§ 1.2 The basics of the ballistic theory of ritz was a huge need for an intermediate link, which was invented in order to explain the cause of equality of action and counteraction. I pointed out in the introduction that radiant energy, born and emitted at the speed of light,

Intercontinental ballistic rocket is a very impressive creation of man. Huge sizes, thermonuclear power, a flame pillar, the roar of the engines and the formidable rock rocus. However, all this exists only on Earth and in the first minutes of launch. By their expiration, the rocket ceases to exist. Further in the flight and on the execution of a combat problem, only what remains of the rocket after overclocking is its beneficial load.

With a large start of start-up, the useful load of the intercontinental ballistic missile goes to the space height of many hundreds of kilometers. Rises in a layer of low-bit satellites, 1000-1200 km above the ground, and is briefly located among them, only slightly behind their overall run. And then on the elliptical trajectory begins to roll down ...

The ballistic rocket consists of two main parts - an overclocking part and the other for which there is an overclocking. The accelerating part is a pair or a three of large multi-tone steps, under the string of fuel stuffed and from the bottom. They give the necessary speed and direction to the movement of another main part of the rocket - the head. Accepted steps, replacing each other in the launch relay, accelerate this head in the direction of its future fall.

The head of the rocket is a complex cargo from many elements. It contains a warhead (one or more), the platform on which these warheads are placed together with all the rest of the economy (like the means of deception of radar and anti-missile age), and the fairing. Even in the head, there are fuel and compressed gases. The whole head of the goal will not fly. She, as previously, the ballistic missile itself, is divided into many elements and simply stop exist as one. The fairing of it will be separated from the launch area, when working the second stage, and somewhere there on the road and fall. The platform falls apart at the entrance to the air of the fall area. Through the atmosphere, the elements of only one type will reach the target. Warheads.

Near the warhead looks like an elongated cone with a length of a meter or one and a half, at the base with a body thickness. The nose of the cone is pointed or a bit blotted. This cone is a special aircraft whose task is to deliver weapons to the target. We will return to the warheads later and get acquainted with them closer.

Head of "Peacemaker", in the pictures - the dilution steps of the American Heavy ICBM LGM0118A PeaceKeeper, also known as MX. The rocket was equipped with ten dividing warheads of 300 CT. The rocket is removed from weapons in 2005.

Pull or push?

In the rocket, all the warheads are located on the so-called dilution stage, or in the "bus". Why a bus? Because, released first from the fairing, and then from the last acceleration step, the dilution level is delivering warheads, as passengers at a given stops, according to their trajectories, for which the deadly cones will disperse their goals.

Another "bus" is called the battle step, because its work determines the accuracy of the guidance of warheads to the point of purpose, and therefore combat efficiency. Stage of breeding and her work is one of the biggest secrets in the rocket. But we are still slightly, schematically, take a look at this mysterious step and on her difficult dance in space.

The dilution level has different forms. Most often, it looks like a round funeral or a wide loaf of bread, on which the warheads are installed on top, each on its spring pusher. The warheads are pre-located at the exact corners of the department (on a rocket database, manually, with the help of theodolites) and look at different directions like a bundle of carrots, like a needle at the hedgehog. Tarmed by warheads platform occupies a given, gyrostabilized position in the space. And at the right moments, the warheads are ejected from it. Pushed immediately after completion of the overclocking and separation from the last acceleration stage. So far, you never know what?) Did not shoot down all this undiluted hive with missing weapons or did not fail to board the dilution stage.

But it was so before, at the dawn of separating heads. Now breeding is a completely different picture. If earlier the warheads "sticking out" forward, now the step is in front of the step, and the warheads hang from the bottom, the tops back, inverted, like bats. The "bus" itself in some rockets also lies in an inverted state, in a special excavation in the upper stage of the rocket. Now, after separation, the dilution level does not push, but dragged warheads. And dragging, resting the crosswise placed four "paws", deployed ahead. At the ends of these metal paws are directed back of the traction nozzles of the dilution levels. After separation from the acceleration stage of the "Bus" very accurately, precisely exposes its movement in starting space with the help of its own powerful guidance system. Itself occupies an accurate path of the next warhead - its individual trail.

