Minerals and minerals of the Chelyabinsk region. Underground Treasures of the Chelyabinsk Region

Introduction

Minerals:

1. Metal minerals
2. Non-metallic minerals
3. Precious and diverse stones

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The long-term geological history of the Urals contributed not only to the creation of unique geological structures, but also to the formation of numerous and diverse minerals. Each mineral resource, and especially its deposit, was formed as a result of special geological processes. Therefore, the placement of minerals depends on the geological structure, the history of the development of individual sections of the earth's crust.

Minerals mined from the depths of the Earth, from the point of view of consumption and economies, belong to exhausted non-renewable resources that are divided into mineral and fuel and energy.

In the Chelyabinsk region there are ores of black, non-ferrous metals, mining - ore raw materials, stone and brown coal, chemical raw materials, various construction Materials, Gems. In the depths of the region there are more than 300 industrial deposits. Due to the presence of various mineral resources, in the 18th century originated and has reached significant success in the Urals.

Metal minerals

The basis of the industrial development of one or another territory is iron ores. They are in the Chelyabinsk region. More than 20 deposits containing iron ore are explored. The most famous Magnitogorsk deposit, on the basis of which many decades worked the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Combine. Stocks iron Rud. Major Mountains are worked out for half a century almost completely. More than 500 million tons of ore were produced here. More than 200 years serve as raw materials for metallurgical plants of Satka, Zlatoust and other nearby cities of the Bakalskoye ores. They differ exclusively high qualities - clean and legipulability.

Intensive exploitation of high-grade ore deposits led to the omission of their stocks. Thus, the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Combine is currently working on imported raw materials. From re-explored deposits of iron ores, the Tetchenskoe, located in the Krasnoarmeysky district, should be noted.

For the production of cast iron, there is still a concomitant raw materials: refractories, fluxes, molding sands. The reserves of this raw material in the Chelyabinsk region are very significant. From the Magnesitov deposits, the largest Satkin and Veselovskoye. The latter is located in the area of \u200b\u200bZlatoust. Satkinskoye and Zlatoust deposits are the largest in Russia and in the world. In Satka, magnesite mining is conducted from 1900 and is 96% consumed in Russia and neighboring countries.

Magnezit serves as an excellent raw material for the production of refractory brick used for bladeing blast furnaces. Flux limestones are rich in Agapovskoye, Turgoyakskoye, Atlantic fields.

In the depths of the region, especially in the mining part, the numerous deposits of copper ores were found. But in the last century, many of them were developed. Karabasheskoye deposit provided the raw material Karabash copper smelter. The processing of copper is accompanied by large waste, which goes into dumps, and is also thrown into the atmosphere and hydrosphere, significantly worsening the environmental situation. In recent decades, copper ores are found and are developed in Verkhneural district.

The nickel and counter deposits are located in the area of \u200b\u200bUpper Ufale. On their base there is a Ufaley nickel plant. Newly open reserves of nickel ores in Agapovsky district. From the 13th - 16th centuries, Nickel and Colbat used for staining glass, porcelain, faience. Later, it began to create cheap "silver" - Melchior, currently used in mechanical engineering. These alloys have anti-corrosion, abrasive, heat-resistant, magnetic properties. The alloy of nickel and iron serves as a substitute for expensive platinum.

Aluminum raw materials are boxites and nepheline, whose deposits are located in Satkin and Castinsky districts.

South-Ural mines have been created for the mining of ore, supplying raw materials to other Urals.

Aluminum is called the "winged" metal, since without the use of this light, sustainable and durable metal, airplanes were unlikely to fly, rockets.

Chelyabinsk region is one of the oldest gold mined areas of the Urals and Russia. The gold deposits are associated with indigenous rocks (ore gold). Ore gold is mined at the Kochkar field, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Plast, and the plasticist - in Miassky, Platovsky, Bredensky and Nagaybak golden areas.

Indigenous deposits arise in the depths of the Earth in complex geological conditions. Gold concentrates in quartz or other veins disseminating rocks. Marst deposits are formed as a result of the destruction and transition of indigenous gold. Rosychi occur among the meso-Cenozoic sediments of the crust of weathering and river valleys. The largest nuggets are extracted from the stovery. Gold mining in the valley of the Miass River is conducted from the 18th century, the Kochkarskoye deposit is developed from the second half of the 19th century.

Flashing minerals are represented by brown and stone coals. The reserves of brown coals are concentrated in the Chelyabinsk Buro - Coal Pool.

The largest coal career for brew coal mining in this basin is Corkinsky. In the 70s, coal mining here amounted to 40% of the total coal mining in the Urals. IN recent decades Operational work is carried out in Kopeysky, Yemalange and Kozyrev coal cuts. Stone coal lies in the southern regions: Bredensky, Kartalin and Kizilsk district, but its reserves are small and have only local meaning.

Non-metallic minerals

A special place is occupied by the mineral resources of building materials necessary for almost all sectors of the national economy. This raw material for cement industry, plaster, facing and building sand, clay. Cement raw materials are represented by markels, limestones, clays. Large deposits are divorced in the areas of Agapovka, Katav - Ivanovska, Emanzhelinsk.

