Mushrooms are a special gift of nature! They are tasty and are used by chefs in a wide variety of dishes. And what a pleasure it is to pick mushrooms: a forest filled with the aromas of herbs and foliage, the chirping of birds and the delight of mushroom finds! And no mushrooms from a store can compare with the fragrant mushrooms from the forest found in person. How to pick mushrooms and when to pick mushrooms. The answers to these questions will be given by the mushroom calendar or mushroom calendar.

Mushroom picking- is not as simple a matter as it might seem at first glance. There is an optimal time to pick mushrooms different types. And of course we need appropriate weather. The mushroom calendar will help you choose the time to go for mushroom gifts of nature. Experienced mushroom pickers, of course, can do without it, but beginners will find the mushroom calendar very useful.

Mushroom calendar

A novice mushroom picker should definitely know that the mushroom year begins in April and ends in the second half of October. Please note that each mushroom grows at a certain time, and not all the time. Therefore, if you are specifically targeting honey mushrooms or russula, then first you need to look at the mushroom calendar and check the months when they grow.

• Mushroom calendar for April
  

April — The most difficult month for mushrooms, the mushroom calendar records. At such times there are often frosts, so not all mushrooms are able to survive frost, snow and cold. Only the most resilient survive. Mushrooms appear around mid-April. You can find morels in the thick of the forest, right where there is still snow. They grow on open areas, where it falls most sunlight. But oak and pine forests They will definitely delight you with stitches and burnt omphalias.

• Mushroom calendar for May

May also does not particularly please mushroom pickers with the abundance of its gifts, according to the mushroom calendar. This is the month when mushrooms are just preparing for their summer and bountiful season. But if you try hard, you can find it deep in the forest. morel hats and chunky stitches. The end of May will please mushroom pickers more, since during this period there is a high probability of finding boletus and chanterelles. Of course, the bulk of this type of mushroom will appear a little later, but if you are so impatient, then you have the opportunity to find such pioneer mushrooms.

• Mushroom calendar for June

In June, as the mushroom calendar says, there is folk sign: If the strawberries have already turned red in the grass, and the rowan and viburnum are already covered with flowers, then you can safely go in search of russula. Finding them will not be difficult, since they are located in open places and do not hide from anyone. In mid-June, you can safely go collecting boletus, boletus and moss mushrooms. The end of the month will generously delight you with strong boletus, mushrooms and loads.

• Mushroom calendar for July

July, as the mushroom calendar records, is one of the least successful months for a mushroom picker. There is little rain during this period, and the scorching sun simply does not allow mushrooms to grow and develop normally. Therefore, during this period you should not hope for a special mushroom harvest. But, still, if installed rainy weather, then you can safely go into the forest in search of boletus, boletus and boletus, reports the mushroom calendar.

• Mushroom calendar for August

August is one of the most favorable months for mushroom pickers, according to the mushroom calendar. The heat subsides, night fogs become more frequent, and dew becomes more abundant. You can find in the forests great amount oily. You will also definitely be lucky in the autumn honey mushrooms and Polish mushrooms. Saffron milk caps are the most a real gift for a mushroom picker who went to the forest in August.

• Mushroom calendar for September, October
  

September and October are cold months, during which it is already difficult to find a large number of mushrooms, but it’s still worth a try. The Mushroom Calendar notes that if you show persistence and perseverance, you will be able to please yourself with russulas, goats and greenfinches.

More details about the mushroom growth schedule can be found in Mushroom calendar below. Every month is rich in mushrooms. Simply, a special time is allocated for each mushroom. Therefore, if you have any preferences, then it is best for you to navigate the mushroom picker’s calendar this way.

