The lines belong to the short mushrooms representing the Discainaceae family. This poisonous mushroom is often confused with a similar edible mushroom - curr.
Appearance
Such a mushroom is distinguished by a formless wavy hat with a diameter of up to 10 centimeters, which has two or four vertices, which makes it similar to walnuts either on the brain. The color of a brown-chestnut hats, over time becomes lighter. Almost at all of its length of the hat at the bottom grows up to the leg. Inside the hat there are hollow gyms.
The leg has a reddish or white shade. The width and height of the legs of the line is 2-3 centimeters. The flesh of the mushroom is light and quite fragile, without a pronounced smell.
Views
Views of the line are:
Ordinary
Such a mushroom loves sandy soil and often grows under the coniferous rocks of trees. Commodified in Europe, as well as in North America. Ripens in the second half of spring.
Giant
Different with a diameter of up to 30 centimeters, as well as lighter caps and other structure dispute. Grow such mushrooms next to birch. Ripen in April-May.
Autumn
It is mushrooms with brown hats with a diameter of up to 10 centimeters of the coronary shape and long sleeping legs. They begin to ripen in July, grow in forests, both on the ground and on rotting wood.
Where it grows
The lines begin to ripen by the end of April. They grow both groups and alone in coniferous and mixed forests. You can meet the lines by the road, on cutting down, as well as in a young pine forest.
Characteristics
- Mushrooms of this species are valuable for traditional medicine.
- In case of poisoning, sickens and vomiting appears. Heavy cases lead to a coma and fatal.
Nutritional value and calorie
In 100 g of stitching contains approximately 20 kcal.
Chemical composition
The poisonism of the lines is associated with the presence of hydrichrins in their composition. These compounds depress the digestive and nervous system, and also adversely affect blood (have a hemolytic action).
Useful and therapeutic properties
The composition of the fungus is distinguished by the presence of different compounds that ensure such actions used in traditional medicine:
- Anesthetic (due to hormone-like substances)
- Tonic
- Raising appetite
- Improving digestion
- Improving pancreas function
Harm
Previously, the lines belonged to the group of conditionally edible mushrooms, but now they are considered inedible, since their improper preparation leads to severe poisoning, often lethal.
Using lines into food, you need to be extremely careful because:
- And during boiling, and during drying the gyrometrics are not completely destroyed. And if they do not cause poisoning (due to a small dosage), but they can still be carcinogenic.
- In some people there may be increased sensitivity to these chemical compounds, so for them even a small amount of gyrometrins is dangerous.
- There is a suggestion that in some strains of mushrooms, the content of the gyromerins is increased, so the digestion such mushrooms does not neutralize.
Contraindications
Strits can not be used with:
- Pregnancy;
- Serious heart and vessel diseases;
- Breastfeeding;
- Individual intolerance;
- Aged up to 12 years.
Application
In cooking
- In food, such mushrooms are used only after pre-cooking. Stringing the lines of half an hour, the water is drained, the mushrooms are washed, boiled half an hour again, drained water, and then extinguished, boosted or fry.
- The lines can be dried in the oven by making them non-toxic. With such a processing, poisonous compounds are evaporated in mushrooms, so the toxicity of the product disappears. Suspend lines at +55 degrees for a long time. You can also dry outdoors for six months.
- Before cooking and drying, the lines should be soaked in water to get rid of insects and pollution in the folds of the hats of these mushrooms.
See the following video from which you learn even more about the line and also the recipe for making casserole from these mushrooms.
In medicine
Line can be used with:
- Diseases of the back and joints - arthritis, radiculitis, gout, arthosis, osteochondrosis, rheumatism and others;
- Neuralgia;
- Eye diseases - cataract, myopia, glaucoma, hyperopia;
- Myosites;
- Pancreatic pathologies.
Alcohol tincture
In therapeutic purposes, an alcohol tincture is made from the line, which due to the presence of toxic components is prescribed only for outdoor use.
This tincture is rubbed back, joints, chest (with cough). Inside the alcohol tincture on the line apply only under the control of the doctor according to certain methods. Self-medication faces serious poisoning.