The territory of the region is rich in a variety of facing materials (granites, jashers, marbles, etc.). The largest marble deposits are Baladinskoye, Kelgin, Ufalese and Shitime. Many marble types have a beautiful drawing during sawing and apply to facing monuments, palaces, theaters, metro. So, the Cellian marble was lined with the Palace of Congresses, the metro station in Moscow, the capital's "Russia" hotel. Many varieties of marble, yasm, quartzite is used as jewelry - diverse stones. More than 60 building stone deposits are explored, over 40 brick clay fields.

Mountain raw materials include vermiculitis, graphite, kaolin, talc. Carmikulitis is a mica, which in the firing is exhausted at 10 - 15 times. He is exposed to a thermal insulator in construction and other industries. The Kyshtym Kaolinographite plant started the development of the Potanic field. This plant is also developing the largest graphite deposit - Taiga. The raw material base of kaolins serve as Kyshtymsky and Eleninskoye deposits.

Graphite is used as a refractory material, a good electrical conductory in electrical engineering, chemically inert material in the manufacture of blocks for nuclear power plants, in rocket technology, as well as in the production of pencils and paints. The Talc and Asbestos deposits are located in the area of \u200b\u200bMiass, where the Talc Recycling Plant works. Talc and asbestos are used in paper, textile, rubber, leather, perfumery industry, as well as for the manufacture of fire-resistant fabrics, thermal insulation.

Precious and diverse stones are developed in the Urals since the end of the 18th century. They meet in the Mias and Kochkarsky districts. The richest district of a variety of minerals serve the Ilmen Mountains, where the Ilmensky State Reserve was created. Here there are topaz, beryl, emerald, sapphire, ruby, rhinestone and other rare minerals. Mineral copy declared nature monuments.

All variety of minerals is divided into various principles: Industrial classification is based on the principle of use of useful

fossils; The basis of the genetic classification is the conditions for their education.

Conclusion

The increased consumption of mineral resources in the 20th century led to the emptying of individual territories and an excessive violation of environmental equilibrium. The newly opened deposits lie at considerable depths, and their development will inevitably lead to an even greater impaired of the upper layers of the lithosphere, environmental pollution and the rise in the cost of these resources. In this regard, more intensive use of secondary raw materials, the integrated use of low-grade ores and breeds of dumps, as well as the improvement of mining technology and their processing are required.

List of used literature

1. A. I. Levit - L 36 Southern Urals: Geography, Ecology, Environmental Management. Tutorial. - Chelyabinsk: KN. Publishing house, southern.- Ural. Ed. - bargaining. House, 2001 - 246c.
2. M. A. Andreeva, A. S. Markov and 65 Geography Chelyab. region: South. - Ural. KN.IZD-WA, 2002 - 320s.
3. Taranina T. and, Zheefert A.A. Subrajabinsk region. Arbis, 2009. - 112c.

6 "A" class, MOU Lyceum №77, Chelyabinsk

The article uses photos of Viktor Sleightov (according to Wikipedia).

Introduction

Ural! The supporting edge of the Power, its getter and blacksmith!
A. Tvardovsky

Nature generously gave the Ural minerals. Only about 400 deposits of various metals and non-metals are open in the Chelyabinsk region. The history of their development has a century and even the Millennium. Apparently, before all in the territory of the region (3500-4000 years ago) began to produce copper ores. Small deposits with rich ores lying on the earth's surface was very much at that time.

Iron ores began to work out much later, their traces of their production belong to the V-III centuries to our era.

Apparently, by the first one millennium BC should include the first finds of gold and gold-bearing lived. Behind them did not need to climb into deep mines. Small nuggets were enough in streams, big and small ural River. It was used only for decorations.

Small ore leaving on the surface of the ore deposit were rapidly developed. New it was necessary to search. But from the I millennium to our era, the steppe and forest-steppe south urals are the country of nomads, which were not engaged in mountain fishery, did not do the metal. More than one and a half thousand years have passed, before our territory began to be interested in ore wealth. The modern began historical epoch Use of mineral resources.

The person has two sources for existence: wildlife and riches of subsoil. Nature Supposes us food. Green plants produce oxygen required for breathing.

Underground wealth, minerals are "food" for industry. Minerals are minerals and rocks that man uses. Minerals played a crucial role in the development of human and creating civilizations. In the Stone Age, people enjoyed silicon workers of labor. About 10,000 years ago, a person mastered the method of obtaining copper from ore, and the invention of bronze (copper and tin alloy) began a new century - bronze. Since the beginning of the Iron Age, 3300 years ago, a person mastered all new and new ways to use minerals mined from the earth's crust. Modern industry still depends on the Mineral resources of the Earth.

