Hey! You are on the YouFact Channel. And today we will learn why sharks, such terrible sea predators, are afraid, it would seem very harmless dolphins. Shark is one of the oldest inhabitants of the seas and the perfect tool for murder. Its anatomical features are as if created in order to hunt, and destroy their prey. What only is ominous and at the same time a stunning jaw device with a white shark. The magnitude of the teeth of this predator reaches 5 or more centimeters diagonally, and the amount of them reaches three hundred. And the teeth are located in the mouth of a white shark to several rows: the front are workers, and the rest are reserve, so to speak about the reserve! But this is not the main thing. The most amazing how the akula feelings are arranged. Some types of sharks are equipped with 13 world perception systems (for comparison, a person has only 5). You can even say that one of the groups of feelings of the shark is akin to the extrasensory abilities of a person. We are talking about the electric designer - the ability to capture the barely tangible electrical fluctuations in the fields. Scientists have found such abilities from other marine inhabitants, as well as vertebrates amphibians and even in some mammals. But with all these, it would seem, indisputable advantages, sharks prefer to avoid the society of dolphins. Yes, and it is impossible to deny the fact that dolphins have repeatedly saved people in the open sea from the attack of sharks. Indeed, sharks float away, barely freezing the pack of Afalin and Belobochechki, and try not to face the kats. What is the secret of such a successful confrontation of one maritime predators over others? Sharks are very careful and cautious. But for the most part, they are like a kip-winning cat, which "walks by itself." In flocks, sharks are gathered extremely rare, except in the period of the marriage games, after which they try to part faster. In love for loneliness, according to researchers, the main reason for frequent losses sharks in battle with dolphins. Dolphins, as you know, creative creatures. They are not just going to flock, but they have very organized and tightly cohesive teams. And where there is a good organized and pre-planned group activities, a single is doomed to failure. At the same time, dolphins, possessing such a significant advantage in the fight against sharks, are not the initiators of the attack on them. On the contrary, most often the tooth predator attacks the first. And it is very glad to be enjoyed by the meat of a collective mammal, who chopped off from his pack for various reasons. But if the dolphins noticed aggressive actions on the part of the bloodthirsty predator, then it is already uncomplicated. Dolphinya Group instantly surrounds his abuser and begins to push and beat it with its powerful beaks. At the same time, dolphins, creatures are highly developed and smart, always kiss in the most vulnerable area of \u200b\u200bshark - gill slots. All flocks of dolphins easily kill shark. At the same time, they are much more powerful for her and maneuvering. According to the same principle, the dolphins "understand" with sharks when they save from their man's attack. Only to the extreme measure, the murder of their opponents, it usually does not reach. Dolphins simply just surround the person of the packs, and sharks are rapidly retreating from the failed crime scene. Now you see unique shooting of one such wonderful rescue of man by dolphins. The author of the video tells how he during filming on the Bahamas saw a shark-hammer that moved right on him. The brave operator was not frightened and continued to shoot. Then four young dolphins, with which the operator had already happened to meet, began to drive off the sinister predator from man. An eyewitness and the participant of these events do not doubt: the animals understood that they saved her actions from the attack. So you can safely swim in the open sea with dolphins: the sharks will not be scary to you.
Dolphins are incredibly smart and friendly to a person, they have a cheerful temper and they are just charming animals. For no accident, these aqueous mammals deserve such a respectful attitude. Let's learn more about these amazing animals.
The word Dolphin dates back to the Greek Δελφίς (Delphis), which in turn occurred from the Indo-European root * Gʷelbh- "uterus", "Lono", "Woroba". The name of the animal can be interpreted as a "newborn baby" (perhaps because of the external similarity with the baby or because the cry of dolphin looks like a cry of a child).
Dolphin is the only mammal, the birth of which begins in the literal sense from the tail, and not from the head! Young dolphins remain with her mother for 2 or 3 years.
In nature, there are almost forty types of dolphins, their closest relatives - whales and sea cows. Dolphins evolved relatively recently - about ten million years ago, during Miocene. Most species of dolphins live in salted water, but there are freshwater animals.
Adult dolphins reach sizes from 1.2 m in length and weight from 40 kg (river dolphin), up to 9.5 m and 10 tons (groove). The brain is the largest body in the body of Dolphin. During sleep, part of the brain is awake, allowing the dolphin to breathe in a dream, so as not to drown! Dolphin life directly depends on access to oxygen.
Dolphins have a weak sense of smell, but excellent vision and absolutely unique hearing. Publishing powerful sound impulses, they are capable of echolocation, which makes it perfectly navigating in water, find each other and food.
Dolphins are able to publish wide spectrum Sounds with a nasal air bag located under the breath. You can select about three categories of sounds: frequency-modulated woes, explosive impulse sounds and clicks. Clicks are the most loud among the sounds published by the sea inhabitants.
Dolphins can float at a speed of up to 25 miles per hour for a long time. It is about 3 times faster than the fastest swimmers in the world.
Dolphins are connected by t. N. "Gray paradox." In the 1930s. The Englishman James Gray surprised the extraordinarily high speed of dolphins (37 km / h along its measurements). By producing the necessary calculations, Gray showed that according to the laws of hydrodynamics for bodies with constant surface properties, dolphins were to have several times more muscular strength than they were observed. Accordingly, he suggested that dolphins are able to manage the streamliness of their body, while maintaining laminar flow around at the speeds of movement, for which it should already become turbulent. In the US and Great Britain after World War II and for 10 years later, attempted to prove or refute this assumption later in the USSR. In the US, they practically stopped from 1965-1966 until 1983, since it was not possible to make mistaken conclusions on the basis of incorrect estimates that the "Gray paradox" does not exist, and the dolphins are quite enough of the muscular energy to develop such a speed. In the USSR, attempts continued in 1971-1973. The first experimental confirmations of guessing guess appeared.
Dolphins have a system of sound signals. Signals of two types: Echolokation (Sonar), serve as animals to study the situation, detecting obstacles, production and "twitter" or "whistle", for communication with conifers, also expressing the emotional state of the dolphin.
Signals are emitted at very high, ultrasound frequencies inaccessible to human hearing. Sound perception of people is in the frequency band up to 20 kHz, dolphins use a frequency to 200 kHz.
In the "speech" of dolphins, scientists already counted 186 different "whistles". They have about as many levels of sound organization, how many people: six, that is, the sound, syllable, word, phrase, paragraph, context, have its own dialects.
In 2006, the team of British researchers from St. Andrews University conducted a number of experiments, the results of which suggest that dolphins are capable of assigning and recognizing names.
Communication with dolphins has a positive effect on the human body, especially for children's psyche. British specialists came to this conclusion in 1978. Since that time, the development of "dolphinotherapy" began. Now it is used to treat many physical and mental diseases, including autism, and other ailments. Swimming with dolphins removes chronic pain, enhances immunity and even helps the development of speech in children.
Also, dolphins are used in pet-therapy for the treatment of people with an ultrasonic sonar.
Dolphin and pregnant woman near the shore of ICSTAPA, Mexico. IXTAPA, Mexicopicture: Caters
Absolutely unique feature Dolphins - they can "look inside" a person, like an ultrasonic device - for example, they quickly determine the pregnancy of women. The feeling of "new life" is often very emotionally exciting dolphins, they are stormy and happily react to pregnant women, and, as a rule, in aviary, it is not allowed to float pregnant women (although it is possible that this is the best time to communicate) in order not to take away the attention of animals At other visitors, and avoid involuntary "emotional attack" for the future kid.
An incredibly romantic fact from the "personal" life of dolphins - Etologists, studying Amazon's dolphins, found that males give gifts to potential partners. So, what kind of gift is the Dolphin female, in order to consider him as a candidate for the continuation of the offspring? Of course, a bouquet of river algae!
India has become the 4th country, which prohibited the content of dolphins in captivity. Previously, the same measures were taken by Costa Rica, Hungary and Chile. Indians call Dolphins "a person or a person of other origin than" Homo Sapiens ". Accordingly, the "personality" should have their own rights, and its operation for commercial purposes is not permissible. Scientists analyzing the behavior of animals (etologists) say it is very difficult to determine the face separating human intelligence and emotions from the nature of dolphins.
The strengths of the United States and Russia were trained by oceanic dolphins for military purposes. Combat dolphins were trained to detect the underwater mines, saving sailors after the destruction of their ship, as well as for the search and destruction of submarines using the Kamikaze methods.
