Wind– this is horizontal movement (air flow parallel to earth's surface), resulting from uneven distribution heat and atmospheric pressure and directed from a high pressure zone to a low pressure zone
Wind is characterized by speed (strength) and direction. Direction is determined by the sides of the horizon from which it blows, and is measured in degrees. Wind speed measured in meters per second and kilometers per hour. Wind strength is measured in points.
Wind in boots, m/s, km/h
Beaufort scale- a conventional scale for visual assessment and recording of wind force (speed) in points. Initially, it was developed by the English admiral Francis Beaufort in 1806 to determine the strength of the wind by the nature of its manifestation at sea. Since 1874, this classification has been adopted for widespread (on land and at sea) use in international synoptic practice. In subsequent years it changed and was refined (Table 2). A state of complete calm at sea was taken as zero points. Initially, the system was thirteen-point (0-12 bft, on the Beaufort scale). In 1946 the scale was increased to seventeen (0-17). The wind strength on the scale is determined by the interaction of the wind with various items. In recent years, wind strength is more often assessed by speed, measured in meters per second - at the earth's surface, at a height of about 10m above an open, flat surface.
The table shows Beaufort scale, adopted in 1963 by the World Meteorological Organization. The sea wave scale is nine-point (parameters are given for a large sea area; in small water areas the waves are less). Descriptions of the effects of the movement of air masses are given “for conditions earth's atmosphere near the earth’s or water surface,” and above-zero temperatures. On the planet Mars, for example, the ratios will be different.
Wind strength in Beaufort scale and sea waves
Table 1
| Points | Verbal indication of wind force | Wind speed, m/s | Wind speed km/h | Wind action |
|
on the land |
at sea (points, waves, characteristics, height and wavelength) |
||||
| 0 | Calm | 0-0,2 | Less than 1 | Complete absence of wind. The smoke rises vertically, the leaves of the trees are motionless. | 0. No excitement
Mirror smooth sea |
| 1 | Quiet | 0,3-1,5 | 2-5 | The smoke deviates slightly from the vertical direction, the leaves of the trees are motionless | 1. Weak excitement.
There are light ripples on the sea, no foam on the ridges. Wave height is 0.1 m, length - 0.3 m. |
| 2 | Easy | 1,6-3,3 | 6-11 | You can feel the wind on your face, the leaves rustle faintly at times, the weather vane begins to move, | 2. Low excitement
The ridges do not tip over and appear glassy. At sea, short waves are 0.3 m high and 1-2 m long. |
| 3 | Weak | 3,4-5,4 | 12-19 | Leaves and thin branches of trees with foliage continuously sway, light flags sway. The smoke seems to be licked from the top of the pipe (at a speed of more than 4 m/sec). | 3. Slight excitement
Short, well defined waves. The ridges, overturning, form a glassy foam, and occasionally small white lambs are formed. Average height waves 0.6-1 m, length - 6 m. |
| 4 | Moderate | 5,5-7,9 | 20-28 | The wind raises dust and pieces of paper. Thin branches of trees sway without leaves. The smoke mixes in the air, losing its shape. This is the best wind for operating a conventional wind generator (with a wind wheel diameter of 3-6 m) | 4.Moderate excitement
The waves are elongated, white caps are visible in many places. Wave height is 1-1.5 m, length - 15 m. Sufficient wind thrust for windsurfing (on a board under sail), with the ability to enter planing mode (with a wind of at least 6-7 m/s) |
| 5 | Fresh | 8,0-10,7 | 29-38 | Branches and thin tree trunks sway, the wind can be felt by hand. Pulls out big flags. Whistling in my ears. | 4. Rough seas
Well developed in length, but not very large waves, whitecaps are visible everywhere (in in some cases splashes will form). Wave height 1.5-2 m, length - 30 m |
| 6 | Strong | 10,8-13,8 | 39-49 | Thick tree branches sway, thin trees bend, telegraph wires hum, umbrellas are difficult to use | 5. Major disturbance
Large waves begin to form. White foamy ridges occupy large areas. Water dust is formed. Wave height - 2-3 m, length - 50 m |
| 7 | Strong | 13,9-17,1 | 50-61 | Tree trunks sway, large branches bend, it is difficult to walk against the wind. | 6. Strong excitement
The waves pile up, the crests break off, the foam lies in stripes in the wind. Wave height up to 3-5 m, length - 70 m |
| 8 | Very strong |
17,2-20,7 | 62-74 | Thin and dry branches of trees break, it is impossible to speak in the wind, it is very difficult to walk against the wind. | 7. Very strong excitement
Moderately high, long waves. Spray begins to fly up along the edges of the ridges. Strips of foam lie in rows in the direction of the wind. Wave height 5-7 m, length - 100 m |
| 9 | Storm | 20,8-24,4 | 75-88 | Big trees bend, big branches break. The wind tears tiles off the roofs | 8.Very strong excitement
High waves. The foam falls in wide dense stripes in the wind. The crests of the waves begin to capsize and crumble into spray, which impairs visibility. Wave height - 7-8 m, length - 150 m |
| 10 | Strong storm |
24,5-28,4 | 89-102 | Rarely happens on land. Significant destruction of buildings, wind knocks down trees and uproots them | 8.Very strong excitement
Very high waves with long, downward-curving crests. The resulting foam is blown away by the wind in large flakes in the form of thick white stripes. The surface of the sea is white with foam. The strong roar of the waves is like blows. Visibility is poor. Height - 8-11 m, length - 200 m |
| 11 | Cruel storm |
28,5-32,6 | 103-117 | It is observed very rarely. Accompanied by great destruction over large areas. | 9. Exceptionally high waves.
