The Red Data Book of the Kemerovo Region is constantly growing. Its first volume was published in 2000; by 2012, the second part was published in two volumes.

For whom is the Red Book of the Kemerovo Region published?

This book includes animals, birds, mushrooms and plants that exist on the verge of extinction and complete extinction. It is published not only for specialists, but also for ordinary people who are not indifferent to what is happening to the nature around us. Department natural resources and ecology of the Kemerovo region is working to ensure that citizens are savvy in environmental literacy, conducting seminars in children's institutions.

Why do entire species go extinct?

Many thousands of years ago, the cause of the extinction of such animals as dinosaurs was the fall of a huge meteorite. The giant lizards were replaced by mammoths, but they also completely disappeared. We have no idea what variety of animals and grasses have become extinct due to climate change on the planet. Some species were replaced by others capable of living in the conditions created by the Earth.

Today, the main reason for the extinction of entire species is humans. On the entire planet, humans are the only species that takes more than is necessary to live. We continuously create conditions for our comfortable living, completely destroying them for many living organisms. Deforestation, pollution of water bodies and air, hunting for pleasure and money - these are the factors that kill the lives of many representatives of flora and fauna.

on the verge of extinction

Siberia is the beauty and pride of Russia. Since ancient times it has been famous for its fur. Harsh edge, who gave wonderful furs to his wild inhabitants, and subsequently to many people living not only in the country, but also beyond its borders. The Red Book of the Kemerovo Region, whose animals are listed in the second edition, includes one hundred and thirty-five species that are on the verge of extinction. There are as many as fourteen names of mammals, fifty-eight species of birds, fifty-one species of rare insects, five species of fish, the rest are worms, amphibians, reptiles and mollusks. Animals such as reindeer, otter, Siberian frog, newt, whooper swan, golden eagle, white owl, hoopoe, black stork, and common snake are endangered. This is not the entire list of animals that need human help for conservation.

Red Book of Kemerovo Region: plants

Few people think about the fact that by picking a beautiful flower, you can become a link in the disappearance of this plant. Hunters for useful roots rush for profit, not realizing that the threat of extinction is not a joke, it is a sad fact. Many people believe that picking a beautiful bouquet or picking a bucket of mushrooms will not affect the preservation of the species. But many people think so, so there is not just one bucket, but hundreds, thousands of bouquets. The Red Book of the Kemerovo Region in the first volume talks about plants that our grandchildren may no longer see. Ural licorice, catchment is just a drop in the ocean of names of rare plants of Siberia. Every year there are fewer and fewer of them. The Department of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Kemerovo Region calls for an end to the barbaric treatment of plants and the uncontrolled collection of medicinal roots.

Do nature reserves help save lives?

National parks, protected by the state, are a real protection for many animals and plants from human encroachment. The reserves of the Kemerovo region stretch across Siberia, protecting rare species and helping to restore their population. Here you cannot drive cars in areas where animals live, near water bodies, so as not to get into the water harmful substances. You cannot hunt and fish uncontrollably. You cannot collect plants. Cars and bags are carefully checked upon leaving the reserve. If someone decides to take out “contraband”, he will face a rather large fine, or even an article, even imprisonment. Tourists mainly come to the reserves of the Kemerovo region to enjoy the wild nature Siberian forests, admire the animals and plants, breathe fresh air, and take only beautiful souvenirs unique photos. There are two large nature reserves in the Kemerovo region - the Shorsky National Park and the Kuznetsky Alatau.

Shorsky National Park

This park is located on the southern side of the Kemerovo region. It is huge - its length is more than one hundred and ten kilometers along, about ninety across. And this is truly a harsh place. Entire mountain systems with real river valleys. Average temperature in winter time minus twenty-five degrees, and in summer the thermometer rarely rises to plus seventeen. And wind, wind, wind. In winter, a person who does not know the area can simply disappear in Shore Park. The snow depth here reaches four meters in the lowlands, and two and a half in the mountains. If you are planning to conquer the mountain peaks in this reserve, hire a guide. The Red Book of the Kemerovo Region has taken many of the animals of this park under its care. These are the white hare, wolverine, foxes and wolves, otters, Siberian mole, black stork, golden eagle... and many other species.

Kuznetsky Alatau Nature Reserve

This is a real paradise for lovers of summer warmth. The reserve has an area of ​​more than four hundred thousand hectares, in its possession there are mountains, rivers, valleys and real Siberian forests, containing many species of plants protected by law. Winter here is warm and mild, the average temperature of the coldest days is only minus ten. In the summer you can fry in the forty-degree heat. The reserve stretches across the center of the Kemerovo region, so it is most popular among tourists. Alpine meadows and high-mountain tundra - there is something to see here. The Red Book of the Kemerovo Region also found many wards here, and immediately entered into its pages: Rhodiola rosea, popularly known as golden root, grows in these forests. Its miraculous properties caused its extinction. Lady's slipper, fir, Siberian cedar pine, elk, sable, maral and roe deer, musk deer, reindeer, golden eagle and black storks are a small part of the living creatures and plants living and growing here that are endangered.

Time to think

Isn't it time to think about what will happen to our planet if animals and plants disappear from its face? What will become of humanity itself? Sci-fi movies, filmed by Hollywood directors, show a beautiful and carefree existence, where the era of air transport, artificial food and artificial plants begins. Yes, we have learned to create food from plastic, but what will life be like for our descendants if we do not leave a legacy of nature for them? It is impossible to imagine that one day the beautiful Amur tiger, the majestic deer and the smartest elephant will no longer exist. Every blade of grass, every insect created by nature has the right to life no less than a person. The Red Book is a reminder, it is a quiet cry for help to people, a call to stop and finally help the nature that created us, not to die at our own hands. Everyone has the power to save endangered species: hunters - to reduce hunting, collectors - to stop there, everyone - to contribute one ruble to support animals and plants. The impossible will become possible only when everyone unites for a single goal - to save the world from destruction.

Nature of Kuzbass

Geographical position

The Kemerovo region is located in the mountains of Southern Siberia, which belong to the Altai-Sayan mountain region, in its northwestern part on the border with the West Siberian Plain. According to the nature of the relief, the region is divided into two parts: mountainous and flat. Horseshoe-shaped mountain ranges border the Kuznetsk Basin located in the middle of the region. In the south they adjoin the ridges of the North-Eastern Altai and consist of highly dissected massifs of the Biysk Griva, Gornaya Shoria and the higher Abakan ridge (1700-1900 m). To the northwest of Gornaya Shoria stretches the Salair Ridge (up to 600 m).

Kuznetsky Alatau– a mountain system limited from the west by the Kuznetsk depression, from the east – by the Minusinsk intermountain depression. Orographically, Kuznetsk Alatau can be divided into 3 parts: the central one – the Sargay ridge and its spurs with the Bolshoy Kanym char (1874 m) in the center; southern - with the TigerTysh ridge; northern - mainly low and mid-mountain.

In the high mountain zone, glacial landforms are widespread. Modern glaciation even on the highest mountain peaks is weakly expressed, but in some places, for example, on the Tiger-Tysh massif and on the Tumuyassky char, the glacial relief forms are so fresh that they indicate the recent impact of glacial erosion. The landscape of these areas is characterized by stepped cirques, trough valleys, moraine ridges, and a large number of glacial lakes of various sizes are concentrated in the depressions. IN upper parts On the slopes at an absolute altitude of more than 1300 m, perennial firn snowfields and small residual glaciers are scattered. Currently, there are about 90 glaciers in the Kuznetsk Alatau with total area 6.8 km2. High mountain relief and modern glaciation in the Kuznetsk Alatau are located at the lowest absolute altitudes within the entire Altai-Sayan mountain region, which is due to both the more northern position of this territory and the very large amount of precipitation at the upper level of the mountains. On the tops of the Kuznetsk Alatau mountains, taskyls are widely represented - the summit surfaces of mountain ranges and massifs devoid of vegetation, covered with rocky placers and kurums. Currently, these accumulations of large stone blocks are slowly but steadily descending down the slope into the river valleys; the speed of movement of kurums in the Kuznetsk Alatau is 13–15 cm per year.