Mushroom calendar for June July August spring and autumn

What mushrooms to collect	When to pick mushrooms
	mushrooms in April	mushrooms in May	mushrooms in June	mushrooms in July	mushrooms in August	mushrooms in September	mushrooms in October
Morels	+	+	+
Stitches	+	+	+
May mushroom		+	+
Oyster mushroom		+	+	+	+	+	+
Meadow honey fungus			+	+	+	+
boletus			+	+	+	+
Oiler grainy				+	+	+
Summer honey fungus			+	+	+	+	+
The fox is real				+	+	+
Porcini			+	+	+	+	+
Boletus			+	+	+	+	+
Pluteus deer			+	+	+	+	+
Spiky raincoat		+	+	+	+	+	+
Common champignon			+	+	+	+
Field champignon					+	+
Valuy				+	+	+
Funnel talker				+	+	+
White umbrella mushroom				+	+	+
Variegated umbrella mushroom				+	+	+	+
Real milk mushroom					+	+
Poddubovik				+	+	+
Ivyshen					+	+	+
Loader white					+	+
Loader black					+	+
Fat pig					+	+
Russula yellow, food, etc.		+	+	+	+	+
Green moss			+	+	+	+	+
Yellow hedgehog					+	+
Ringed cap				+	+	+
Larch oiler				+	+	+
Volnushka pink					+	+	+
Black breast				+	+	+	+
Spruce green camelina					+	+	+
Pine mushroom					+	+	+
Gray talker					+	+
Late oiler					+	+
Winter mushroom						+	+
Loader black and white						+	+
Polish mushroom					+
Autumn oyster mushroom						+
Gray row						+
Autumn stitch						+	+
Autumn honey fungus						+	+
Row purple					+	+
Greenfinch					+	+	+
Hygrophor brown						+	+

Now you know when to pick mushrooms. Hurry - end of June - beautiful time for collecting young mushrooms suitable for delicious dishes. While you can still treat yourself to delicious mushroom food, feel free to pick mushrooms for pickles and pickling for the remaining two summer months! And for a snack interesting information about mushrooms and advice for mushroom pickers.

Lifespan of mushrooms

Mushrooms grow quickly, increasing by approximately 1-2 cm per day. The mushroom acquires an average size in 3-6 days. The lifespan of honey mushroom, chanterelle, and boletus is 10 days. Live up to 14 days White mushroom and boletus, up to 40 - champignon. With the maturation of spores, the number of which amounts to tens of millions, the mushrooms age and often rot.

Mushrooms are tasty and nutritious. If you follow some rules, mushroom season will bring you only joy:

1. The first sign of a clean area in which to collect mushrooms is the abundance of fly agaric mushrooms.
2. If only russula grow at the edge of the forest, it is better to avoid it - most likely, the soil is contaminated.
3. 90% of mushrooms grow along the edges, clearings and young plantings, so there is no point in climbing into the thickets at the risk of not finding your way home.
4. Mushrooms grow from 1 day to 3 days. Optimal conditions: 10-20 degrees Celsius, for lamellar and noble ones - from 5 to 15 degrees above zero. Air humidity is 80-90%, rain and heavy dew are desirable.
5. Only young mushrooms whose caps are not fully opened or partially opened are suitable for food. Overripe mushrooms with a cap open like an umbrella have no nutritional value. It is better to hang such a mushroom on a branch - let the spores spread throughout the area. But if the cap is curved like a dome, it means that the mushroom has already released spores and a poison similar to that of a corpse is formed in it. It is dangerous and is the main cause of poisoning.

Reticulated white mushroom. The skin on the cap is light brown, velvety, dry. Dense white pulp, does not change when cut. The smell is mushroom, the taste is sweet or slightly nutty. Thick and fleshy leg, tapering towards the top. It has a brown color and a reticulate pattern of lighter veins. An edible mushroom, you can even eat it raw.

Speckled oakwood. His hat resembles a round pillow. Velvety to the touch, rarely slimy, dark brown or almost black. It may have an olive tint and darkens when pressed. The pulp is yellowish, turns greenish-blue when cut, and has no odor. The leg is in the form of a cylinder or barrel, thickening towards the bottom. Color: yellow-red, with scales or dots. This mushroom can be used as food after boiling.

Dubovik kele. Round, convex cap with chestnut-brown skin, smooth and dry. The fleshy, dense pulp is yellowish in color and turns blue when cut. The leg is thickened at the base, smooth and yellow-brown. Must be fried for consumption and contains intestinal irritants.

Raincoat. The fruiting body is club-shaped, up to 9 cm in height. Surrounded by shell outgrowths resembling thorns. Only young mushrooms are edible; they have White color.

Moss mushroom, honey fungus, semi-white mushroom, May mushroom

Moss fly green. It has a convex velvety cap of a grayish or olive hue. The flesh is white, slight bluing on the cut is acceptable. The leg is thin, smooth, with a dark mesh. This is a mushroom.