Dolphin is twice as manyrings in the cerebral cortex than a person.
Dolphins not only have " vocabulary"Up to 14,000 sound signals, which allows them to communicate with each other, but also have self-consciousness," social consciousness "and emotional sympathy - willingness to help newborns and patients, pushing them on the surface of the water.
Dolphins are voracious predators, feed mainly fish, molluscs, crustaceans; Sometimes they attack their relatives.
Dolphins, mostly live socially, are found in all seas and even climb into the river.
Dolphins are famous for their playful behavior and the fact that for the sake of entertainment they can be used under water bubbles of air in the form of a ring with the help of the breath. It can be large bubbles clouds, bubble streams or separate bubbles. Some of them perform a kind of communicative signals.
Inside the flock dolphins form very close connections. Scientists noticed that the dolphins are care for the sick, injured and older relatives, and Dolphin's female can assist another female in difficult birth. At this time, the dolphins located nearby, protecting the femalernia, swim around it for protection.
Along with people and bonobo (dwarf chimpanzees), dolphins are the only species of animals that may fall for pleasure.
Another evidence high Intelligence Dolphins are the fact that adult individuals sometimes teach their cubs to enjoy special tools for hunting. For example, they are "dressing" on the faces of sea sponges in order to avoid injuries when hunting for fish, which can hide in the bottom sediments from sand and acute pebbles.
Dolphin skin is very gentle and easily damaged when contacting other surfaces. That is why before stroking the dolphin, it is necessary to remove all acute objects, such as rings.
Dolphins numbered up to 100 teeth in the mouth, but they do not fierce food, but only capture it. All mining dolphins are swallowed entirely.
Dolphins can dive to a depth of 305 meters, but, as a rule, they are so deeply swim only during hunting. Many Afultines live almost in shallow water. In the Sarayota Bay Bay (Florida), dolphins spend considerable time at a depth of only 2 meters.
The oldest dolphin contained in captivity was Nelly. She lived in the Marineland Marineland Park (Florida) and died when she was 61 years old.
When the dolphins are hunting, then use an interesting tactics for a fish trap. They start circling around flocks of fish, closure a ring, forcing the fish to get back into a dense ball. Then, in turn, dolphins snatch fish from the center of the pack, not letting her go.
Dolphins can rise above the water to a height of up to 6 meters, when jumped out of the water.
the aqueous mammals of the beloved whales, nearby sea pigs.
Dolphins, like all cetacean, breathe air, periodically popling to the surface to make a breath through the only modified nostril - the breath, located on the theme. Food predominantly fish and squid, although some species prefer shrimps and other crustaceans, and cathosies also eat marine turtles, aqueous mammals and birds. Most Dolphins males are larger than females and some species differ from them a higher spinal fin. After the pregnancy period, depending on the type, from 12 to 16 months, the only cub is born. Mother feeds it under water with milk at least six months, and sometimes up to two years old, starting to take away from the nipple after 6-18 months. Associated with an individual of up to 50 years, although most species have a maximum life expectancy of 20-25 years.
Types of Delphinov family (Delphinidae) live in all open seas And sometimes enter the mouth of large rivers. Representatives of the Family Waterfront, or River, Dolphins (Platanistidae) have much more limited distribution. Mostly, they inhabit the inner fresh reservoirs, although some of them can penetrate into salt-flowing estustia and even in coastal areas of the seas. The Stenidae family includes species living in the seas, fresh waters either in both of these environments.
Externally, dolphin differ primarily by the protruding beak, which is clearly derived from the forehead. The exceptions make up several types with convex, spherical forehead. Depending on the type of dolphin from 2 to 250 conic teeth. The dorsal fin, if any, is usually more sick-like than triangular; If it is not bent, it is very high, like a male Coykoka. Freshwater dolphins are distinguished by the fact that they have cervical vertebrae, like ground mammalsand not merged into a single bone. In some species of this family, in addition to conic teeth there are molar-shaped, i.e. Close on the structure to the root. The dorsal fin is usually very low, in the form of a row; Only Laplat Dolphin is the same as the dolphin.
Most dolphins live with flocks and can, like, for example, white dolphin, form huge clusters. However, their groups are usually small: from 2-3 to approximately 100 individuals. At least some species seem to be characterized by a clear social organization.
Dolphin, as a rule, are very active and often quickly float, periodically jumping out of the water. Some species, such as long-tempered professor, are even performed in the air intricate figures, while others love to swing on the waves diverge from the nose of a moving vessel.
Most dolphin is characterized by a wide repertoire of the audio published. First, these are pulsed signals of two main types: echolokation and expressing emotional state. Secondly, dolphins make monotonal sounds resembling whistle. For individual species, its frequency is individual and is used to recognize each other members of the flock. In addition, the volume and frequency of the whistle reflect the emotional state of the dolphin. Some individuals have auxiliary monotoneal signals - also stereotypical and characteristic for each of them.
Nonlineation impulses, called twiets, are divided into many types, which are usually characteristic of the species rather than for a separate individual. Attempts are made to find a connection between the various christmas and the behavior of dolphins, but all twitters are mostly similar to each other and smoothly go into each other. Although such signals reflect this or that emotional state, it is clearer to other dolphins than human people, and there is no evidence that these sounds really form a language in human understanding. The same can be said about monotonal whistles.
Family Dolphinov This family combines many species sea Dolphins. Below will be considered as some of the most famous and rare representatives.
Apultines (Tursiops.). From the species of this kind, the most famous - Atlantic, or just AFALINA ( T. Truncatus.), widespread in warm waters all over the world. Sometimes there are several of its subspecies, which some scientists consider independent species. Aparalin is widely used for research and training. Their body is grayish, up to 3.6 m long (in captivity rarely more than 2.4 m). All Afultines feed on fish; On each side of the upper and lower jaws they have OK. 20-25 teeth. Although sex maturity occurs in 7-8 years, at least the males most actively multiply, becoming roughly twice as older. Pregnancy lasts about a year, and the cubs are breeded by milk up to 18 months, although they begin to consume solid food a year earlier. Immediately after birth, the kid himself pops up to the surface to breathe air. The first few months he keeps close to his mother. Her fast swimming does not violate this close physical communicationSince the female, somewhat increasing energy consumption, generates hydrodynamic forces, with the help of which it provides the movement and the very young.
Apultins usually migrate with small flocks with less dozen individuals, but sometimes you can meet several hundred animals at once. It is these dolphins most often flashed at the beaches, in small bays and estuaries, although in cold waters there often can be seen of ordinary guinea pigs. In New Zealand, Florida and Scotland watched wild feathers who regularly played bathing people. Such individuals have always met in the same areas and, it seems, at all, they were not afraid of a man, allowing them to even touch themselves. But such cases are rare. Apulters often swing on the waves in front of the nose of floating ships - usually it is the most close contact with the person allowed by them in nature.
Sound signals and ability to echolocation were also studied mainly on the form. They most often tried to attribute the existence of the language, but this hypothesis has not yet found confirmation.
Dolphin-Beloboko (Delphinus Delphis.) From the genus of ordinary dolphins - one of the most common representatives of the family in the Mediterranean Sea. It is a very beautiful dolphin, with black circles around the eyes and yellow and gray marks on the sides, the drawing of which resembles the letter "x". Sometimes in the open sea you can observe a huge number of these slender, bright animals. Beloboles inhabit the warm and temperate seas of the whole world. They are made to divide on three subspecies: one in the Atlantic and, possibly, the Indian Oceans, the other - in a quiet and third - in the Black Sea. Independent, although close-friendly forms sometimes allocate for South Africa, Japan and the Red Sea. Beloboby female brings a young about 3 times in 4 years and feed it 4-5 months. It is believed that the maximum life expectancy of this species has more than 20 years.
Short-head dolphins (LagnorHynchus.) Presented by several species: Depending on the classification used, their number may reach up to six. Representatives of this kind are usually inhabited than other dolphins, water, and some species achieve even packing ice. One of them, Pacific Striped Dolphin ( L. Obliquidens), regularly exhibited in several oceanariums and is remarkable with its ability to jump over a highly suspended crossbar. When short-head dolphins live together with other types of families, they are very friendly and caring towards someone's offspring. The flocks are not so large as the Beloboles, but sometimes they are up to 1500 individuals.