The rivers originating in the Kuznetsk Alatau belong to the basin of one of two rivers - Tom and Chulym. The main watershed of the Kuznetsk Alatau passes mainly between the basins of these two large tributaries of the Ob. The sources of the Tom are located in the southern part of the Kuznetsk Alatau, on its border with the Abakan ridge. From the western macroslope, high-water right tributaries flow into it: Belsu (length 83 km), Usa (179 km), the Verkhnyaya, Srednyaya and Nizhnyaya Ters rivers (95, 114, 110 km, respectively), the river. Taydon (110 km), etc. On the eastern macroslope, the rivers belonging to the Chulym basin originate - the White Iyus (together with the Pikhterek River - 224 km) and the Black Iyus (178 km). Northern part The Kuznetsk Alatau is drained by the Kiya (total length 548 km), Uryup and Yaya rivers, also belonging to the Chulym basin (the lower reaches of these three rivers are located outside the Kuznetsk Alatau).

Lakes are widespread in Kuznetsk Alatau. The largest of them (Big and Small Berikul) are located in the northeastern mid- and low-mountain parts. Near the main watershed of the Kuznetsk Alatau there are more than 250 mountain-glacial lakes, lying at an altitude of more than 1000 m and having a depth of 50–64 m. Unlike other mountains of the Altai-Sayan mountain region, rain falls here more precipitation. The western slope of the Kuznetsk Alatau lies across the path of western moisture-carrying air currents. The amount of precipitation here is over 1000 mm per year, and in some places almost 2000 mm. Winter on the western slopes is extremely snowy and at an altitude of over 1200 m the depth of the snow cover reaches 3.5-4 m. The soil cover of the forest belt of the Kuznetsk Alatau is characterized by its homogeneity, large thickness of soil horizons and soil profiles, fine clayey mechanical composition, stability of morphological characteristics soil The lower zone of soils is formed by light gray deep-podzolic soils of the Altai black soil, developed on cover non-carbonate clays and distributed from an altitude of 200-300 m above sea level. m. In the upper zones of the mountains, mountainous slightly podzolic soils are developed, characterized by an acidic reaction in the upper part of the profile, light color, the presence of litter and insignificant accumulation of humus. In the high-mountain belt there are small areas of mountain-tundra and, somewhat more often, mountain-meadow soils. Steep slopes are almost completely devoid of soil cover.

Salair Ridge occupies the northwestern edge of the Altai-Sayan mountainous country and borders the Kuznetsk basin from the west. Morphologically, it represents an uplift that has almost lost the features of a mountain system. There are no high mountain ranges here, and the relative excess of the watershed line over the adjacent flat areas is only 200-300 m. However, the Salair Ridge has the significance of a climatic barrier; many rivers originate within its boundaries, and in its origin it is closely related to the Altai-Sayan mountain system. The average heights of Salair range from 420-470 m above sea level. m., but some hills reach a slightly higher height (up to 600 m).

Salair can be subdivided into four morphological units: 1) a gentle and long western slope, 2) a plateau, 3) a shorter and dissected eastern slope and 4) an extreme south-eastern part, which ends with a series of ledges towards the Kuznetsk Basin. In the Salair Ridge, the amount of precipitation is 20-30% more than on the neighboring plains. Despite its relatively low altitude, it is a climatic barrier standing in the way of humid westerly winds. The western slopes receive about 500 mm of precipitation per year in the north, up to 800 mm in the south, while at the foot of the eastern slopes the amount drops to 400 mm. The average temperature in July ranges from 15 to 18°C, in January - from -16 to -20°C. The duration of the growing season is about 145 days. Snow cover in winter it reaches a height of more than 1 m.

The Salair rivers belong to the Ob basin. Tributaries of the Ini flow down its eastern slope, and the rivers of the western slope belong to the Berdi and Chumysh systems. The soil cover in most of Salair is quite monotonous due to the predominance of deep podzolic soils of the taiga, but along the eastern edge, in the transition zone to the Kuznetsk Basin, a wide variety of soils is observed. Here, along with slightly podzolic soils of taiga formations, there are gray forest soils forest-steppe and podzolized chernozems, in some places directly, almost without transitions, adjacent to the deep podzolic soils of the taiga. Deep podzolic soils of Salair are characterized by a gray color, a clearly defined structure, and gradual transitions from one genetic horizon to another.

Mountain Shoria stands out as an independent geomorphological region as a transitional step from the low mountains of Salair and the leveled spaces of the Kuznetsk Basin to the mountainous regions of Altai. Here the southwestern spurs of the Kuznetsk Alatau, the Abakan Range, southern Salair and northeastern Altai meet. Within this territory there are almost no linearly elongated mountain ranges. It is dominated by short massifs of varying lengths, very different from each other in height. Between them lie relatively narrow depressions along which the rivers have carved their valleys. The highest relative heights and stronger dissection are characteristic of the northern and central parts Mountain Shoria.

In the central part of the region, the Shorsky ridge stretches from southwest to northeast. In the middle part of the ridge there is a group of alpine peaks, among which Mount Mustag (Pustag) stands out - 1570 m. As you move south, the relief noticeably smoothes out, softly outlined low mountains with gentle slopes, wide river valleys and shallow depressions - “falls” - begin to predominate. – along the flatter parts of watersheds. Maximum absolute elevations on the territory of Gornaya Shoria: Mount Patyn (1628 m), located between the Tom, Mrassu and Abakan rivers.

The hydrographic network is well developed. The main rivers - Kondoma and Mrassu - are the left tributaries of the Tom. The condoma originates on the Biysk Griva. Its valley is well developed, and already below Tashtagol the river acquires a well-developed meadow terrace. The river meanders rather bizarrely, and in some places the terrace is compressed by steeply approaching mountains, and therefore the meadow sectors of the floodplain are located alternately on both banks of the river. The remaining large rivers (the main tributaries of the Kondoma and the rivers of the Mrassu basin) have developed valleys only in the lower reaches: they originate from mountain peaks, and in the upper and middle reaches they have a completely mountainous character. Tributaries of the Kondoma - the rivers Mundybash, Telbes, Big Taz, as well as a tributary of Mrassu - Big Unzas, originate from Mount Mustag. One of the main sources of their food is mountain swamps. Typically, these rivers, which are full of water in conditions of high rainfall, quickly change their level during periods of low rainfall and during snowmelt. River valley The river is quite spacious in the lower reaches, but upstream it quickly narrows and almost does not form meadow areas. Often it is compressed by massifs of approaching mountains, turning in places into rapids ledges. Most major tributaries Mrassu - Big Unzas, Orton, Kabyrza, Pyzas.

In Gornaya Shoria, as well as on the western slope of the Kuznetsk Alatau, 800-1500 mm of precipitation falls. At moistened altitudes of 300-400 m, the snow height reaches 2 m. Numerous through valleys and low saddles of passes are produced by denudation in easily eroded rocks. All these features, as well as the disunity of mountain ranges, the predominance of wide depressions, and the severe destruction of ancient denudation surfaces sharply separate Mountain Shoria. The Kuznetsk depression is a vast intermountain trough, above which the Kuznetsk Alatau and Salair fall steeply. The basin is composed of continental deposits: sandstones, conglomerates, etc. They alternate with layers coal over 10 km thick and covered with a mantle of Quaternary loess-like loams several tens of meters thick. By the nature of the relief, the Kuznetsk depression is a weakly dissected plain with slight fluctuations in relative heights and a general slope from the south (from the border with Gornaya Shoria) to the north. In the southern part the absolute heights are about 450 m, in the northern part - 250 m.

