuing weapons and ammunition to the troops, as well as for the production of work on their assembly, repair and manufacture of some parts for them).
Main missile attack warning center
(Missile attack warning system)
Missile attack warning system (EWS)- a special comprehensive system to warn the leadership of the state about the use of missile weapons by the enemy against the state and to repel its surprise attack.
Designed to detect a missile attack before the missiles reach their targets. Consists of two echelons - ground-based radars and an orbital constellation of early warning satellites.
History of creation
The development and adoption of intercontinental ballistic missiles in the late 1950s led to the need to create means of detecting the launches of such missiles in order to exclude the possibility of a surprise attack.
The Soviet Union began building a missile attack warning system in the early 1960s. The first early warning radars (radars) were deployed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Their main task was to provide information about a missile attack for missile defense systems, and not to ensure the possibility of a retaliatory oncoming strike. The first radars recorded missiles after they appeared from behind the local horizon, or, using the reflections of radio waves from the ionosphere, "looked" beyond the horizon. But, in any case, the maximum achievable power of such stations and the imperfection of the technical means for processing the information received limited the detection range to two to three thousand kilometers, which corresponded to the notification time of 10 to 15 minutes before arriving at the territory of the USSR.
In 1960, in the United States, the AN / FPS-49 radar (developed by D.K.Barton) for the missile attack warning system was put into service in Alaska and the UK (replaced only after 40 years of service with newer radars).
In 1972, the USSR developed the concept of an integrated missile attack warning system. It included ground-based over-the-horizon and over-the-horizon radar stations and space assets and was able to ensure the implementation of a retaliatory strike. To detect ICBM launches during their passage through the active section of the trajectory, which would provide the maximum warning time, it was supposed to use early warning missile satellites and over-the-horizon radars. The detection of missile warheads in the late sections of the ballistic trajectory was envisaged using a system of over-the-horizon radars. This separation significantly increases the reliability of the system and reduces the likelihood of errors, since different physical principles are used to detect a missile attack: registration of the infrared radiation of a running ICBM engine with satellite sensors and registration of the reflected radio signal using a radar.
USSR missile attack warning system
Missile warning radar
Work on the creation of early warning radar (DL) began after the adoption in 1954 of the decision of the Government of the USSR on the development of proposals for the creation of an anti-missile defense (ABM) of Moscow. Its most important elements were to be the radar station for detecting and determining with high accuracy the coordinates of enemy missiles and warheads at a distance of several thousand kilometers. In 1956, by the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On anti-missile defense" A.L. Mints was appointed one of the chief designers of the DO radar, and in the same year in Kazakhstan, studies of the reflecting parameters of the ballistic missile warheads launched from the Kapustin Yar test site began.
The construction of the first early warning radars was carried out in 1963-1969. These were two radars of the Dnestr-M type, located in Olenegorsk (Kola Peninsula) and Skrunda (Latvia). The system was put into service in August 1970. It was designed to detect ballistic missiles launched from the United States or from the Norwegian and North Seas. The main task of the system at this stage was to provide information about a missile attack for the missile defense system deployed around Moscow.
In 1967 - 1968, simultaneously with the construction of radars in Olenegorsk and Skrunda, the construction of four Dnepr-type radars (a modernized version of the Dnestr-M radar) was started. For construction, nodes were selected in Balkhash-9 (Kazakhstan), Mishelevka (near Irkutsk), Sevastopol. Another was built at the Skrunda junction, in addition to the Dnestr-M radar station already operating there. These stations were supposed to provide a wider coverage of the warning system, expanding it to the North Atlantic, the Pacific and Indian Ocean regions.
In early 1971, a missile attack warning system command post was created on the basis of the early detection command post in Solnechnogorsk. 02/15/1971, by order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR, a separate anti-missile surveillance division took up combat duty.