Small and medium-sized vessels are sometimes hidden from view. The sea is all covered with long white flakes of foam, located downwind. The edges of the waves are blown into foam everywhere. Visibility is poor. Height - 11m, length 250m |
| 12 | Hurricane | >32,6 | More than 117 | Devastating destruction. Individual wind gusts reach speeds of 50-60 m.s. A hurricane may occur before a severe thunderstorm | 9. Exceptional excitement
The air is filled with foam and spray. The sea is all covered with stripes of foam. Very poor visibility. Wave height >11m, length - 300m. |
To make it easier to remember(compiled by: website author)
3 - Weak - 5 m/s (~20 km/h) - leaves and thin tree branches sway continuously
5 - Fresh - 10 m/s (~35 km/h) - pulls out large flags, whistles in ears
7 - Strong - 15 m/s (~55 km/h) - telegraph wires are humming, it is difficult to go against the wind
9 - Storm - 25 m/s (90 km/h) - wind knocks down trees, destroys buildings
* The length of the wind wave on the surface of water bodies (rivers, seas, etc.) is the shortest horizontal distance between the tops of adjacent ridges.
Dictionary:
Breeze– weak onshore wind, with force up to 4 points.
Normal wind- acceptable, optimal for something. For example, for sport windsurfing, you need sufficient wind thrust (at least 6-7 meters per second), and for parachute jumping, on the contrary, it is better to have calm weather (excluding lateral drift, strong gusts near the earth's surface and dragging of the canopy after landing).
Storm is called a long-lasting and stormy wind to a hurricane, with a force greater than 9 points (gradation on the Beaufort scale), accompanied by destruction on land and strong waves at sea (storm). Storms are: 1) squalls; 2) dusty (sandy); 3) dust-free; 4) snowy. Squalls begin suddenly and end just as quickly. Their actions are characterized by enormous destructive force(such wind destroys buildings and uproots trees). These storms are possible everywhere in the European part of Russia, both at sea and on land. In Russia, the northern border of the distribution of dust storms passes through Saratov, Samara, Ufa, Orenburg and the Altai mountains. Snow storms of great force occur on the plains of the European part and in the steppe part of Siberia. Storms are usually caused by the passage of an active atmospheric front, deep cyclone or tornado.
Squall- a strong and sharp gust of wind (Peak gusts) with a speed of 12 m/sec and above, usually accompanied by a thunderstorm. At a speed of more than 18-20 meters per second, gusty wind demolishes poorly secured structures, signs, and can break billboards and tree branches, cause power lines to break, which creates a danger for people and cars nearby. Gusty, squally wind occurs during the passage of an atmospheric front and with a rapid change in pressure in the baric system.
Vortex – atmospheric education with rotational movement of air around a vertical or inclined axis.
Hurricane(typhoon) is a wind of destructive force and considerable duration, the speed of which exceeds 120 km/h. A hurricane “lives,” that is, moves, usually for 9–12 days. Forecasters give it a name. The hurricane destroys buildings, uproots trees, demolishes light structures, breaks wires, and damages bridges and roads. Its destructive power can be compared to an earthquake. The homeland of hurricanes is the ocean, closer to the equator. Cyclones saturated with water vapor move from here to the west, more and more twisting and increasing speed. The diameters of these giant vortices are several hundred kilometers. Hurricanes are most active in August and September.
In Russia, hurricanes most often occur in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Chukotka, and the Kuril Islands.
Tornadoes– these are vertical vortices; squalls are often horizontal, part of the structure of cyclones.
The word "smerch" is Russian, and comes from the semantic concept of "twilight", that is, a gloomy, stormy situation. A tornado is a giant rotating funnel, inside of which there is low pressure, and any objects that are in the path of the tornado's movement are sucked into this funnel. As he approaches, a deafening roar is heard. A tornado moves above the ground at an average speed of 50–60 km/h. Tornadoes are short-lived. Some of them “live” for seconds or minutes, and only a few - up to half an hour.
On the North American continent, a tornado is called tornado, and in Europe – thrombus. A tornado can lift a car into the air, uproot trees, bend a bridge, and destroy the upper floors of buildings.
The tornado in Bangladesh, observed in 1989, was included in the Guinness Book of Records as the most terrible and destructive in the entire history of observations. Despite the fact that residents of the city of Shaturia were warned in advance about the approach of the tornado, 1,300 people became its victims.
In Russia, tornadoes occur more often in summer months in the Urals, Black Sea coast, in the Volga region and Siberia.
Forecasters classify hurricanes, storms and tornadoes as emergency events with a moderate speed of spread, so most often it is possible to issue a storm warning in time. It can be transmitted through civil defense channels: after the sound of sirens " Attention everyone!"You need to listen to local television and radio reports.
Symbols on weather maps weather phenomena related to the wind
In meteorology and hydrometeorology, the direction of the wind (“from where it blows”) is indicated on the map as an arrow, the type of plumage of which shows the average speed of air flow. In air navigation, the name of the direction is the opposite. In navigation on water, the unit of speed (knot) of the vessel is taken to be equal to one nautical mile per hour (ten knots correspond to approximately five meters per second).
On a weather map, a long feather of a wind arrow means 5 m/s, a short one - 2.5 m/s, in the shape of a triangular flag - 25 m/s (follows a combination of four long lines and 1 short one). In the example shown in the figure, there is a wind of 7-8 m/s. If the wind direction is unstable, a cross is placed at the end of the arrow.