Then the special rackless locks that kept the next discharged warhead are opened. And not even separated, but just now, no longer connected with the step of the warhead remains motionlessly hanging here, in complete weightlessness. Started and drove the moment of its own flight. Like one separate berry next to the bunch of grapes with other grapes-warheads, not yet torn off the stage of breeding process.

The fiery ten, K-551 "Vladimir Monomakh" - the Russian nuclear submarine of strategic appointment (project 955 "Borea"), armed with 16 solid fuel MBR "Bulava" with ten dividing combat blocs.

Delicate movements

Now the task of the stage - crawl from the warheads as delicately as possible without disturbing its exactly exhibited (aimed) movement by gas jets of its nozzles. If the supersonic jet of the nozzle falls along the separated warhead, it will inevitably make its additive in the parameters of its movement. Over the next flight time (and this is half an hour - fifty minutes, depending on the starting distance) of the warhead, it snaps from this exhaust "slap" a jet into a half-meter-kilometer of a fence from the target, and even further. It snappings without obstacles: there is a space, slapped - swam, without holding anything. But is it a kilometer of the sideways - is this accuracy today?

To avoid such effects, the four top "paws" sides are needed on the parties. The step as it should be tightened to them forward so that the jets of the exhausts walked around and could not hook a warhead separated by the belly. All traction is divided between four nozzles, which reduces the power of each individual jet. There are other features. For example, if on the borclothing stage of dilution (with the void in the middle - this hole, it is won by the accelerated stage of the rocket, like a wedding ring on the finger) of the "Tradent-II D5" rocket system determines that the separated warhead still falls under the exhaust of one of the nozzles, That control system is disabled. Makes "silence" above the warhead.

The step is gentle, as a mother from the cradle of an asleep cat, fearing to break his rest, fits in space on the three remaining nozzles in the mode of small traction, and the warhead remains on the sighting trajectory. Then the "bagel" of the stage with the crossed traction nozzles turns around the axis so that the warhead come out from under the zone of the torch of the nozzle turned off. Now the step is departed from the left warheads on all four nozzles, but so far also on the small gas. When a sufficient distance is achieved, the main traction is included, and the step is vigorously moved to the area of \u200b\u200bthe aiming trajectory of the next warhead. There it is spreading the parameters of its movement very accurately, after which it separates the next warhead. And so - until it falls out every warhead on her trajectory. This process is fast, much faster than you read about it. For a half or two minutes, the combat step breeds a dozen warheads.

The abyss of mathematics

Intercontinental ballistic missile R-36M Voivode Voivode,

The above is quite enough for understanding how the own path of the warhead begins. But if you open the door slightly wider and throw a glance slightly deeper, it can be noted that today there is a turn in the space of dilution steps, carrying warheads, is the area of \u200b\u200bapplying quaternion calculus, where the onboard orientation system processes the measured parameters of its movement with continuous construction on board the orientation quaternion. Quaternion is such a complex number (over the field of complex numbers lies the flat body of quaternions, as mathematics would be told on their exact definition language). But not with the usual two parts, valid and imaginary, and with one valid and three imaginary. Total quaternion has four parts, about what, in fact, and says the Latin root Quatro.

The dilution stage does its work quite low, immediately after turning off accelerated steps. That is, at an altitude of 100-150 km. And there still affect the influence of gravitational anomalies of the surface of the earth, heterogeneity in a flat field of importation surrounding the Earth. Where are they from? From the irregularities of the relief, mountain systems, occurring rocks of different density, oceanic depressions. Gravitational anomalies either attract a stage with an additional attraction, or, on the contrary, slightly release it from the ground.