In the eastern part, the flat nature of the basin is sharply disrupted by a “ring” of low mountains composed of Mesozoic basalts. Geologically, these uplifts make up parts of the so-called. "Melaphyre Horseshoe". The Karakansky ridge is quite clearly expressed in the relief - an almost linear low-mountain rise with absolute heights of 350–486 m and a relative excess over the adjacent areas of the basin of 150–220 m. The ridge stretches from northwest to southeast for about 25 km, having a width of 1. 0–1.5 km. The southwestern slope of the ridge is steep (from 25–30 in the upper part to 10–12 at the foot) and short (300–450 m). The northeastern slope is longer (450–850 m) and gentle, smoothly merging into the adjacent plain. To the north is the gently sloping and therefore less pronounced Taradanovsky ridge (maximum absolute height - 488 m). On the right bank of the Tom, the continuation of the Taradanovsky ridge is a rather high (in some places above 700 m) sharp sublatitudinal ridge - the Saltymakovsky ridge. The southern continuation of the Saltymakovsky ridge is considered to be the Kaylot Mountains, dissected by the right tributaries of the Tom into a number of isolated hills. Finally, most southern part The “melafyre horseshoe” is the Abinsky Mountains (maximum absolute height 565 m), located sublatitudinally on both sides of the Tom Valley. The southwestern edge of the basin is occupied by the Kondomo-Chumysh depression, an accumulative plain that stands out well against the background of the prevailing dissected topography of the southern part of the basin. This gently rolling plain is slightly dissected by the valleys of the Kondoma and Chumysh tributaries. In the west and east, the depression is quite sharply delimited from the low mountains of Salair and Mountain Shoria, and in the north it gradually merges with the West Siberian Plain. The dense but shallow erosional dissection of the surface of the Kuznetsk Basin is created by a network of small valleys and gullies separated by gently sloping, narrow interfluves.

The main surface area is made up of long, gently sloping slopes towards the valleys. The development of coal deposits and the development of powerful metallurgical complexes have to date led to such a deep technogenic transformation of the Kuznetsk Basin topography that the retrospective of the latter, in areas of industrial and economic agglomerations, has become almost impossible. Therefore, the types of relief identified and described above occur only in those areas of the basin that were not subjected or were minimally subjected to technogenic pressure. The climate of the basin is continental and generally corresponds to the Salair regions of the West Siberian Plain. The differences lie in slightly smaller amplitudes of temperature fluctuations, more precipitation (350-550 mm) and a slightly longer growing season. The average July temperature in the Kuznetsk Basin is 18-19°C. Low values ​​of minimum air temperature are observed when continental Arctic air invades from the north. The average minimum is negative from October to April. The lowest values ​​(-23.8°C) occur in January. But in some years the air temperature dropped to -50°C. A fairly dense river network is developed on the territory of the basin. Most of the rivers belong to the river basin. Ob (Tom, Kondoma, Chulym, Inya, etc.). The rivers are fed by atmospheric precipitation. However hydrographic network and the hydrological regime of the rivers of the basin are significantly disrupted due to active coal mining in the area.

The Kuznetsk Basin is dominated by leached and slightly degraded rich loamy chernozems with a good granular structure. Humus accumulates mainly in the upper part of the profile. In this regard, with an average thickness of chernozem soils of about 100-110 cm, the thickness of the humus horizon does not exceed 40-45 cm, but the humus content in it reaches 14%.

Head lab. Industrial Botany IEC SB RAS, Doctor biological sciences Yu.A. Manakov

Flora and vegetation of the Kemerovo region

Flora higher plants The region represents 1585 species belonging to 506 genera and 125 families. Largest area occupied by forests that belong to three formations: light coniferous (larch and pine), dark coniferous (cedar, black taiga, riverine spruce forests), deciduous forests (birch, birch-aspen, riverine). Siberian pine forests grow from 400 m above sea level to the upper limit of forest vegetation distribution (1800 m above sea level) and are represented by a large number of forest types. The floristic diversity of these forests is small. These forests are characterized by the presence of blueberries, lingonberries, and wild garlic is abundant. Unique to the region are the pine-fir, tall-grass and broad-grass forests of Mountain Shoria and on the western macroslope of the Kuznetsky Alatau ridge. The peculiarity of these forests is that in winter, under heavy snow cover, soil freezing does not occur, and a large amount of precipitation contributes to the rapid circulation of substances in the soil. In addition to cedar, the plantings include spruce, fir, birch, and aspen.

Bird cherry, rowan, viburnum, raspberries, and red currants are abundant in the undergrowth. The upper tier of herbaceous plants is formed by northern aconite, female common grass, blunt reed grass, and bracken. A large number of relict plants live here: forest shortleg, forest sedge, European hoofed grass and others. The absence of soil freezing determines the development of spring ephemeral flora, which is a decoration of the black taiga. Before the snow has melted, kandyk, corydalis, and anemones bloom; the projective cover of early flowering plants can reach 70–80%. They have a special place in black forests natural plantings Siberian linden, which is endemic and relict. The most extensive area of ​​linden forests (about 11 thousand hectares) is located in the watershed of the Bolshoi Tesh, Tamala and Kundel rivers. 23 types of tertiary nemoral relics are noted here. Birch forests are widespread in the Kemerovo region. Their basis is made up of drooping birch and white birch, as well as aspen. Very rarely the first tier includes pine and larch. The shrub layer of birch forests consists of willows, mountain ash, caragana bush, rose hips and many other species.

Floodplain forests are represented by willow thickets and forests of laurel poplar and, in some cases, black poplar. The meadows of the Kemerovo region are extremely diverse and rich. The most typical are grass-forb mesophilic steppe meadows. They are composed of tall grasses (urchin grass, ground reed grass), leguminous plants (meadow clover, meadow chin, single-paired pea) and a large number of forbs (rough cornflower, umbrella hawkweed, Asian yarrow), etc. Tall-grass subalpine meadows are unique to Southern Siberia. The height of some plants, such as dissected hogweed, northern aconite, variegated thistle and some other species, can reach up to 2.5−3.0 m in height. The alpine meadows of Kuznetsk Alatau amaze with the splendor of flowering plants, including ferruginous aquilegia, Altai violet, and Altai doronicum.

Swamps are most widespread east of the Bolshoy and Maly Berchikul lakes. The diversity of bogs can be grouped into three groups: sphagnum peat, reed and sedge bogs. In peat bogs there are thickets of cranberries, princelings, and sundews. Steppes are not typical for the region and are a rare intrazonal phenomenon on rocky outcrops, gravelly and sandy slopes in many areas. In most of the steppe core of the Kuznetsk Basin, the steppes have been completely destroyed as a result of both plowing and coal mining. However, in the remaining steppe areas there are typical steppe plants included in the Red Book of the Kemerovo region: Turchaninov's kopek, Siberian phlox, adonis pubescent and some others. Many species represented in steppe communities disappear from the flora after anthropogenic intervention, because they are not sufficiently tolerant to anthropogenic pressure and are not able to colonize other types of habitats.

Head Department “Kuzbass Botanical Garden” IEC SB RAS, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor A.N. Kupriyanov

Fauna of the Kemerovo region

The fauna of the Kemerovo region is very rich. It contains over 450 species of vertebrates and many thousands of invertebrates, among which we know the species composition of only individual systematic groups. Thus, in the Kemerovo region, the habitat of more than 60 species of dragonflies, 60 species of orthoptera, about 100 species of stink bugs, about 300 species of ground beetles, 90 longhorned beetles, 260 species of weevils, 150 species is known. day butterflies, 300 species of moths, 15 paper wasps, 27 bumblebees, etc. Every year in the Kemerovo region, species new to the region are found and new ones are discovered for science. Among vertebrates there are known: 73 species of mammals, about 325 species of birds, 6 species of reptiles, 6 species of amphibians, more than 40 species of fish and 1 species of cyclostomes. In terms of diversity of fauna throughout Western Siberia, we are second only to Altai. However, the zoogeographic division of the Kemerovo region is not as complex as the soil or geobotanical division.
From the point of view of zoogeography, the Kemerovo region entirely belongs to the Palearctic region of the Holarctic, which includes the entire territory of Siberia. Within the flat part of Western Siberia, the classical latitudinal zonation is clearly visible. Therefore, on the flat part of the Kemerovo region the following zones can be distinguished: forest, forest-steppe and steppe. Mountain landscapes have vertical zones: low-mountain black taiga, mid-mountain cedar-fir taiga, alpine, subalpine and tundra high-mountain zones with characteristic plant and animal complexes. The richness of the fauna of our region is also facilitated by the fact that the Yenisei-Kuznetsk meridional zoogeographic boundary, separating the fauna of Western and Eastern Siberia, passes through the territory of the Kemerovo region. This border runs from north to south along the right bank of the river. The Yenisei to the mountains of Southern Siberia, where it continues along the Kuznetsk Alatau, Mountain Shoria and further separates Altai from Tuva. For example, in the Kemerovo region, to the west of this line there live the red-cheeked ground squirrel, the hooded crow, to the east of it there is a long-tailed ground squirrel, and the black crow begins to replace the hooded crow.