For the preparation of the setting, the line should be dried and crushed, after which two and a half tablespoons of raw materials pour 500 ml of vodka. Clamped container with lines insist two weeks in the refrigerator. Without flashing, the tincture rubs 2-3 times a day in the right places, biting them with a woolen cloth. Treatment is carried out to recovery or disappearance of pain syndrome.
The name of the Gyromitra line occurred from the words of ancient Greek language, meaning "round" and "headband".
The lines are prohibited from selling in Italy.
In England, the line is often called "elephant ears" or "mushroom-brain."
Hello, dear reader!
April. Soon in the forest you can meet the first edible mushrooms, mushrooms - "Snowdrops". These are curls and lines.
Actually, the real "snowdrops" should recognize the same lines. After all, they appear when in some places - in ravines, stocks - still not completely melted snow. In many regions - in April. We have time at the Vologda Strong time comes closer to mid-May.
Figures and lines belong to the class askomitzetov , or complete mushrooms . The class is named because of his representatives in the process of sexual reproduction, a unicellular structure is formed - the so-called ASC, or a bag. It ripens ascospores. This word has nothing to do with the appearance of mushrooms. You can see the bags of ascomettes only in the microscope. Therefore, they will not bother more more.
Despite the almost simultaneous appearance of fruit bodies, on similar habitat, on the fact that they are simply often confused, smurches and lines are not close relatives. They belong to different families: Famrachki - to the family smorchkovy , or morschellov , lines - to lespotnikov , or gelvellov .
Strits
At the same time, in Russia, our lines always ate without any serious consequences. In any case, the consequences, documented. Often they simply do not distinguish with quite edible curr. And they collect, and sell, and prepare together ... and even they sometimes call everyone together - Mock!
This is me not to that "that Russian is good ...". It is possible that in our cooler than in Germany, the climate of the poison accumulates in smaller quantities. Or the reason may be in something else - in the mushroom strain, in some other conditions. Only an ordinary line with us accumulates a gyrometric less, it fir, eat, and we do not hear about poisoning.
Yes, the lines should be booked for at least 10 minutes, and water to merge. Only then they are fry or extinguished. The thing is that the historine does not destroy any heat treatment ... Only after a long drying for five to six months in air without access to direct sunlight, the mushroom becomes safe.
In any case, there are or not there are lines - to solve you, dear reader! These mushrooms fir and my parents, and I myself. Although, in fact, I am not a big fan of the line. But, if the poisonousness of them depends on the climate, then in the context of global warming, you can expect any ...
Smorchchchi - this is truly valuable spring mushrooms! They appear somewhat later than the lines. We have it. Crimples are growing both in conifer and in deciduous forests. Often they can be found not even in the forest, but in the thickets of shrubs, where their pretty "houses" looks out through last year's dry grass.
Discern the same smurches and lines are quite simple. After all, the curls in appearance are already reminiscent of the Mushrooms "Real". But only externally - inside their fruit bodies are also hollow, like stickers. And so everything is in place - and the hat, and the leg. Hat, however, the shape is peculiar.
We are most common with curvature conical. His "HAT" is a cone. The surface of this cone is all in the folds, most reminiscent of bee honeycombs. Painted mushroom in different shades of brown, leg lighter.
There is still a mushroom smolder hat. As the name says, his "HAT" is similar not to the cap (cone), but on a certain hat, often with raised edges, crowning a rather long leg. The usual habitat of this curl is deciduous forests.
In the mixed and large forests of Central Russia, in the entire forest zone of Europe, there is still a smolder edible with a spherical hat. Very rarely in the steppe zone there is a large waist steppe. The surface of the hats of all curls crushed into the folds, but the folds are more or less correct, like cells.
In Germany, in France, experiments were experimed on the introduction of curvature conical to culture. As far as I know, some positive results of experiments were achieved. However, the curl conical has yet become a recognized mushroom culture, like a champignon or oyster.