The picture shows the symbols of wind direction and speed used on weather maps, as well as an example of applying icons and fragments from a hundred-cell matrix of weather symbols (for example, drifting snow and a blowing snow, when previously fallen snow rises and is redistributed in the ground layer of air).
These symbols can be seen on the synoptic map of the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia (http://meteoinfo.ru), compiled as a result of analysis of current data on the territory of Europe and Asia, which schematically shows the boundaries of zones of warm and cold atmospheric fronts and the directions of their movements along the earth's surface.
What to do if there is a storm warning?
1. Close and secure all doors and windows tightly. Apply strips of plaster crosswise to the glass (to prevent fragments from scattering).
2. Prepare a supply of water and food, medicine, a flashlight, candles, a kerosene lamp, a battery-powered receiver, documents and money.
3. Turn off gas and electricity.
4. Remove items from balconies (yards) that could be blown away by the wind.
5. Move from light buildings to stronger ones or civil defense shelters.
6. In a village house, move to the most spacious and durable part of it, and best of all, to the basement.
8. If you have a car, try to drive as far as possible from the epicenter of the hurricane.
Children from kindergartens and schools must be sent home in advance. If a storm warning arrives too late, children should be placed in basements or central areas of buildings.
It is best to wait out a hurricane, tornado or storm in a shelter, a previously prepared shelter, or at least in a basement. However, often, a storm warning is given only a few minutes before the storm arrives, and during this time it is not always possible to get to shelter.
If you find yourself outside during a hurricane
2. You must not be on bridges, overpasses, overpasses, or in places where flammable and toxic substances are stored.
3. Hide under a bridge, reinforced concrete canopy, in a basement, cellar. You can lie down in a hole or any depression. Protect your eyes, mouth and nose from sand and soil.
4. You cannot climb onto the roof and hide in the attic.
5. If you are driving a car on the plain, stop, but do not leave the car. Close its doors and windows tightly. During a snow storm, cover the radiator side of the engine with something. If the wind is not strong, you can shovel the snow from your car from time to time to avoid being buried under a thick layer of snow.
6. If you are in public transport, leave it immediately and seek shelter.
7. If the elements catch you in an elevated or open place, run (crawl) towards some kind of shelter (rocks, forest) that could dampen the force of the wind, but beware of falling branches and trees.
8. When the wind has died down, do not immediately leave the shelter, as the squall may recur in a few minutes.
9. Stay calm and don’t panic, help the victims.
How to behave after natural disasters
1. When leaving the shelter, look around to see if there are any overhanging objects, parts of structures, or broken wires.
2. Do not light gas or fire, do not turn on electricity until special services check the condition of communications.
3. Don't use the elevator.
4. Do not enter damaged buildings or go near downed electrical wires.
5. The adult population assists the rescuers.
Devices
The exact wind speed is determined using a device - an anemometer. If such a device does not exist, you can make a homemade wind measuring “Wild board” (Fig. 1), with sufficient measurement accuracy for wind speeds of up to ten meters per second.
Rice. 1. Homemade wind vane board Wilda:
1 - vertical tube (600 mm long) with a welded pointed upper end, 2 - front horizontal rod of the weather vane with a counterweight ball; 3 - weather vane impeller; 4 - upper frame; 5 - horizontal axis of the board hinge; 6 - wind measuring board (weighing 200 g). 7 - lower fixed vertical rod with cardinal indicators mounted on it: N - north, S - south, 3 - west, E - east; No. 1 - No. 8 - wind speed indicator pins.
The weather vane is installed at a height of 6 - 12 meters, above an open, flat surface. Under the weather vane there are arrows indicating the direction of the wind. Above the weather vane, to tube 1 on the horizontal axis 5, a wind measuring board 6 measuring 300x150 mm is hinged to frame 4. Board weight - 200 grams (adjusted using a reference device). Moving back from frame 4 is a segment of an arc attached to it (with a radius of 160 mm) with eight pins, of which four are long (140 mm each) and four are short (100 mm each). The angles at which they are fixed are with the vertical for pin No. 1-0°; No. 2 - 4°; No. 3 - 15.5°; No. 4 - 31°; No. 5 - 45.5°; No. 6 - 58°; No. 7 - 72°; No. 8-80.5°.
Wind speed is determined by measuring the angle of deflection of the board. Having determined the position of the wind measuring board between the pins of the arc, turn to the table. 1, where this position corresponds to a certain wind speed.
The position of the board between the pegs gives only a rough idea of the wind speed, especially since the wind strength changes quickly and frequently. The board never remains in any one position for long, but constantly fluctuates within certain limits. Observing the changing slope of this board for 1 minute, determine its average slope (calculation by averaging maximum values) and only after that the average minute wind speed is judged. For high wind speeds exceeding 12-15 m/sec, the readings of this device have low accuracy (this limitation is the main drawback of the considered scheme).