In the world of invertebrates, the number of such examples increases many times over. The forest zone occupies more than two-thirds of the territory of the Kemerovo region. The fauna of the forest zone is quite homogeneous over many thousands of kilometers. Most of the vertebrate animals of the forest complex inhabiting the Kemerovo region are transpolearcts, i.e. distributed throughout most of the forest zone of Eurasia. Among these animals there are taiga species that rarely leave coniferous forests: lynx, wolverine, sable, flying squirrel, red and red-gray voles. Among the birds: black stork, capercaillie, hazel grouse, eagle owl, great gray owl, hawk owl, great owl, great owl, woodpecker, three-toed woodpecker, lesser spotted woodpecker, nutcracker, jock, taiga flycatcher, ruby-throated nightingale, blue nightingale, crossbills.

However, most forest species of animals are found in a variety of forests: in dark coniferous taiga, mixed and small-leaved birch-aspen forests. Among mammals, these include the largest animal in our forests - elk, as well as deer and roe deer. Of the predators: Brown bear, weasel, ermine, badger. The smallest and most numerous animals are found everywhere: shrews (common, medium, small, tiny, flat-skull, equal-toothed, tundra, dark-toothed), Altai mole; most bats: water bat, Brandt's bat, brown long-eared bat, two-tone leather, northern leather jacket; from rodents: wood mouse, common squirrel, chipmunk, East Asian wood mouse.

The avifauna of the forest zone is extremely rich: common buzzard, sparrowhawk and goshawk, common and crested honey buzzard, capercaillie, hazel grouse, tawny owl, great dove, clint, jay, blackbirds, nightingales, warblers, tits, bullfinches, crossbills, buntings, etc. reptiles associated with forest biotopes: viviparous lizard and common viper. Among amphibians – Siberian salamander, gray toad and a sharp-faced frog. Following humans, animals of open spaces penetrate the fields, hayfields, and residential areas into the forest zone - common hamster, harvest mouse, sky lark, as well as human companions - synanthropic species - house mouse and gray rat, house sparrow. People will leave, the fields will be overgrown, and these species will also disappear from the taiga.

The forest-steppe zone in the Kemerovo region occupies most of the Kuznetsk basin, surrounding its steppe core, and a wide strip in the northeast of the region within the Mariinsky, Chebulinsky, Tyazhinsky and Tisulsky districts. The forest-steppe does not have an independent fauna of vertebrates and consists of a community of forest and steppe animals. Forest dwellers stick to birch groves and river valleys, while steppe dwellers settle in meadows, fields and forest edges. Our forest-steppe is characterized by: roe deer, wolf, fox, badger, weasel, ermine, weasel, mountain hare, common squirrel, chipmunk, common hamster, voles (housekeeper, common, arable, narrow-skulled), field mouse, little mouse. In summer, many species of bats are found. The avifauna of forest-steppes includes about two hundred species of birds. Common kestrel, merlin, black grouse, quail, long-eared owl, rook, magpie, hooded crow, oriole, fieldfare, pied and gray flycatchers, coot redstart, bluethroat, stonechat and meadow stonechat, chaffinch, brambling, linnet, goldfinch, ordinary oatmeal.

The herpetofauna is widely distributed here sand lizard, common viper, sharp-faced frog. The steppe zone in the Kemerovo region is represented by Kuznetsk steppe. This remarkable natural formation occupies the core of the Kuznetsk Basin, adjacent to the Salair Ridge south of the river. Inya. The Kuznetsk steppe formed in the rain shadow of the Salair Ridge. It is located north of typical zonal steppes, is unique in many respects, but faunally very poor. In addition, over the past 200 years it has undergone massive anthropogenic impact, first plowing, development, planting of forest belts, and from the middle of the twentieth century, destruction due to mining. Currently, the Kuznetsk steppe exists nominally. It is represented by scattered fragments, preserved mainly on separate patches of land, inconvenient for use. Therefore, it is not surprising that many steppe species of plants and animals are included in the Red Book of the Kemerovo Region. Nevertheless, in the Kuznetsk Basin you can still find areas of feather grass, meadow and rocky steppes.

One of the most characteristic animals of the Kuznetsk steppe was the red-cheeked ground squirrel, which was almost completely exterminated in the early 1990s. The ground squirrel served as an important food source for many predators - all eagles, saker falcon, steppe kestrel, steppe polecat. Their numbers have sharply decreased; most are listed in the Red Book, like the red-cheeked ground squirrel itself. Today the Kuznetsk steppe is characterized by: forest-steppe marmot, common hamster, and common vole. Mountain hare and fox are common. Occasionally, the steppe mouse and the acclimatized brown hare are found. Birds: Skylark, Sky Pipit, Stonechat, Common Wheatear. Of the reptiles, the fast lizard gravitates towards steppe, meadow and forest-steppe biotopes. Only the southern steppe slopes of the valley of the Tom and Kondoma rivers are inhabited by the patterned snake and the common copperhead.

Tundra zone. In the Kemerovo region, alpine meadows and mountain tundra occupy very small areas on the tops of mountain ranges in Kuznetsk Alatau and Mountain Shoria. The fauna of mountain tundras and alpine meadows is very unique, but includes a very small number of species of animals and birds. From large mammals Only reindeer live here permanently. However, in the summer, deer and brown bears constantly come out to the alpine meadows and snowfields. Elk and roe deer rise into the zone of crooked forest, similar to the forest-tundra. A typical inhabitant of mountain outcrops and stone heaps (kurumniks) is the Altai pika. Among the birds, the permanent inhabitant of the highlands is the tundra partridge; in the summer, nesting birds include the crystal, Himalayan and Alpine accentor. Fauna of reservoirs and river banks.

In the fauna of the Kemerovo region there are many species of animals whose life is associated with aquatic and coastal ecosystems. Living conditions in water are more stable than on land. Reservoirs and coastal thickets provide animals with relatively stable living conditions, serve as an excellent shelter and breeding ground for many species of animals and birds, and supply them with food. At the same time, the attachment of these animals to water bodies makes them vulnerable to persecution by humans, destruction and pollution of water bodies. Among aquatic and semi-aquatic animals there are many economically valuable animals that serve as objects of hunting. All fish are, to one degree or another, objects of fishing. Therefore, it is not surprising that many semi-aquatic and aquatic species of animals are under threat of extinction. Lead a semi-aquatic lifestyle: insectivorous animals - shrew, otter, beaver, water vole. American mink and muskrat, acclimatized here, have settled everywhere. Among the birds, these are waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds: grebes, herons, geese, ducks, gulls, terns, waders, which nest in coastal reeds and thickets of willow grass. In the coastal cliffs, kingfisher, juled and shore swallows dig minks and nest. Of the reptiles, the common grass snake is closely associated with water bodies. Amphibians include the common newt, Siberian and lake frogs.