In such heterogeneities, complex ripples of the local gravitational field, the dilution level should arrange warheads with precision accuracy. To do this, I had to create a more detailed map of the gravitational field of the Earth. "Specify" features of the real field better in systems of differential equations describing the exact ballistic movement. These are large, capacious (for the inclusion of details) of the system of several thousand differential equations, with several tens of thousands of constant numbers. And the gravitational field itself at low altitudes, in the immediate near-earth region, is considered as a joint attraction of several hundred point masses of different "weights" located near the center of the Earth in a certain order. This achieves more accurate modeling of the real field of land on the track of the rocket flight. And more accurate work with the flight control system. And ... but full! - Let's not look next and close the door; We are quite enough and said.

Flying without warhead

In the photo - Start of the Intercontinental Rocket of Trident II (USA) with a submarine. At the moment, Trident ("Trident") is the only MBR family, whose rockets are installed on American submarines. Maximum thrown weight - 2800 kg.

The dilution rate displaced the rocket towards the same geographical area where the warheads should fall, continues to fly along with them. After all, it can not fall behind, and why? After breeding warheads, the step is urgently engaged in other affairs. She departs away from the warhead, knowing it in advance, which will fly a bit differently as warheads, and not wanting to disturb them. All their further actions, the stage of breeding also devotes warheads. This maternal desire to protect the flight of his "kids" continues all its remaining short life.

Short, but saturated.

The useful load of the intercontinental ballistic missile is mostly spent in the space object mode, rising to height, three times the height of the ISS. A huge length trajectory should be calculated with particular accuracy.

After separated warheads, there comes a turn of other wards. On the part side, the most funny things begin to fly away. Like a magician, it produces in space a lot of inflossal balloons, some metal things resembling opened scissors, and objects of all sorts of other forms. Durable balloons brightly sparkle in the cosmic sun with mercury glitter of the metallized surface. They are quite large, some in shape resemble warheads flying nearby. Their surface covered with aluminum spraying reflects the radar radio signal from almost the same way as the housing of the warheads. Ground enemy radars will perceive these inflatable warheads on a par with real. Of course, in the first moments of entering the atmosphere, these balls will stop and immediately burst. But before that, they will distract themselves and load the computing power of terrestrial radars - and long-distance discovery, and the guidance of anti-missile complexes. In the language of interceptors of ballistic missiles, it is called "complicating the current ballistic situation." And all the heavenly military, inexorably moving towards the fall area, including the combat blocks are real and false, inflatable balls, dipole and corner reflectors, all this different package is called "multiple ballistic goals in a complicated ballistic setting."

Metal scissors are revealed and become electric dipole reflectors - their set, and they reflect the radio signal feeling their ray of the radar of long-range anti-missile detection. Instead of ten, sophisticated fatty ducks, the radar sees a huge blurring flock of small sparrows, in which it is difficult to disassemble something. Devices of all kinds and sizes reflect different wavelengths.

In addition to all this tinsel, the stage theoretically, herself can emit radio signals that interfere with the opponent's anti-cancers. Or distract them to yourself. In the end, you never know how she can be busy - after all, flies a whole step, big and difficult, why not load it with a good solo program?

Last cut

The Underwater Sword of America, the American submarines of the Ohio class is the only type of rocket mines in service with the United States. Bars on board 24 ballistic missiles with RGCH Trident-II (D5). The number of combat units (depending on the power) - 8 or 16.

However, from the point of view of aerodynamics, the stage is not a warhead. If the one is a small and heavy narrow carrot, then the step is an empty extensive bucket, with tipped fuel tanks, a large non-pushed body and a lack of orientation in the beginning to run a stream. With its wide body with a decent sail, the stage is much earlier responding to the first blows of the oncoming flow. The warheads are also unfolded along the flow, with the smallest aerodynamic resistance punching the atmosphere. The step is poured into the air with its extensive sides and bottoms as it is necessary. It cannot struggle with the braking stream stream. Its ballistic coefficient is a "alloy" of massiveness and compactness - much worse than the warhead. Immediately and very starts to slow down and lag behind the warhead. But the stream strength is increasing inexorably, at the same time the temperature warms the thin unprotected metal, depriving its strength. Fuel residues are cheerfully boiled in racing tanks. Finally, there is a loss of stability of the construction of the housing under its frying aerodynamic load. Overload helps to smash the bulkheads inside. Crack! Bare! The body of the body immediately covers hypersonic shock waves, breaking down the step into parts and scattering them. Flying a little in the sealing air, slices are cleaned again into smaller fragments. Fuel residues react instantly. Split fragments of structural elements from magnesium alloys are lit with hot air and instantly burned with a dazzling flash, like a flash of the camera - no wonder in the first photographs, magnesium was set on fire!