Application
average speed winds on the Beaufort scale different years its application
table 2
| Point | Verbal characteristic |
Average wind speed (m/s) according to recommendations | ||||
| Simpson | Köppen | International Meteorological Committee | ||||
| 1906 | 1913 | 1939 | 1946 | 1963 | ||
| 0 | Calm | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1 | Quiet wind | 0,8 | 0,7 | 1,2 | 0,8 | 0,9 |
| 2 | Light breeze | 2,4 | 3,1 | 2,6 | 2,5 | 2,4 |
| 3 | Light wind | 4,3 | 4,8 | 4,3 | 4,4 | 4,4 |
| 4 | Moderate wind | 6,7 | 6,7 | 6,3 | 6,7 | 6,7 |
| 5 | Fresh breeze | 9,4 | 8,8 | 8,7 | 9,4 | 9,3 |
| 6 | Strong wind | 12,3 | 10,8 | 11,3 | 12,3 | 12,3 |
| 7 | strong wind | 15,5 | 12,7 | 13,9 | 15,5 | 15,5 |
| 8 | Very strong wind | 18,9 | 15,4 | 16,8 | 18,9 | 18,9 |
| 9 | Storm | 22,6 | 18,0 | 19,9 | 22,6 | 22,6 |
| 10 | Heavy storm | 26,4 | 21,0 | 23,4 | 26,4 | 26,4 |
| 11 | Fierce Storm | 30,0 | 27,1 | 30,6 | 30,5 | |
| 12 | Hurricane | 29,0 | 33,0 | 32,7 | ||
| 13 | 39,0 | |||||
| 14 | 44,0 | |||||
| 15 | 49,0 | |||||
| 16 | 54,0 | |||||
| 17 | 59,0 | |||||
The Hurricane Scale was developed by Herbert Saffir and Robert Simpson in the early 1920s to measure the potential damage of a hurricane. It is based on numerical values of maximum wind speed and includes an assessment of storm surges in each of five categories. In Asian countries, this a natural phenomenon is called a typhoon (translated from Chinese as “great wind”), and in Northern and South America- called a hurricane. At quantification wind flow speed, the following abbreviations apply: km/h / mph- kilometers / miles per hour, m/s- meters per second.
table 3
| № | Category | Maximum speed wind | Storm waves, m | Effect on ground objects | Effect on the coastal zone |
| 1 | Minimum | 119-153 km/h 74-95 mph 33-42 m/s |
12-15 | Trees and bushes damaged | Minor damage to the piers, some small vessels in the anchorage were torn from their anchors |
| 2 | Moderate | 154-177 km/h 96-110mph 43-49 m/s |
18-23 | Significant damage to trees and bushes; some trees were downed, prefabricated houses were badly damaged | Significant damage to piers and marinas, with small vessels at anchor torn from their anchors |
| 3 | Significant | 178-209 km/h 111-129 mph 49-58 m/s |
27-36 | Large trees were downed, prefabricated houses were destroyed, and some small buildings had windows, doors and roofs damaged. | Severe flooding along the coastline; small buildings on the shore were destroyed |
| 4 | Huge | 210-249 km/h 130-156 mph 58-69 m/s |
39-55 | Trees, bushes and billboards were toppled, prefabricated houses were destroyed to the ground, windows, doors and roofs were badly damaged | Areas located at an altitude of up to 3 meters above sea level are flooded; floods extend 10 km inland; damage from waves and debris carried by them |
| 5 | Catastrophe | >250 km/h >157 mph > 69 m/s |
More than 55 | All trees, bushes and billboards have been knocked down and many buildings have been seriously damaged; some buildings were completely destroyed; prefabricated houses demolished | Severe damage was caused to the lower floors of buildings up to 4.6 meters above sea level in an area extending 457 meters inland. Mass evacuations of the population from coastal areas are necessary |
Tornado scale
The tornado scale (Fujita-Pearson scale) was developed by Theodore Fujita to classify tornadoes by the degree of wind damage caused. Tornadoes are characteristic mainly of North America.
table 4
| Category | Speed, km/h | Damage |
| F0 | 64-116 | Destroys chimneys, damages tree crowns |
| F1 | 117-180 | Tears prefabricated (panel) houses from the foundation or overturns them |
| F2 | 181-253 | Significant destruction. Prefabricated houses are destroyed, trees are uprooted |
| F3 | 254-332 | Destroys roofs and walls, scatters cars, overturns trucks |
| F4 | 333-419 | Destroys fortified walls |
| F5 | 420-512 | Lifts houses and moves them a considerable distance |
Glossary of terms:
Leeward side object (protected from the wind by the object itself; area high blood pressure, due to the strong deceleration of the flow) is facing where the wind is blowing. In the picture - on the right. For example, on the water, small ships approach larger ships from their leeward side (where they are protected from waves and wind by the larger ship's hull). “Smoking” factories and enterprises should be located in relation to residential urban areas - on the leeward side (in the direction of the prevailing winds) and separated from these areas by sufficiently wide sanitary protection zones. 
Windward side object (hill, sea vessel) - on the side from which the wind blows. On the windward side of the ridges, upward movements of air masses occur, and on the leeward side, a downward airfall occurs. The greatest part of precipitation (in the form of rain and snow), caused by the barrier effect of the mountains, falls on their windward side, and on the leeward side the collapse of colder and drier air begins.
Approximate calculation of dynamic wind pressure per square meter of advertising board (perpendicular to the plane of the structure) installed near the roadway. In the example, expected in this place, the maximum storm wind speed, is assumed to be 25 meters per second.
Calculations are carried out according to the formula:
P = 1/2 * (air density) * V^2 = 1/2 * 1.2 kg/m3 * 25^2 m/s = 375 N/m2 ~ 38 kilograms per square meter (kgf)
Notice that the pressure increases as the square of the speed. Take into account and include in the construction project sufficient margin of safety, stability (depending on the height of the support stand) and resistance to strong gusts of wind and precipitation, in the form of snow and rain.
At what wind strength are plane flights canceled? civil aviation
The reason for disruption of flight schedules, delays or cancellations of flights may be a storm warning from weather forecasters at the departure and destination airfields.