Distinctive feature The kind is a distinct groove on the beak, but it is not so long, like many other dolphins, and not so noticeable for a random observer. As a result, you can confuse them from afar marine pigs.
PROBLFINES (Stenella) very varied in color, the number of teeth and other features of the structure. This is the largest family of family of family, and many of them are quite common. Experts believe that the taxonomy of this group is poorly developed. The number of teeth, depending on the species, ranges from 37 to 50 on each side of each jaw. Coloring varies from bright spots on a dark background to a similar pattern with a dolphin-blobby pattern having a dark back and stripes around the head and on the sides on a light background. Some dotelphins are long and slender, with a very elongated digital, while other body has a more massive and row much shorter. Most species live far from the shore in the tropical and temperate waters of the whole world. They are good swimmers and often swing on the waves in front of the nose of ships.
Atlantic spotted professor ( S. Plagiodon) and his close relative from the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean S. Graffimani. Sometimes shown in the oceanariums. The first view is a spectacular jumper, often jumping through his nursing person. In the captivity of the professors feed on fish, but in nature their favorite food is squid. Striped dotelfin ( S. Caeruleoalba.) in Japan is a commercial view; Sometimes it is demonstrated to the public.
Grindy, or Chairhead Dolphins (Globicephala.), highly large view: Animals reach a length of 6.5 m and masses ok. 2 tons. They are characterized by a huge pillow on the forehead containing a viscous fat. The body is black with white marked on the chest and the same line below the middle of the brute. This pattern, as well as the bright "saddle" on the back for the spinal fin, typical of some forms is not always clearly expressed. Highlight three types.
Grindy usually live in warm and temperate waters, but in summer they can penetrate relatively cold areas. Proved the presence of them seasonal migrationsmade by flocks of up to several hundred individuals. All of them often move forward, synchronously emerging and plunging, as if by the leader's team. Apparently, the flocks sometimes stop on vacation, but even then their system usually remains in a military right, and animals pop up to the surface to do inhale as synchronously as while while driving. Sometimes whole flocks are thrown into land and die. The reasons for such behavior are unknown.
Grindes feed almost exclusively by squid, but in captivity, their diet may include fish. Females usually reach sexual maturity at 6-7 years, and males sometimes only by 12 years. Pregnancy lasts approx. 16 months Although the young can eat hard food from 6 months of age, milk feeding continues up to 2 years.
Kotaka (Orcinus ORCA.) - the largest and beautiful view of dolphins, distinguished by a bright black and white pattern; Their mass is up to 8 tons. This species Inhabits all seas, from the coldest to the warmer, keeping mostly not far from the coast. This is the only cetacean one, which besides fish feeds on water mammals, marine turtles and birds.
For cathosks, a pronounced sexual dimorphism is characteristic. The males reach a length of 9 m - on a meter-one and a half more than females. In addition, their dorsal High and almost straight, while in adult females, it is about twice the lower and bent. Unlike most dolphins, chest quail flies are not pointed, sickle, but wide and padded.
These animals are very voracious and hunt to the flocks, attacking not only in small animals, but also on huge preoccupied whales, from the body of which they burst into pieces of meat. In addition to warm-blooded, Kosykati eat a large number of Fish actually component of their diet. Despite the evil reputation of these animals, called "kitami kits", convincing evidence of their attack on a person. On the contrary, in the captivity of Caightecs are very obedient and allow people to ride on their back, and the trainer can take their headlessly into their revealed mouth. They are perfectly trained, capable of almost completely jumping out of the water and perform complex exercise complexes.
Small, or black, kink (Pseudorca crassidens), Large sharp teeth are very similar to Kosykuka ordinary, and dimensions and painting resembles Grind, differing a much more streamlined body shape. There are no data on the cases of attacking this species on the warm-blooded sea animals, but its way of nutrition is unusual: a small kitanka often grabs very large fish And breaks it on the part almost the same as an ordinary groove bursts seals, small dolphins or guinea pigs. Like Gryndam, these animals are sometimes thrown ashore.
Gray Dolphin. (Grampus Griseus.) Externally, very similar to Grinda, however, it is distinguished by the presence of teeth usually only on the lower jaw, deep furrow on the forehead and large quantity Scars scattered throughout the body. The males are especially many of them: as it is believed, in most cases it is traces of battles with relatives. Marks are so characteristic that they used to be taken for a part of the natural pigmentation of the gray dolphin. This species is powered in the main squid and lives in all seas, except polar.
Other dolphin. The family of dolphin includes many rare or little-known species. Dwarf cob ( Feresa. attenuata.) Externally is very similar to the small, but much smaller. It dwells only in the southern part of the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Japan and Senegal, and it rarely contain in captivity.
Iravady Dolphin ( Orcaella Brevirostris) It has two subspecies. One dwells in the Iravadi River in Burma, and the other in the seas from the Bengal Bay to Borneo and Java. Incriminated, or a widdle, dolphin ( Peponocephala Electra.) It is found in the tropical waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans.
There are two types of devoid of spinal fins of kitoid dolphins. (Lissodelphis.): North ( L. Borealis) It is noted in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, and South ( L. Peroni.) - B. moderate zone Southern Hemisphere.
Rhodes of beakhead, or motley, dolphins ( CephalorHynchus.) Includes several southern, mainly cold-water species. They are small, characterized by bright black and white color. Sarawak Dolphin ( Lagenodelphis hosei.) It is known only by one Borneo Skeleton found on the island.
Stenidae family For the Stenidae family there is no Russian name. It includes both freshwater and sea forms With the characteristic features of the building of the respiratory tract.
Coarse dolphins (Steno.) - Monotypic genus. His the only appearance - Grebenasy Dolphin ( S. Bredanensis) - Widespread in moderate and tropical seas, where it is found only away from the shore. It has a long, but not so sharply delimited from the forehead, like most dolphins, and rather smoothly turning into the upper part of the head. The dark gray color of the back gradually brightens on the sides and becomes completely light on the belly. The view got its name due to teeth with ribbed, uneven surface. The biology of the animal has been studied little, but it is known that it is powered by fish, squid and octopus. Although these dolphins are considered a rare species, their significant amounts are sometimes caught in the area Hawaiian Islands To study vocalization and local migrations. Like representatives of the family of dolphin, they publish both monotonal shears and various impulse signals.
Rod sousa. Includes five species living around the coast of Western and South Africa, China, Borneo and Indian Ocean. By appearance These are typical dolphins with quite clearly delimited from the forehead. About biology is known little. Food is mostly fish, dwells mainly in the sea, but near the coast and can enter the river. Chinese white, or humpback, dolphin ( S. chinensis) Lives mainly in fresh waters.
Delphins longwound (Sotalia.) two kinds. Both are found in South America, but in different environmental niches. Guianss Dolphin ( S. Guianensis) Inhabits coastal sea waters and the mouths of rivers in the northeast of South America from Rio de Janeiro to Venezuela. Amazonian dolphin, or tukashi ( S. Fluviatilis), It dwells only in the fresh waters of the Amazon basin and during floods often swims into flooded jungle.
Delpholous dolphins feed on fish, but the details of their biology are still known to little.
Family of freshwater, or river, dolphins This family consists of four clans, one by one in each. Three of them are extremely freshwater. Fourth, South American, view lives in estuariums and in winter months May migrate along the sea shores.
Amazonian Ineni, or Bowo (Inia geoffrensis). Young animals are light gray, but with age gradually acquire a pinkish hue. Their very long rod is covered with rigid hairs or bristles that are apparently the sensory function. Amazon investment on average 25-27 teeth on each side of each jaw. Front teeth are pointed, conical, and the rear are somewhat similar to the root. Two types of teeth and nonsense cervical vertebrae are primitive for cetacean signs. Investing on fish, including covered with bone plates, and its teeth are often very erased, apparently due to the kneading solid food.
According to some data, in the investment may have several subspecies. These freshwater cetaceans are common in the pools of the Amazon River and Orinoco and during floods penetrate even in flooded forests, where they float between trees. Watching out the food on the bottom, the invention is often turned up to the belly, perhaps because otherwise their thick cheeks interfere with the review. Studies of the sounds issued by them showed the presence of a rich repertoire of pulse signals, including echolocation used to search for food and research ambient; However, monotonal whistles are not detected.