Time does not stand still.

Raytheon, Lockheed Martin and Boeing completed the first and key stage associated with the development of the defense campling of the kinetic interceptor (EXATMOSPHERIC KILL VEHICLE, EKV), which is an integral part of the mega-project - developed by the Pentagon of the global anti-missile defense based on anti-cancers, each of which is capable To carry several kinetic interception warheads (Multiple Kill Vehicle, MKV) to defeat the IBC with dividing, as well as "false" warheads

"The reached line is an important part of the concept of developing a concept," the Raytheon press service said, adding that it "complies with MDA plans and is the basis for the concept planned for December."

It is noted that Raytheon in this project uses the experience of creating an EKV, which is involved in the American Global Pro - Ground-Based Midcourse Defense, GBMD, which is intended for intercontinental ballistic missiles functioning from 2005. Battle parts in outer space outside the atmosphere of the Earth. Currently, 30 anti-missiles on Alaska and in California and 15 more missiles are planned to be deployed to 2017 to protect the continental territory of the United States.

Zapammorrower kinetic interceptor, which will be the basis for the now created MKV - the main afflicting element of the GBMD complex. The 64-kilographer is displayed by the anti-outer space where the contact damage is intercepted and the contact damage by enemy warheads thanks to the electron-optical guidance system protected from extraneous illumination with a special casing and automatic filters. The interceptor receives a target designation from ground radar, sets touch contact with a warhead and is indoor to it, maneuvering in outer space using rocket engines. The defeat of the warhead is carried out by a windshield taran in the oncoming course of the cumulative speed of 17 km / s: the interceptor flies at a speed of 10 km / c, the ICBM warhead is at a speed of 5-7 km / s. The kinetic blow of the blow, which makes up about 1 ton in the TNT equivalent, is enough to completely destroy the battle block of any thought design, and in such a way that the warhead is completely destroyed.

In 2009, the United States suspended the development of a program to combat separating warheads due to the emergency complexity of the production of the mechanism of breeding blocks. However, this year the program was revived. According to the NEWSADER analytical data, this is due to the increased aggression on the part of Russia and appropriate threats to apply nuclear weapons, which repeatedly expressed the highest officials of the Russian Federation, including President Vladimir Putin himself, who in the comments on the situation with the Annexing of Crimea frankly admitted that he was alleged It was ready to apply nuclear weapons in a possible conflict with NATO (the latest events related to the destruction of the Turkish Air Force of the Russian Bombarder are questioned by Putin's sincerity and suggest on the idea of \u200b\u200b"nuclear bluff" on his part). Meanwhile, it is known that Russia is the only state in the world, presumably owning ballistic missiles with dividing nuclear warheads, including "false" (distractions).

Raytheon stated that their brainchild would be able to destroy several objects at once with an improved sensor and other new technologies. According to the company, for a time that has passed between the implementation of Standard Missile-3 and EKV projects, developers managed to achieve record performance in the interception of educational purposes in space - more than 30, which exceeds competitors.

Russia also does not stand still.

According to open sources, this year the first launch of the new intercontinental ballistic missile of the RS-28 "Sarmat" will take place, which should come to replace the previous generation of RS-20A missiles, known for the NATO classification as "Satan", and we are as "the governor" .

The Ballistic Rocket Development Program (ICBM) of the RS-20A was implemented under the "Guaranteed Response Strategy" strategy. President Ronald Reagan's Presidential Policy on the exacerbation of the confrontation of the USSR and the United States forced to take adequate response to cool the dust of the "hawks" from the presidential administration and pentagon. The US strategists believed that it was completely able to provide such a level of protection of the territory of their country from the attack of the Soviet ICBMs, which could be simply noted for the international agreements achieved and continue to improve their own nuclear potential and the missile defense system (Pro). "Voivode" was just another "asymmetric response" to Washington's actions.

