The broad-leaved forest zone occupies a wide area in Eurasia. The zonal type of soils in it are forest soils, which are common under broad-leaved forests in the moderately warm and humid oceanic regions of the subboreal zone in Western, Central Europe, on Far East, in the Atlantic and coastal parts North America. Especially common these soils are in Western Europe.
Climate. Moderately warm with mild winters and significant amount precipitation (600–1000 mm). Humidity coefficient more than one(1.1–1.3), washing water mode.
Relief. Flat.
Vegetation. Broad-leaved forests of beech, oak, hornbeam, ash, linden, maple, fir, cedar and Sayan spruce. The forests are light and sparse, so a thick grass cover forms in them.
Soil-forming rocks- These are predominantly eluvial-deluvial and alluvial deposits, loess, loess-like and cover loams, rocks enriched in carbonates or silicate bases.
Brown forest soils (burozems). They are formed by a combination of processes of humus accumulation, gleyization, and lessivage. Deciduous forests produce litter rich in ash elements, which in humid and warm conditions lends itself to the processes of humification and mineralization with the active participation of a large number of microflora and invertebrates. As a result of deep processing organic matter a thin silty (muley) humus is formed, the so-called “soft”, in which humic acids predominate. Humic acids with iron oxides form water-insoluble compounds that structure the soil (organ-iron complexes).
In addition, the process of intrasoil gleying manifests itself in burozems, i.e. enrichment of the illuvial horizon with silt particles (secondary minerals), which are formed from primary ones as a result of biochemical and chemical processes, as well as synthesis from mineralization products. It is also possible to transfer silt particles into the B horizon from above under leaching conditions through laissez- age. The podzolic process is not expressed in brown soils. This is due to the fact that in deciduous forests returns to the soil along with the litter a large number of ash elements, including calcium salts, which neutralize humic and fulvic acids and create a slightly acidic reaction. The genetic profile of burozems is poorly differentiated into horizons and consists of the following: A0 – forest litter; A1 (20–40 cm) – humus-accumulative brownish-gray, granular structure; B (80–120 cm) – illuvial, clayey, bright brown color, ocher structure; C – soil-forming rock.
The physicochemical properties of brown forest soils vary significantly depending on the direction of soil formation and the composition of the rocks. In most soils, the reaction of the environment is slightly acidic (pH 5.0–6.5) and decreases with depth. The amount of humus in the A1 horizon can be 4–10%, the absorption capacity is quite high (E = 30–35 mg/eq/100 g of soil), the base saturation is high (V can be up to 80–90%). Podzolized burozems have the worst indicators.
Brown forests are more fertile than. They are used as arable land, hayfields, pastures and forest lands. The main measure to increase fertility is the creation of a cultivated arable horizon, the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers, liming is carried out as necessary. The best quality tree nurseries are located on brown forest soils.
Soils of mixed and deciduous forests
Soils of mixed and deciduous forests
Soils of mixed and deciduous forests
In mixed forests temperate zone podzolic soils(cm. Taiga soils) acquire humus soil horizons. First of all, this is explained by the fact that a lot of plants grow here herbaceous plants, the remains of which are mixed by soil-dwelling animals (worms, moles, etc.) with soil minerals. Such soils with a humus horizon, a horizon of leaching of iron and clay particles, as well as a brown leaching horizon are called sod-podzolic. In the subzone mixed forests There are also waterlogged soils of swampy meadows with humus and gley soil horizons - they are called sod-gley soils. These soil types are very widespread, especially in the European part of Russia.
IN deciduous forests In the temperate zone, gray forest soils and brown forest soils, or brown soils, are formed. Gray forest soils represent a transition between soddy-podzolic soils of mixed forests and chernozems of forest-steppes and steppes. They form in warmer and drier climates and under more abundant vegetation than soddy-podzolic soils. There are more plant residues and soil animals mixing them, so the humus horizon in them is deeper and darker. However, due to the stable snow cover, every spring when the snow melts, the soil experiences a kind of shock - it is actively washed out, so leaching and washing-out horizons are formed in it. Brown forest soils– these are soils that are warmer, but no less humid climate than the one in which soddy-podzolic soils are formed. Distributed in the West. and Center. Europe, to the northeast. coast of the USA, in the very south of the Russian Far East and in Japan. Since these regions do not have a period of hot, dry summers and stable snow cover In winter, brown forest soils are moistened almost evenly throughout the year. Under such conditions, organic residues decompose gradually, forming humus acquires a browner (brown) color, and without the annual influence of snowmelt, an iron leaching horizon may not form.
Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .
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Soils of mixed and deciduous forests In mixed forests of the temperate zone, podzolic soils (see Soils of the taiga) acquire humus soil horizons. First of all, this is explained by the fact that many herbaceous plants grow here,... ... Geographical encyclopedia
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The soils of the humid and variably humid regions of the tropics and subtropics differ from their colder and drier counterparts by their red or reddish color and highly weathered minerals. In these areas, more than 1000 mm of precipitation falls annually in... ... Geographical encyclopedia
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The soils of the humid and variably humid regions of the tropics and subtropics differ from their colder and drier counterparts by their red or reddish color and highly weathered minerals. In these areas, more than 1000 mm of precipitation falls annually in... ... Geographical encyclopedia
The soils of the humid and variably humid regions of the tropics and subtropics differ from their colder and drier counterparts by their red or reddish color and highly weathered minerals. In these areas, more than 1000 mm of precipitation falls annually in... ... Geographical encyclopedia
See soils of mixed and broad-leaved forests. Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 ... Geographical encyclopedia
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In mixed forests of the temperate zone, podzolic soils (see Soils of the taiga) acquire humus soil horizons. First of all, this is explained by the fact that many herbaceous plants grow here, the remains of which are mixed by soil-dwelling animals (worms, moles, etc.) with soil minerals. Such soils with a humus horizon, a horizon of leaching of iron and clay particles, as well as a brown horizon of leaching are called soddy-podzolic.
In the subzone of mixed forests, there are also waterlogged soils of swampy meadows with humus and gley soil horizons - these are called sod-gley soils. These soil types are very widespread, especially in the European part of Russia. In the deciduous forests of the temperate zone, gray forest soils and brown forest soils, or brown soils, are formed. Gray forest soils represent a transition between soddy-podzolic soils of mixed forests and chernozems of forest-steppes and steppes.
They form in warmer and drier climates and under more abundant vegetation than soddy-podzolic soils. There are more plant residues and soil animals mixing them, so the humus horizon in them is deeper and darker. However, due to the stable snow cover, every spring when the snow melts, the soil experiences a kind of shock - it is actively washed out, so leaching and washing-out horizons are formed in it.
Brown forest soils are soils of a warmer, but no less humid climate than the one in which soddy-podzolic soils are formed.
Distributed in the West. and Center. Europe, to the northeast. coast of the USA, in the very south of the Russian Far East and in Japan. Because these regions do not experience hot, dry summers and persistent snow cover in winter, brown forest soils are moistened almost evenly throughout the year. Under such conditions, organic residues decompose gradually, the forming humus acquires a browner color, and without the annual influence of snowmelt, an iron leaching horizon may not form.
soils of mixed and deciduous forests
soils of mossy and broad-leaved forests
P O chvy see e shaki and wide-eyed And forests
In mixed forests of the temperate zone, podzolic soils (see.
Taiga soils) acquire humus soil horizons.
First of all, this is explained by the fact that many herbaceous plants grow here, the remains of which are mixed by soil-dwelling animals (worms, moles, etc.) with soil minerals. Such soils with a humus horizon, a horizon of leaching of iron and clay particles, as well as a brown leaching horizon are called sod-podzolic.
In the subzone of mixed forests there are also waterlogged soils of swampy meadows with humus and gley soil horizons - they are called sod-gley soils. These soil types are very widespread, especially in the European part of Russia.
In the deciduous forests of the temperate zone, gray forest soils and brown forest soils, or brown soils, are formed.
Gray forest soils represent a transition between soddy-podzolic soils of mixed forests and chernozems of forest-steppes and steppes. They form in warmer and drier climates and under more abundant vegetation than soddy-podzolic soils.
There are more plant residues and soil animals mixing them, so the humus horizon in them is deeper and darker. However, due to the stable snow cover, every spring when the snow melts, the soil experiences a kind of shock - it is actively washed out, so leaching and washing-out horizons are formed in it. Brown forest soils– these are soils of a warmer, but no less humid climate than the one in which soddy-podzolic soils are formed.