The meteorological minimum required for a safe (normal) take-off and landing of an aircraft is permissible limits changes in a set of parameters: wind speed and direction, line of sight, condition of the airfield runway and the height of the lower cloud limit. Bad weather, in the form of intense atmospheric precipitation(rain, fog, snow and blizzard), with extensive frontal thunderstorms - can also cause the cancellation of flights from the airport.
The values of meteorological minimums may vary for specific aircraft (by their types and models) and airports (by class and the availability of sufficient ground equipment, depending on the characteristics of the terrain surrounding the airfield and the high mountains present), and are also determined by the qualifications and flight experience of the crew pilots , the ship's commander. The worst minimum is taken into account and for execution.
A flight ban is possible in case of bad weather at the destination airfield, if there are not two alternate airports nearby with acceptable weather conditions.
In strong winds, planes take off and land against the air flow (taxiing, for this purpose, to the appropriate runway). In this case, not only safety is ensured, but also the takeoff run distance and landing run distance are significantly reduced. Limitations on the lateral and tailwind components of wind speed, for most modern civil aircraft, are approximately 17-18 and 5 m/s, respectively. The danger of a large roll, drift and turn of an airliner during its takeoff and landing is represented by an unexpected and strong gusty wind (squall).
http://www.meteorf.ru - Roshydromet (Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Monitoring environment). Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation.
Www.meteoinfo.ru - new website of the Hydrometeorological Center of the Russian Federation.
Behind last quarter century, wave activity in the Black Sea increased by 15 percent, and the maximum possible wave height increased from 15 to 20 meters. However, waves of a much more modest scale have more than once brought serious troubles in the past.Created in 1850, Aivazovsky’s painting “The Ninth Wave” immediately became the most famous of all his marinas and was acquired by Nicholas I
Gone with the Wave
In Crimean newspapers a century ago, perhaps, it would have been possible to have a separate section dedicated to storms, since messages of this kind appeared there regularly. Here, for example, are just a few similar news from 1913:In Balaklava, a boat with six fishermen was torn from the shore and carried out to sea by a strong gust of wind. Everyone considered the unfortunate fishermen dead. However, the other day, the steamship Gurzuf, on its way to Yalta, noticed a boat with ill-fated fishermen near the Professor’s Corner. The unfortunate people, who had spent several days at sea, were in terrible condition.
In Evpatoria, the Greek steamer Amphitrita still remains grounded near the lighthouse. Despite the unloading significant amount grain removed by several sailing ships, and the help of two towing steamers, the giant ship cannot be pulled off the spit. The last short storm covered it with sand about three feet.
In Alushta, more than two weeks of calm sea was disrupted by a strong storm. In the morning the waves began to flood the Embankment. In the evening, due to a rather strong south-east wind, the excitement intensified even more, and the gray crests of huge sea swells began to roll over the official pier.Terrible storms raged in 1907, 1909, and 1912. The sea was especially fierce in the winter of 1911. Then the press reported that “in addition to the ships “Shturman” and “Elftonis”, 2 more Greek ships were lost on the Black Sea during the last storms, 15 ships suffered an accident.”
By the way
Impact forceEven small Black Sea waves can have enormous impact: during a storm on January 19, 1931, on the southern coast of Crimea, near Simeiz, the Monk rock was broken into three pieces by the waves.
Inhuman victims
It wasn't just people who became victims of storms. Thus, in the winter of 1907, a storm that raged for several days “destroyed the Sivash structures where salt is mined and dragged out; work has been suspended, a large contingent of unemployed has formed, and salt producers are suffering losses.”In the winter of 1914 in Yevpatoria, “the pier received serious damage as a result of a barge, on which cargo is usually unloaded from steamships, running into it during a storm with extraordinary force. Repairing the pier will cost 600 rubles.”
In Sevastopol in the winter of 1911, due to a strong storm, the glass in the windows of the aquarium was completely broken, and some of its inhabitants froze, although they were warmed up with potbelly stoves. Another powerful storm hit the aquarium already in 2007. Then the embankment was broken right up to the walls of the aquarium, and a gulley almost a meter deep formed under one of them. Stones broke one of the windows in the room for the aquarium employees, everything was de-energized, the air supply compressors did not work, one of the halls of the aquarium was flooded sea water. Fortunately, most of the aquarium's inhabitants were not harmed, although two tropical fish did die.
The Koktebel embankment became a victim of a storm (and human stupidity) in 1967. After about one and a half million tons of sand were removed from the eastern part of the Koktebel beach for construction needs in the early 1960s, the balance between sea and land was disrupted - the sea began to destroy the shore, the concrete embankment, and knock down the lanterns standing on it. Well, after a winter storm in 1967, the beach was completely washed out (to strengthen the shore, it had to be filled with imported construction rubble).
Like in the movies
Icy steamerA newspaper report about a ship caught in a storm in December 1902 today reads like the script of an action-packed spectacular film: “The steamship of the Russian Shipping and Trade Society left Yalta.” Grand Duke Alexey,” caught at sea by a strong storm, was in uncertainty for two days; Only after a desperate struggle with the fierce elements did the ship reach Sevastopol, turning into a solid block of ice. Passengers were extremely worried anxiety and, entering Sevastopol, with tears in their eyes they were baptized and thanked God, who had averted the obvious danger to life.”
Tatiana Shevchenko, "
Marine site Russia no November 23, 2016 Created: November 23, 2016 Updated: November 23, 2016 Views: 5195
As was said, on separate seas and oceans, except common features, there are also so-called special ones, characteristic of a specific geographical area.