Geologist R. Balandin in his book "Eyes of geologists" wrote: "We are strange creatures - people! We are born on the ground, we go on it and go to it, dying. And so badly know her! Mother Land, Lady of Life, still remains notading by us. "

Description of the main mineral deposits Chelyabinsk region

No in the whole world of land where so many wealth kept, where there would be so powerful forces of the subsoil ...
A.E. Fersman

The subsoil of the Chelyabinsk region (especially its mining) is rich in various minerals. This is due to the geological past of our region, with its relief. This is how the past of our edge PI describes. Otto, twice the discoverer of deposits: "Where we live now, about 2 billion years ago stretched the dead desert. A lot of time passed, and this desert was replaced by the sea. At the bottom of him, fragments of breeds demolished from the shores. There were volcanoes for replacing the sea, which were erupted with powerful fiery lava. Under the influence internal forces Land rose high mountains. For two billion years, inexorable time in the Commonwealth with the Sun, Water, Wind and Live Organisms destroyed these bulbs, turning them into the sand, clay, dust. The sea and volcanoes, and the mountains arose again, and again everything was destroyed. Finally, the relative peace came, and the ancient Ural Mountains gradually accepted their modern appearance. "

The Ural Mountains are very ancient and strongly destroyed. Essentially, this is only the preserved bases of the former mountains. Everything that was once hidden at great depth, now it turned out almost on the surface. A significant proportion of mineral resources of the Urals is concentrated within the Chelyabinsk region.

Scientists have about 3,000 species of minerals, but only 100 of them are well studied. A variety of minerals that occur in the depths of our region can be divided into groups:

Minerals

• ore (metals);
• nonmetallic (non-metals);
• ores of ferrous metals (iron, chrome);
• construction raw materials (granite, marble, sand, clay);
• non-ferrous metal ores (copper, zinc, aluminum);
• fuel (peat, coal);
• noble metals (gold, platinum);
• precious stones (diamond, emerald);
• dIY STONES (Agat, Malachite, Jasper).

We will get acquainted with the main deposits of minerals of the Chelyabinsk region.

Iron ore

From 1756, it is still in the west of the region a brown railways of the Bakal Group of deposits opened by Peter Ryabov. For two and a half centuries, about 150 million tons of ore were produced in the bakal mines. And today its reserves are 1.2 billion tons.

From the XVIII century, the deposit of rich iron ores of the Major Major, since that time they were mined, but gradually. It truly earned only in 1929, when at the base of the deposit containing academician A.N. Zavaritsky about half a billion tons of high-quality ore, the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Combine began to be built. Today, the ore here is practically developed.

In 20 kilometers to the north-west of Magnitogorsk, another deposit is open - Small Kuibas, the reserves of which were estimated at 75 billion tons. Now the field supplies high-quality ore to the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Combine.

Iron ores are being developed to the northeast of the kice (2-2.5 billion years) Iron Ore. This is a joyful and magnetic key deposits. The stocks of them are small.

Iron ore is a raw material for black metallurgy, which is the leading industry in our area. For the production of cast iron and our region has become one of the first places in the world. Among the leading enterprises of the region, the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Plant, the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Combine, Chelyabinsk Pipe Ranking Plant can be distinguished.

Copper

Copper Ruda found in 1786 the Cossack Ivan Yaroslavtsev from the Coalog fortress, then her deposits were discovered in the Kyshtyma and Miass area. From the end of the XVIII century, the Mias Cop smelter was worked on local mines, but beginning of XIX. century Rich sections were developed and the plant was closed.

TO eND XIX. The centuries were open to the deposits of copper ores in the Karabasha area, and at the beginning of the twentieth century they were sold by English entrepreneurs who built a plane on the mirror of ores. After the revolution, the plant switched to the hands of Soviet power. In 1949, P.I. Otto opened the "blind" deposits of ore in Verkhneural district. Now copper and its alloys are used in the electrical industry, they make wires from it. No copper alloys and pure copper do not cost the automotive industry, aviation, instrument making, computer production.

Gold

Gold mining in Russia began from the time of Peter the first. On July 9, 1797, the professional erected european sword detector of the Evgorief of Mischikov found indigenous gold in the Miass region, the valley was called "Golden". On the Southern Urals Nuggets, stored in the diamond Fund of Russia, were found: "Large triangle" - weighing 36,015 g (1842), which is the largest of the countries found on the territory of the country, "Hare ears" - weighing 3,344.3 g (1935), " Christmas tree "- Weight of 199.9 g (1952).

In 1798, the Cossack of the Chebarkul Fortress Rodion Volkhin found gold in the valley of the Sanarka River, known throughout the world as a Kochkarskoye field, and, finally, in 1814, Lev Ivanovich Brusnitsin - Ostrovy Gold for the first time in Russia.

In the reservoir area, near the village of Borisovka, the Andreevsky is guarded stone quarry.announced by the monument of nature. Thanks to this mining worklet, from 1840, residents were developed, which gave about 8 kilograms of gold. The veins are a typical example of native gold deposits in the Southern Urals.

Since ancient times, gold was used in the manufacture of decorations, household items, coins. Currently, the scope expands. Gold finds more and more wide application When creating electronic equipment, in medicine, as a reflector infrared rays, in photocinct industrialism, etc.

Platinum

This noble metal began to use only from the XIX century. Russia (Ural) has become the main supplier of metal on the world market. In 1915, it accounted for 95% of overall produced by platinum world. As a chemical and heat-resistant element, platinum is used to make chemical dishes, spirals for electric furnaces, parts of radio equipment. In the future, its extensive consumption is expected as catalysts for burning hydrogen fuel in new generation cars.