Ganges Dolphin, or Susk (Platanista Gangeetica.), It dwells in Indian Indian Rivers Ind, Gang and Brahmaputra. Obviously, he is blind, since his eyes are deprived of a lens. However, animals compensate for this lack of developing an unusual cupid deepening on a skull, which resembles an increased reflector pocket lantern And, undoubtedly, sends and concentrates echolocation signals. Studies of several live instances of this species have demonstrated them, apparently, exceptional abilities for echolocation. It is believed that Ganges Dolphin eats freshwater shrimps and burning in il fishes, which he catches, probing the bottom of his very long jaws. No matter how surprisingly floats this animal usually on the side.
Chinese Lake Dolphin (Lipotes Vexillifer.) It dwells in the Central-Eastern part of China in the rivers of the Yangtze (Changjiang) and Zitan, as well as Duntinhu Lakes and Bay. For a long time This type was attributed to the PlatanistItidae family, but now often allocate in an independent Lipotidae family. An animal reaches a length of 2.5 m, and the mass of one of the studied instances was 160 kg. In appearance, he is closest to Amazonian Inno. Chinese lake dolphins feed on fish, in particular catfish, whom they pull out from the bottom alone with their long beak. Typically moves by pairs forming a larger group of about ten individuals.
Laplat Dolphin. (Pontoporia.[Stenodelphis.] blainvillei.) Unique among the species of PlatanistiDae family for several reasons. He lives not only in the La Plata's large river in South America, but it comes out of her in purely sea coastal waters. Some features of its skeleton and good development of the dorsal fin are unusual. Some systematics proposed to attribute it to the Delphinidae family. This small dolphin is powered by fish, shrimp and challenges.
see also Cetaceans.
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The aqueous mammals of the beloved whales, nearby sea pigs. Dolphins, like all cetacean, breathe air, periodically popling to the surface to make a breath through the only modified nostril - the breath, located on the theme. Food predominantly fish and squid, although some species prefer shrimps and other crustaceans, and cathosies also eat marine turtles, aqueous mammals and birds. Most Dolphins males are larger than females and some species differ from them a higher spinal fin. After the pregnancy period, depending on the type, from 12 to 16 months, the only cub is born. Mother feeds it under water with milk at least six months, and sometimes up to two years old, starting to take away from the nipple after 6-18 months. Associated with an individual of up to 50 years, although most species have a maximum life expectancy of 20-25 years.
Types of family Dolphinov (Delphinidae) They live in all open seas and sometimes enter the mouth of large rivers. Representatives of the Family Waterfront, or River, Dolphins (Platanistidae) have much more limited distribution. Mostly, they inhabit the inner fresh reservoirs, although some of them can penetrate into salt-flowing estustia and even in coastal areas of the seas. The Stenidae family includes species living in the seas, fresh waters, either in both of these environments. Externally, dolphin differ primarily by the protruding beak, which is clearly derived from the forehead. The exceptions make up several types with convex, spherical forehead. Depending on the type of dolphin from 2 to 250 conic teeth. The dorsal fin, if any, is usually more sick-like than triangular; If it is not bent, it is very high, like a male Coykoka. Freshwater dolphins are distinguished by the fact that they have cervical vertebers are separated, like terrestrial mammals, and not merge into a single bone. In some species of this family, in addition to conic teeth there are molar-shaped, i.e. Close on the structure to the root. The dorsal fin is usually very low, in the form of a row; Only Laplat Dolphin is the same as the dolphin. Most dolphins live with flocks and can, like, for example, white dolphin, form huge clusters. However, their groups are usually small: from 2-3 to approximately 100 individuals. At least some species seem to be characterized by a clear social organization. Dolphin, as a rule, are very active and often quickly float, periodically jumping out of the water. Some species, such as long-tempered professor, are even performed in the air intricate figures, while others love to swing on the waves diverge from the nose of a moving vessel. Most dolphin is characterized by a wide repertoire of the audio published. First, these are pulsed signals of two main types: echolokation and expressing emotional state. Secondly, dolphins make monotonal sounds resembling whistle. For individual species, its frequency is individual and is used to recognize each other members of the flock. In addition, the volume and frequency of the whistle reflect the emotional state of the dolphin. Some individuals have auxiliary monotoneal signals - also stereotypical and characteristic for each of them. Nonlineation impulses, called twiets, are divided into many types, which are usually characteristic of the species rather than for a separate individual. Attempts are made to find a connection between the various christmas and the behavior of dolphins, but all twitters are mostly similar to each other and smoothly go into each other. Although such signals reflect this or that emotional state, it is clearer to other dolphins than human people, and there is no evidence that these sounds really form a language in human understanding. The same can be said about monotonal whistles.
Family Dolphinov
This family combines many types of marine dolphins. Below will be considered as some of the most famous and rare representatives. Apultins (Tursiops). From the species of this kind, the most famous is the Atlantic, or simply AFALINA (T. Truncatus), widespread in the warm waters of the whole world. Sometimes there are several of its subspecies, which some scientists consider independent species. Aparalin is widely used for research and training. Their body is grayish, up to 3.6 m long (in captivity rarely more than 2.4 m). All Afultines feed on fish; On each side of the upper and lower jaws they have OK. 20-25 teeth. Although sex maturity occurs in 7-8 years, at least the males most actively multiply, becoming roughly twice as older. Pregnancy lasts about a year, and the cubs are breeded by milk up to 18 months, although they begin to consume solid food a year earlier. Immediately after birth, the kid himself pops up to the surface to breathe air. The first few months he keeps close to his mother. Its rapid swimming does not violate this close physical connection, since the female, somewhat increasing energy consumption, generates hydrodynamic forces, with the help of which it provides movement and a young. Apultins usually migrate with small flocks with less dozen individuals, but sometimes you can meet several hundred animals at once. It is these dolphins most often flashed at the beaches, in small bays and estuaries, although in cold waters there often can be seen of ordinary guinea pigs. In New Zealand, Florida and Scotland watched wild feathers who regularly played bathing people. Such individuals have always met in the same areas and, it seems, at all, they were not afraid of a man, allowing them to even touch themselves. But such cases are rare. Apulters often swing on the waves in front of the nose of floating ships - usually it is the most close contact with the person allowed by them in nature. Sound signals and ability to echolocation were also studied mainly on the form. They most often tried to attribute the existence of the language, but this hypothesis has not yet found confirmation. Delphis Delphis (Delphinus Delphis) from the genus of ordinary dolphins is one of the most common representatives of the family in the Mediterranean Sea. It is a very beautiful dolphin, with black circles around the eyes and yellow and gray marks on the sides, the drawing of which resembles the letter "x". Sometimes in the open sea you can observe a huge number of these slender, bright animals. Beloboles inhabit the warm and temperate seas of the whole world. They are made to divide on three subspecies: one in the Atlantic and, possibly, the Indian Oceans, the other - in a quiet and third - in the Black Sea. Independent, although close-friendly forms sometimes allocate for South Africa, Japan and the Red Sea. Beloboby female brings a young about 3 times in 4 years and feed it 4-5 months. It is believed that the maximum life expectancy of this species has more than 20 years. LagnorHynchus are represented by several species: depending on the classification used, their number can reach the six. Representatives of this kind are usually inhabited than other dolphins, water, and some species achieve even packing ice. One of them, the Pacific Striped Dolphin (L. Obliquidens), is regularly exhibited in several oceanariums and is wonderful with its ability to jump over a highly suspended crossbar. When short-head dolphins live together with other types of families, they are very friendly and caring towards someone's offspring. The flocks are not so large as the Beloboles, but sometimes they are up to 1500 individuals. The distinguishing feature of the kind is a distinct groove on the beak, but it is not so long, like many other dolphins, and not so noticeable for a random observer. As a result, you can confuse them from afar with marine pigs. Protephins (stenella) are very diverse in color, the number of teeth and other features of the structure. This is the largest family of family of family, and many of them are quite common. Experts believe that the taxonomy of this group is poorly developed. The number of teeth, depending on the species, ranges from 37 to 50 on each side of each jaw. Coloring varies from bright spots on a dark background to a similar pattern with a dolphin-blobby pattern having a dark back and stripes around the head and on the sides on a light background. Some dotelphins are long and slender, with a very elongated digital, while other body has a more massive and row much shorter. Most species live far from the shore in the tropical and temperate waters of the whole world. They are good swimmers and often swing on the waves in front of the nose of ships. Atlantic spotted professor (S. Plagiodon) and his close relative from the eastern part of the Pacific S. Graffimani sometimes shown in the oceanariums. The first view is a spectacular jumper, often jumping through his nursing person. In the captivity of the professors feed on fish, but in nature their favorite food is squid. Striped Protlofin (S. Caeruleoalba) in Japan is a commercial view; Sometimes it is demonstrated to the public. Grinda, or Chairhead Dolphins (globicephala), very large look: Animals reach a length of 6.5 m and masses ok. 2 tons. They are characterized by a huge pillow on the forehead containing a viscous fat. The body is black with white marked on the chest and the same line below the middle of the brute. This pattern, as well as the bright "saddle" on the back for the spinal fin, typical of some forms, is not always clearly expressed. Highlight three types. Grindy usually live in warm and temperate waters, but in summer they can penetrate relatively cold areas. It is proved that they have seasonal migrations made by flocks of up to several hundred individuals. All of them often move forward, synchronously emerging and plunging, as if by the leader's team. Apparently, the flocks sometimes stop on vacation, but even then their system usually remains in a military right, and animals pop up to the surface to do inhale as synchronously as while while driving. Sometimes whole flocks are thrown into land and die. The reasons for such behavior are unknown. Grindes feed almost exclusively by squid, but in captivity, their diet may include fish. Females usually reach sexual maturity at 6-7 years, and males sometimes only by 12 years. Pregnancy lasts approx. 