Developed in 1972, the concept of a missile attack warning system provided for integration with existing and newly created missile defense systems. Within the framework of this program, the radar stations "Danube-3" (Kubinka) and "Danube-3U" (Chekhov) of the Moscow missile defense system were included in the warning system. In addition to the completion of the construction of the Dnepr radar in Balkhash, Mishelevka, Sevastopol and Skrunda, it was planned to create a new radar of this type at a new node in Mukachevo (Ukraine). Thus, the Dnepr radar was to become the basis of a new missile attack warning system. The first stage of this system, which included radars at the nodes in Olenegorsk, Skrunda, Balkhash-9 and Mishelevka, began combat duty on October 29, 1976. The second stage, which included radars at the nodes in Sevastopol and Mukachevo, was put on alert January 16, 1979.
In the early 70s of the last century, new types of threats appeared - ballistic missiles with multiple and actively maneuvering warheads, as well as strategic cruise missiles using passive (decoy targets, radar traps) and active (jamming) countermeasures. Their detection was also hampered by the introduction of radar signature reduction systems (Stealth technology). To meet the new conditions in 1971 - 1972, a project was developed for a new early warning radar type "Daryal". In 1984, a station of this type in the city of Pechora, the Komi Republic, was commissioned and put on alert duty. A similar station was built in 1987 in Gabala, Azerbaijan.
SPRN space echelon
In accordance with the project of the missile attack warning system, in addition to over-the-horizon and over-the-horizon radars, it was supposed to include a space echelon. It made it possible to significantly expand its capabilities due to the ability to detect ballistic missiles almost immediately after launch.
The lead developer of the space echelon of the warning system was the Central Research Institute "Kometa", and the design bureau was responsible for the development of spacecraft. Lavochkin.
By 1979, a space system for early detection of ICBM launches was deployed from four US-K spacecraft (SC) (Oko system) in highly elliptical orbits. To receive, process information and control the spacecraft of the system in Serpukhov-15 (70 km from Moscow), an SPRN control point was built. After flight tests, the first generation US-K system was put into service in 1982. It was intended to monitor the continental missile-hazardous areas of the United States. To reduce the illumination of the background radiation of the Earth, reflections of sunlight from clouds and glare, the satellites observed not vertically down, but at an angle. For this, the apogee of the highly elliptical orbit was located over the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. An additional advantage of this configuration was the ability to monitor the basing areas of American ICBMs on both daily orbits, while maintaining direct radio communication with the command post near Moscow, or with the Far East. This configuration provided observation conditions for approximately 6 hours per day for one satellite. To ensure round-the-clock observation, it was necessary to have at least four spacecraft in orbit simultaneously. In reality, in order to ensure the reliability and reliability of observations, the constellation had to include nine satellites. This made it possible to have the necessary reserve in case of premature failure of satellites. In addition, the observation was carried out simultaneously by two or three spacecraft, which reduced the likelihood of issuing a false signal from the illumination of the recording equipment by direct sunlight or reflected from the clouds by sunlight. This configuration of 9 satellites was first created in 1987.
In addition, since 1984, one US-KS spacecraft (Oko-S system) has been placed in geostationary orbit. It was the same base satellite, slightly modified to operate in geostationary orbit.
These satellites were positioned at 24 ° West longitude, providing observation of the central part of the United States at the edge of the Earth's visible disk. Satellites in geostationary orbit have a significant advantage - they do not change their position relative to the Earth and can provide continuous support to a constellation of satellites in highly elliptical orbits.
The increase in the number of missile-hazardous regions required the detection of ballistic missile launches not only from the continental United States, but also from the rest of the world. In this regard, the Central Research Institute "Kometa" began to develop a second-generation system for detecting ballistic missile launches from continents, seas and oceans, which was a logical continuation of the "Oko" system. Its distinctive feature, in addition to placing the satellite in geostationary orbit, was the use of vertical observation of the launch of rockets against the background of the earth's surface. This solution makes it possible not only to register the fact of missile launch, but also to determine the azimuth of their flight.