Rare metals

Rare are metals that rarely form their own minerals and deposits. These are primarily beryllium, lithium, niobium, tantalum and others. The value of rare metals is increased every year. Zirconiums are used in heat-resistant coatings for the manufacture of refractory materials. The demand for beryllium is constantly growing, as it is lighter than aluminum 1.5 times, but stronger steel and hard glass. It is widely used when creating atomic, aircraft and space and radio electronic technology. Niobium is used for the manufacture of heat-resistant steels, tantalum and niobium as supermined elements - electronic superminature and high-speed techniques.

Chelyabinsk region is extremely rich in various non-metallic minerals.

Granite

About the Center Chelyabinsk can be said that it stands on the granite island. Under it, the granite pink and ripples - gray in Krapinka. His earlier in the quarries that are in the city bore. Foundations were folded from the granite, facing the facades of buildings, built at home, which can now be seen in the city center. The Theater of the Young Spectator, which is located on the Revolution Square, is lined with local granite. Now bringing the granite within the city feature is prohibited.

Limestone, marble

The rich limestone deposits in the Chelyabinsk region argue that once (about 200 million years ago) there was a sea at the site of our region. It stretched several thousand kilometers from north to south, captured the modern Caspian and reached in almost Kharkov. In Veliky Perm (so it was called) everything was processed, which fell into its depths, including the shells of ancient marine animals. For millions of years, the thickness of limestone has formed. When the sea retreated, the limestone deposits performed on the surface.

The limestone deposits are developed near the city of Miass (Turgoyakskoye deposit), near the city of Magnitogorsk (Agapovskoye deposit), near the city of Yemanzhelinsk (Pervomaayskoye deposit) - only about 20 deposits.

Chelyabinsk region is amazingly rich in facing rocks - marble. White marble is mined in Balandino and Coele. It is used as a facing material in the construction of monuments, palaces, theaters, metro.

Walls of the Chelyabinsk Drama Theater adorns local marble. Kelgin marble was lined with the Palace of Congresses in Moscow, the station of the Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Tashkent metro, the capital's "Russia".

Marble Celgy is one of the most durable and beautiful in the world. It was he who was used to restore the christ of Christ the Savior in Moscow.

Magnezit

In the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Satka at the turn of the century, one of the world's largest Magnesite deposits were opened, from which exceptionally resistant refractory materials for metallurgy.

In the Satkinsky combine, bricks are made, which are used to masonry blast furnaces. Beautiful Magnesite plates are the best, compared with marble, facing material.

Graphite

Graphite is mined at the Taiga deposit, open in 1933 Z.I. Kravtsova. The field is one of the few in Russia, giving high-quality graphite for nuclear energy. Graphite is used in electrical engineering, in rocket technology, in the production of paints and pencils.

Talc and Asbest

Deposits located near the city of Miass, where there is a Talc Recycling Plant. He is sent to all the corners of our country and abroad. Talc and asbestos are widely used in paper, textile, rubber, leather, perfume and other industries. Large scales and fibers Talc and asbestos are used for the manufacture of fire-resistant fabrics, thermal insulation.

Flashing minerals

Feling minerals are represented by stone and brown coal. Stone coal is found in the southeast of the region - in the Bredensky and Varna districts. The study of deposits here began in 1878, and work on coal mining from 1916, especially intensively in the period from 1941 to 1945. However, in 1959, the work was discontinued due to the complexity of the development of deposits.

The main reserves of brown coal are concentrated in the Chelyabinsk Burglar Basin (ChBB). Coal on the South Urals was opened in 1831 by I.I. Redicores on the Miass River, the village of Balandino. More than 75 years passed before the production of this valuable raw materials began, but already east of Chelyabinsk, the village of Tugaykul. Here is now the mining city of Kopeisk. Another quarter of a century was required to be geologized, to understand how coal lies at what depths and squares. In the 30s on geological maps A Chelyabinsk bromade pool was applied, the reserves of which in 1935 were 1,800 million tons. The pool is conditionally divided into seven coal districts: Sugoyak, Kozyrevsky, Kopean, Korkinsky, Emangelin and Kichiginsky. The most powerful layers (up to 200 meters) are practiced by the Corkinous section. An open method is prey to prey and in Kopeisk. In addition to two quarries, coal give out four more mines. The remaining reserves of coal in the pool at the end of the twentieth century were 523 million tons.

Come-mining enterprises have a significant bad influence On condition ambient: Under the dumps are busy large squares fertile soilsThe dumps have the ability to self-burning, are the strongest sources of dust, surface and groundwater pollute.

Precious and diverse stones

Species are called surface minerals in the Urals, from which mineral mining was made from the end of the 18th century, and above all the precious and non-segment gems.

Large variety precious stones Gems are distinguished by Ilmenie and cherry mountains, Kochkarii (reservoir district). Here they meet Topaz, Beryl and his varieties - Aquamarine, Emerald; Corundum and its varieties - sapphire, ruby; Quartz and its varieties - mountain crystal, amethyst, tourmaline and others. Mineral Copy: in the cherry mountains - Kurochkin Log and in the Plaks district - Zhukovskaya declared monuments of nature.