Moss fly is red. Cushion cap in mature age can straighten out, has a rich red color, with yellow. The flesh is dense, yellow, and slightly blue on the cut. A thin stalk, reddish at the base, covered with scales. An edible mushroom with a pleasant smell and subtle taste.

Summer honey fungus can be detected already in mid-spring. It has an almost flat cap with a tubercle, the mucous skin is honey-yellow in color. Thin, watery pulp with a woody odor, light yellow-brown in color. Dense thin leg with small scales. This is an edible mushroom.

Thick-legged honey fungus. The cap is convex, yellow or brown in color. Dense white flesh, the light stalk becomes very thick at the base. Edible mushroom.

The semi-white mushroom has a convex, smooth, clay-colored cap. The pulp is heavy and dense and does not change when cut. Color from white to yellow, sweetish taste. The leg has a rough surface, thick, and the color is darker at the base. Edible mushroom with high taste.

May row. The cap is hump-shaped, fibrous, and turns from creamy to white with age. White thick pulp with the smell of flour, a cylindrical leg of a yellowish tint. It is an edible mushroom.

Kira Stoletova

Although summer is not considered mushroom season, it is useful to know what mushrooms grow in June. Many mushroom pickers a short time can harvest a harvest that is not inferior in diversity to the autumn one.

Where and when to pick mushrooms

June mushrooms are harvested in the beginning to middle of the month. The collection site is light, warm areas on the edge of forests. It's worth looking on hills and small clearings. Some species bear fruit in only 5-10 days.

It is important to monitor the weather:

• a lot of mushrooms will appear if the weather was warm and rainy;
• the wave ends with the arrival of heat.

Some species are still found in forests throughout the summer and autumn. True, dry hot weather there are significantly fewer of them than in rainy autumn.

Types of summer mushrooms

At the beginning of June, porcini mushrooms, red fly agaric, russula, boletus, chanterelles, tinder fungus, and honey mushrooms appear. Champignons are found in places, but rarely.

At the end of May and beginning of June, the May mushroom appears. It is found in meadows and pastures. Collection takes place from the end of April to the beginning of July. This is a bright white fleshy fruit, the smell of the pulp is reminiscent of fresh flour. The cap is cream-colored, then turns white.

Its variety - the white mushroom - is found in oak forests on clay soil, as well as mixed soil with a high sand content. He only lives for a decade, so you should hurry to find him.

The first mushrooms in June can only be represented by blushing fly agarics. It is important to distinguish edible species from true fly agarics. The panther is especially similar to it:

• Worms often live in edible ones, and flies land on them.
• The smell of the edible type is unappetizing, but the flesh of the poisonous one smells like radish.
• When scrapped, the non-poisonous pulp changes color over time.

Forest fruits are dangerous; poisoning can lead to fatal outcome, so if there is doubt about the edibility of the fruit, it is better to leave it in place.

Russula appear among the birches. They are easy to find on moss or in the shade of trees. Russulas, like moss mushrooms and honey mushrooms, will be in the forests throughout the summer.

Honey mushrooms grow in groups on stumps in deciduous forests, less often - in conifers. The collection of these species is also carried out carefully: there are false honey mushrooms, among them the gallerina is bordered. Signs that distinguish it from edible:

• she has a uniform cap color;
• there is a white coating on the stem under the cap.

In the middle of the month, boletus mushrooms appear. They are also found at the end of May. To the beginning summer month they disappear temporarily, but then appear.

Almost all summer they search for oak trees. Until the middle of the month, sulfur-yellow tinder fungi are actively growing.

Some mushrooms are available for collection throughout June and July. Thus, chanterelles grow on moss and are collected until October.

In forests and meadows they collect redheads, boletus, cherries, and bittersweet. Last view there is a high probability of being found everywhere: it is unpretentious to soil, humidity, and lighting. It grows in both coniferous and deciduous forests, ending the season with the first cold weather.

The milky sap of the species has the smell of freshly cut wood. When cut, it stands out actively, the flesh does not darken.

It's important to beware pale toadstools, which begin to appear in late June and early July.

Proper processing

You can't pick mushrooms near roads, chemical enterprises, private houses.

The mycelium (fungal root system) actively feeds on what gets into the soil. Even edible species grown in a polluted environment should not be eaten. You cannot pick mushrooms whose species are unknown to the mushroom picker.