Distributed in the West. and Center. Europe, to the northeast. coast of the USA, in the very south of the Russian Far East and in Japan. Because these regions do not experience hot, dry summers and persistent snow cover in winter, brown forest soils are moistened almost evenly throughout the year.
Under such conditions, organic residues decompose gradually, the forming humus acquires a browner color, and without the annual influence of snowmelt, an iron leaching horizon may not form.
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Soils of the forest zone
BORDERS AND AREA OF THE ZONE
total area zone 1150 million hectares, of which 65% is occupied by plains, the rest by mountains. From the north, the forest zone is limited by the line Murmansk - Mezen - Salekhard - Igarka - Olenek - Verkhoyansk - Ust-Kamchatsk.
Southern border The forest zone of the tundra runs along the line Lvov - Kyiv - Tula - Gorky - Izhevsk - Sverdlovsk - Tyumen - Tomsk - Kemerovo - Gorno-Altaisk - Ust-Kamenogorsk. The greatest width of the forest zone is 2300 km, the smallest is 600 km. The territory occupied by forests natural conditions very diverse.
CONDITIONS OF SOIL FORMATION
The climate of the forest zone is continental, moderately cold.
Average annual temperature in the European part of Russia it varies from -3 to +4° C, and in the Asian part, for example in the Yakutsk region, it ranges from -I to -8° C. The amount of precipitation varies between 350-600 mm per year. More of them fall in the western regions, less in the eastern regions. The duration of the warm period, when the air temperature is above +5° C, is 120-180 days. The amount of heat that the soil surface receives is approximately 2 times greater than in the tundra.
Most common feature The climate of the forest zone, with the exception of some areas, is the constancy of air humidity in summer and the excess of precipitation over evaporation by 1.1 - 1.3 times, which ensures the formation of a flushing type water regime. Big influence soil formation and forest growth are affected by the depth of occurrence permafrost in the eastern part of the zone.
The relief of the forest zone is varied.
In the European part of Russia, the forest zone is widespread within the Russian Plain, the relief of which was mainly formed in quaternary period under the influence of glaciers, fluvioglacial and river waters. On the territory of the European part of Russia there are low hills - Valdai, Smolensk, Moscow with absolute height 200-400 m. The surface of the hills is heavily eroded, crossed by river valleys, gullies and ravines. A significant territory is occupied by Polesie, the Volga and Central Russian Uplands.
In the Asian part, a huge territory is occupied by the West Siberian Plain. The plain is poorly drained and swampy. Eastern Siberia, on the contrary, is mountainous.
Soil-forming parent rocks have different origins. In the European part of the country, the origin and composition of source rocks are mainly related to the activity of glaciers and their waters, as well as rivers. These are sandy fluvioglacial deposits of Polesie and the Meshchera Lowland, sands of the Arkhangelsk, Leningrad, Pskov regions, and the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Most of the territory covered with sands is underlain at shallow depths by a moraine of earlier glaciations or by Tertiary and more ancient deposits of various origins. Elevated areas and watershed spaces are usually covered with moraines, cover and sometimes loess-like loams. In the mountainous regions of Siberia, soils are formed on the eluvium of bedrock crystalline rocks.
Other source rocks are also found, for example, at the foot of hills and slopes - colluvial deposits, and in areas of the West Siberian Plain, marine deposits are widespread.
The vegetation of the forest zone is represented by forests of varying composition and productivity.
Part of the zone is occupied by swamps and meadows. Forest zone is divided into two subzones: taiga and mixed forests. The taiga subzone is predominantly represented coniferous forests from larch, spruce, fir, pine, cedar with an admixture of birch and aspen.
Under the canopy coniferous forests grow: in dry conditions - lichens; on fresh and moist soils - green mosses, subshrub berry plants - blueberries, blueberries, lingonberries; on damp soils - cranberries, cloudberries.
In the southern part of the subzone, the composition of taiga forests is more diverse, and the participation hardwood in nx composition increases. In addition to mosses, lichens and berry subshrubs, cereals appear in the ground cover. The territory is often swampy, especially in areas of Western Siberia.