The deployment of the US-KMO system began in February 1991 with the launch of the first second-generation spacecraft. In 1996, the US-KMO (Oko-1) system with a spacecraft in geostationary orbit was put into service.
Russian missile attack warning system
As of October 23, 2007, the SPRN orbital constellation consisted of three satellites - 1 US-KMO in geostationary orbit (Kosmos-2379 was launched into orbit on 08.24.2001) and 2 US-KS in a highly elliptical orbit (Kosmos-2422 was launched into orbit on 21.07 .2006, Cosmos-2430 was launched into orbit on October 23, 2007). On June 27, 2008, Cosmos-2440 was launched.
To ensure the solution of the tasks of detecting launches of ballistic missiles and communicating the commands of the combat control of the strategic nuclear forces (Strategic Nuclear Forces), it was supposed to create a Unified Space System (EKS) on the basis of the US-K and US-KMO systems.
At the beginning of 2012, the planned deployment of high-availability radar stations (VZG radar) "Voronezh" is being carried out in order to form a closed radar field for warning about a missile attack at a new technological level with significantly improved characteristics and capabilities. At the moment, new VZG radars have been deployed in Lekhtusi (one meter), Armavir (two decimeter), Svetlogorsk (decimeter). Ahead of the schedule, the construction of a complex of a double VZG radar of the meter range in the Irkutsk region is underway - the first segment of the southeastern direction is put on experimental combat duty, the complex with a second antenna canvas for viewing the eastern direction is planned to be delivered to the OBD in 2013. Work on the creation of a unified space system (EKS) is entering the home stretch.
SPRN stations of Russia on the territory of Ukraine
In December 2005, Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko announced that he had submitted a package of proposals for cooperation in the rocket and space sector to the United States. After they are formalized into an agreement, American specialists will have access to space infrastructure facilities subordinate to the National Space Agency of Ukraine (NSAU), including two Dnepr radar stations of the Missile Attack Warning System (SPRN) in Sevastopol and Mukachevo, information from which is transmitted to the central command post of the early warning system in Solnechnogorsk.
Unlike the early warning radars located in Azerbaijan, Belarus and Kazakhstan, leased by Russia and serviced by Russian military personnel, Ukrainian radars have not only been owned by Ukraine since 1992, but have also been serviced by the Ukrainian military. On the basis of an interstate agreement, information from these radars, monitoring outer space over Central and Southern Europe, as well as the Mediterranean, is sent to the central command post of the early warning system in Solnechnogorsk, subordinate to the Russian space forces. For this, Ukraine received $ 1.2 million annually.
In February 2005, the Ukrainian Defense Ministry demanded that Russia increase pay, but Moscow refused, recalling that the 1992 agreement was concluded for 15 years. Then, in September 2005, Ukraine began the process of transferring the radar to the NSAU, meaning the re-registration of the agreement in connection with the change in the status of the radar. Russia cannot prevent American specialists from accessing the radar. At the same time, Russia would have to rapidly deploy new Voronezh-DM radars on its territory, which it did, putting on duty the nodes near Armavir in Krasnodar and Svetlogorsk in Kaliningrad.
In March 2006, Ukrainian Defense Minister Anatoly Gritsenko announced that Ukraine would not lease the two missile warning stations in Mukachevo and Sevastopol to the United States.
In June 2006, Yuriy Alekseev, Director General of the National Space Agency of Ukraine (NSAU), said that Ukraine and Russia had agreed to increase the service fee in 2006 in the interests of the Russian side of the radar stations in Sevastopol and Mukachev “by one and a half times”.
Currently, Russia has abandoned the use of stations in Sevastopol and Mukachevo. The Ukrainian leadership decided to dismantle both stations within the next 3-4 years. The military units serving the stations have already been disbanded.
Main center for space intelligence
(Outer Space Control Center)
Main center for space intelligence (GC RKO) is an element of the Space Control System (SKKP), which is part of the Russian Space Defense Army (RSC). The SKKP serves to provide information support for the state's space activities and counteract the means of space reconnaissance of potential adversaries, assess the danger of the space situation and deliver information to consumers.