At the first sign of poisoning, call ambulance and begin to carry out urgent intoxication of the body.

Rules for processing wild mushrooms:

• Sort them by size and type, remove dirt and other organic matter.
• Cut off rotten or too soft parts, suspicious areas. In some species, the skin is removed from the cap and the stem is removed.
• Rinse forest fruits under running water several times. Collect the washed ones and boil in boiling salted water for 5-7 minutes.
• Drain the broth, rinse the mushrooms again and cook for another 30 minutes. in salted water.

For further drying, they are not washed, only debris is removed.

Boiled for consumption and canning. It will not be superfluous to boil it for further frying. Unused fruits are stored in the refrigerator and frozen for the winter. Homemade products are eaten throughout the year.

Conclusion

Mushroom picking in June is suitable for experienced mushroom pickers and for those who want to enjoy fresh forest gifts. The first June species are porcini mushrooms, blushing fly agarics, chanterelles, honey mushrooms, boletus mushrooms, tinder fungi, oak mushrooms, and bitter mushrooms.

Mushrooms can be collected in June in the forest, in clearings. They do not go to collect them near roads, enterprises, or private houses. All collected trophies must be sorted and boiled. They are not washed to dry.

Kira Stoletova

Most mushroom pickers prefer to go on a quiet hunt in late summer or autumn. It was at this time in the forest greatest number edible mushrooms. However, some varieties begin to bear fruit in the spring. Edible mushrooms are rare in May, but this makes silent hunt it gets even more interesting.

May mushroom

May mushroom is unpretentious climatic conditions and soil type. It can be found in both coniferous and deciduous forests. The main collection time is April, May. In summer, mycelium rarely forms mushroom bodies, but it is sometimes found in July.

The plate-like cap, which is painted white, first has a flat-round shape, and as it grows it becomes flat. The color of the frequent plates is white. The diameter of the mushroom cap does not exceed 10 cm. In dry weather, small cracks appear on it. The cap is located on a short and thick stem, painted white. The scales and skirt are missing. The height of the mushroom does not exceed 7-8 cm. It prefers to grow on the edges and meadows.

The May mushroom is valued not so much for taste qualities, how much for beneficial features. It contains a huge amount of vitamins and amino acids, the content of animal and plant proteins is balanced. It also contains a large amount of minerals.

Inedible double - white row. She has bad smell, which is its main difference from the May mushroom.

tinder

Tinder fungi are a whole class tree mushrooms. Some of them are edible, while others are poisonous. For this reason, many mushroom pickers prefer to avoid tinder fungi. However, edible varieties have a pleasant taste and are used to treat certain ailments.

More often, mushroom bodies are formed from 2 or more caps. They have a flat-round shape. In some varieties, the caps have a kind of wavy structure that does not have a specific shape. The size of the fruiting bodies varies from 6 cm to 1.6 m. K edible varieties include the following:

• leafy tinder fungus;
• sulfur-yellow tinder fungus;
• Scaly tinder fungus.

The leafy tinder fungus does not have a specific shape. Its diameter can reach 1 m. The fruit weighs about 20-25 kg. This species is rare in spring.

But the sulfur-yellow tinder fungus bears fruit in the spring. Its fruiting body is colored yellow. The edges are lighter, and the centers of the mushroom caps are bright yellow, and sometimes ocher colors. The shape of the mushroom is similar to a fan. The fruit body has light brown scales, the flesh is white. Young mushrooms emit a pleasant aroma. The smell of old mushroom bodies is unpleasant, which is why they are not used in cooking. The young pulp has a slight lemon flavor. This organism prefers deciduous forests.

The cap of the tinder fungus has dark brown scales, quite large sizes. Suitable for use only at a young age.

Chaga, which is widely used medicinally, prefers deciduous forests. The caps look like growths covered with a dark, almost black skin. It often settles on birch, willow or alder. During the process of symbiosis, the tree dies.

Inedible varieties include Ganoderma southerna (southern polypore), Ishnoderma resinosa (resinous polypore), Lundell's false polypore, Pycnoporellus splendor, oak polypore, and blacklegged polypore. These are not all inedible varieties, but they are the most common.

Pluteus deer

Deer whip is a favorite delicacy of deer, which is what gives it its name. It is common in Russia. It can be found in places where the soil is woody and putrid. Sometimes it is even found in gardens where sawdust was used as fertilizer. It grows both alone and in small groups.