The world of fish is absolutely special. The Kemerovo region is located in the southeast of Western Siberia, at the junction of the world's largest West Siberian Plain and the huge mountain range of Southern Siberia. All rivers in the region belong to the Ob basin, and the Ob belongs to the Arctic Ocean basin. Despite its northern location, the fish resources of the Ob Basin are large and their quality is excellent. The Ob with its tributaries is one of the largest river systems in the world, and Kuznetsk land is part of this system. By area drainage basin The Ob ranks first in Eurasia and fourth in the world, after the Amazon, Congo and Mississippi. The Ob with its tributary the Irtysh is the fifth longest river in the world, after the Amazon with its tributary the Ucayali River, the Nile, the Mississippi with its tributary the Missouri River and the Yangtze. Over a third of the territory of our Kuznetsk Territory has mountainous terrain, so most rivers have a fast, mountainous character.

In the north of the region, through which the Great Trans-Siberian Railway, and in the Kuznetsk Basin the terrain becomes flat. Stormy rivers calm down, begin to flow slowly, bending smoothly and forming many floodplain lakes and oxbow lakes. These lakes and oxbow lakes are usually shallow, overgrown with a variety of aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation, although some of them can be quite extensive and reach a length of 3–5 kilometers. The diversity and number of fish depend on the nature of the reservoirs - their depth, flow, water composition, etc. And the general rule is that the more land water, the more fish. Our rivers in theirs upper reaches belong to salmon-type reservoirs. Their drop in height reaches 5 meters per 1 kilometer of the riverbed; the current speed is high; the water is clean, cold and rich in oxygen. The original inhabitants of such rivers are either excellent swimmers, such as taimen, lenok (uskuch), grayling, dace (chebak), gudgeon, river minnow, or those who like to hide at the bottom under stones: burbot, barbel char, sculpin gobies. In the middle reaches of the rivers (in Tom - from Novokuznetsk to Yurga, in Kiya - after reaching the plain, as well as in Chulym and Ina), the habitat conditions for fish become different: river valleys expand, the slope decreases, the flow speed drops, the water temperature increases, and the amount of oxygen dissolved in water decreases. This creates stable and favorable conditions for fish that are less demanding on water quality: pike, ide, roach, silver crucian carp, perch, ruff. Taimen, lenok and grayling migrate here from mountain rivers for the winter. Siberian sturgeon, sterlet, and nelma rise to spawn. This is where it starts life path these most valuable Siberian fish. Therefore, in the middle reaches of our rivers the species composition is much richer and there are more fish. But rivers of the whitefish type - flat, slow, full-flowing and at the same time cold - can be called the Tom river below the city of Yurga and the Kiyu river below the city of Mariinsk. They are even richer in fish. Whitefish, tugun, muksun, and peled enter the lower reaches of the Tom to spawn. Completely different living conditions exist for fish in lakes.

There are a lot of small lakes in Kuzbass and only one that can be called medium (Lake Bolshoi Berchikul). There are no large lakes at all. In Kuznetsk Alatau there are 65 high-mountain lakes with crystal-clear, transparent and icy water all year round. Most of them are very small, but deep, the so-called cirques, formed in mountain gaps - cirques. Streams that feed the right tributaries of the Tom, as well as the Kiya and Chulym, originate from them. Many of these lakes are very deep, up to 30–40 meters or more, and the deepest is Lake Srednetersinskoe, up to 80 meters. As a rule, they are devoid of aquatic vegetation; the surrounding snowfields may not melt even in July–August. Most of them have no fish, and only a few, such as Lake Rybnoe, located at the headwaters of the Upper Tersi, are inhabited by grayling, river minnow, barbel char and occasionally lenok. In Kuzbass there are about 800 floodplain lakes and oxbow lakes located in the floodplains of rivers. Along the Tom valley and its tributaries there are 215, along the Kiya - 176 (and almost all of them are located below the city of Mariinsk), along the Ini - 155, Yaya - 95, Uryup - 35, Chumysh - 5, along the Chulym valley within the Kemerovo region - 7 Floodplain reservoirs are characterized by significant fluctuations in temperature and oxygen conditions. In summer, the smallest of them get very warm, and in winter they freeze. Rotting of aquatic plants causes death phenomena. Death occurs when the oxygen content in the water drops significantly, and most fish die. Typically, freezes occur in winter, when a thick layer of ice prevents oxygen from entering the water. Only a few of our fish are adapted to such conditions. First of all, these are gold and silver crucian carp, tench, lake minnow, as well as the verkhovka and sleeper sleeper brought to us. In large and deep oxbow lakes you can find perch and pike.

At the northeastern slope of the Kuznetsk Alatau there are several lakes of continental origin, not connected with the floodplains of large rivers. These are Big and Small Berchikul, Big and Small Bazyr, Pustoe, Shumilka, Shchuchye, Utinoye and some others. The largest lake among them is Big Berchikul, 6 kilometers long and 3.5 kilometers wide. Maximum depth about 4 meters, but the predominant depths are 1.5–2.5 meters. This lake is characterized by a stable water level and a more constant temperature and oxygen regime. Big Berchikul is rich in fish. Perch, ruffe, pike, dace, roach, ide, silver and golden crucian carp, and tench live here. This is the only lake in Kuzbass where fishing teams used to work on a regular basis, catching fish with large seines using boats. In 1966–1968, more than 100 tons of fish per year were caught in Berchikul. The record year was 1967, when two fishing crews caught 128 tons of fish. After this, catches fell, but back in the 1980s, 40–50 tons of fish were caught here per year [Kondratyev, Buzmakov, 1988]. Since the 1960s, carp, carp, bream, pike perch, ripus, peled, and grass carp have been imported and released into the lake. The invaders grew, were caught in catches for some time, but then various reasons disappeared. Lake Maly Berchikul, located next to it, is shallow and heavily overgrown with aquatic vegetation. In 1968, with the help of a dam, the water level in it was raised, and now it is used as a feeding pond for growing carp, silver carp, and silver carp. In addition, Maly Berchikul serves as a nesting site for many waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds.

Lake Tanaevo is interesting for biologists (it has many names: Lake Tanay, Ata-Anai, Atanay, Tanaev Pond). It is only slightly smaller in size than Berchikul - more than 5 kilometers long and up to 3 kilometers wide. The maximum depth is 4 meters, but depths of 1–2 meters predominate. This ancient lake is located at the foot of the Salair Ridge, on the border with the Novosibirsk region. Its location between the steppe and mountains, dense thickets reeds and “floats” - floating islands of aquatic plants - it is very similar to the steppe lakes of Kazakhstan. Over the years, it became so shallow that by mid-summer there was almost no water left in it and a road was laid along its bottom. In the 1960s, they decided to restore the lake and dammed the Istok river flowing from it. Now it is a paradise for waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds: ducks, grebes, gulls, terns, but it is not rich in fish. Only small big-headed silver crucian carp and verkhovka are found there in abundance. It is interesting that to spawn, crucian carp en masse go from Tanai along the Istok River down towards the Tarsma River. Attempts to stock the lake-pond with carp and buffalo were unsuccessful. Such unsuccessful and costly experiments can be explained by insufficient knowledge of acclimators. Back in 1920, ichthyologist M.P. Somov proposed to classify European lakes according to their fish population and divided them into the following types. Karas lakes are shallow, abundantly overgrown with aquatic plants, with summer water blooms and warming up to 14–18 °C. In winter, they are characterized by a lack of oxygen, which causes fish to die. In such lakes only crucian carp live well, and in Europe also loaches. Tanaevo is a completely typical example of a crucian carp lake. Its oxygen regime is more favorable only at the confluence of the Istok River. It is clear that without any special measures, fish that are more demanding of the oxygen regime will not be able to live here.