Smorks can be used in the fresh form. Neither the Gyromerin nor other poisons are found in them. But it is still better to load mushrooms to boiling water for a few minutes, merge it, and then fry mushrooms, put out them or bake in the oven with sour cream.
You can smash and dry. They dry them like lines - scattering for a long time somewhere under a canopy, the roof. If dried in the dryer, the oven is at a temperature not higher than 40 degrees. Drying time, respectively, also increases.
The April-Zimilorets took actively about the case, the generous donor of the spring warmth revived the water, awakened the earth and adorished people into the forest, to the river, to arable land. And the mushrooms have their own joy - the opening of the season, usually mushroom firstborn appear in mid-April - and lines.
Rimming last year's foliage, brownish caps, folded, all in the holes and wrinkles, like tiny dads from brown doodle are made to the surface of the earth. The uninitiated and will not notice them, and after seeing for the first time, a lot will surprise: "What a miracle fad of the fungal kingdom, straight caricature on mushroom!".
If you want to know: whether these mushrooms appeared, then look at the market counters - no rather there are no signs. Mushroom lovers will not miss such spring delicacies, just called them correctly, perhaps, will not be able. Until recently, confusion reigned in the literature: often the smurches were called lines and on the contrary, and many mushroom skins are generally all the spring mushrooms.
You can find these first trophies in coniferous and deciduous forests, forest belts. It is not necessary to deepen into the thicket of the old forest, or rather go on the buses, the edges, along the forest path and not to pass the windy trees - these mushrooms-sandcalsube prefer sandy soil. There is no more likely curl place than a palpal, old gary, abandoned gardens or parks. In our field, eight species of early mushrooms are most common, and they belong to four completely different births.
Crazy ordinary, edible () - little similar to the usual portrait of a mushroom with a straight leg and a neat hat-beret. The leg is approximately the same as all mushrooms - fine-grained, whitish, up to 10 centimeters high and 3 centimeters in diameter. His hat is egg-shaped, outside - wrinkled, incorrectly coacher-folded, cellular, and inside - hollow. She threw tightly with the feet of the mushroom, and together they constitute a single whole. For coloring hats, nature used light brown, yellowish-olive and dark brown tones. In difficult mazes and clocks, the hats find the shelter all sorts of petty albums, and small snails, and slugs, and insects are wired here.
Curry conical () - the simoric brother of the edible, is named so because of a narrow pointed hat, surrounded with the leg. It is spread as wide as His collected, but in our area it is quite rare.
The main signs of curls are rounded or conical caps, with a folded-cellular, slightly resembling bee honeycombs, and surface. The hat of their edges growls with the leg, and they make a single fruit body hollow inside.
The line of ordinary (Gyromitra Esculenta) - his hat looks shapeless, stuck, all in large pushwill, as if a massive, short-legged bitten, is scratched. This is how the famous writer and an expert of Mushrooms, Vladimir Soloohin, describes the first thing to them: "What grew in front of me now, most of all resembled the type of a neatly purified walnut core. Something brainstorm, with convolutions, with deep sinuses, in which snails were stirred. On a cut - similar to cartilage, white with a slight purple tint. " I also like this mushroom with a large dried pear. Coloring Hat Stickers is brown, brown and brown-red. It is quite simple to distinguish them from the currants - the shapeless caps are wider (up to 13 centimeters in diameter), with large loops, inside the fruit bodies are not hollow, but contain cavities.
Giant stitching () - justifies its name, this is really a giant of the Mushroom Kingdom. The fruit bodies are very large, from 5 to 15-26 centimeters high and 30 centimeters in diameter. Hat shapeless, winding, light brown or clay color. He holds a massive hat-chalm, but a very fragile leg, consisting of cavities, partitions and all sorts of protrusions-growths. This miracle mushroom lives in deciduous and coniferous forests with an admixture of birch, mainly on the soil rich in humus. The lines of giant in our locality rare, no wonder he hit the pages of the Red Book of the Lipetsk region.