For other areas not included in the book, special signs must be found in various navigation aids (pilots, etc.) and hydrometeorological descriptions, and you also need to thoroughly study the navigation area yourself and notice special weather signs in it.
Black Sea
Among the winds, Novorossiysk Bora 1 is especially famous. It is the most dangerous looking storms for the fleet in the northeast of the Black Sea, especially in the area of the coast of Anapa - Novorossiysk - Tuapse. Novorossiysk bora - This is a very strong cold north-east gusty wind blowing from low mountain slopes. Its greatest strength is observed in Tsemes (Novorossiysk) Bay. Here the strongly cooled continent drops steeply to the warm sea.
This storm occurs with an anticyclone in cold air over the southern regions European territory Soviet Union and during the cyclone - over southeastern part Black Sea.
In this case, large horizontal pressure gradients are created, as a result of which the air rushes in huge gusts through the Markhot Pass from a height of 435 m into the Novorossiysk Bay with the speed of a hurricane wind, which causes strong rough seas with a very steep wave and negative temperatures creates powerful icing of ships and port facilities. There were cases when ships sank in the bay under the weight of the ice that formed on them.
On average, the Novorossiysk bora is observed 46 times a year, most often in the period from November to March. Of these, more than half occur with wind speeds above 20 m/sec.
The highest wind speed reaches 40 m/sec or more, while the air temperature can drop to minus 15 - 18° and below. The boron continues continuously for 1 - 3 days, sometimes up to a week. Its spread towards the sea does not exceed 5 - 6 miles.
Local signs of the onset, weakening and cessation of the Novorossiysk bora are as follows:
The appearance of a whitish cloud bank over the Varada ridge and its sliding down the mountain slopes towards the sea. Bora begins when the cloud bank descends approximately halfway down the mountain slope.
If cloud masses have broken away from the Markhot Pass and are quickly moving in a southwestern direction, this is a sign that bora in Novorossiysk will begin in 2-3 hours or even earlier.
A sharp weakening in the north of the eastern wind in Novorossiysk with a strong one at the Markhot Pass, as evidenced by the cloud bank on the mountain slope remaining almost in the same position, does not indicate the end of the bora; The wind will pick up again in 2 - 3 hours.
The strengthening of the northeast wind in Novorossiysk to 6 - 7 points and even more, while the wind remains weak at the Markhot Pass, indicates that there will soon be no wind in Novorossiysk.
If low-level cloudiness advances and increases from the south, accompanied by precipitation and a drop in pressure, then the bora will stop in 8 - 12 hours.
The rapid increase in pressure in Novorossiysk is a sign of the beginning of weakening and the imminent cessation of the bora here.
In the area of the Poti coast, during the cold period of the year (from October to March), a very strong foehn easterly wind is often observed, sometimes reaching hurricane force, with a speed of up to 40 m/sec and a duration of up to several days.
This wind is observed from the Supsa River to the Inguri River, at sea it extends up to 10 miles from the coast. The local name for this wind is Potisky kalach or round timber.
Signs of the occurrence of a stormy easterly wind in the Poti region are the following: atmospheric pressure above 1015 mbar with a uniform drop, a significant increase in air temperature and a decrease in relative humidity, the appearance of cirrus and lenticular clouds over the mountains, ultra-long visibility of distant mountains, the disappearance of low clouds.
Usually this wind intensifies in the second half of the night and subsides in the middle of the day, and in the evening it can intensify again. In the Poti region, squally westerly winds are also often observed, most often south-western and western, less often north-western.
The signs of their occurrence are as follows:
the appearance of cirrus clouds over the coast during a fen and their gradual compaction with the formation of middle-tier clouds is a sign that in the next 6 - 10 hours squally westerly winds will arise here and cloudy weather with precipitation will set in;
the appearance of swells in the sea in clear weather, especially during the foehn;
ultra-long visibility of mountains;
the strengthening of sea currents in the Poti area to one knot or more is a sign of the strengthening of the western wind here to a storm in 18 - 24 hours; a sign of the strengthening of this wind after a few hours (3 - 4 hours) is a noticeable increase in the water level in Poti.
In April and May it is abnormal high temperature, low relative humidity (dryness) of the air and a drop in pressure, we should expect a sudden strong squall from the southwest in a few hours.
Poti and Transcaucasia is an increase in pressure, a decrease in cloudiness and sea swell.
In the areas of capes Tarkhankut, Sarych, Sudan, Kaliakra, Anapa and in the Kerch Strait, with a noticeable change in atmospheric pressure, a local increase in weak and moderate winds to strong and stormy: southern wind - three drops in pressure, northern - with an increase. When the pressure in these areas changes by 1 - 2 mbar, the winds can increase to 6 - 7 points.
The strengthening extends from the coast to the sea up to 5 - 6 miles, then the winds weaken sharply.
In the Black Sea basin, strong and prolonged storms from the directions of the northern half of the horizon are observed in winter. They are preceded and accompanied by a sharp drop in temperature and air pressure, snowfall, the formation of fog, and evaporation. Wind speed reaches 25 - 40 m/sec.
Storms from southerly winds on the Black Sea are observed much less frequently, and they are usually less strong and shorter lasting than with northerly winds. Before the onset of a southern storm, ultra-long visibility may be observed a day or more in advance: the mountains of the Anatolian coast can be visible from the southern coast of Crimea.
Bosphorus
White clouds forming over the peaks of the European shore of the strait are a sign imminent arrival northwestern storm winds. At the same time, if the clouds begin to slide down the mountain slope towards the strait, then strong northwestern squalls, often accompanied by thunderstorms, will soon appear.
