What is the weather? And in + 50 ° C and in -50 ° C, and even in a larger range, it is possible to live in principle. Air conditioners, fans and jackets will help us. Well, someone, of course, will die and do not expect anything with it, because we do not live in terrarium.
What is the lowest air temperature been registered on Earth?
The lowest air temperature on Earth was registered at the Soviet Antarctic Station "Vostok" on July 21, 1983, when a platinum thermometer on a weatherproof showed -89.2 ° C. This is the lowest temperature in history. meteorological observations.
The lowest temperature registered in our country, -78 ° C. Incredible Frost had a place in the upper reaches of the Indigir River.
The lowest air temperature in the inhabited areas of the planet was registered in 1964 in Yakutia in the village of Oymyakon - -71.1 ° C. All rover river rivers Yana and Indigirki is considered to be the area of \u200b\u200bthe Cold Pole Northern Hemisphere.
What is the highest air temperature been registered on Earth?
The highest temperature on Earth is registered in Libya in 1922 - + 57.8 ° C.
The highest soil temperature is registered at the Shurchi station in Uzbekistan. The temperature of irrigated bright serozes here comes to 79 ° C. At the station of the tube in Turkmenistan, the sand heats up to 77 ° C.
What maximum outdoor temperature is able to withstand a person?
For a short time, a person may be in dry air at a very high temperature. A person can move the temperature of 160 ° C. This was proven by English physicists and Centry, who conducted an experiment on themselves. The temperature of 104 ° C may endure 26 min., 93 ° C - 33 min., 82 ° C - 49 min., A 71 ° C - 1 h; This is established during experiments with healthy volunteers.
What minimum temperature Outdoor air is able to withstand a person?
It depends on the state of his health and clothing, but most importantly - from the wind speed. In Yakutia, in winter, people are clocks in the cold, at the air temperature below -50 ° C, but at the same time are appropriately dressed, and in the conditions of the central part of the Siberian anti-kilon, there is usually observed. In Antarctica, the incenters of continental stations also have a long time to be outdoors, but there very coldy Often accompanied strong wind. Therefore, warm windproof clothing is not enough there, and people are forced to wear a mask or close the face with a hood fur jacket ("Parks"). Personnel of scientific stations in the Arctic and Antarctic, by the nature of their classes forced to systematically extend in the open air, sometimes uses electrical heated clothing, having less weight than ordinary warm clothing, and less bulky, less constraintful movement. The minimum temperature in which people were briefly visible in air, is -88 ° C.
And two more facts
Maximum temperature solid objectsWith which people can contact for a long time - about 50 degrees Celsius (at a higher temperature there is a burn).
At constant body temperature, more than 42 ° C dies.
The human body can function normally only in a narrow range of own temperatures. In humans with good physiology, it is customary to consider the body temperature, which is 36.4 ° C ... 36.6 ° C. However, the pathological condition is considered when it is below 35.5 ° C or more than 37 ° C. When considering the question, what temperature is deadly for humans, it should be borne in mind that usually hyperthermia (high body temperature) is the internal protection of the organism itself on the pathogenic effect. But if the temperature level reached the value of 39 ° C, the body intensifies its own production of leukocytes and interferons, and many infectious pathogens lose their activity or slow down their livelihoods.
Temperature of the body that is fatal for man
The death of a person may occur not only from elevated (hyperthermia), but also from reduced (hypothermia) temperature. At the same time, in the second case, the death of a person does not occur as a result of the disease, but due to the supercooling of the body.
With high temperatures, dangerous for a person's life, the question is somewhat more complicated. In the overwhelming majority, a person dies not from the overheating of the body, but on the cause that caused the pathological state. In medical practice, there are three levels of elevated temperatures, dangerous for people, when the achievement of which manifests itself:
- increased temperatures up to 39 ° C often accompany infectious diseases and traumatic damage with infected wounds;
- high temperature exceeding 39 ° C, which in itself does not pose a danger to human life;
- the greatest danger for the body represents a hyperpiratory temperature level exceeding 41 ° C.
In the event that the temperature level of the body reached the value of 42.5 ° C, it may begin to develop an irreversible process, expressed in violation of metabolism in brain neurons, and with its value at 45 ° C, denaturation of proteins and degradation of individuals of individual organs begins.
However, in the history of medicine, isolated cases are noted when, due to the painful state, the body overheats to 42 ° C. Typically, the temperature reaches a deadly level in the case of solar strike or thermal overheating. Typical cases of acute hyperthermia are work on "hot" production, heavy exercise or intensive sports in a direct solar radiation in conditions high humidity. At the same time, the risk of the situation increases, since the organism does not occur due to the allocation and evaporation of sweat.