- detection of space objects in geocentric orbits;
- recognition of space objects by type;
- determination of the time and area of possible fall of space objects in emergency situations;
- determination of dangerous encounters along the flight path of domestic manned spacecraft;
- determination of the fact and parameters of spacecraft maneuver;
- notification of overflights of foreign reconnaissance spacecraft;
- information and ballistic support of the actions of active means of anti-missile and anti-space defense (ABM and PKO);
- maintaining a catalog of space objects (Main catalog of the system - GKS);
- evaluating the performance of funds and the JCCS;
- control of the geostationary space area;
- analysis and assessment of the space environment.
History of education
On March 6, 1965, a Directive of the General Staff of the Air Defense Forces (VPO) was signed on the formation of a "Special CKKP" personnel on the basis of the 45th Specialized Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense (SNII MO). Since 1970, this day has been the birthday of the Central Collective Commission. In April 1965, the government made a decision to build a complex of technological buildings for the Central Collective Use Center in the Noginsk District of the Moscow Region, which was named the city of Noginsk-9. On October 7, 1965, the "Cadre of the Special TsKKP" was assigned a number - military unit No. 28289. The first temporary staff of the "Cadre of the Special TsKKP" was put into effect on April 27, 1965. On November 20, 1965, the first order in the history of the TsKKP was signed, which stated that Lieutenant Colonel V. P. Smirnov took over the temporary command of the "Special Center for Collective Use". At the end of 1965, Colonel N. A. Martynov, who graduated with a gold medal from the Academy of the General Staff, was appointed head of the Central Administrative Committee, Lieutenant Colonel V. P. Smirnov became the chief engineer. On October 1, 1966, on the basis of a directive from the General Staff, the subdivision "Personnel of the Outer Space Control Center" was transformed into the "Outer Space Control Center", withdrawn from the 45th SNII MO and transferred to the subordination of the commander of military unit 73570.
Air Defense and Missile Defense Command (For Air Defense And Missile Defense)
(Operational-Strategic Command of Aerospace Defense)
Operational-Strategic Command of Aerospace Defense (OSK VKO)- the operational-strategic command of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, designed for the strategic defense of Russia against threats from the air and from space. The headquarters is in the city of Balashikha (Moscow region). Since December 1, 2011, on the basis of the USC VKO and the Russian Space Forces, a new branch of the military has been created - the Aerospace Defense Forces.
The only commander during the existence of the structure was Lieutenant General Valery Ivanov; on November 8, 2011, he was dismissed from the post of commander of the USC VKO troops and was appointed first deputy commander of the Aerospace Defense Forces.
History
USC VKO was formed in the course of the military reform of 2008-2010 on the basis of the Special Forces Command of the Moscow Air Defense District, which was disbanded on July 1, as well as a number of other structures of the Air Force and Space Forces of Russia.
- air defense (air defense)
- reconnaissance and warning of aerospace attack
- missile defense (ABM)
- observation of outer space.
  It is planned that over time, all forces and assets intended for the strategic defense of the country, both from air and space threats, will be under a single command.
  The basis of the subsystem for reconnaissance and warning of an aerospace attack, as well as the subsystem for the destruction of aerospace attack weapons of foreign states, will be formations and units of aviation and air defense forces of the Air Force and missile and space defense forces from the space forces.
  At the same time, the former headquarters and command of the structure will continue to be in charge of maintaining all parts of the troops in a state of full combat readiness and timely execution of commands from above: for example, the Air Force in the case of fighter-interceptors or KV in the case of anti-missiles. However, the Joint Command will be in charge of operational leadership, as well as making decisions on the use of a particular type of weapon.
  State test cosmodrome Plesetsk
  Plesetsk Cosmodrome (1st State Test Cosmodrome)- the Russian cosmodrome. Located 180 kilometers south of Arkhangelsk, not far from the Plesetskaya railway station of the Northern Railway. The total area of the cosmodrome is 176,200 hectares.