Aegean Sea
During the cold season (from October to March), if the mountains on the islands are hidden by gray clouds and the sky is covered with low clouds, then a strong wind will soon blow.
If the sky is covered with clouds approaching from the southwest, the pressure drops, and thunderstorms are observed, then during the cold period of the year you should expect a southwest storm.
Before the onset of a northern storm with squalls, the pressure increases noticeably and clear weather sets in with good visibility.
Bay of Biscay
Storms are very common in the Bay of Biscay. They are usually observed from October to March and especially from November to February.
They are usually accompanied by rainy and stormy weather and very strong and dangerous waves for ships.
Storms in the Bay of Biscay are associated with the passage of cyclones, which most often have two trajectories: northeast and east-southeast. From June to August, thunderstorms are observed here, which in the southern part of the bay are accompanied by strong squalls.
Signs of the onset of storms in the Gulf are low, gloomy clouds moving in from the west, often with lightning, and a dead swell coming from the west.
Off the southern coast of the bay there is a dead swell combined with calm weather that comes after the south western winds, is also a sure sign of an approaching storm.
It is also characteristic that the longer the above signs are observed before the onset of the storm, the stronger and longer the storm itself will be.
Usually arising from the southwest, the storm, accompanied by precipitation and fog, gradually turns west or northwest and can last up to several days in a row. Then the wind returns to its original direction.
If, at the end of the storm, strong winds blow from the southwest, accompanied by an increase in pressure, then we can expect a northerly wind and improved weather.
If a reversal of the wind from the northwest to the west or southwest is accompanied by a significant drop in pressure, then we should expect the imminent onset of a new storm.
Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Suez
In the northern part of the Red Sea and in the Gulf of Suez, the appearance of cirrus clouds over the peaks of the mountains of the Sinai Peninsula, at a time when they are visible from the southern entrance to the Gubal Strait, is a sign of the imminent occurrence of strong to gale force winds. In the same areas, a sign of the imminent appearance of fresh wind is haze on the horizon. In the Gulf of Suez, if haze covers the plateaus, it is a sign of the imminent onset of a big storm.
The appearance of a dry strong north wind (khamsin) in the Gulf of Aden is preceded by heavy rainfall in Yemen. Near the northern shore of the Gulf of Aden, a sign of the onset of strong winds from the north and north-northwest “belat” is the appearance in the evening of a dim foggy arc over the shore and a gusty wind gradually approaching the shore.
In the Gulf of Aden, signs of an approaching cyclone from the east and south are a halo around the moon and sun, lightning on the eastern horizon, squalls from the north-northwest and north-northeast, a dead swell coming from the east, and a drop in pressure.
Port of Cape Town
If the top of Mount Leo is covered with a white cloud cap, it is a sign of the imminent onset of a strong storm.
Port of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Avacha Bay
Signs of the north-west wind strengthening to a storm are the following: the formation of a cloud cap over the Vilyuchinskaya Sopka, the presence of a sharply defined cloud ridge of cumulus-shaped clouds over the western part of the bay.
Mediterranean Sea
A change in wind direction during a storm from east to west is a sure sign of improving weather. Easterly winds usually herald stormy weather here.
White Sea
If a south wind begins to blow on the White Sea, it is a sign of the imminent onset of inclement weather.
Hebrides and coast of Scotland
North gale wind changing direction to southwestern when atmospheric pressure decreases, - sure sign further deterioration of the weather.
Newfoundland Island
If after a westerly wind the atmospheric pressure begins to fall slowly, then a prolonged eastern storm should be expected.
Scottish and Orkney Islands
Strong aurora is a sign of the onset of a southeast storm, and weak aurora is a sign of the onset of good weather.
Gulf of Bothnia
A rapid drop in atmospheric pressure, as well as clouding of the sky with thick stratus clouds, are a sign of the approach of a cyclone and often stormy winds.
Coast of Celebes Island
On the northern coast of the island, especially in the area of Manado Bay, during the northwest monsoon, stormy westerly winds are observed, with local name"barat". A sign of the approach of a barat is the dark, leaden color of the sky over the sea. The air temperature usually drops to 19° C instead of the usual 25 - 27° C.
Strait of Magellan
A white arc of clouds visible in the southwest is a sure sign of a strong storm squall approaching from Cape Horn.
Straits of Florida
Often in this area there is a gale with strong squalls, which is locally called “porter”. A sign of the onset of this wind is a drop in atmospheric pressure and the approach of powerful cumulus clouds from the northwest with a weak southwest. east wind.
Arctic Ocean
Jets of snow turning into drifting snow when the wind picks up are a sign of a blizzard beginning. At the same time, as the wind strengthens, the snow it carries rises higher and higher, the horizon is gradually covered with a snowy haze and visibility deteriorates sharply.
The coast of Antarctica in the area of the Atlantic sector With strong winds from the eastern quarter, a low-level snowstorm usually begins, which then turns into a general snowstorm; Visibility becomes very poor.
The following phenomena can serve as signs of a stormy wind in the eastern quarter:
the appearance and compaction of cirrostratus clouds;
an increase in air temperature during the polar night, as well as in summer, spring and autumn in the evening and at night;
a significant increase in relative air humidity;
very strong drop in atmospheric pressure.