In medical cases direct reason Dangerous for the human life of the state with atypically high temperatures are:
- an increase in blood viscosity, causing dysfunction of the cardiovascular system;
- breathing disorders and its rhythm;
- violation of central work nervous system, right up to brain edema.
Of medical factorscontributing to the emergence of deadly temperature, can be considered:
- chronic anemia;
- overdose of psychotropic drugs (sleeping pills or antidepressants);
- the pathology of the endocrine system and human immunodeficiency.
Thus, when considering the question, what temperature is fatal for a person, you can come to the following conclusion:
- overheating of the body is above 42.5 ° C;
- supercooling below 32 ° C.
A person is able to maintain the body temperature in a relatively constant range from 36 to 37.1 ° C. despite the fact that it is experiencing many factors. ambient and the impact of thousands of processes directly inside the body. Due to the daily biorhythms, the temperature in the morning clock is lower, and in the evening, on the contrary, rises. The change weather conditions, indoor air, exercise, disease - all this is capable of changing the body temperature both above and below these indicators. This process, reaching critical values, can lead to threatening Life state, so you need to know at what temperature a person dies.
Pathological temperatures
At reduced temperature (hypothermia), people die as a result of extreme hypothermia of the body and all organs. With the elevated (hyperthermia) - do not die from "overheating", but from the disease or factors that caused its rise.
Comparison of pathological temperatures.
At what temperature of the body man dies
With a decrease of up to 25 ° C, the state is regarded as life-threatening, defined, and at temperatures below 20 ° C, death occurs. Upon reaching 42.5 ° C, the brain gradually dies irreversibly, and organic cells are destroyed.
Hyperthermia - Overheating of the body
This state comes with heat or solar blows, when a sudden and intensive rise of the body temperature occurs, from which a person may die. Such a form of hyperthermia is capable of reaching numbers of about 42 ° C in a matter of minutes. There is such a fortune either from too strong heatwhich presses per person from all sides, or from the inability of the body to quickly adapt to high ambient temperature.
Heatstroke
It can happen in a fire, while working in the "hot" shops and in other industries, etc. The patient subjected to a thermal impact dies from a lack of heart work, stopping respiration and intoxication (due to ammonia accumulation, distinguished due to the destruction of blood cells and microcirculation disorders) in 30% of cases. The body temperature in such a death depends on the conditions where the deceased was discovered.
Sunstroke
Direct action sunlight And its radiation is capable of changing the body temperature. At the expense of infrared share in general solar radiation The person is heated as the upper layers of skin and deep, up to organs and tissues. Due to such radiation heat, the entire body is overheated in the aggregate, including the brain. This is especially dangerous, because It has an important thermostagulatory center capable of "leveling" body temperature. With solar strike, this center turns off from the body, leading to its gradual dying.
Important! If you suspected a solar or thermal blow - immediately call ambulance!
Diseases
"Internal" hyperthermia, or, as it is also called, toxic, is formed in the body with a rapid rise in the formation of heat inside the human body, when the sweating and other regulatory mechanisms do not cope with its excess. There are many such reasons:
- hemorrhages, brain injuries, when the thermoregulatory center of the brain is affected;
- : psychotrauma, exteroid reaction, mental illness;
- difficulty heat transfer during training and other physical Loads in thermal clothing;
- diseases thyroid gland and adrenal glands;
- infectious diseases;
- reduction of sweating and vascular spasm in the skin;
- tumors;
- inflammatory diseases of the abdominal and retroperitoneal cavities, respiratory tract, LOR organs;
- abscesses and phlegmons.
Overheating the body entails a violation of blood flow, as a result of which the latter decreases. Heat ceases to adequately assign from the organs to the skin surface. Under the influence of large temperatures and stress, the body forms and throws into the blood by many enzymes and hormones, which, as a result of reduced blood flow, have a toxic effect on the heart muscle. The heart during overheating is not able to satisfy the given needs, and there is deficiency of blood circulation. At 42 - 43 ° C, the respiratory stop occurs and the victim dies.
Hypothermia - Percipening
When the body is supercooling, it is important to know at what air temperatures people die and what processes occur in the body during supercooling.
Factors leading to death from low body temperature
Allocate the following external reasonswhich lead to hypothermia:
- high humidity leads to a decrease in thermal insulation;
- strong wind quickly cools the body;
- wet, wet, cold clothes reduces thermal insulation properties;
- getting into cold water - a sharp weight loss;
- , starvation, injuries or extreme conditions can reduce the protective abilities of the body, making it more sensitive to temperature change;
- dehydration;
- loss of consciousness as low temperatures.