16 months Although the young can eat hard food from 6 months of age, milk feeding continues up to 2 years. Kotatka (Orcinus ORCA) is the largest and beautiful view of dolphins, characterized by a bright black and white pattern; Their mass is up to 8 tons. This species inhabits all seas, from the coldest to the warmer, keeping mostly not far from the coast. This is the only cetacean, which besides fish feeds on aqueous mammals, sea turtles and birds. For cathosks, a pronounced sexual dimorphism is characteristic. The males reach a length of 9 m - on a meter-one and a half more than females. In addition, their dorsal fins are high and almost straight, while adult females are about twice the lower and bent. Unlike most dolphins, chest quail flies are not pointed, sickle, but wide and padded. These animals are very voracious and hunt to the flocks, attacking not only in small animals, but also on huge preoccupied whales, from the body of which they burst into pieces of meat. In addition to the warm-blooded, cathosies eat a large number of fish, which actually component of their diet. Despite the evil reputation of these animals, called "murderers", convincing evidence of their attack on a person. On the contrary, in the captivity of Caightecs are very obedient and allow people to ride on their back, and the trainer can take their headlessly into their revealed mouth. They are perfectly trained, capable of almost completely jumping out of the water and perform complex exercise complexes. Small, or black, kotatka (Pseudorca crassidens), large sharp teeth are very similar to Kojawka ordinary, and dimensions and painting resembles Grind, differing a much more streamlined body shape. There is no data on the cases of attacking this species on the warm-blooded sea animals, but its way of nutrition is unusual: a small kitel often grabs very large fish and breaks it on the part almost as an ordinary groove bursts seals, minor dolphins or sea pigs. Like Gryndam, these animals are sometimes thrown ashore. Gray dolphin (Grampus griseus) is very similar to Grinda, however, it is distinguished by the presence of teeth usually only on the lower jaw, a deep furrow on the forehead and a large number of scars scars scattered throughout the body. The males are especially many of them: as it is believed, in most cases it is traces of battles with relatives. Marks are so characteristic that they used to be taken for a part of the natural pigmentation of the gray dolphin. This species is powered in the main squid and lives in all seas, except polar.
Other dolphin. The family of dolphin includes many rare or little-known species. Dwarf Kitka (Feresa Attenuata) is very similar to the small, but much smaller. It dwells only in the southern part of the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Japan and Senegal, and it rarely contain in captivity. Iravady Dolphin (Orcaella Brevirostris) has two subspecies. One dwells in the Iravadi River in Burma, and the other in the seas from the Bengal Bay to Borneo and Java. Incinted, or a widnish, Dolphin (Peponocephala Electra) is found in the tropical waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. There are two types of deprived of the dorsal fins of whale dolphins (Lissodelphis): Northern (L. Borealis) is noted in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, and South (L. Peroni) is in the moderate zone of the southern hemisphere. The genus of the beakhead, or distrend, dolphins (CephalorHynchus) includes several southern, mainly cold-water species. They are small, characterized by bright black and white color. Sarawak Dolphin (Lagenodelphis Hosei) is known only by one Borneo Skeleton found on the island.
Stenidae family
For the Stenidae family there is no Russian name. It includes both freshwater and marine forms with characteristic features of the respiratory tract. Coarse dolphins (Steno) - monotypic genus. His only look - the Grem-Dolphin (S. Bredanensis) is widespread in moderate and tropical seas, where it is found only away from the shore. It has a long, but not so sharply delimited from the forehead, like most dolphins, and rather smoothly turning into the upper part of the head. The dark gray color of the back gradually brightens on the sides and becomes completely light on the belly. The view got its name due to teeth with a ribbed, uneven surface. The biology of the animal has been studied little, but it is known that it is powered by fish, squid and octopus. Although these dolphins are considered a rare species, significant quantities are sometimes caught in the Hawaiian Islands area for the study of vocalization and local migrations. Like representatives of the family of dolphin, they publish both monotonal shears and various impulse signals. The genus SOUSA includes five species that live from the coast of Western and South Africa, China, Borneo and in the Indian Ocean. In appearance, these are typical dolphins with quite clearly degraded from the forehead. About biology is known little. Food is mostly fish, dwells mainly in the sea, but near the coast and can enter the river. Chinese white, or humpback, dolphin (S. chinensis) lives mainly in fresh waters. Delphins (Sotalia) two types. Both are found in South America, but in different environmental niches. Guianly Dolphin (S. Guianensis) inhabit the coastal sea water and the mouths of rivers in the north-east of South America from Rio de Janeiro to Venezuela. Amazonian dolphin, or tukashi (S. fluviatilis), dwells only in the fresh waters of the Amazon pool and often swims into the flooded jungle. Delpholous dolphins feed on fish, but the details of their biology are still known to little.
Family of freshwater, or river, dolphins
This family consists of four clans, one by one in each. Three of them are extremely freshwater. The fourth, South American, the view lives in the estuary and in the winter months can migrate along the sea shores. Amazonian investment, or Bowo (inia geoffrensis). Young animals are light gray, but with age gradually acquire a pinkish hue. Their very long rod is covered with rigid hairs or bristles that are apparently the sensory function. Amazon investment on average 25-27 teeth on each side of each jaw. Front teeth are pointed, conical, and the rear are somewhat similar to the root. Two types of teeth and nonsense cervical vertebrae are primitive for cetacean signs. Investing on fish, including covered with bone plates, and its teeth are often very erased, apparently due to the kneading solid food. According to some data, in the investment may have several subspecies. These freshwater cetaceans are common in the pools of the Amazon River and Orinoco and during floods penetrate even in flooded forests, where they float between trees. Watching out the food on the bottom, the invention is often turned up to the belly, perhaps because otherwise their thick cheeks interfere with the review. Studies of the sounds issued by them showed the presence of a rich repertoire of pulse signals, including echolocation used to search for food and environmental research; However, monotonal whistles are not detected. Ganges Dolphin, or Susuk (Platanista Gangetica), lives in Indian Indian Rivers Ind, Gang and Brahmaputra. Obviously, he is blind, since his eyes are deprived of a lens. However, animals compensate for this lack of an unusual cupid deepening on a skull, which resembles an increased reflector of the pocket flashlight and, undoubtedly, sends and concentrates echolocation signals. Studies of several live instances of this species have demonstrated them, apparently, exceptional abilities for echolocation. It is believed that Ganges Dolphin is powered by freshwater shrimp and burrowing into il fish, which he catches, probing the bottom of his very long jaws. No matter how surprisingly floats this animal usually on the side. The Chinese Lake Dolphin (Lipotes Vexillifer) lives in the Central-Eastern part of China in the Yangtze Rivers (Changjiang) and Zitan, as well as Duntinhu Lakes and Bay. For a long time, this species was attributed to the Platanistidae family, but now they often allocate Lipotidae to an independent family. An animal reaches a length of 2.5 m, and the mass of one of the studied instances was 160 kg. In appearance, he is closest to Amazonian Inno. Chinese lake dolphins feed on fish, in particular catfish, whom they pull out from the bottom alone with their long beak. Typically moves by pairs forming a larger group of about ten individuals. Laplat Dolphin (Pontoporia [] Blainvillei) is unique among the species of Platanistidae family for several reasons. He lives not only in the La Plata's large river in South America, but it comes out of her in purely sea coastal waters. Some features of its skeleton and good development of the dorsal fin are unusual. Some systematics proposed to attribute it to the Delphinidae family. This small dolphin is powered by fish, shrimp and challenges.