  The administrative and residential center of the cosmodrome is the city of Mirny. The number of personnel and population of the city of Mirny is approximately 28 thousand people. The territory of the cosmodrome belongs to the municipal formation of the urban district "Mirny" bordering on the Vinogradovsky, Plesetsky and Kholmogorsky districts of the Arkhangelsk region.
  The Plesetsk cosmodrome is a complex scientific and technical complex that performs various tasks both in the interests of the Russian Armed Forces and for peaceful purposes.
  - launch complexes with launch vehicles for carrier rockets;
  - technical complexes for the preparation of space rockets and spacecraft;
  - multifunctional refueling and neutralization station (ZNS) for refueling launch vehicles, booster blocks and spacecraft with propellant components;
  - 1473 buildings and structures;
  - 237 power supply facilities.
  - Launching table;
  - Cable refueling tower.
  From the 1970s to the early 1990s, the Plesetsk cosmodrome held the world leadership in the number of rocket launches into space (from 1957 to 1993, 1372 launches were made from here, while only 917 from Baikonur, which is in second place).
  However, since the 1990s, the annual number of launches from Plesetsk has been less than from Baikonur. Russia carried out 28 launches of carrier rockets in 2008, retaining its first place in the world in the number of launches and surpassing its own figure in 2007. Most (19) of 27 launches were made from the Baikonur cosmodrome, six from the Plesetsk cosmodrome. One space launch each was performed from the Yasny launch base (Orenburg region) and the Kapustin Yar test site (Astrakhan region). In 2008, the United States conducted 14 launches of carrier rockets, including four "shuttles". China launched 11 rockets into space, Europe - six. Other countries have carried out three or fewer launches. In 2007, Russia made 26 launches, the United States - 19, China - 10, the European Space Agency - 6, India - 3, Japan - 2.
  Among the currently operating cosmodromes, Plesetsk is the northernmost cosmodrome in the world (if not counting the sites for suborbital launches among the cosmodromes). Situated on a plateau-like and slightly hilly plain, the cosmodrome covers an area of 1,762 km², stretching from north to south for 46 kilometers and from east to west for 82 kilometers with a center having geographic coordinates of 63 ° 00 ′ N. NS. 41 ° 00 ′ east d. (G) (O).
  The cosmodrome has an extensive network of highways - 301.4 km and railways - 326 km, aviation equipment and a first-class military airfield, allowing the operation of aircraft with a maximum landing weight of up to 220 tons, such as Il-76, Tu-154, communication facilities , including space.
  The railway network of the Plesetsk cosmodrome is one of the largest departmental railways in Russia. From the railway station Gorodskaya, located in the city of Mirny, passenger trains depart daily on several routes. The farthest of them is about 80 kilometers long.
  Kura Rocket Range- test range of the Strategic Missile Forces of Russia. Located on the Kamchatka Peninsula, in the area of the village of Klyuchi, 500 km north of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, in a marshy uninhabited area on the Kamchatka River. The main purpose is to receive the warheads of ballistic missiles after test and training launches, to control the parameters of their entry into the atmosphere and the accuracy of hitting.
  The landfill was formed on April 29, 1955 and was originally codenamed "Kama". A separate scientific testing station (ONIS) was formed, formed on the basis of research institute No. 4 in the village of Bolshevo, Moscow region. The development of the training ground began on June 1, 1955, by the forces of a separate radar battalion attached to it. In a short time, the military town of Klyuchi-1, a network of roads, an airfield and a number of special structures were built.
  Currently, the test site continues to function, remaining one of the most closed facilities of the Strategic Missile Forces. The following are deployed at the range: military unit 25522 (43rd Separate Scientific Test Station), military unit 73990 (14th separate measuring complex), military unit 25923 (military hospital), military unit 32106 (aviation commandant's office), military unit 13641 ( separate mixed aviation squadron). More than a thousand officers, warrant officers, contract soldiers and about 240 conscripts serve at the range.
  To monitor the test site, the United States maintains a permanent observation station, Eareckson Air Station (formerly Shemya airbase), 935 kilometers from the test site, on one of the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. The base is equipped with radars and aircraft to observe hits at the range. One of these radars, "Cobra Dane", was created in 1977 at Shemya specifically for this purpose.
  On June 1, 2010, the test site was removed from the strategic missile forces and included in the structure of the space forces.