In a chicken log, a mineral was found in the cherry and blue color. Zhukovskaya speech received fame due to the finds of pink topaz and the rarest jewelry Stone Eucalance, which has an attractive gentle blue color, bright glass glitter and transparency. In the Zhukovski, there were fragments of mountain crystal, amethyst, blue and red corundum and other gems. The mineral composition of the copy and the adjacent territories of the Sanarka River is similar to the mineral composition of the diamond painting of Brazil, which I drew attention to N.I. Koksharov called this area of \u200b\u200bthe Southern Urals "Russian Brazil".

Numerous Yashm deposits are confined to the greenflaw belt. They are found in the Miass area and stretch to the south over 500 kilometers, forming a bandwidth of 40-50 kilometers. In the upper reaches of the Miass River, brick, bloody-red, black, gray-yellow Jasper, but still the largest deposits of picturesque Yasme are located in the territories of Bashkortostan and the Orenburg region.

Quartz

Chelyabinsk region is rich in quartz raw materials. From quartz get a chemically resistant quartz glass, dishes.

Quartz crystals have the ability to skip ultraviolet and infrared rays, which is used in microscopes and other optical devices. Plates carved from a quartz single crystal are good resonators and are widely used in radio engineering.

Practical part

On December 9, 2004, I visited excursions at the South Uralsky factory for the cultivation of quartz crystals.

In nature, quartz is found in the form of sand or milk-white blocks, it is not proper form, has many impurities. Quartz is widely used in radio engineering, so the need for the cultivation of artificial quartz crystals has arisen. Artificially, you can get a large crystal of the right shape, without impurities.

On October 29, 1962, the enterprise was launched the first autoclave, and this day is officially considered the birthday of the plant. There are three such enterprises in our country: in the city of Gus-Crystal, in the city of Alexandrov and we have in Yuzhnouralsk.

In nature, quartz grows slowly, cyclically. For its cultivation in artificial conditions requires creating certain conditions - high temperatures and high pressure. This is possible in special autoclaves. Raw materials are purchased from geologists, washed. Under the action of temperature and pressure, the pieces are melted and crystallized on the seed plates. After checking on the quality and sorting, the crystals are mainly sent abroad (in Japan and Korea). They are used for television chips, computers, in the production of printers, faxes, cell phonesin lines cellular communication. In addition to white transparent crystals at the factory, blue quartz - Perunite are grown (it is found in nature), green quartz, purple quartz - amethyst, yellow quartz - citrine. These types of quartz are not found in nature. They also go abroad for the jewelry industry. The share of exports is 95% of the total production volume. In the year, the plant produces 500 tons of quartz, which is 25% of world quartz production.

Conclusion

The description of the mineral resources of the Chelyabinsk region convinces that the Ural remains richest storage facilities. However, newly opened deposits lie at certain depths, and their development will inevitably lead to an even greater impaired of the upper layers of the lithosphere, environmental pollution.

Any method of mineral mining significantly affects the natural environment. Special influence is experiencing top part Lithosphere.

Settlement occurs ground surface Over spent mine fields.

Outcasting processes are enhanced in neighboring areas.

Within a radius of several hundred meters, and sometimes kilometers, soil contamination occurs with heavy metals during transportation, wind and aquatic separation. Ultimately, around mountain workings is created a wastewhere on which vegetation does not survive. For example, the development of magnesite in Satka led to the death of pine forests.

The effect of mineral mining on the hydrosphere.

Pumpped out of mountain watering of water often contain an admixture of clay, sand, acids, salts, which when hitting rivers, streams, swamps cause their pollution. The like happened in Karabash, where the ore from the mine after crushing and enrichment was discharged into the Sak-Elgi River and the Cutus's stream. The consequences of this discharge are felt today, decades later.

With the development of paint deposits of gold with drags, there is almost complete destruction of floodplain vegetation, and therefore the nesting of birds. The process of restoring nature is slowed here.

In the dumps of rocks there is an intense process of destruction of minerals. Such dumps in the area there are in the region of Karabasha, Magnitogorsk, Satka, Bakala. Precipitation, leaking through them and leaving the surface, are a weak solution of sulfuric acid. Next, polluted waters fall into the river, due to this, the content increases harmful substances in water.

The effect of mineral mining on the atmosphere.

Operation of large mining workings is accompanied by emissions of dust and gases into the atmosphere.

Big influence on the atmosphere are dumps of coal mines (groundcons). Often there is a fire of dumps. Tercons are burning for months, and sometimes years, highlighting sulfur and curly gases, carbon dioxide. Last-minute heat is very polluted by the atmosphere.

Therefore, South Urals need to change their attitude to mineral resources. It will require more intensive use of secondary raw materials, improving production and metallurgical processing technology.

ATTACHMENT

The most "mineral" place in the region is Ilmen, where more than 260 minerals and 70 rocks are found. About 20 minerals are open here for the first time in the world. In the cherry mountains (near Casley), more than 120 minerals were found. In Zherech volcanoes in Zyuratkulsky national Park (Area of \u200b\u200b1 square meter) more than 70 minerals are found. Minerals are rich in minerals, especially in gems, Borisov hills near the reservoir. Real caskets of valuable minerals - Akhmatovskaya and Nikolay-Maximilianovskaya Copy near Tagan Aya.