A flat plate-like cap with downturned edges, the diameter of which is 10-12 cm, is covered with gray-brown skin. The long thin leg and small plates are painted white. The skirt is missing. At the point of cutting, the pulp, which releases a faint mushroom aroma, changes color slightly. The height of the plumes does not exceed 12 cm. You will be able to meet them at the end of May. They bear fruit throughout the summer. In some regions, it is possible to collect plutea even throughout the fall. The mushroom is valued for its rich composition.

Plutaeus deer has no inedible counterparts.

Spring honey fungus

Honey fungus is one of the most common mushrooms in Russia. The lamellar cap has the shape of a bell. It is covered with a light brown smooth skin. The diameter of the mushroom cap does not exceed 7 cm. The elastic, long and thin stem, painted white and cream, is often curved. The plates are white. Spring honey mushrooms grow in numerous groups. You can find them in oak and pine groves. They are located near fallen trees or in rotten leaves. The first spring honey fungus can be found in mid-May. It finishes bearing fruit only in mid-October. The pulp has a mild mushroom taste and aroma, which is why this variety is not popular among mushroom pickers.

Its inedible counterpart is the false honey fungus.

Honey fungus

The description of the meadow honey mushroom is not much different from the characteristics of the spring variety of honey mushrooms. You can meet him in a meadow, pasture, the edge of a forest, or even on summer cottage. More often, the fruits do not grow in a ring, but are lined up in a row. Sometimes they form a circle in the center of which mushrooms do not grow.

The plate-like cap, painted cream or light brown, has a diameter of no more than 5 cm. It is flat or flat-round in shape, with a small tubercle in the center. Old specimens take on a bowl shape. At high humidity air, the cap darkens and becomes sticky. It is located on a long stalk, the diameter of which rarely exceeds 5 mm. At the bottom it widens slightly and there is no skirt. Length meadow honey fungus does not exceed 10 cm. They begin to collect this variety of honey mushrooms from the end of May and do this until October.

boletus

The first boletuses appear at the end of May. The main harvest time falls at the beginning of June. They grow in mixed and deciduous forests, preferring birch groves. The tubular cap, 3-4 cm in diameter, is covered with a brown peel. The leg is widened downwards, dark brown scales are present. The tubular layer and stem of the young mushroom are cream colored. Towards the end of June, the tubular layer becomes grayish in color, which does not affect the edibility of the mushroom.

To know where and what mushrooms to collect at different times of the year, you need to understand the mechanism of their appearance and growth. The vegetation of many plants is mainly determined entirely by heat. How better weather, the faster the growth. Mushrooms have their own quirks. It has been established that the mycelium of most species begins to develop, usually at 20-25 degrees. The fruiting body begins to develop 6-10 degrees below the temperature required for the mycelium. This difference is an indispensable condition for the appearance of mushrooms.

Each type of mushroom has its own growing time. So, some of them, morels for example, show off for one or two weeks, and then disappear until next year. Others - summer honey mushrooms, chanterelles, boletuses, boletuses and some others - last from May until the autumn frosts.

A significant part of the mushrooms appear several times during the season - in layers (waves). This is due to the peculiarities of the life of the mycelium. It's like a kind of capacitor. First, it gains strength itself, then uses it to grow the fruiting body. Having become exhausted, the mycelium accumulates a new charge of energy for some time and again uses it for its intended purpose. So it turns out that during the season the vegetative phase cap mushrooms more than once replaced by fruiting.

Of course, there are different mushroom seasons and each season has its own special features. Depending on the amount of precipitation, humidity, ambient temperature, type of forest, the timing mass appearance mushrooms may vary from year to year. In addition, a harvest of decent species occurs no more than once every four years. However, with all this different kinds follow each other in a certain order. The life of mushrooms is consistent with the life of the forest, which is very fickle and changeable in different times of the year.

Where and what mushrooms to collect in spring.

In forests middle zone, central and western regions there are warm places, where the snow melted first - edges, clearings, clearings, mossy ditches near forest roads. This is where conical morels appear. The first ones are still watery and take a long time to grow. The ground is cold, the mycelium does not have the strength to feed the morels properly. In deciduous and, near young linden and aspen trees, on loamy and sandy soil, morel caps appear at the same time: soft cream, in the form of a toy bucket, turned upside down on a slender, long stem.