It turned out that in our forests there is another kind of line - (). This is a twin brother of a giant line, and for a long time, even specialists did not distinguish. The fruit bodies of these species are very similar, but differ in the anatomical signs, structure and sizes of the dispute. And they live in different conditions. Ostroechia fellow in love with old-age oaks and broad-sized forests with oak participation prefers the slopes of forest beams. He received his name due to the structure of a folded, angular hat, folded by the "house" with several vertices.
() In general, it is not similar to the fellow, smurchka, and not one, a special, silent. This is another kind of early mushrooms. As soon as the twisted leaflets of the spring of the spring (called the "balls", or the "key-grass", or "key-grass"), will be processed through the land.
This mushroom is set only in deciduous forests, most often in Osinniki, Bereznyaki, Dubrava and Lipnyaki. The fruit bodies of this mushroom are elegant and differ from other types of a hat. Upstairs a slightly felt leg, reaching 5-15 centimeters in height, a wrinkled hat-bell is located, poured a frosted on a white finger. The edges of the caps are free, which did not grow to the leg, like in smurchkov, it resembles a toy wedder, tilted upside down.
from these are different, these mushroom firstborn. Nature awarded bizarre-folded hats with one goal - to increase their surface. All cells and pits of the caps are lined with specialized cells-bags in which disputes are formed. When ripening, microscopic disputes are spread around the wind around and give rise to new mushroom organisms.
Scientists of different countries argue about the food value of the earlyness mushrooms. There is no single opinion, but they stopped on the fact that lines are poisonous mushrooms, and smurchchki and a smashing hat are conditionally edible.
What is dangerous lines?
The gelvelic acid contained in their fruit bodies was considered to be the reason for the poisoning of stitching mushrooms. As it turned out later, there is no such acid in nature. In the fruit bodies of the pits, the poison was discovered - gyromeitrine (from the Latin name of the genus), the content of which depends on the conditions for growing mushrooms. Its largest amounts are produced in lines living on rich soil and in humid conditions. By the nature of the impact, this substance resembles the polee refining poems, affecting the hematopoietic organs and the nervous system, the antidote for which was not found.
Smorchchki do not form this toxin, but they are able to accumulate various substances that sometimes lead to poisoning. Therefore, it is necessary to comply with the technology of their preparation: fresh smurches, thoroughly washed in several waters, boiled 10-15 minutes. Then they necessarily drain the decoction, and the mushrooms are washed with cold water. Only now they can be frying or used to prepare soup - this is the case of taste and fantasy. For the nutritional of the smorch, many vegetables and some tubular mushrooms of the highest category are superior.
Traveling in the spring forest will bring you even a lot of meetings and discoveries. Do you know that among the fungi, as among people, there are "walkers" - hardened and cold-resistant. In early April, on the fallen twigs, immersed in Talu water, occasionally you can find brightly scarlet "floating saucers". These mushrooms with an incredible shape and the painting fruit bodies are called (). It dwells this view on all continents, but it is unclean everywhere.
Claudual, fleshy fruit bodies Sarkosciphs are large, up to 3-5 centimeters with a diameter, appear single or small groups. Outside, they are white or slightly pinkish, woolly, and the inner sporing layer (gymniums) of bright red color. Such bright color give the carotenoid pigments.
People will argue for a long time to argue about the feasibility of the "third hunting": for some - it is a fault, for others - a passion, for third - the opening of the amazing world of mushrooms.
But Smorchchki in April is the name of the mushrooms to the start, and the autumn whale is already the finish hunt for mushrooms. The season of quiet hunt is still ahead, and let him be successful. Only remember the one rule: do not collect mushrooms near the cities, along the roads and do not take strangers.
Lyudmila Sarycheva, an employee of the Lipetsk Regional Museum of Nature, the Reserve "Galich Mountain"
Crazy ordinary - Conditionally Edible Mushroom Family Family. In a different way, the coarse is called a currous edible. From the family of Smorchkov, this is the only representative who is suitable for eating.
Latin name sounds - Morchella Esculenta.