The deepest underground mining developments in the area are "golden" mines in the Plast and Leninsky (Mias Valley). They went deep into a kilometer. One of the deepest in the world - more than 400 meters - Corkin coal section.

The most ancient mines in the area are Tash-Kazgan and Nikolskoye in the upper reaches. Here I mined a few centuries in the bronze age (3.5 thousand years ago).

The oldest mines from the existing - Bakali, they are more than two centuries.

The largest in Russia is the Satkin deposit of Magnesitis. Such deposits on the planet are only three.

IT IS INTERESTING!

In our area is mined:

• Zinc - 16.7% mining in the Russian Federation.
• Copper - 15%.
• Nickel - 4.2%.
• Bauxites - 8.8%.

Stocks:

• Graphite - 25% of the stocks of the Russian Federation.
• Talca - 20%.
• Quartzites - 30%.
• Magnesite - 21%.

Southern Urals are used for a large period of time:

The iron ores of the Bakalskoye deposit are developed within 240 years.

Gold-arsenic ores of the Kochkar field - about 160 years.

Gold placers in the valley of the Miass River are worked out for 170-175 years.

Karabasha copper ores were intensively developed for 80 years.

Nickel ores near the top Ufalea mined more than 90 years. Bauxites in Satkinsky district produce about 50 years.

LITERATURE

1. Leviticus A.M. Southern Urals: Geography, Ecology, Environmental Management. Tutorial. - Chelyabinsk, South.-Ural. kn. Publishing House, South.-Ural. Ed.-Bargaining. House, 2001.
2. Nature of the Chelyabinsk region. - Chelyabinsk, Publishing House of ChGPU, 2000.
3. Know your land ( Short reference). // Ural Crossroads. - 2001. -№1.
4. Atlas of the Chelyabinsk region. Roskartography, 2000.
5. Grigorieva E.V. Nature of the Southern Urals: Tutorial for students secondary schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, colleges. - Chelyabinsk, South.-Ural. kn. Publishing house, 2001.

Ore raw field (coal)

The coal on the South Urals was opened in 1831 by I. I. Redikoretov on the Miass River, the der. Baladino. More than 75 years passed before the production of this valuable raw materials began, but already east of Chelyabinsk, at the village. Tugaykul. Here is now the mining city of Kopeisk. Another quarter of a century was needed by geologists to understand how coal occurs at what depths and squares. In the 30s, the Chelyabinsky Rugged Pool was inflicted for geological maps, the reserves of which in 1935 were 1,800 million tons. It has a length of 140 km and is traced from the lake Tishka in the north to Yuzhnouralsk in the south.
The maximum width of the coalined structure is 14 km, depth up to four kilometers. The pool is conditionally divided into seven coal districts:
Sugoyak, Kozyrevsky, Kopean, Kamyshinsky, Korkinsky, Emangelinsky and Kichiginsky.
In total, about 30 coal reservoirs are explored, the power of which ranges from 0.75 to 13 m. The most powerful layers (up to 200 meters) are carried out by the Corkinous section. An open method is mining and in Kopeisk. In addition to two quarries, coal give out four more mines (in 1996 there were seven). In 1996, 7.8 million tons of coal were produced in the pool.
Carbon content in Chelyabinsk coals - an average of 72.5%, ash (non-governmental part) - 28-32%. Caller capacity - 4000-6000 kcal / kg. Coal is capable of self-burning. He burns in the Territories of Kopeysk, Emanzhelinsk, in Corkino and Kopeisk's careers, causing considerable harm to nature. The remaining reserves of coal in the pool at the end of the 20th century accounted for 523 million tons.