Atlantic sector of Antarctic waters
The following phenomena can serve as signs of increased wind in the open part of the ocean:
1) the wind turns to the right and the pressure transitions from level to falling while the air temperature rises, cloudiness thickens and decreases, and precipitation begins. These phenomena are associated with the approach of a cyclone to the ship’s location and, as a rule, foreshadow northern quarter winds (from northwestern to northeastern) with a force of 6 - 8 points or more;
2) an increase in pressure, starting after a noticeable drop and accompanied by a change in wind direction from south to southwest. At the same time, precipitation usually stops and visibility improves.
The intensity of an approaching storm can be judged by the barograph record: the steeper the pressure rises, the more likely a strong storm (up to a hurricane) is likely, which usually begins soon after the pressure begins to rise.
The second sign, if clearly expressed, is characteristic of the rear part of the cyclone, provided that its center passes north of the ship.
Storms with northerly winds often precede southwesterly storms. It should be borne in mind that in Antarctica there is not such a strict relationship between changes in atmospheric pressure and wind as is observed in the northern hemisphere.
There may be cases of strong storms with small pressure fluctuations and, conversely, often significant changes in pressure are not associated with strong winds.
Therefore, in Antarctica, in addition to pressure changes, it is necessary to take into account changes in wind, temperature, cloudiness and other meteorological phenomena, as well as the direction and time of appearance or intensification of the swell.
The wind changes during the passage of a cyclone as follows:
if the ship is located directly in the central part of the cyclone, then at first a strong north-northeast wind blows, which, after the center shifts, quickly changes to south-southwest;
when the center of the cyclone passes south of the ship, a north wind is initially observed, which then turns to the north-west and intensifies, and after the center of the cyclone shifts, it changes to the south-west with an increase in pressure and a strong storm.
In the event that the ship is located in an area of strong westerly winds, which is located between 40 and 55° south. sh., the wind varies from north-west to south-west; if the center of the cyclone passes north of the ship, the wind starts from the north, passes through the northeast to the east and, after the cyclone moves, to the southeast and south.
For the vast majority of cyclone trajectories, the passage of their centers south of the ship is observed in those cases when the ship is north of the 61st parallel. The movement of the center of the cyclone through the vessel's position is most likely when sailing in the area between 61 and 65° south. w.
Finally, the movement of the cyclone center north of the ship is observed when sailing south of the Arctic Circle. Sometimes for individual trajectories of cyclone centers, their paths can deviate significantly from the above average position.
Beaufort scale- a conventional scale for visually assessing the strength (speed) of the wind in points based on its effect on ground objects or on sea waves. It was developed by the English admiral F. Beaufort in 1806 and at first was used only by him. In 1874, the Standing Committee of the First Meteorological Congress adopted the Beaufort scale for use in international synoptic practice. In subsequent years, the scale was changed and refined. The Beaufort scale is widely used in maritime navigation.
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Wind strength at the earth's surface on the Beaufort scale |
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| Beaufort points | Verbal definition of wind force | Wind speed, m/sec | Wind action | |
| on the land | on the sea | |||
| 0 | Calm | 0-0,2 | Calm. Smoke rises vertically | Mirror smooth sea |
| 1 | Quiet | 0,3-1,5 | The direction of the wind is noticeable from the drift of the smoke, but not from the weather vane. | Ripples, no foam on the ridges |
| 2 | Easy | 1,6-3,3 | The movement of the wind is felt by the face, the leaves rustle, the weather vane is set in motion | Short waves, crests do not capsize and appear glassy |
| 3 | Weak | 3,4-5,4 | The leaves and thin branches of the trees sway all the time, the wind flutters the upper flags | Short, well defined waves. The ridges, overturning, form a glassy foam, occasionally small white lambs are formed |
| 4 | Moderate | 5,5-7,9 | The wind raises dust and pieces of paper and moves thin tree branches. | The waves are elongated, white caps are visible in many places |
| 5 | Fresh | 8,0-10,7 | Thin tree trunks sway, waves with crests appear on the water | Well developed in length, but not very large waves, white caps are visible everywhere (in some cases splashes are formed) |
| 6 | Strong | 10,8-13,8 | Thick tree branches sway, telegraph wires hum | Large waves begin to form. White foamy ridges occupy large areas (splashes are likely) |
| 7 | Strong | 13,9-17,1 | The tree trunks are swaying, it’s difficult to walk against the wind | The waves pile up, the crests break off, the foam lies in stripes in the wind |
| 8 | Very strong | 17,2-20,7 | The wind breaks tree branches, it is very difficult to walk against the wind | Moderately high long waves. Spray begins to fly up along the edges of the ridges. Strips of foam lie in rows in the direction of the wind |
| 9 | Storm | 20,8-24,4 | Minor damage; the wind tears off smoke hoods and tiles | High waves. The foam falls in wide dense stripes in the wind. The crests of the waves begin to capsize and crumble into spray, which impairs visibility |
| 10 | Heavy storm | 24,5-28,4 | Significant destruction of buildings, trees are uprooted. Rarely happens on land | Very high waves with long, downward-curving crests. The resulting foam is blown away by the wind in large flakes in the form of thick white stripes. The surface of the sea is white with foam. The strong roar of the waves is like blows. Visibility is poor |
| 11 | Fierce Storm | 28,5-32,6 | Large destruction over a large area. Very rarely observed on land | Exceptionally high waves. Small and medium-sized vessels are sometimes hidden from view. The sea is all covered with long white flakes of foam, located downwind. The edges of the waves are blown into foam everywhere. Visibility is poor |
| 12 | Hurricane | 32.7 or more | The air is filled with foam and spray. The sea is all covered with stripes of foam. Very poor visibility | |
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