"Inner" hypothermia is a rare phenomenon, but, nevertheless, there are such agens only in conditions rEDUCED TEMPERATURE Environment. It proceeds only together with the "external" hypothermia. Most often this state occurs when:
- extensive muscle paralyits;
- muscle dystrophy;
- adrenal insufficiency;
- the extreme exhaustion of the body.
The process of dying
When overcooling, when the body temperature drops to 36 ° C, first of all, the neck muscles are strained and shoulder belt. With this center of thermoregulation narrows the capillaries in the skin. Due to the reduced inflow of blood, the feeling appears, as if handing hands and legs. In an hour after an hour, the body temperature decreases to 35 ° C and the chills appears, because The body tries to allocate heat when muscular contractions and movements.
An hour later, enzymes in the brain begin to reduce their productivity to 5% for each reduced degree from the norm. Upon reaching 34 ° C brain neurons, the first signs of degradation are served - a person loses memory and is forgotten, because The body is no longer able to warm. Heat losses grow, and at 32 ° C, confusion of consciousness and apathy arises, drowsiness.
At temperatures below 28 ° C, arrhythmia occurs, a person lacks oxygen, as a result of which hallucinations appear. Below 25 ° C is disturbed by the rhythm of heart and respiration, consciousness becomes confused, coordination is broken. Death occurs when the body temperature is reduced to 20 ° C. At the same time, the consciousness is already absent, formed, the heart stops and the person dies.
What does the died of overheating and cooling look like
When a person dies from the impact of a cold or heat, it is formed by signs for which it can be determined, as a result of which death occurred.
With solar and thermal impact - no specific features. When death, under the conditions of a flame or an explosion, you can detect the following picture:
- thermal stuffing muscles;
- the person is in a peculiar pose of the boxer - with bent hands and legs;
- the face is uniformly burned;
- the skin is covered with bubbles with content;
- on the skin Pokrov Cracks with smooth edges.
Signs of death in supercooling:
- skin pale covers;
- pinkish color;
- zones frostbite on the body;
- finds on the face;
- surface-faced clothing.
First aid for overheating and cooling
When first aid as a result of "overheating", when thermal or sunstroke, man is transferred to a ventilated and cool place where it will be protected from sun ray. With the victim, remove clothes, wash with cold water and apply to the forehead cold compress. Be sure to try to drink cool water or tea.
When supercooling, you need to warm the victim as quickly as possible. For this, a person is introduced into a warm room or a car, removing wet or cold clothes from it, begin to rub it with a warm soft cloth (gloves or caps are used as a utility material), and covered with a blanket. On the hands of the victim put on gloves, and on legs woolen socks. Also try to drink hot sweet tea.
Important! In both cases, it is necessary to call an ambulance, since the patient's condition may be more unstable than it seems at first glance, and can lead to the death of a person.
At what temperature, viruses die
Viruses due to their specific structure have high survival skills at low temperatures (live over the years, especially in liquid media), but at high fast die. For all microorganisms that cause diseases in humans, the optimal reproduction temperature is a range of 20 to 40 ° C. Therefore, they die when they come out of this "favorable" range.
This is one of the most frequent "guests" in the human body in the groaning and cold weather. The virus is unstable and dying even with room temperatureIf the air humidity is below 55%. At the same time, if the air humidity is about 100%, the virus can circulate in the air for a very long time. It calmly feels at -5 ° C, and at -15 ° C, while maintaining its activity, but it dies in 5 minutes at temperatures above 50 ° C.
In the human body, the virus increases the heating of the body to 38-41 ° C. Temperature of the body, in which a person dies from influenza, more than 42 ° C. This state appears in rare cases The development of severe influenza, namely, as a result of a very powerful immune response.
The influenza disease can be avoided by knowing how time and from what temperatures its pathogen is dying:
- in dry apartment air at a temperature of 20 ° C in four hours;
- for the period washing of things in the washing machine at a temperature of 50-60 ° C;
- when boiling at one minute;
- when drying with a temperature of 30 ° C - per day.
This is an infectious pathogen that survives as in high temperatures (up to 50 ° C) and low - up to -20 ° C, which causes its widespread prevalence. At the same time, it does not withstand freezing and boiling. Increases human temperature up to 39 degrees.