Medium emblem of the Russian Space Forces

Russian Space Forces flag

Space Forces- a separate branch of the armed forces of the Russian Federation responsible for military operations in space. On June 1, the Space Forces of the RF Armed Forces were formed and began to fulfill their tasks. According to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 03.10.2002, October 4 is celebrated as the Day of Space Forces. The holiday is timed to the day of the launch of the first artificial earth satellite, which opened the chronicle of cosmonautics, including military.

Tasks

The main tasks of the space forces are:

timely warning of the country's top military-political leadership of the start of a nuclear missile attack.
creation, deployment and control of orbital groupings of military, dual and socio-economic spacecraft;
control of the developed near-earth space, constant reconnaissance of the territories of a potential enemy using satellites;
anti-missile defense of Moscow, destruction of attacking enemy ballistic missiles.

History

Until 1981, responsibility for the creation, development and use of space assets was assigned to the Central Directorate of Space Facilities (TSUKS) of the Strategic Missile Forces of the USSR Armed Forces. At the end of the 70s, the contradiction between the interspecific nature of the tasks being solved and the specific subordination of military space objectively arose and began to aggravate.

Under these conditions, the leadership of the USSR Ministry of Defense (USSR Ministry of Defense) in 1981 decided to withdraw the Main Directorate of Space Facilities (GUKOS) from the Strategic Missile Forces and subordinate it directly to the General Staff. In 1986, GUKOS was transformed into the Office of the Chief of Space Facilities (UNKS). In 1992, the UNKS was transformed into a branch of the centrally subordinated military - the Military Space Forces (VKS), which included the Baikonur, Plesetsk, Svobodny cosmodromes (in 1966), as well as the Main Control Center for military and civilian spacecraft (SC). In 1997, the Aerospace Forces became part of the Strategic Missile Forces.

Taking into account the growing role of space assets in the system of military and national security of Russia, the country's top political leadership in 2001 made a decision to create on the basis of formations, formations and units of launching and missile defense, a new kind of troops - the Space Forces - on the basis of the strategic missile forces, detached from the Strategic Missile Forces. At the same time, it was taken into account that space forces and means, forces and means of missile defense have a single sphere of solving problems - space, as well as close cooperation of industrial enterprises, ensuring the creation and development of weapons.

Orbital constellation

For comparison, the United States has the largest orbital constellation, which owns 413 artificial satellites. China is in third place with 34 satellites.

Commanders

- 1997 Ivanov, Vladimir Leontievich
- 2009 Ostapenko, Oleg Nikolaevich Chief of Staff - Major General Yakushin, Alexander Nikolaevich.

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See what "Russian Space Forces" is in other dictionaries:

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Space Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation: tasks and structure- The Space Forces are a fundamentally new branch of the military, which is designed to ensure Russia's security in the space sector. They were created in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 24, 2001 and the decision ... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

Space Forces of the RF Armed Forces: history of creation and tasks- The Space Forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation were created in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 24, 2001. The first military formations for space purposes were formed in 1955, when by a government decree ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, a branch of the military, is designed to ensure the security of Russia in the space sector. Created in 2001 by the decision of the Security Council of the Russian Federation on the basis of associations and units for launching and controlling spacecraft of the Rocket Forces ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Coat of arms (large emblem) of the Space Forces of the Russian Federation Medium emblem of the Space Forces of the Russian Federation Flag of the Space Forces of the Russian Federation Space Forces branch of the Russian ... Wikipedia

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