When forests are cut down, destroyed or replaced, grassy turf grasses quickly spread. The southern border of the taiga subzone runs along the line Pskov - Yaroslavl - Gorky - Yoshkar-Ola - Sverdlovsk - Tyumen - Novosibirsk.
In the subzone of mixed forests there is a gradual replacement of coniferous forests with small-leaved ones. The plantings often include linden, oak, and maple.
PODZOL SOILS
Podzolic process of soil formation.
As a result of decomposition forest floor new ones appear organic compounds- humic acids, fulvic acids, synthesized in the layer of coarse and soft humus or subhorizons.
Humic acids react with mineral salts to form insoluble salts - grayish or black humates. Partially humic acids penetrate into the mineral part of the soil.
Fulvic acids behave in a similar way. Some of them can move down the soil profile, the other part reacts with the mineral part of the soil, forming fulvates, which, however, are soluble in water.
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You will learn from this article which soils predominate in mixed forests.
What are the soils like in the mixed forest zone?
* Sod-podzolic soils
In mixed forests, soddy-podzolic soil is widely formed. Thanks to weather conditions A powerful humus-accumulative horizon has formed here, in which a small proportion belongs to the turf layer. The following elements participate in the formation of sod-podzolic soils:
1. Ash particles
3. Calcium
7. Hydrogen
8. Aluminum
Since the environment of this type of soil is oxidized, its fertility is not too high. It contains 3-7% humus. Sod-podzolic soil is enriched with silica, but at the same time practically does not contain nitrogen and phosphorus. Contains a large amount of moisture.
* Forest gray soils
Gray soil is considered a transitional soil from podzolic soil to chernozem. This type was formed due to the warm climate and plant diversity. The basis for the formation of gray soils is particles of plants, animal excrement, and the remains of microorganisms. When mixed, they create a large layer of humus.
* Brown soils
Brown soils are also formed under the influence warm climate, or rather moderately hot and constant soil moisture. They have a rich brown tint. Due to the fact that a large amount of grass grows on such soils, they are sufficiently enriched with humus. But its fertility level is slightly lower than that of chernozem due to the fact that high humidity leads to the leaching of some elements.
What is a mixed forest?
Mixed forests are a natural area where they grow different kinds deciduous and coniferous trees.
Found in mixed forests different types trees. The main species are maple, oak, linden, birch, hornbeam, pine, larch, fir, spruce. Thanks to high level humidity and frequent changes in weather seasons, different types of soils were formed in these zones, namely brown, sod-podzolic and forest gray soils. They are characterized by a high level of humus capacity.
Entries starting with the letter P
Soils of mixed and broad-leaved forests .
In mixed forests of the temperate zone, podzolic soils (see. Taiga soils) acquire humus soil horizons. First of all, this is explained by the fact that many herbaceous plants grow here, the remains of which are mixed by soil-dwelling animals (worms, moles, etc.) with soil minerals. Such soils with a humus horizon, a horizon of leaching of iron and clay particles, as well as a brown leaching horizon are called sod-podzolic .
In the subzone of mixed forests there are also waterlogged soils of swampy meadows with humus and gley soil horizons - they are called sod-gley soils. These soil types are very widespread, especially in the European part of Russia.
In the deciduous forests of the temperate zone, gray forest soils and brown forest soils, or brown soils, are formed.
Gray forest soils represent a transition between soddy-podzolic soils of mixed forests and chernozems of forest-steppes and steppes. They form in a warmer and drier climate and under more abundant vegetation than soddy-podzolic soils. There are more plant residues and soil animals mixing them, so the humus horizon in them is deeper and darker. However, due to the stable snow cover, every spring when the snow melts, the soil experiences a kind of blow - it is actively washed out, so leaching and washing-out horizons are formed in it.
Brown forest soils- these are soils of a warmer, but no less humid climate than the one in which soddy-podzolic soils are formed. Distributed in the West. and Center. Europe, to the northeast. coast of the USA, in the very south of the Russian Far East and in Japan. Because these regions do not experience hot, dry summers and persistent snow cover in winter, brown forest soils are moistened almost evenly throughout the year.
Under such conditions, organic residues decompose gradually, forming
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