This virus is widely resistant to external environment And, among other things, to its temperature difference: it lives at 20 ° C in water for about a year, and in a dry medium until the week. It kills almost instantly boiling, but heating up to 60 ° C is only half a day and then a constant action. Caused the disease, the virus raises the temperature to the marks at 38-39 ° C. A person usually does not die from the hepatitis A virus, but it is necessary to undergo a long course of treatment in the hospital.
The human immunodeficiency virus is extremely unstable and practically does not live in an external environment. Outside the body lives a few minutes in open videoAnd in the associated (in a drop of blood or sperm) does not die within 48 hours. His optimal temperature existence 33-39 ° C. In view of the growth in the number of diseases, AIDS is relevant to many relevant, at what temperature HIV dies. Such a dangerous virus perishes at 60 ° C for 40 minutes.
Scientists have found out what heat the human body can withstand and how to survive in hot conditions.
It is necessary to lead a tropical lifestyle, that is, first of all, drink plenty of water. Water in the body supports a certain balance.
Foreign scientists conducted special experiences to determine the highest temperature that the human body is able to withstand in dry air, writes Sunhome.ru.
The temperature of 71 ° C is withstanding for 1 hour, 82 ° C - 49 minutes, 93 ° C - 33 minutes, and 104 ° C - only 26 minutes.
Scientists believe that the limiting temperature at which a person is able to breathe is equal to about 116 ° C. However, there are facts in history when a person has kept much large temperatures. In 1764, the French scientist Tillet said in the Paris Academy of Sciences that one woman was in the oven at a temperature of 132 ° C for 12 minutes.
In 1828, a case of a 14-minute stay of a man in the furnace was described, where the temperature reached 170 ° C. In Belgium in 1958, a case was registered when a person was in a thermocamera for several minutes at a temperature of 200 ° C!
In the naked state, a person can withstand the rapid increase in temperature to 210 ° C, and in cotton clothes - up to 270 ° C. This temperature is enough for cooking eggs!
High temperatures tolerability in aquatic environment significantly lower than dry air. The "record" in this area belongs to a man from Turkey, which dipped with his head into a boiler with water heated to 70 ° C.
In this heat, many, exhausted on warmth and light, spend too much time under the right sunlight, forgetting about the danger of burns, heat impact, increase arterial pressureDehydration and possible loss of consciousness.
Symptoms sun burn There are different - from bringing the skin, beginning "burning", before reddening, when it swells, covered by blisters and becomes extremely painful.
Solar burns are not at all so harmless, as many think. It is proved that they can lead not only to premature aging Skin and the development of photodermatitis (allergies to the sunshine), but also to reduce vision and even on cancer diseases (skin cancer).
There are various kinds of prophylactic agents.
Sunscreen. Lightproof creams contain zinc oxide or titanium dioxide, almost completely blocking ultraviolet radiation. They are good for sensitive skin sites, such as nose and lips.
Summary means. They contain substances that partially reflecting ultraviolet rays. Such lotions and creams are divided into the strength of the sunscreen factor - up to 20 or more units - depending on the required degree of protection. The number of units indicates how many times the remedy reduces the effects of sunlight on the skin. Consequently, the figure 6 on the box means that, being in the sun 6 hours, you will get the same dose of ultraviolet that in 1 hour without a cream.
Some people have increased sensitivity to contained in many suvetering agents of para -amic acid acid, so many creams were created in which it is absent. Always apply sunscreen with a degree of protection at open parts of the body, when you intend to be in the sun for a long time, regardless of the time of year.
If you have very sensitive skin, you better not sunbathe at all. As there are light and red-haired people, there are also sunbathing to black and only to a light golden shade.
There are also precautions that should be taken to all family members regardless of the type of skin to protect themselves from sunburn.
Most frequent cause Sunburns - a first day. Increase the time of staying in the sun gradually: go from half an hour for the first time to no more than 2 hours a day. The most active sun from noon to 2 hours, so that at this time it is better not to sunbathe.
Do not think that at easy cloudiness, sunbathing is not dangerous: 80% of ultraviolet rays causing burns and increasing the risk of skin cancer are capable of penetrating through the clouds.
Tanning, be sure to use a protective lotion or cream, even if you want to tan the stronger. Remember that most lotions and creams are washed away and require regular application - each time after bathing and at least once every 2 hours during the rest.
Long stay at increased temperature May cause a thermal blow. Symptoms of which: headache, dizziness, vomiting, cramps, loss of vision, coma with body temperature up to 40 degrees C.