See also cetacean.
The encyclopedia of the colley. - Open Society. 2000 .
Watch what is "Dolphins" in other dictionaries:
- (Delphininae), the subfamily of dolphin. Most have a dorsal fin, the muzzle is stretched into the "beak", the teeth are numerous (more than 70). 50 species, 20 clans: Sotay, Stensella, Bellobochki (unity, view), Kitoid D., Shortinol D., Kurehead Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary
Dolphins (Delphinidae) are the most beautiful representatives of cetacean with elegant and curved, as a spindle, body, which is perfectly adapted to move in water and allows it to swim very quickly. The components belong to the class of mammals, the qualifier of cetaceans, depending on the type of spin, dolphins can be Black, dark brown or gray colors, White Boca and belly. They are very elastic and smooth skin. They practically do not feel the water resistance due to oily secretions, which make it easier to glide water on the skin. They are very characteristic muzzle. In some species, it even ends with a real "beak", except that slightly flashed. The mouth is equipped with a plurality of strong teeth - from 80 to 100 on each jaw; With their help, they can easily hold food in the mouth. Approachable by all other cetaceans, the dolphins need air, so they rise to the surface and breathe, puff loudly, through the nasal hole, located right in the center of the head, and under water it is always closed .
Dolphins are quite large aqueous mammals, body length from 3 m to 4.20 m.Ves - from 150 to 300 kg. Male 10-20 cm long females. Dolphin lives from 30 to 50 years in natural conditions And 7 years in captivity. The age of sexual ripening between 5 and 12 years for females and between 9 and 13 for males. The wonder takes place all year, but the most favorable period is from March to August. The male and female each year choose a new partner. Summaches one kid for 12 months, it happens every 2-3 years. Malysh is born almost 1 m. nutrient milk For 6 months. Cubs appear in the summer. Females give birth and feed them right in the water. Together with the kids they float in the center of the pack so that the males can always protect them.
Dolphins -Plochery animals are capable of preserving a constant body temperature. Dolphins are diverse in a variety of fish (washing, anchovies, salmon), as well as phenomena clams (squid, shrimp). In order to catch the desired type of fish, some ocean species of dolphins can dive to a depth of 260 m. They float very quickly, develop speeds up to 40 km / h. Dolphins are known to everyone. It is vertically capable of jumping to 5 m, and horizontally up to 9 m. Quickly move in aqueous thickness, dolphins are capable due to not only the streamlined body shape, but also a special structure of fins and skin that can change with elasticity depending on the density of water. This allows dolphins to develop maximum speed and catch up with even the fastest inhabitants of the seas and oceans. They are good hunters. With the help of directional echolocation, when the dolphin sends to the objective of ultrasound, it can easily determine the exact location of production. Dolphins also communicate through ultrasound, they have a very well developed rumor, so they can talk at considerable distances. In addition to ultrasound, dolphins can produce different sounds of medium frequency - screens, clicks, whistles, etc. Dolphins are able to quickly immerse great depth, up to 100 m, with no signs of caisson disease, like a person, they do not appear. It's connected with special structure Their circulatory system, blood and tissue composition, in which there are a lot of water. When immersing the heart of the dolphin begins to fight very slowly, and when smaller, on the contrary, quickly. Breath happens during the emergence of water. Inhale and exhale laid during less than 1 s. The frequency of respiration at dolphins in 1 min is very rare - only 3-5 breaths and exhalations. During the exhalation, the air together with the smallest droplets of water is thrown through the breath in the form of a powerful water fountain, hitting high up. The sleep time dolphin sails 50 cm from the surface of the water, overlooking every 30 seconds to dial air. He does it automatically, not even waking up. Dolphin holds his days in hunting, games and "conversations" with their fellow. In general, this is a very smart and sociable animal. Often you can see a dolphin that helps the wounded or sick tribesman. He can save both a person who has fallen into the water. Even saw dolphins bringing small boats that were taken away from the flow far away into the sea.
Many are confident that there is only one kind of dolphins. In fact, they are about 40, they are all different, and sometimes the differences between them are very significant. The most famous appearance - AFALINA, which can often be seen in the Black and Mediterranean seas.
Dolphins can be found in almost any sea and the ocean of the world. But prefer coastal waters of warm seas - in the zone moderate climate Both tropics. There are two types of dolphins at the place of habitat - living in the oceans and living in the seas. They differ in the main immersion depth and food addictions. In our country, Dolphins are found in the Black and Baltic seas.
In the middle of the 20th century In the Black Sea, a huge number of dolphins dwell. By approximate estimates, the livestock included 2.5 million individuals. But the development of the industry, the pollution of the sea of \u200b\u200bthe sea by waste waste led to the gradual extinction of dolphins, as they can live only in clean water. Not last role The mass death of dolphins also played their industrial mining. Before the ban on the mass trap dolphins was performed using special networks that cried animals.
In waters. North Atlantic Two rare species of dolphins live - bubbly and white.
Belobocy dolphin reaches a length of 2.7 m, and the females are somewhat larger than males. From the nearest dolphin is characterized by shorter breast fins and a distinctly pronounced white stripe on the sides. The Bolat's Basic Dolphin and the Front of the "forehead" are white. The body length does not exceed 3 m. Breast fins are well developed (up to 0.6 m in length).
Belobore and the Barette Dolphins are mostly found in the Barents Sea, sometimes enter the Baltic. Their number of B.
Russia is not established, outside the country live in the Norwegian and North seas. The fishing has been preserved only off the coast of Norway. In Russian territorial waters both types are protected. The fodder diet of dolphins consists of the bottom and bottom fish (Cod, Kambala, Navaga), mollusks and crustaceans they feed less often. White dolphins love to accompany sea vessels. Finding into the flow of water from the vessel's screws, they develop speed up to 6 km / h. On the shallows frequent cases of "diesel" of Belobokiy and the Basic Dolphins.
In 1988, 57 animals were killed at the same time on the banks of Ireland in 1988. Dalvaries for dolphins are also fishing nets in which they are often confused and dying.
Apultine. This large dolphin, common throughout the hot and temperate zone, probably most studied and tamed, no wonder he plays the role of a flipper. Every day, he is relying 8-15 kg of fish (Anchovs, Sardin, Mackerel), Karakatits and Squids: Still 4 m lengths! Apaultines are perfectly accustomed to captivity, easily traineled in various tricks and are glad to come to the audience.
Black Sea Afultina is a medium-sized dolphin (length up to 2.5 m, mass from 150 to 320 kg). Food is powered by diving to a depth of 100-150 m and staying under water 5-10 minutes. Black Sea Afultines are held by small jambs, capable of developing speeds up to 40-50 km / h. It is well tolerated by unable and succumb to training.
In the first half of the XX century. Black Sea Afultines were numerous in the Black Sea. Strong water pollution and intensive shipping led to the fact that their number in coastal sections has declined sharply. In 1966, the USSR stopped the fishery of Apulters, then Bulgaria and Romania refused to mining Dolphins. However, despite the long ban, the number of dolphins in the Black Sea does not increase. The reason is likely to serve as a preserving fishery in Turkey. In the late 80s. XX century The number of aphalines was 35-40 thousand individuals. It is in the Red List of MSOP-96 and Annex II of the CITES Convention.
Gray dolphin reaches 4.3 m in length, feeds on cipal mollusks and is able to be under water for a long time. In Russian waters, this species is found along the Kuril and Commander Islands. His number is not established.
In recent years, there has been a decrease in dolphins groups in the Kuril Islands, it seems that they are associated with their catch in the waters of Japan for maintenance in the oceans. Made into the Red List of MSOP-9C and Annex II of the CITES Convention.