Perch-roach lakes are also shallow, but less overgrown with aquatic vegetation; in summer, water blooms are also pronounced. In winter, fresh water enters these lakes from tributaries and springs, but in small quantities. In winter, the amount of oxygen drops to 1–3 mg per liter. In such lakes live perch, roach, silver carp, tench, pike, ruff, dace, and ide. Fish that are more demanding of oxygen do not live in them. Lake Bolshoy Berchikul belongs to this type. Further, in order of increasing oxygen levels, lakes are distinguished in winter: bream and pike-perch. They, having deep holes, are little overgrown with aquatic vegetation, and there is no death in them, since in winter the amount of oxygen is above 3 mg per liter of water. Everyone lives well in such conditions river fish, except for whitefish and salmon. Whitefish and salmon lakes (taimen, lenkov) have great depth, low temperature, the water is saturated with oxygen all year round. Finally, khayruz lakes (trout lakes in Europe) are mountainous, often located in the upper reaches of rivers near the glaciers, semi-flowing, with a rocky bottom and shores, cold and clear water. In Kuzbass these are several mountain lakes in the Kuznetsk Alatau. They also contain river minnow and barbel char. The lack of lakes in our region is made up for by man-made structures. A large number of ponds were typical for Kuzbass at the beginning of the twentieth century, before its industrial development. Especially many ponds were built in the Kuznetsk Basin. Here, most of the small and medium-sized rivers were blocked by dams. The natural fish population of most small ponds is poor: silver crucian carp, perch and settled in last decades Verkhovka But it also makes all the surrounding amateur fishermen very happy.

Head of the Department of Zoology and Ecology of KemSU, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor N.V. Skalon

Animals and plants of the Kemerovo region The project was carried out by students of the gr. NK - 21 Ovchinnikova Yu., Galinovskaya I. Head Gatikh N.V.

Dear Guys! We invite you to get acquainted with the amazing and diverse world of wildlife in the Kemerovo region. We hope that by working with the pages of this manual you will learn a lot of useful and interesting things. We wish you success!

Coniferous and deciduous forests More than half of the region's territory is covered with taiga forests. Crowns coniferous trees form a solid green tent. There are many clearings with tall grasses here. Such forests are called black taiga. Large areas in the north of the region are occupied by flat taiga. Damp and gloomy under the canopy of coniferous trees. The soil is mainly covered with a moss carpet. Light pine forests are common along the river valleys.

Along the slopes of mountain ranges and river valleys there are dark coniferous forests dominated by Siberian fir, aspen, Siberian cedar, Siberian spruce, warty birch, and shrubs. In the clearings and burnt areas there are many birch and aspen forests, various shrubs and grasses. Taiga forests are rich in nuts, berries, and mushrooms. Main tree species deciduous forests are aspen and warty birch.

Under its crown, the forest shelters and feeds many animals, birds, and insects. Its inhabitants are elk, deer, brown bear, sable, and common squirrel. Crossbills, nutcrackers, and woodpeckers protect the forest from insect pests.

Coniferous-deciduous forests The flora of Mountain Shoria is amazing! Representatives of the most ancient vegetation have been preserved among the black taiga deciduous forests Siberia: Siberian linden and more than 20 species of herbaceous plants, such as European undergrowth, fragrant bedstraw, European hoofweed, and woodland grass. Siberian linden forms small forest areas in the valleys of the Kondoma River and its tributaries, called “Kuzedeevsky Linden Island”.

Siberian mountain ash, caragana tree, and red currant grow under the forest canopy. Dense grass cover is common, usually with tall grasses. Near the Siberian linden you can meet the inhabitants of the black taiga: Siberian fir, aspen, Siberian cedar.

In the black taiga live the inhabitants of taiga forests: elk, chipmunk, and common squirrel. The Siberian mole digs tunnels underground, extracting earthworms and insects that inhabit the soil. Various birds nest in the crowns of trees and bushes. Among them are the oriole, Siberian redstart, rubythroat, fieldfare... Nuts, seeds of trees and herbs, berries and mushrooms serve as food for many animals and birds. Colorful butterflies are attracted to flowering plants.

Steppes and forest-steppes A significant area of ​​the region in the north and within the Kuznetsk Basin is occupied by forest-steppes. They consist of birch, birch-aspen forests and areas of meadow steppes. In the western part of the Kuznetsk Basin there are forb-feather grass steppes, the fertile chernozem soils of which are used for fields. In spring, the steppes are colored with the bright colors of flowering plants and attract many nectar-gathering insects.

In forest-steppes, under the canopy of trees, blood-red hawthorn, caragana bush, and Tatarian honeysuckle grow. The herbs of the steppes are rich. Here you can find Asian swimwort and spring adonis, wood anemone and flat-leaved eryngium, fescue and common warbler. Typical steppe plants are feather grass, fescue, slender-legged comb, and common wormwood.

The forest-steppes and steppes are inhabited by Siberian roe deer, fox, mountain hare, and steppe polecat. The inhabitants of the steppes cause harm to agriculture: the red-cheeked ground squirrel and the common hamster.

Plants and animals of the mountains As you climb the slopes of the mountains, you can see how the black taiga is replaced by the high-mountain cedar-fir taiga. Higher up, in the mountains, low-growing cedars and firs with flag-shaped crowns grow in small groups. Thickets of dwarf birch and gray willow shrubs alternate with subalpine and alpine meadows. Mountain tundras extend to the tops of the mountains, the rocky areas of which are covered with mosses and lichens.

The main trees of the high-mountain cedar-fir taiga are Siberian cedar, Siberian fir, and warty birch. Subalpine and alpine meadows are rich in various herbs: thick-leaved bergenia, cold gentian, Siberian columbine. In summer, these meadows cover the mountains with a bright and colorful carpet of flowering plants. On the rocky placers of the mountain tundra, low-growing shrubs of dwarf birch, gray willow, and Siberian juniper stand out.

Many animals have adapted to the harsh life in the mountains. Brown bear, deer, musk deer, and sable inhabit high-mountain taiga forests. The Siberian reindeer lives and feeds on mosses and lichens in the mountain tundra. Numerous birds live in the mountains.

Fresh water bodies The main source of water resources in the Kemerovo region are rivers. More than 21 thousand large, medium and small rivers flow through the region. The region's lakes are small, located mainly in the valleys of lowland rivers and on the slopes of mountain ranges. IN mountain rivers and lakes are inhabited by Siberian grayling, taimen, and lenok. Perch, pike, Siberian dace and other fish live in lowland rivers. Crucian carp and tench live in the river backwaters.

Along the banks of rivers in bushes, far from populated areas, you can find otter and American mink. Beavers build their huts along the banks of small rivers, and muskrats build their huts in reed thickets. The world of insects living in reservoirs is diverse: larvae of dragonflies, caddis flies, mosquitoes, mayflies. Adult insects have mastered the above-water air space well (for example, the water strider bug). The thickness of the water is cut through by beetles: the fringed swimmer, the great water-lover, and the common smooth-footed beetle. The shores of many lakes are overgrown with lake reeds, broadleaf cattails and other plants. Many birds nest here. Aquatic plants bloom beautifully: snow-white water lily, yellow water lily.

Nature conservation Nature is our home, a treasury of wealth, a supplier of raw materials and energy on Earth. But its wealth is exhaustible and often irreplaceable, which is why it is so necessary to preserve and protect it. The Red Book was created as a signal of danger that threatens rare and endangered species of plants and animals.

To protect nature in the Kemerovo region, the Kuznetsky Alatau Nature Reserve, the Tomskaya Pisanitsa Museum-Reserve, the Shorsky Natural National Park, 14 nature reserves and 2 natural monuments have been established.

Protected birds of the Kemerovo region 1. Saker falcon 2. Golden eagle 3. White-tailed eagle 4. Gray heron 5. Peregrine falcon 6. Osprey

Protected plants of the Kemerovo region

Questions and tasks What forests cover more than half of the territory of the Kemerovo region? Name the main tree species of deciduous forests. What birds protect the forest from insect pests? What kind of “island” is there in Kuzedeevo? What birds nest in the taiga of Mountain Shoria? Name the characteristic steppe plants. What animals live in forest-steppes and steppes? What plants can be seen on the rocky areas of the mountain tundra? What birds inhabit high mountain taiga forests? What is the main water resource Kemerovo region?