Inside the hollow mushroom, so the weight of it is small. A round-shaped hat, reminiscent of an egg, sometimes there are crowns common with spherical or flapped hats.
Coloring the cap is largely varied depending on various external factors, such as the age of mushrooms or their segments of their growth. The longer edible shores grow, the darker they become.
A rather specific structure is a rather specific structure: the surface is uneven, wrinkled, with snaps. The pits can be of different quantities, they wipe their gymnias. Cells are incorrect, some rounded shape. In addition to cells, the mushroom has bright ribs that are pretty narrow in shape.
The leg in shape resembles a cylinder, its base has thickening. The leg will easily break. The flesh of the fungus is very fragile, gentle and easy to crumble. The color of the pulp is light, close to ocher. Over time, the leg becomes darker. The pulp does not have a pronounced mushroom smell, and it tastes pleasant.
Places of growing ordinary smurchkov
Edible shrews prefer warm and bright places. These mushrooms grow on the soils saturated with lime. For them, Olkhov, birch, ash and oak forests are excellent, and they grow in the forests of mixed with cheese.
Among the fallen leaves, the ordinary waist is not easy, since its masking color allows him to remain imperceptible. Most often, these mushrooms grow alone.
Where and when they collect edible shirts
Ordinary smurches are rather rare mushrooms, although among the other smashings they meet most often. They are collected on the lawns and forest edges with herbal cover. In the south of Russia, they can be found directly in the garden or garden.
In search of Smorchkov can be sent already at the end of April, but the early smurches are watery and have an indefinite smell. In May, they become stronger and acquire a real mushroom fragrance with a light fruit notch. In the middle lane of April Smorchkov is much less than May. Individual instances can be found even at the beginning of June.
As a rule, edible curls grow by groups. They are found on the slopes of ravines, on the glades, in dense forests, among the cuttings and in the thickets of shrubs. Often, these mushrooms appear on forest fires.
Also, edible curls appear in parks and gardens of large cities. These mushrooms even grow in Australia. In the US, they are expensive, there even there is a society of Smorchkov lovers, whose representatives call the Smorchchchi "King of Mushrooms".
How many furies can be dangerous?
In the curr, as well as the line, contains a hazardous substance called gyromeitrine. But in the stitches of this substance much more than in the curr or a curl cap. Some researchers are confident that many districts grow smurches, which do not contain toxin.
Dangerous similarity, or how to distinguish an edible curb from the line?
Some mushroom skins confuse ordinary smurches with their poisonous fellows. Indeed, the relative species are very similar, but they can be distinguished at the expense of the form, it is worth paying attention to the fact that the cap from edible curor is round, moreover, its size is greater than that of poisonous species.
In the curor, the length of the caps and the legs are almost the same, and the lifting of the leg often shortened, sometimes it is generally unclear.
Smorchkov and a hat, and the leg inside the hollow, and the lines are filled with a winding flesh. On the surface of the curralet there are winding cells.
Edibility of ordinary Smorchkov
In our country, these mushrooms are allowed into the workpiece. These are conditionally edible mushrooms, they must be pre-boiled. Also, currants can be dried. We treat these mushrooms with alertness, as items from time to time, information about cases of smurch poisoning appears. But this is due to the wrong preparation of mushrooms or with the fact that there are often poisonous lines in the markets instead of currants.
Smorchchi fry, boil and dried. Before use, they are dried, the decoction is drained, and the mushrooms are then washed with cold water. After such a smash procedure, you can fry without fear. When drying, toxins are completely neutralized. Smorks can be hung on oil, in sour cream or milk.
In addition to the most familiar representatives of the Mushroom Kingdom - oh, borovikov, chanterelles, germ and others there are unlike them.
For example, lines of mushrooms, whose photo we will see today, differ from many mushrooms with the structure of the Hats and other qualities. We learn what are these unusual mushrooms, as they look like, as far as they are suitable for eating, and whether they can be poisoned.
Mushroom Stitch: Description of species
Stitch – Gyromitra.
Summer mushroom from a family of discinus, often received for the curl.