Deposit of nonmetallic raw materials

The name is conditional, but it has taken place in geology and in industry. Nermetful minerals include deposits of mica, graphite, magnesite, dolomite, phosphorites and apatites, building materials, fluxes and other useful minerals and rocks.
At the turn of the century, one of the world's largest deposits in the world, from which exceptionally resistant refractory materials for metallurgy are obtained. Of the accompanying dolomites get a good crushed stone and facing tiles.
The limestone and dolomite deposits are developed near Miass (Turgoakskoe), near Magnitogorsk (Agapov, Yangelet), near Emanzhelinsk (Pervomayskoye). In total, there are about 20 deposits of carbonate raw materials in the area (apart from Satkinsky). The total mining is approximately 15 million tons per year.
South of Kyshtyma since 1939 there is a mining of crystalline graphite. The deposit is open by geologist 3. I. Kravtsova and is one of the few in Russia, giving high-quality graphite for nuclear energy and other needs. Graphite stocks are significant, located near the surface and are manifested by the open way - in a career.
South of Vishnevogorsk, in the Cherry Mountains, the Potanic Vermiculite deposit is being developed - mica containing water in its composition.
When heated to 300 °, the vermiculite is exhausted. At the same time, its volume increases more than 20 times. The stripped vermiculite is distinguished by increased fire resistance (TPL \u003d 1400 °), high sound-absorbing capacity, low thermal conductivity and other valuable properties, allowing it to be used in construction, agriculture and other industries. Vermiculite reserves exceed 1.5 million tons, they are developed in an open way.
Talc (Talc Stone) is mined in a large career on the Sirmtival deposit, near Miass. Talc is used in the production of building materials, chemical and food Industry, perfumery and medicine. Annual mining fluctuates from 40 to 100 thousand tons. Talnic stone reserves in the area of \u200b\u200bGreat. They are enough even with increasing production of more than 50 years.
In the West of the region, in Ashinsky district, there are deposits of phosphorites, the reserves of which are estimated at 836 thousand tons. They locate almost on the surface, which will allow mining in an open way.
Chelyabinsk region is rich in quartz raw materials. From quartz get a chemically resistant quartz glass, dishes. Quartz crystals have the ability to skip ultraviolet and infrared rays, which is used in microscopes and other optical devices. Plates carved from a quartz single crystal are good resonators and are widely used in radio engineering.
The first deposit of granular (granular) quartz - Kyshtymsky - in the region opened in the 1930s N. Vertushkov in the 1930s. In 1941, the Svetiline Field of the Piezochetan was opened by V. N. Morozov, and in 1946 by a group of geologists - a large Astafevskoye deposit of crystalline quartz in Nagaybak district. Quartz here forms extended, up to 1 km, cubs with a capacity of several centimeters to 10 meters and more. Quartz crystals (they are called a mountain crystal) or their coarse tracks (druses) are usually formed in large cavities inside the liveli. Often the chambers filled with quartz crystals are found in pegmatite veins (Svetiline deposit). Quartz development is in an open way.
The mining of quartzite - rocks containing 95-98% of silica oxides is carried out in terms of the extraction of iron ores at the Bakalskoye deposit, as well as in the south of the region, near Troitsk, in the Bobrov Quartzite Career. Chelyabinsk quartzites are distinguished good qualityUsed, mainly in metallurgical production as fluxes. Stocks of this raw material are significant.
Very valuable minerals are kaolin-white clay - the main raw material for the production of high-quality porcelain and faience. There are five kaolin deposits with reserves of 36 million tons in the area. Kaolin's mining is in the Kyshtym deposit, the deposit of the caravel log in the Uvetvsky district and Eleninsky in the Kartalinsky district. Chelyabinsk kaolins do not apply to the number of the best and do not go for the production of high-quality porcelain, but the demand for them is great. Kaolina produces 150-200 thousand tons per year.
The Metallurgy employs the Berlin Fireproof Glyn Deposit in the Trinity District and the Nizhne-Uvangorsky near South Uralsk. For foundry shops of machine-building factories, high-quality molding sands at the Kichiginsky field near Yuzhnouralsk are about 600 thousand tons annually.
A large group of building materials deposits provides construction projects. Four careers of cement raw materials, 22 careers of brick clays, 11 quarries for the extraction of sand and sandbreaker mixtures and 54 careers for the extraction of construction stone are preserved. The annual production of building materials is approximately 23.5 million tons.
It is rich in the Chelyabinsk region facing rocks (marble, granite, etc.). Here are 14 fields of facing stone with total reserves of 70 million cubic meters. m (10% of Russian reserves). In the whole country and abroad appreciates white marble Kelginsky, Polotsk (Kizilsky district) and Prokhorovo-Balandinsky (Krasnoarmeysky district) deposits; Polished marble Pugachevskoye deposit (Miass), brown decorative limestone Suluinsky field (Satkin District).
Beautiful facing and diverse stones are Lememenis (Stromatolithic limestone) of the Baberyshsky field (Katav-Ivanovsky District). They are very decorative, but are only suitable for facing the premises. Lemezit (by r. Lemesis) is a stone brown stone, with a very original pattern, which is no longer occurring anywhere. The deposit was open in 1975 with young goggles of Satka. Its reserves are estimated at 20 million cubic meters. m.
In total, 34 types of mineral raw materials are mined in the Chelyabinsk region. Mining level high. In terms of one resident, 7-7.5 tons of minerals are mined in the region, which is 2-3 times higher than on average in Russia.

The subsoil of the Chelyabinsk region (especially its mountain range) is rich in various minerals. The Ural Mountains are very ancient and strongly destroyed. Essentially, it is only the preserved bases of the former mountains. Everything that was hidden on big depthNow it turned out to be almost on the surface. A significant proportion of mineral resources of the Urals is concentrated within the Chelyabinsk region. There are ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, coal, chemical raw materials, a variety of building materials and gems. More than 300 industrial deposits are explored.

More than 20 deposits contain iron ore. First of all, it is a Magnitogorsk deposit, on the basis of which the largest Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Plant began work. The deposit is known since 1747. Common reserves of ores were approximately 200 million tons, iron content in ores - 50-54%.

More than 200 years provides the Metallurgy of the Urals Bakalsky iron ore area. In the ridges of Schud, Burendich and Irkuskan are over 20 ore deposits. Ores here are two types: close to the surface there are the richest brown troops, which contain an average of 48% iron. Deeper - poorer ores: Side crops with iron content up to 32%. Shared ore reserves in the rustic area up to 600 million tons.

As a result of intensive operation, many ore place of birth of the southern Urals are cuddled. So, at present, the ore of the Major Mountain is almost fully developed. The Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Plant works on imported raw materials.