11. What fish live in mountain rivers and lakes? 12. What animals can be found along the banks of rivers? 13. What insect inhabitants of water bodies do you remember? 14. Name flowering aquatic plants. 15. What has been created to protect nature in the Kemerovo region? 16. Name the protected birds of the Kemerovo region. Check yourself!

Answers Taiga forests. Aspen and warty birch. Crossbills, nutcrackers, woodpeckers. "Linden Island" Oriole, Siberian redstart, rubythroat, fieldfare. Feather feather grass, fescue, thin-legged comb, common wormwood. Siberian roe deer, fox, mountain hare, steppe polecat. Dwarf birch, gray willow, Siberian juniper. White-tailed eagle, white-rumped swift, great tit, mountain wagtail, black-throated thrush, spotted pipit, capercaillie

10. Rivers. 11. Siberian grayling, taimen, lenok. 12. Otter, muskrat, beaver, American mink. 13. The fringed swimmer, the large water-lover, the common smoothed one, the water strider bug, the larvae of dragonflies, mayflies, caddis flies, mosquitoes. 14. Snow-white water lily, yellow capsule. 15. Kuznetsky Alatau Nature Reserve, Tomsk Pisanitsa Museum-Reserve, Shorsky Natural National Park, 14 reserves and 2 natural monuments. 16. Saker falcon, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle, gray heron, peregrine falcon, osprey.

Questions and tasks for young scholars What bird living in the Kemerovo region is called the “river eagle”? This tree is called the “four things” tree. Name the tree - a representative of the oldest vegetation of the broad-leaved forests of Siberia, which is found only in the Kuzedeev region. What is the name of the national park located in the Kemerovo region? What types of birch trees can be found in the region? Name the smallest deer that lives in our area. Is it possible to meet reindeer in the Kemerovo region? If possible, then where? Which steppe inhabitants harm the region's agriculture?

9. What animals were brought into the region from other regions of the country due to extinction? 10. The name of which flower, protected in the Kemerovo region, contains the name of a shoe? 11. Which butterfly, named after the ancient Greek god, is listed in the Red Book? 12. Does a “deaf” cuckoo live in the forest? Where can she be found? Check yourself!

Skop's answers. Birch. Siberian linden. Shorsky natural national park. Warty birch and silver birch. Musk deer. Yes. In the mountain tundra. Red-cheeked ground squirrel, common hamster. American mink, European beaver. Lady's slipper. Apollo. Yes. In the black taiga of Mountain Shoria.

That's all!

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

When creating the book, scientists added 124 species of animals to the list of protected animals. In 2012, the book was republished, and the list of animals that need protection was extended to 135. He talks about why our animal world is becoming poorer, which animals have disappeared forever, and who else can be saved. Nikolay Skalon, head of the Department of Zoology and Ecology, KemSU.

Threatened

Natalya Isaeva,« AiF-Kuzbass» : Nikolai Vasilyevich, why did it become necessary to publish the Red Book in Kuzbass?

Nikolay Skalon: The Red Book is a mechanism for saving rare species of animals and plants. For example, you cannot hunt for “Red Books.” Any removal from nature requires special approval. If an animal is included in the Red Book, this means that it is under threat to one degree or another.

It was precisely in order to stop the process of disappearance that in 1948 International Union Nature Conservation (IUCN) created the first list of rare animals, which was published on sheets of red paper, the so-called Red List. This is how the first Red Book appeared.

It included mainly large animals that were threatened with extinction on a global scale, for example, orangutans, gorillas, rhinoceroses, Sumatran and Javan subspecies of tigers, etc. Then national Red Books appeared, which began to include animals that, on a global scale, may many, but which are endangered in this country. This is how the Red Book of the USSR and Union Republics appeared. The first Red Book of the RSFSR was published in 1983. The creation of Red Books in Russian regions began after perestroika.

Our region differs positively from many others in that the regional administration annually funds monitoring of the situation. After the first edition of the Red Book, we went on expeditions for ten years, studied rare species, and acquired equipment. The result was the second edition of the Red Book in 2012, corrected and expanded. The list has grown, its composition has changed, because some animals were removed from there, others were added.

Saker bird of prey. Photo: From personal archive/Nikolai Skalon

In Kuzbass, mines and factories have been built for decades, even without the necessary treatment facilities. Environmentalists have been sounding the alarm for a long time. What is it like for animals in such conditions?

In Kuzbass there are animals that enter the region only at the edge of their range. We, of course, take them under protection. For example, desert quail. This is such a small insect, very interesting, which flies, jumps, and swims. He also sings songs, but we don’t hear them. Quails are mainly found in the deserts of Kazakhstan and Central Asia.

And so we found two places where they also live in our steppe regions. These are small salt marshes in the Promyshlennovsky district. Outside the region, nothing threatens it, but here, if these patches are destroyed, the quail will disappear. Or, for example, we have two species of earthworms - Eizenia Salair and Eizenia Malevich. They were found in only one place - in the Novokuznetsk region on the left bank of the Chernovaya Naryk River near the former village of Zhernovo.

Photo: Now the threat of destruction hangs over them. And this is connected with the work of coal miners. In violation of the law, they were given permission to create another mine in this place, and now the Zhernovskaya-Glubokaya mine is being built there. I don’t know which of the Rosprirodnadzor specialists worked on this issue, but all the papers were signed. Kemerovo scientists knew nothing about this. The owner of the future mine is far away.

As far as I know, the mine should supply the Lipetsk Metallurgical Plant. Representatives of the owner say that they have already invested more than 300 million rubles in construction. Naturally, they don’t want to lose money. Therefore, the issue of creating even a very small reserve here to save relict animals is very difficult to resolve.

And when it becomes known about their extinction, it will certainly attract the attention of the environmental community and cause a scandal not even at the Russian, but at the international level. And with the excuse that an extra 10 million tons of coal were mined and sold at this site, they will look at us as greedy savages. We will lose not only an animal species, but a unique gene pool. This is a universal value that cannot be restored. There are no such earthworms anywhere else in the world, except along Chernovoy Naryk on the border of the Novokuznetsk and Prokopyevsky districts.

Polar owl. Photo: From personal archive/Nikolai Skalon

Who can no longer be saved?

Nikolay Skalon was born in Irkutsk in 1956. In 1975, he and his family moved to Kemerovo, where in 1978 he graduated from the Faculty of Biology of Kemerovo State University. Since 2001 – Head of the Department of Zoology and Ecology at KemSU, Professor. Editor of the Red Book of the Kemerovo Region. Member of the Public Chamber of the Kemerovo Region.- The Red Book has existed for 16 years. What animals disappeared forever during this time?

In 2000, we included the otter in the Red Book of game animals. In the 1990s. its numbers were rapidly declining. Fortunately, over the 12 years while we were working on the new edition of the book, otters multiplied and have now become common in the taiga rivers of Kuzbass. I think that if the situation continues to develop this way, the otter could be completely removed from the Red Book.

There is also an opposite example. Older people remember that red-cheeked ground squirrels used to live throughout the Kuznetsk steppe. They were considered enemies Agriculture, eating grain (although gophers do not eat grain). It’s convenient to blame all sorts of problems on animals. Why was little grain collected? The gophers ate it. What about the shortage of livestock? The wolves are to blame. There are no fish - the seagulls have eaten...

The leather is two-tone. Photo: From personal archive/Nikolai Skalon In the late 1970s. microbiologists from Novosibirsk decided to help with the extermination of red-cheeked ground squirrels and developed a special strain of salmonellosis against them. As a result, in most of their range, these gophers, which lived happily even under mammoths and woolly rhinoceroses, became extinct.

In Kuzbass, this happened in just two years - from 1990 to 1992. But rare and valuable birds of prey - all eagles, saker falcons and others - fed on gophers. Now these predators, left without food, have become very rare and are also listed in the Red Book. In 2000, we included the red-cheeked ground squirrel on the list of candidates for the Red Book, but the animals were unable to recover.

The remaining animals are actively pursued by people. At the same time, by engaging in this harmful activity, they probably believe that they are helping the national economy. The gullible animals are hunted by all village and stray dogs, as well as ferrets and foxes. In 2012, gophers moved to the pages of our Red Book with category 1 (endangered species). In Kuzbass, one species of fish has already completely disappeared.