The most unpleasant surprise for Americans was the dividing rocket warhead, which contained 10 elements, each of which carried a atomic charge with a capacity of up to 750 kilotons in TNT equivalent. On Hiroshima and Nagasaki, for example, they dropped off bombs, the capacity of which was "just" 18-20 kilotons. Such warheads were able to overcome the then American Pro Systems, and the infrastructure ensuring the launch of missiles was improved.

The development of a new ICBM is designed to solve several tasks at once: first, to replace the "voivot", the possibilities of which to overcome the modern American missile defense (pro) decreased; secondly, to solve the problem of the dependence of the domestic industry from Ukrainian enterprises, since the complex was developed in Dnepropetrovsk; Finally, give an adequate response to the continuation of the program of deployment of pro in Europe and the IJIS system.

According to the expectations of The National Interest, the Sarmat rocket will weigh at least 100 tons, and the mass of its head part can reach 10 tons. This means that the publication continues that the rocket will be able to transfer to 15 separating thermonuclear heads.
"Sarmatization range will be at least 9,500 kilometers. When it is adopted, it will be the biggest rocket in world history," the article is noted.

According to reports that appeared in the press, the heading enterprise for the production of the rocket will be NGO "Energomash", and the engines will supply the Perm Proton-PM.

The main difference between "Sarmat" from "Voevod" - the possibility of removing the warheads into a circular orbit, which dramatically reduces the limitations of the range, with this method of launching to attack the enemy's territory, it is possible not by the shortest trajectory, but for anyone and from any direction - not only through the North Pole But through the southern.

In addition, designers promise that the idea of \u200b\u200bmaneuvering warheads will be implemented, which will be implemented to confront all types of existing anti-missiles and promising complexes using laser weapons. Anti-aircraft missiles "Patriot", which make up the basis of the American Pro, until they can effectively deal with actively maneuvering goals flying at speeds close to the hypersonic.
Maneuvering warheads promise to become so effective weapons against which there are no equal to the reliability of the means of opposition, which is not excluded the option of creating an international agreement prohibiting or significantly limiting this type of weapons.

Thus, together with marine bazing missiles and mobile railway complexes, Sarmat will become an additional and fairly effective containment factor.

If this happens, the efforts to place the missile defense systems in Europe may disappear, since the launch trajectory is such that it is unclear where the warheads will be focused.

It is also reported that missile mines will be equipped with additional protection from close gaps of nuclear ammunition, which will significantly increase the reliability of the entire system.

The first prototypes of the new rocket are already built. The beginning of launch tests is scheduled for the current year. If the tests are successful, the mass production of Sarmat missiles will begin, and in 2018 they will come to armared.

, Great Britain, France and China.

An important stage in the development of rocket technology was the creation of systems with separating head units. The first embodiments did not have an individual guidance of combat units, the benefit from the use of several small charges instead of one powerful lies in greater efficiency when exposed to space purposes, so in 1970, the Soviet Union was deployed Rockets R-36 with three combat blocks of 2.3 MT . In the same year, the United States put the first minuteman III complexes on combat duty, which had a completely new quality - the possibility of breeding warheads according to individual trajectories to defeat several purposes.

The first mobile ICBMs were adopted in the USSR: Temp-2C on the wheel chassis (1976) and RT-23 UTTK Railway Bases (1989). In the United States also conducted work on similar complexes, but none of them were adopted.

A special direction in the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles was the work on "heavy" missiles. In the USSR, the R-36 rockets were with such rockets, and its further development of the R-36M, adopted in 1967 and 1975, and in the USA in 1963 the IBD "Titan-2" stood up. In 1976, KB "South" began to develop a new ICBM RT-23, whereas in the USA from 1972 he was working on rocket; They were adopted in (in the RT-23ThTh) and 1986, respectively. The R-36M2, which entered into arms in 1988, is the most powerful and most severe in the history of missile weapons: a 211-ton rocket during shooting for 16,000 km carries on board 10 combat blocks with a capacity of 750 CT each.