From other deposits, it should be noted the Kusinskaya group of titanagnetite ores. These ores contain 50-57% of iron, as well as titanium, chrome and vanadium. Some of these deposits, for example, magnetic, are also worked out, but the reserves of titanium magnetites are still significant. Preparing the development of a large field near Medvedevka. From explored B. last years The most significant is the Tuclear field in the north east of the region.

Copper ores on the territory of the region in the mountainous-water part and the eastern foothills were mined everywhere with deep antiquity. In the XVIII century, most factories were delivered on the ancient "miracle" specks.

All the old mines were developed back in the last century, the last, the famous deposit near Karabasha has been published, - quite recently.

In recent decades, Chelyabinsk geologists have opened large deposits copper ore in the area of \u200b\u200bVerkhneuralsk. The "capital" of its prey is the village of Internozen. Excited more than 10 birthplace.

The nickel and cobalt deposits are concentrated in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Upper Ufaley and found in the south of the region.

Aluminum ores are represented by boxite deposits in the area of \u200b\u200bSuleia Station (Meal Log). There are South-Ural Bauxite mines here.

The gold deposits are associated both with indigenous rocks (ore gold) and with river deposits (paint gold). First, the Kochkarskoye field belongs (Bedstock), which is developed since 1860.

The extraction of plastic gold in the region is conducted in the Mias golden area. Here were found rather large gyling nuggets. So, in 1842, a nugget was found weighing about 36 kg, which is the largest of those found in the country. In 1936, two nuggets weighing 14.4 and 9.5 kg were found.

The largest nugget in Russia was found in the Chelyabinsk region, not far from Miass, on the Czarsco-Alexander. In 1842 he found him at a depth three meters 17-year-old Sirot Nikifor Sutkin. The weight of the "big triangle" (so called it) - 36,016 kilograms. Now he is in Moscow, in the diamond Fund of Russia.

By the way, in Afghanistan once found a piece of gold weighing 2-2.5 tons (the data differ), and in Australia - more than 270 kilograms. However, all these nuggets were melted on coins and decorations. And our "big triangle" remained and is considered the largest on the planet. Gypsum cast from a nugget is kept in the Zlatoust Museum.

They say Nikifor Southkin for Nakhodka was given 4,390 rubles by assignments (in the time it would be enough to buy several settlements Together with people), he received "free". But all the money is propyl.

From minerals related to chemical raw materials, there are talcs, phosphorites, sulfuric soles, salts. The largest talc deposits are located in the Miass area (Red Polyana) and dashistan. Fields of phosphorites are in the vicinity of Asha. Salt lies at the bottom of some lakes located in the east area.

The largest Magnesit field in the country is located in the city of G. Satka, its reserves are huge. Another powerful deposit is debugged in lately In the top of the village - Semibrate. Magnezit serves as an excellent raw material for the production of refractory bricks used to cover the Mainens and domain furnaces, magnesite powder and magnesite-chromite products.

Large reserves of refractory clays are explored near the village. Berlin in the Troitsk area.

Cement raw materials are represented by markels, clays and limestone. The largest deposits are divorced in the area of \u200b\u200bEmanzhelinsk, Magnitogorsk (Agapovka), Katav-Ivanovsk. At the base of these field, cement factories work.

An old sticker on the barrel with the cement of the princes of Beloselsky-Belolarsky

The Chelyabinsk region is rich in high-quality marble, the largest deposits of which are Coalgin, Balandan and Ufalese. The explored marble reserves make up more than 10 million cubic meters.

Fluses and dolomites are an important metallurgical raw material. Separated in the fields of their reserves exceed 1.5 billion tons. The largest deposits There are Turgyakskoe, Atlyanskoe, Agapovsky, Lishegorskoye.

Forming sands are mined in the Kichiginsky and Bustolian fields. More than 140 brick clay deposits are explored. Kaolin (white clay) - raw materials for porcelain-faience industries. General reserves of kaolin in the region - more than 30 million tons. Kaolin production is produced at the Kyshtym and Elelenian fields.

More than 50 graphite deposits were revealed in the region. The largest is Taiga, 12 km south of Kyshtym.

Precious and diverse stones are found in three places - in Ilmen, cherry mountains and near the reservoir. Ilmen Mountains are a real mineralogical museum. There are amazonite, hyacinth, amethyst, opal, topaz, grenade, malachite, corundum, jasper, sapphire, ruby, sunny, lunar and arabic stone, etc.

In Kochkarsky geological area there are topaz and other precious and diverse stones. Entered by the Yerofeev deposit of glass sands (stocks of more than 17 million tons).

The brown coals of the Chelyabinsk Basin extend from the north (from the lake Tishka) south by 170 km at a maximum width of 14 km. Coal reserves make up more than 700 million tons. The coal in the Southern Urals was opened in 1831 by I.I. Indictsev. His mining was launched in 1907. The main consumer of coal is now thermal power plants. Stone coals Also identified in the Poltavo-Bredensky field.

In the swamps of the region, rich peat deposits have accumulated, however, while it is not developed. More than 60 building stone deposits (more than 1 billion cubic meters) and more than 20 building sand deposits (about 150 billion cubic meters) are explored. Such valuable minerals are mined in the region as rare earth crystal and piezocharvar.

Based on materials: http://www.uralgeo.net