This is a tugun, or mannerka, a very valuable whitefish that lived in Tom. We haven't seen him for half a century. Our musk deer is on the verge of extinction. This is a small deer. It is noteworthy that the male musk deer does not have horns, but does have long, thin fangs. In the past, this animal was common in the taiga of Mountain Shoria. People actively hunted for it, as a result it was practically gone.

Photo: press center of the Kuznetsky Alatau Nature Reserve - The black stork, osprey, and falcon are listed in the Red Book. Were these birds once common among us or were they migratory?

Quite a lot of birds are listed in the Red Book of Kuzbass, for example, almost all falcons: peregrine falcon, saker falcon, gyrfalcon, steppe kestrel, merlin and falcon; every single one of them was eagles, swans, even flamingos. Although the flamingo doesn’t live with us,... But we have a black stork.

It is listed not only in our Red Book, but also in the international and Russian ones. In the Kemerovo region, it nests in small numbers in the Kuznetsk Alatau and Mountain Shoria. It nests most successfully in the reserve, because, unlike its white counterpart, the black stork cannot stand being close to humans. Sometimes it is enough to approach a tree with a nest a couple of times, and the birds will abandon it.

Mostly large birds that are valuable to humans are listed in the Red Book. For example, white partridge. If before there was a lot of it and they were constantly hunting for it, now it has almost disappeared. The situation is similar with eagles. It is extremely difficult to restore their numbers. They mature late, are picky about choosing a place for a nest, are careful and raise only one chick per year.

If small birds hatch eggs for two weeks and feed the chicks for two weeks, then eagles hatch eggs for six to seven weeks and feed the chicks for another one and a half to two months. Since eagles are very visible, the likelihood that during this time someone will see the nest and climb into it is very high. People can damage both the eggs and the chicks, which is why the death toll of young eagles is very high. In general, the fact that an animal or plant is listed in the Red Book is solely human’s fault. Because if people did not interfere with nature, they would live and live peacefully for thousands of years.

The most interesting thing about the animals of the Kemerovo region: The smallest deer is the musk deer (weight 15 kg) The largest cat is the lynx (weighs up to 30 kg and is about a meter long) The largest deer is the elk (its height at the withers is about two meters) The most interesting about the animals of the Kemerovo region: The smallest deer is the musk deer (weight 15 kg) The largest cat is the lynx (weighs up to 30 kg and is about a meter long) The largest deer is the elk (its height at the withers is about two meters)

Rare animals in the Kemerovo region Wolverine - 70 Wolf - 114 Lynx - 290 Maral Rare animals in the Kemerovo region Wolverine - 70 Wolf - 114 Lynx - 290 Maral - 570

The most common animals in the Kemerovo region Squirrel - Hare - Fox - 2800 Elk The most common animals in the Kemerovo region Squirrel - Hare - Fox - 2800 Elk

History of the Red Book The Red Book is an annotated list of rare and endangered animals, plants and fungi. Red books come in various levels - international, national and regional. Year of publication The Red Book is an annotated list of rare and endangered animals, plants and fungi. Red books come in various levels - international, national and regional. Year of publication 1966.

Red Book of the Kemerovo Region The Red Book of the Kemerovo Region was created in 2000. It consists of two parts: The Red Book of the Kemerovo Region was created in 2000. It consists of two parts: 1. The main part (animals that are in danger of extinction from the fauna of Kuzbass). 2. Appendix (candidates listed in the Red Book) Animals of the Red Book are divided into several categories.

PROTECTED ANIMALS Systematic groups of animals 1. Mammals 2. Birds 3. Amphibians and reptiles 4. Fish 5. Insects 6. Other invertebrates Number of species listed in the Red Book

Otter Body length 7090 cm, tail 4050 cm, weight 610 kg. The head is relatively small, smoothly transitioning into a long thick neck. The ears are small, barely protruding from the fur. The ears and nostrils are equipped with special valves that close them when immersed in water. The tail is strong, thick at the base, tapering towards the end, covered short hair. The paws are shortened, five-fingered, the toes along the entire length are connected by a wide swimming membrane. The soles are bare. The fur is close-fitting and short. Body length 7090 cm, tail 4050 cm, weight 610 kg. The head is relatively small, smoothly transitioning into a long thick neck. The ears are small, barely protruding from the fur. The ears and nostrils are equipped with special valves that close them when immersed in water. The tail is strong, thick at the base, tapering towards the end, and covered with short hair. The paws are shortened, five-fingered, the toes along the entire length are connected by a wide swimming membrane. The soles are bare. The fur is close-fitting and short.

Musk deer Body length up to 1 m, tail 46 cm, height at withers up to 70 cm; weight kg. The hind legs are disproportionately long, so the sacrum of a standing musk deer is 510 cm higher than the withers. The tail is short. Body length up to 1 m, tail 46 cm, height at withers up to 70 cm; weight kg. The hind legs are disproportionately long, so the sacrum of a standing musk deer is 510 cm higher than the withers. The tail is short. There are no horns. Males have long, curved fangs protruding 79 cm from under the upper lip; serve as a tournament weapon. They also have an abdominal gland that produces musk. There are no horns. Males have long, curved fangs protruding 79 cm from under the upper lip; serve as a tournament weapon. They also have an abdominal gland that produces musk.musk The musk deer's fur is thick and long, but brittle. The color is brown or brown. Young animals have fuzzy light gray spots scattered on their sides and back. The musk deer's fur is thick and long, but brittle. The color is brown or brown. Young animals have fuzzy light gray spots scattered on their sides and back.

Black stork Large bird (wingspan more than one and a half meters). The color is contrasting: the top is black with a greenish tint, the belly is white. The beak, legs and eye ring are red. Young birds have a black beak and greenish legs. Large bird (wingspan more than one and a half meters). The color is contrasting: the top is black with a greenish tint, the belly is white. The beak, legs and eye ring are red. Young birds have a black beak and greenish legs.

Whooper swan Snow-white plumage is very lush, thick, with a lot of delicate fluff. The body is elongated, the neck is equal in length to the body. The frenulum and base of the beak are yellow or yellow-orange, the end of the beak is black. Legs are short and black. The tail is rounded. The snow-white plumage is very lush, thick, with a lot of delicate fluff. The body is elongated, the neck is equal in length to the body. The frenulum and base of the beak are yellow or yellow-orange, the end of the beak is black. Legs are short and black. The tail is rounded.

Golden Eagle A large eagle, the body length of which reaches 1 m, the wingspan is about 2 m. The color is brown, almost uniform, in young birds with light streaks. The top of the head and the back of the neck in adult birds are colored a lighter reddish-golden color, which is not the case in juveniles. Young birds have a white base of the tail and a light longitudinal stripe along the middle part of the wing; With age, the light coloring of both almost disappears, but most often not completely. A large eagle, the body length of which reaches 1 m, the wingspan is about 2 m. The color is brown, almost uniform, in young birds with light streaks. The top of the head and the back of the neck in adult birds are colored a lighter reddish-golden color, which is not the case in juveniles. Young birds have a white base of the tail and a light longitudinal stripe along the middle part of the wing; With age, the light coloring of both almost disappears, but most often not completely.

Water Crake A small bird about the size of a starling. Body length 1820 cm. The male has most of the head, abdomen and chest slate-gray. The dorsal side is olive-brown, with wide longitudinal black and several light stripes along the back. The back half of the sides of the body has transverse whitish-ochre stripes. The undertail is black, with wide white stripes and spots. The tail is dark brown, with olive-brown edges. A small bird the size of a starling. Body length 1820 cm. The male has most of the head, abdomen and chest slate-gray. The dorsal side is olive-brown, with wide longitudinal black and several light stripes along the back. The back half of the sides of the body has transverse whitish-ochre stripes. The undertail is black, with wide white stripes and spots. The tail is dark brown, with olive-brown edges.