In this case, it is necessary to call an ambulance; put a person in a cooler and overall place, the head should be raised; unbutton or remove clothing; put on the forehead wet compress; Give fresh water with a spoonful salt. But in no case cannot give alcohol, drinks containing theine and caffeine (tea, coffee, cocoa).
IN hot weatherWhen the nasal mucosa is very dry or blood rushes to the head due to an increase in blood pressure, nasal bleeding can occur. The main thing is not to throw the head, keep right, otherwise the blood flows into the throat. It is better to go to the bed on a high pillow (its edge should be under the blades) or sit so that the upper half of the body is rejected a little back. Enter gauze or cotton swabs in nostrils impregnated with hydrogen peroxide solution. On the bridge, put a handkerchief moistened in cold water, or a piece of ice from the refrigerator. Does not help? Attach a bubble with ice to the head.
In the heat you need to use large quantity Liquids, since due to abundant sweating, dehydration can occur. However, in no case can not be drunk in the middle of the day. It is better to do this in the morning and in the evening, and not the day when even plants water is not recommended on the sun. Water in the body supports a certain balance.
How to protect the child from sunburn and heat shock.
Going out to the street, be sure to put the baby Panamka. If there is no child for another 6 months, it is impossible to use a tan cream, just do not substitute the baby under direct sunlight.
For children, over 6 months, a tan cream is needed, with a factor of protection of at least 15 units.
Apply the protective cream should be on the open areas of the skin every hour, as well as every time after bathing, even if the weather is cloudy.
In the period from 10.00 to 15.00, which accounts for the peak of activity of ultraviolet rays A and B, it is better not to sunbathe at all, but sit in the shade.
Even if the child did not burnt in the first 5 days, the duration of staying in the open sun should not exceed 30 minutes.
The child must periodically be cooled in the shade - under an umbrella, awning or under the trees.
Take the baby in light cotton clothes. In the heat, children should drink a lot. If the child is still burned, wrap it in a towel, moistened with cold water, and returning home, wash the water and vinegar solution in a ratio of 50 to 50.
The symptoms of overheating of the child very much resemble signs of the beginning of the inflammatory disease: it becomes sluggish (or, on the contrary, extremely excited), throws the head back or winds it from side to the side (equivalent of headaches), he increases the body temperature. Little or "reactive" children have signs of overheating can only be a sudden lift temperature of the body and psychomotor arousal.
In any case, if you have a suspicion of a thermal or sunflower, transfer the child to a cool shaded room.
What maximum and minimum temperature can withstand a person.
(Survive: D)
About maximum:
Experiments were performed to determine highest temperaturesWhich can withstand the human body. It turned out that with a very gradual heating, our organism in dry air is able to withstand not only the boiling point of water (100 degrees), but sometimes even higher, up to 160 degrees Celsius, as proved English physicists and Centry, conducted whole hours In a holted oven bakery. "You can cook eggs and squeeze the Bifstex in the air of the room in which people remain without harmful for themselves," the tyndal notes about this. What explains such stamina? The fact that our body actually does not take this temperature, and retains the temperature close to normal. It struggles with heating by means of abundant sweat; The evaporation of the sweat is absorbed significant number Heat from that air layer, which directly adjacent to ... leather, and that sufficiently lowers its temperature. Single the necessary conditions It is that the body does not come into contact directly with the source of heat and that the air is dry. Who was B. Central Asia, He noticed how the heat is relatively easy there in 37 degrees Celsius and more. The 24-degree heat in Leningrad is postponed much worse. The reason, of course, in the humidity of the air in Leningrad and dry it in Central Asia, where the rain is extremely rare phenomenon (in June, the humidity comes to zero).
About the minimum:
It depends on the state of his health and clothing, but most importantly - from the wind speed. In Yakutia, in winter, people are clocks in the cold, at the air temperature below -50 ° C, but at the same time are appropriately dressed, and in the conditions of the central part of the Winter Siberian Anticyclone, there is usually observed.
In Antarctica, the incenters of continental stations also have to be outside the premises, but there are often strong frosts there are essentially accompanied by a strong wind. Therefore, warm windproof clothes are not enough there, and people are forced to wear a mask or close the face of a fur jacket hooded (parks). Open areas Skin, as installed by special experiments in the Antarctic, begin to freeze under the winding index of cooling exceeding 1400. The staff of scientific stations in the Arctic and Antarctic, by the nature of their classes forced to systematically extend in the open air, sometimes uses electrical heated clothing, having less weight than the usual warm Clothes, and less bulky, less constraintful movement.
The minimum temperature in which people were briefly in air, is -89 ° C.
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