In the rivers of Asia and South America, and especially in their mouths are river, or freshwater, dolphins, which make a separate family. The old dolphins are the most ancient family of teeth whales. It includes Ganges (Susk), Laplat, Chinese Lake and amazonian Ineni.. They grow in her long thin swallow in the bottom Ile, looking for worms and crustaceans. IN muddy water His eyesight almost do not need they compensate for its echolocation. With its help, they can distinguish the copper wire with a diameter of 1 mm!
Ordinary dolphin is a cetacean with a strong physique and a remarkable color: he has a very dark back and very light belly, and the sides stretches the pattern of light bands. The amounts of the dolphins stretches - the fastest of cetaceous - feed on top fish. Their upper and lower jaws are equipped with sharp and almost non-erase teeth.
Kotakka. This is a large (8-10 m long) dolphin easily learn on a very high dorsal fin (in males up to 1.8 m). Kosykuka is called the "killer". This staked predator is a thunderstorm of seabirds and animals, especially seals, walrus, dolphins. No animal, even a huge blue whale, will not be eaten by these rapid, strong cetaceans, which can float at a speed of 55 km / h. The teeth have a lot of grooves, but they are large, and the jaws are equipped with a strong muscular.
Grinda (Chairolar Dolphin). This dolphin weighs more than 4 tons, the length of the body is about 8 m. On his forehead he has a ball-shaped grown, which increases with age. In the afternoon, Grinda is sleeping, and at night dives for 30-60 m (sometimes up to 1 km!) To catch octopus and squid, which eats 35 kg daily. Under water, the Grinda is capable of two hours to do without air.
Among mammals of cetaceans - whales and dolphins - detect the highest degree of adaptation to the aquatic environment. The shape of the body creates them perfect streams. The powerful layer of subcutaneous fat reduces heat transfer prevents water pressure when the animals are immersed on a greater depth. The cornea of \u200b\u200bthe eye is flattened, and the harmful effects of seawater are protected by the gardens of glands that allocate specific oil liquid. Penetration of water in the respiratory tract (breathing) prevents the mouse system of the nasal channel. Lanes are arranged in such a way that trachea and esophagus are isolated from each other. This allows cetacean to upload food directly in water. The inner ear is adapted to the perception of sound and ultrasonic oscillations.
Around the dolphin floating in the flow of water does not form curvatures that slow down movement. Such twirls - turbulent flows - strongly slow down, for example, the movement of submarines having a configuration similar to the body of the dolphins. "AntholeBulence" of dolphins is ensured by the structure of the skin, which is permeated huge number moves and tubes filled with spongy shock-absorbing agents.
The sea turned out to be an extremely favorable environment for the development of fine hearing in cetaceans. Sounds in water apply almost 5 times faster than in the air, and for much long distances. Many types of tobate cetaceans have a perfect hydrolactor, allowing them to navigate in an aqueous medium using sound signals. Animals emit specific location sounds, and then captured the reflected echo from various underwater objects. Such a method of orientation is called echolocation.
The hydrolyator includes transmission mechanisms and receiving sound signals. The transmission mechanism of the hydrolyator is very complex. The main role in it is played by air bags that are focused in soft head tissues over bone nostrils. The direction of the echolocation beam is achieved due to the coordinated operation of air bags, the nasal channel, a frontal adipose pillow and a complex muscle system. Fat pillow and a concave skull surface focus radiated signals and in the form of a bundle direct them into space. We will put it that the location beam meets on its path the fish. Reflected acoustic rays pass through the skin to the lower part of the jaw - the bone membrane, then to the intra-adulted fat body and, finally, in the ear. The angle under which the sound rays fall on the lower jaw has important. Accurate location is achieved if this angle is from 30 to 90 °. It is not at all by chance that the dolphins constantly be swayed ("scan") head as far as the object approaches the library.
The principle of action of the hydrolyator is widely used in modern technique, for example, in sonars and echo sounds.
Dolphins are constantly (with a frequency up to 1000 times per second) make sounds (whistles and clicks) to communicate with their collections and for orientation in space using echolocation. If such a sound wave stumbled upon an obstacle, then, reflecting it, it creates an echo that allows the mammal to move in the right direction, to turn the obstacles, as well as find its prey. These sounds of dolphins "pronounce" nostrils. They can whistle, bark, meow, squeal, pluck, twitter, roar. Some of these sounds correspond to feeding signals, anxiety, fear. For example, they have special disaster signals when the animal threatens the danger to suffocate under water. In this case, the dolphins are in a hurry to help the one who fell into trouble and pushing it to the surface. Dolphins placed in two separate pools, between which electronic communication works, actively "braided", although they do not see each other. Aphildins are able to somehow to imitate the voice of a person.
All these amazing abilities of dolphins led in the 60s. XX century John Lilly's American Neurophysiologist to the conclusion about the existence of a developed language dolphins, such a speech of man. Is it so? The human language has two codes - acoustic and semantic (semantic). The first is associated with the sound parameters of the word (duration, frequency modulation, etc.), the second - with the semantic characteristics. With his help, a person is able to describe the events of the past, present and future. Nor D. Lilly, nor his followers managed to prove that the "language" of dolphins has a semantic code.
The range of whales published and dolphins sounds is unusually large, right up to ultrasound. The time between the resulting click signal and the return of its echo indicates an animal distance to any object on their way. Unique Echo Local abilities of cetaceans allow them to navigate at night, swim on mineral fields, determine the depth of the bottom or immersed subject (in some dolphins even tried to use for military purposes). Best of all, vehicles are developed, despite the lack of an outdoor ear. They perceive not only sounds, but also infrasounds (very low sounds), and ultrasound (very high sounds), lying outside of human hearing. Scientists have established that during their travels, whales and dolphins are able to perfectly navigate the sea at any weather - in the storm and calm, at the depth and at the surface of the water, day and night. It turned out that they help them so-called analyzers - sense organs.
At one time, some scientists believed that dolphins could be taught to the human language, but, unfortunately, it was not possible to achieve this. At the same time, during the experiments, it turned out that, experiencing different emotions, dolphins make completely different sounds. Study showed that the most important signal for cetacean is a distress signal. Hearing the voice of the Soroda who fell into trouble, they immediately rush to the rescue. As a result, the death of one individual often ends the death of the whole group. Nicely famous emissions large groups Whales on the shore - the result of the instinct of preservation of the species, when, having heard a cry of help, a relative is thrown all at once.
Dolphins are the best acrobats among marine mammals. They love to jump out of the water, to do flip in the air, again to dive "fish" or having fun to flush on the back. The addinn can most often be seen in zoos and dolphinarities. He seems pretty and smiling because of the special bend of the mouth line.
IN Ancient Greece Dolphin was considered a sacred animal, many myths and legends were connected with him.
Sleep dolphins under water, usually at night, and in the afternoon only after feeding. A faint blow of a hanging tail from time to time exposes a sleeping beast from the water for the next respiratory act. Sleeping dolphins alternately sleeps one hemisphere, and the other at that time is awake. Under water, dolphins are guided primarily by ultrasound in a very wide range - a frequency of up to 170 kHz. The sound signals published by them at the ultrasound level are reflected from possible production, as well as from obstacles. For people, these sounds are not heard. Some dolphins, such as Athlegal, can imitate human voice. Between themselves they are "talking to" signals with a frequency of 7 to 20 kHz: whistle, barking (pursuit of production), meowing (feeding), cotton (intimidation of their relatives) and others.
Dolphins are very high-speed and jumping animals: for example, aphalines can develop speed up to 40 km / h, and jump up to a height of up to 5 m; Dolphin-Belobooky floats even faster - at a speed of more than 60 km / h, twisted the "candle" up to a height of up to 5 m, and his horizontal jump is 9 m.
Ordinary Dolphin, or Delphin-Belobyis (Delphinus Delphis)
Dolphin Ordinary or Delphin-Belobook (Del-Phinus Delphis) has an average length of 2 m, the dorsal fin reaches a length of 30 cm, the flippers - 55-60 cm and 15-18 cm (width). An animal head takes one fourth part of the whole body. The transverse groove and the roller in it is separated by a slightly convex forehead from the non-too long and straight stretched muzzle, similar to the beak and flattened both from above and below. The torso of the spindle-shaped form is rather compressed than stretched, the front part of it is round, and the rear is slightly compressed from the sides. The narrow and high dorsal fin is acute at the end with a convex front edge and rear, which resembles a sickle form. The flippers are attached in the first third of the part of the body, the tail fin is divided into two stupid blades. The skin is incredibly smooth with a glossy, almost a mirrored surface, it has a greenish-brown or greenish-black color, and below - clean white, both colors separate the so-called winding line. On the white side in some places gray and blacknasted spots are visible. 