If you eat the raw stitching, you can die. Some specialists, especially European, believe that this mushroom is completely inedible and is very dangerous.
Others say that the mushroom lines is quite suitable for food, if it is subjected to long term processing.
Consider the main types of stitches, their features and degree of poisonousness.
The line of ordinary
The line of ordinary — Gyromitra esculenta.
Stitching ordinary - Gyromitra esculenta: photo mushroom
Features of the mushroom
- Skin string.Rarely meeting mushroom growing on forest edges, especially in pinemas, on sandstones without dery, road siders, edges of gallates and trails, cutting. The fruiting of the lines begins in March and ends in May.
- Hat line.The mushroom hat, reminiscent of brain gyms, at first grows brown with a chestnut hue, then it becomes dark brown. Hats diameter - from 2 to 13 cm, inside it is empty. The form is unevenly round.
- Stitching leg. Empty and dry shrouded leg in the shape of a cylinder can be painted in different colors: reddish, gray, white or yellowish. The height of the folded or furred leg is from 3 to 9 cm.
- Other qualities. The line of the ordinary has a soft pleasant taste and fragrant wax flesh of a whitish color.
Not so long ago, scientists have discovered in the line of this species the strongest poison of gyromeitrine, not leaving the mushroom even after cooking and drying. Especially dangerous mushrooms growing in Germany. Although Russians have not yet treated to death yet, it is better to eliminate the line from their diet and replace it with more familiar and tested time mushrooms.
Giant stitching
Giant stitching — Gyromitra Gigas.
Other names are a line big or gigan.
Giant Stitch - Gyromitra Gigas: Photo Mushroom Features of the mushroom
- Trying line. Prefers to grow on sandstones, in birchings or mixed forests, where birch comes across. In the harvest years is found in whole settlements. He starts fruit from mid-April, finishes - in May.
- Hat Stitch. The lines of giant possesses a folded-wavy hat that does not have a clear shape and growing to the leg of the mushroom. When the line appears, the hat is painted in chocolate color, as they grow in the hidden. The diameter of the hats is 7-12 cm, but there are giants with thirty-bentimeter hats!
- Stitching leg. The giant line has a short leg of no more than 6 cm high, painted white, wide and empty. It happens, it is completely hidden under the Hat.
Is it possible to have a gigantic line? Russian scientists argue that it is possible because it contains much less than the gyromeitrine. The main thing, to peck it well.
Stitch of autumn
Autumnal line - Gyromitra Infula.
The line of the autumn is also called the gyrometer, the panders of the autumn or inflow-like, line of a horned, smart, Helvella inflowable.
Autumnal Stitch - Gyromitra Infula: Mushroom Photo Features of the mushroom
- Trying line. It can grow in conifers, and in deciduous forests not far from the pumping wood or right on it. Fruit the line from the end of August or the beginning of September, for which it is nicknamed autumn.
- Hat line.Folded hat grows about 10 cm value or less. Its color, at first brown, over time is converted to almost black. If you stroke a hat, you feel pleasant velvetiness. A hat having a saddle-shaped shape is growing with a rapid with a mushroom leg.
- Stitching leg. Empty feet is painted in a white-gray or gray-brown shade, and reaches a height of up to 10 cm. It has a cylinder form.
- Flesh stitch. Whitish gentle flesh easily breaks and does not have a characteristic smell.
Mushroom Stitching Autumn - the most dangerous view of the line: it contains much more poison than in his giant or ordinary collected. If it does not slaughter it, causes severe poisoning capable of leading to death.
This species resembles a stitching dubious (Gyromitra Ambigua), listed in the Red Book and preferring subalpian and subarctic lands. But you do not confuse them if you remember that the dubious line is less than the autumn and differs from it with large disputes, a brownish-purple painting and late fruiting: it appears in September-October. By the way, the line doubt is generally contraindicated for eating.
Now you know what the lines of mushrooms are, whose photos will help you to remember them well. We only note that none of the types of stitching can not have people suffering from cardiovascular diseases, as well as pregnant women and nursing breasts.
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