Design

Operating principle

Ballistic rockets are usually started vertically. Having received some progressive speed in the vertical direction, the rocket with the help of a special software mechanism, equipment and controls gradually from the vertical begins to move into oblique position towards the target.

By the end of the engine, the longitudinal axis of the rocket acquires the angle of inclination (pitch), which corresponds to the highest range of its flight, and the speed becomes equal to a strictly established value providing this range.

After stopping the engine operation, the entire further flight of the rocket commits inertia, describing in the general case almost strictly elliptical trajectory. At the top of the trajectory, the rocket flight speed takes the smallest of its value. Apture of the trajectory of ballistic missiles is usually at an altitude of several hundred kilometers from the surface of the Earth, where, due to the low density of the atmosphere, the air resistance is almost completely absent.

On the descending portion of the trajectory, the speed of the rocket flight due to the loss of height gradually increases. With further decrease, the dense layers of the atmosphere rocket takes place with huge speeds. In this case, there is a strong heating of the cylindic rocket shelling, and if the necessary safety measures will not be taken, then its destruction can occur.

Classification

Basing method

By the method of basing, intercontinental ballistic missiles are divided into:

• started from ground stationary launchers: P-7, "Atlas";
• launched from mine launchers (SPU): RS-18, PC-20, Minitman;
• launched from mobile installations based on wheeled chassis: "Topol-M", "Midzman";
• running from railway launchers: RT-23ThTTX;
• ballistic rockets of submarines: "Bulaw", "Trident".

The first method of basing was out of use in the early 1960s, as not meeting the requirements of security and secrecy. Modern ships provide a high degree of protection against the striking factors of the nuclear explosion and allow us to reliably to hide the degree of combat readiness of the starting complex. The remaining three options are mobile, which means more difficulty, but impose significant limitations on the size and mass of missiles.

MBR layout KB them. V. P. Makeev

Other methods for basing ICBMs were repeatedly proposed, designed to ensure the secrecy of the deployment and the protection of starting complexes, for example:

• on specialized aircraft and even airships with the launch of the ICBM in flight;
• in superhongs (hundreds of meters) mines in rocky rocks, of which transport-starting containers (TPK) with rockets should be raised to the surface before starting;
• at the bottom of the continental shelf in pop-up capsules;
• in the network of underground galleries, on which mobile launchers are continuously moving.

Until now, none of such projects has been brought to practical implementation.

Engines

Early ICBM variants used liquid rocket engines and demanded a long refueling of rocket fuel components immediately before starting. Preparation for the launch could last a few hours, and the time to maintain combat readiness was very insignificant. In the case of the use of cryogenic components (P-7), the equipment of the starting complex was very cumbersome. All this significantly limited the strategic value of such missiles. Modern ICBMs use hard-fuel rocket engines or liquid rocket engines on high-boiling components with ampulized refueling. Such rockets come from the factory in the transport and starting containers. This allows them to be stored in the ready-to-start state during the entire service life. Liquid rockets are delivered to the starting complex in an inaccurate state. The refill is made after the installation of TPK with a rocket in the PU, after which the rocket may be in a warning state for many months and years. Preparing for launch takes usually no more than a few minutes and remotely produced, with a remote command item, by cable or radio channels. Periodic checks of rocket systems and PU are carried out.

Modern ICBMs usually have a variety of overcoming agents about the enemy. They may include maneuvering combat blocks, means of performing radar interference, false goals, etc.

Indicators

Running the Dnipro missile

Peaceful use

For example, with the help of American ICBM atlas and Titan, the launch of the spacecraft of Mercury and Gemini were launched. And the Soviet ICBM PC-20, PC-18 and the Marine R-29RM served as the basis for creating carrier rockets of the Dnieper, Arrow, Rocky and County.

see also

Notes

Links

• Andreev D. Rockets to the reserve do not leave // \u200b\u200b"Red Star". June 25, 2008