Dolphin ordinary dwells in the seas of the northern hemisphere, he has more playing compared to other species, and sometimes it rises along the rivers upstream. The flock of dolphins can approach very close to the ships and for a long time delayed near them. They constantly dive and climb the surface, they can put their top of the head for a while, and then disappear again at the depth. They very quickly swim and are able to sneak even for the fastest steamer, while making various tricks, tumble in the water and spin around the vessel. One of them can jump out of the water, and then fall the head down, almost without making noise. White dolphins are formed in flocks from 10 to 100 individuals and more. main feature Their character is sociable, the main reason for which should be considered a living interest, and not mutual attachment. The people of ancient civilizations leanned over the latest statement and praised affection and mutual love Dolphins. Geesner spoke about this as follows: "Dolphins not only to each other are shown incredible love, but also to your own cubs, parents, dead comrades, as well as whales and people. The special love of dolphins to the cubs manifests itself in the fact that the male and female after mating remain to death together and are sometimes surrounded by a numerous family. Parents-dolphins, raising their children who make their children, sometimes wear them in their "beak", they are accompanied everywhere and teach them to extract food so that they can survive them in the future. When the White Dolphins are going to the flocks for the battle, then they leave all the cubs for themselves, if everything is calm, the cubs float ahead, followed by females, and closure to the males who defend them, and even in last minute Do not leave the weakest and defenseless. If parents become weak and defenseless, their children will get food for them and help to swim. " White dolphins feed on fish, crayfish, cipal and other marine animals. Most of all, they love to hunt for semen and sordinets, and with special greed they attack on bats. And the most fiery enemy of this dolphin is not a person, but a predatory linker. As people pursue dolphins only in case there is no other fresh meat. In addition, a person loves dolphins and prefers to see them as circus artists, not food.
another photo of Dolphins
What makes dolphins save sinking people
Of course, it is very curious to consider dolphins so merciful (remember the song "And Dolphins Good ..."?) That with the slightest opportunity they will hurry to rescue a person in trouble. This opinion is somewhat confirmed by the hypothesis that Dolphins were ancestors. After all, these inhabitants of salt water are also mammals and breathe air too. The brain of dolphins is very developed and is almost not inferior to the human brain for the complexity of the device.
Another version otherwise explains the "kindness" delphin and reports: stories about how the dolphins saved people, they are by no means confirmation of rationality. A number of studies show that this is just a reflex, instinct developed by dolphins in the process of evolutionary development.
Instinct helps dolphins to survive, maintain their community, exhibiting victims of relatives. When a patient or wounded mammal, barely kept afloat, turns out to be in the field of view of the fellow, they begin to maintain it near the surface of the water. Thus, Dolphin, who could drown and choke, gets the opportunity to breathe air.
Of course, this behavior is commendable, but is instinctive and is almost in no way connected with intelligence. After all, it helps to survive in a whole mind. Confirmation that the salvation of drowning is not humanism, but only instinct, can be seen in cases where the dolphins are trying to rescue the already dead riding or man.
We do not want to offend dolphins or those who like these reasonable marine mammals. We just tried to look at the situation more carefully. There is nothing reprehensible that the reasons that prompted to save another creature are an instinct of akin to the instinct of self-preservation or reproduction.
Dolphins and man
In the sea, being on the deck of the ship, it is often possible to see how a flock of several dolphins overtakes the ship. Developed under water most speed, they are at the same time as a team, jump out of the water. Flying a few meters through the air, the dolphins dive down their heads into the sea in order to jump over a minute.
When you watch how the dolphins are frolic, you admire their beauty and dexterity. The power and elegance of these recorders for swimming and jumping among marine animals are affected.
Dolphins live in all seas associated with the ocean, including in the Mediterranean, Black, Okhotsk, Japanese, White, Barents. Some dolphins freshwater species Live in the Amazon Rivers, Ganges, Yangtze.
Scientists have about 70 species of dolphins. Some of them are numerous and lived with flocks, other more rare.
An important feature of dolphins is their rapid and easy movement in the water. Adult dolphin develops speed over 50 km / h. A sudden jump he throws the body into the air for the breath. Dolphin speed swimming promotes not only the streamlined body, but also the special properties of the skin.
Dolphins have complex sound alarm. It is established that they create and perceive ultrasound. The exact hydroleator allows them to detect items with acorn in water at a distance of up to 15 m. Thanks to the echolocation of dolphins, floating, find food and avoid collisions with obstacles even in completely muddy water.
The life of dolphins is largely reminiscent of the life of the tooth cetaceous couch. Like whales, dolphins give birth to a cub in water. At the time of birth, the female highly raises the tail over the water, the dolphinoen is born in the air and time to breathe air before falling into the water.
The first hours of the dolphinock floats, like a float, in a vertical position, slightly mechanical front flippers: It has accumulated a sufficient stock of fat in the womb and its density less water density.
Dolphin's female female in ten months old. It is born half the length of the mother's body. Like a kidenka, the dolphinenka at sucking the lips replaces the rolled tongue in the tube: it covers the nipple of the mother, and she splashes into his mouth milk. All this happens under water: the breathing channel of cetaceans is separated from the esophagus, and Dolphin, like whales, can stall food under water, without fearing to choke. Dolphins give birth every two years one young. Three years later, he becomes an adult. Dolphins live up to 25-30 years.
Currently, fishery of dolphins is prohibited. Dolphins are increasingly attracting the attention of scientists. In recent years, there have been many articles and books in our country, affecting the imagination of readers with sensational information about the extraordinary "mental" dolphin abilities, about their intelligence.
In the preface to the Russian publication of the book of American physiologist, J. Lilly "Man and Dolphin" Soviet zoologist S. E. Kleenberg writes: " Modern work According to the morphology of the brain dolphins, they speak of an unusually high organization of their central nervous systemputting dolphins an order of magnitude higher than all the other mammals ... "
Often talk about cases of rescue by dolphins of sinking people. In dolphins's oceanariums, they easily teach to swim on call and jump through the hoop, play with the ball, swim along with a man. Some posts suggest that dolphins during long experiments in the laboratory learned to understand human speech, to carry out, for example, teams of divers and bring the desired tool to divers under the water: ticks, hammer, adjustable key, looking for a water that has fallen into water and so on . The accuracy of such features of dolphins will show further research and scientific experiences.
Circus speeches of dolphins are demonstrated in many oceanariums and dolphinariums, causing a great delight of the public. Dolphins jump into the stuck paper or burning hoops, play football, move on the tail, ride on the back of the rider, "sing" before the microphone, call in the bell and so on.
At the dolphins are better and fully studied by the Afultines. These dolphins are easy to get along and even multiply in captivity. They belong to the person friendly, quickly study acrobatic tricks, a lot of different exercises perform on the team. In training, according to experts, Athlegal is superior to dogs and monkeys.
The Roman naturalist Polya Senior, who lived about 2,000 years ago, described such a case. In ancient times, one boy from the coast of the Mediterranean Sea taught the Afultina to sail on his call, fed her from her hands, and she regularly transported him through the bay to school and back home. Something similar happens now. In the town of Oponononi (New Zealand) Young Afultina's female attended the beach, where he played with bathripers. There are cases when the dolphins have driven out sharks from the man who accidentally at the open sea and those saved him. The attitude of dolphins to the sharks to explain easily: because of their sharks natural enemiesThey attack the Dolphinat. Therefore, it is impossible to assume that the animals are consciously seeking: the dolphins come as the instinct tells them.
Dolphins - useful beasts. Mauritanian residents use them for fisheries: dolphins drive a drum to the network. Trained and released dolphins quickly detect fish shoals. They can be learned to explode the seabed, deliver soil samples, protect a person from sharks, finding sunken ships, sinks with pearls. Dolphins can learn how to detect trials of the court, save the sinking people. These cetaceans serve as medicine as laboratory research objects to explore cardiovascular diseases, power influence and other problems.
The careful and reasonable attitude towards themselves require these peaceful marines. They are ready to serve people no less diligently than the terrestrial four-legged friend - a dog.
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