Where and what mushrooms to look for by the end of May.

By the end of May there are more morels. They can be found in light birch forests, in sparse spruce forests, in hot spots, abandoned forest roads, at the roots of fallen dilapidated birches, and spruce trees upturned by the wind. It happens that next to them, despite all the deadlines, there are porcini mushrooms. In the May forest, in meadows and pastures, May's calocybe is found - a medium-sized mushroom with a cream or white cap on a round stalk that slightly extends towards the root.

Kalocybe is a little-known edible mushroom. It is usually used in fresh- for soup or side dish meat dishes. In the same places, the May mushroom is adjacent to Kalocybe. In adulthood, it is twice as solid as its counterpart, but somewhat darker: the cap is creamy, yellowish or off-white. After collecting and processing, you can immediately place it in a frying pan, without even boiling it.

Where and what mushrooms to collect at the end of spring.

There is another addition to the forest - oyster mushroom. It grows in large families, intertwining its legs in bunches, on stumps, dead or weakened deciduous trees. The oyster mushroom is noticeable from a distance: it looks like the tree has grown a lot of cute gray ears.

Where and what mushrooms to look for in the June forest.

In June you can come across yellow-bodied summer mushrooms. They densely litter old birch and spruce stumps and sometimes scatter over fallen trunks. At this time there are already boletuses on the edges of the forest, and boletus mushrooms near the spruce and pine undergrowth. Other mushrooms also appear in the forest - russula, green flywheels.

What mushrooms to pick in mid-June.

Porcini mushrooms appear, oak mushrooms, boletus mushrooms, boletus mushrooms, russula mushrooms, boletus mushrooms appear, and chanterelles begin to crawl out of the ground.

Where and what mushrooms to collect at the end of June - beginning of July.

Mushrooms climb into moss and grass, under Christmas trees. There the earth has also warmed up, and there is more moisture. The white ones last for ten days, then disappear. In July, at the peak of summer, they are replaced by other mushrooms - trumpets, milk mushrooms, garlic mushrooms with a yellowish cap, nigella, and white mushrooms.

Where and what mushrooms can be found in July.

July is usually balanced, but with all this there are sharp changes. Thunderstorms give way to sweltering heat. The mushroom picker should also adapt to the weather cycle. Mushrooms have become depleted in the sun and in small forests - go to the mature forest, look for them in the grass, horsetail, and mosses. If you run out of birch, go to spruce or pine. You don’t find mushrooms on ridges and hills - they can be in lowlands, near forest streams, swamps - in a word, in those places that you usually go around.

Where and what mushrooms grow in August.

August is only slightly inferior to July in terms of warmth. Porcini mushrooms, chanterelles, green fly mushrooms, milk mushrooms, and russula begin to appear in the oak groves. In the hollows, where it is damper, there are yellow oak trees. In the birch forest there are white chanterelles, russulas, boletuses, boletus mushrooms and others. Pine forest also abundant - russula, yellow-brown moss mushrooms, greenfinches.

Where and what mushrooms grow in September.

September is changeable in temperament and full of whims, a common occurrence in September is cold snaps. Often, after the first frost, sunny weather. It's the turn of numerous autumn mushrooms: white mushrooms, moss mushrooms, milk mushrooms, saffron milk mushrooms, aspen mushrooms, boletus mushrooms, russula, chanterelle mushrooms, etc. Mushrooms at this time are firmer, more nutritious than their summer predecessors and are most suitable for harvesting.

Where and what mushrooms to look for with the onset of frost.

With the onset of frost, mushroom growth does not stop. White boletuses, boletuses, chanterelles, moss mushrooms, boletus, russula, and saffron milk caps still hold on for a long time. They hide under fallen leaves, in moss, and are difficult to find. In addition, at this time, mushrooms freeze through and lose their taste, and after thawing, poison can form in some types. But the winter mushrooms don’t mind the cold. They appear with the first frosts on stumps and old dead trees. large families. The most amazing thing is that they are always fresh. When frost hits, they freeze and become glassy, ​​and when it thaws, they grow again. There is usually no damage to them.

Based on materials from the book “The Mushroom Picker’s Handbook.”
Yu.K. Doletov.