Armenia is rich in ore minerals. Of industrial importance are ores of non-ferrous and ferrous metals, rock salt, bentonite clays, perlites, refractory clays, diatomites, travertines, pumice, tuffs and tuff lavas, basalts, granites, andesites, andesite-basalts, marble, marble limestones, etc. Industrial accumulations have been discovered semi-precious and ornamental stones (agate, amethyst, turquoise, jasper, obsidian). Reserves of ores and metals are confirmed for 20 deposits: three - copper, six - molybdenum, five - polymetallic (lead, zinc, etc.), four - gold, two - iron (2002). Most deposits are represented by complex ores - copper-molybdenum or gold-polymetallic:
Major mineral resources of Armenia as of 1998-99
Minerals | World share, % |
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Confirmed | ||||
Other types of minerals
Iron ore deposits are located in the central, northern and south-eastern regions of the country: Abovyanskon (Kaputanskoye) with explored reserves of apatite-magnetite ores of approx. 244 million tons (Fe content 28%), Hrazdan magnetite ore deposit with reserves of 50 million tons (Fe content 32%), Svarantskoye deposit (Fe content 20%), and also in the north - Akhtala. The ore reserves of the Abovyan and Hrazdan deposits have been approved as mineral raw materials for the production of pure iron. At the Abovyanskoye field iron ore lies under a blanket of basaltic and andesite-basaltic lavas, the thickness of which is 50-180 m. These rocks have been explored in detail, and reserves of 64 million m³ have been approved as Construction Materials. Special steels and alloys from the ore of the Hrazdan deposit are characterized by very high properties, which is explained by the exceptional purity of the ores and the presence of a number of rare earth elements. The deposit has favorable conditions For open source development: the ore body is represented by a gently inclined sheet body, has direct access to the earth’s surface; when it is mined to the entire depth of distribution (up to 300 m), the average opening coefficient will be only 0.6 m³/t.
"Molybdenum." Armenia is rich in molybdenum ores. It holds 5.1% of the world's total and 7.6% of the world's proven molybdenum reserves. Armenia's molybdenum reserves are characterized by high degree concentrations, almost all of them are concentrated in the molybdenum-porphyry copper deposits of the Kajaran ore field (over 90%) and in the small Agarak deposit. The average content of molybdenum in the ores is low (about 0.03%), but the deposits are complex, open pit and located in a developed area. The large Kajaran hydrothermal deposit is a stockwork with veined-disseminated copper-molybdenum ores, which incidentally contain rhenium, selenium, tellurium, and bismuth. The approved reserves of the field will allow for further development work for more than 100 years. Other deposits: Agarak copper-molybdenum, copper deposits - Kafanskoye, Shamlugskoye, Alaverdi, Lichkskoye.
Gold and non-ferrous metals. Armenia is rich in gold deposits. The Shaumyan gold-polymetallic deposit is located within the Kapan ore field and is represented by a vein type of mineralization. The veins have a steep dip, thickness 1-5 m. Explored ore reserves are estimated at 15-16 million tons (2000). The main useful components in the ore: gold (average content 2.6 g/t), silver (50.0 g/t), zinc (2.4%), copper (0.6%), lead (0.15% Two other gold-polymetallic deposits - Lichkvak and Terterasar (near the Agarak copper-molybdenum plant) have vein ore bodies up to 3 m thick. The approved balance reserves of ore of the Lichkvak deposit are 3.4 million tons with an average gold content of 5.3, silver 32 g/t. The Terterasar deposit is smaller in scale (325 thousand tons), but is characterized by high quality ore (gold content 11 g/t). In the Syunik region there are a number of deposits and occurrences of non-ferrous and precious metals that may be of industrial interest. The Sotskre and Meghradzor gold deposits are exploited.
Among other deposits of non-ferrous and precious metals, the Alaverdi and Shamlug copper deposits, the Akhtala and Gladzor polymetallic deposits, the Armanik and Azatek gold-polymetallic deposits deserve attention. The largest of them is the reserve Armanik deposit, located 50 km from the city of Alaverdi; approved ore reserves are 15 million tons, the average content of useful components: gold - 0.84, silver - 11.0 g / t; copper - 1.08, zinc - 2.6, lead - 1.22%. The deposit is planned to be developed underground. The first three deposits are located in the north of Armenia and were exploited as part of the Alaverdi Mining and Metallurgical Combine. The ore bodies of these deposits are steep and gentle veins, ore-bearing zones and lenses. The balance of ore reserves at the Alaverdi deposit (2000) is 4.8 million tons (with an average copper content of 2.8%); at Shamlugsky - 4.5 million tons (August copper content 3.4%); at Akhtalsky - 1.3 million tons (August copper content 0.6, lead 1.7, zinc 4.5%).
Aluminum, barite. The country has industrial reserves of aluminum nepheline syenite, as well as barite with an admixture of gold and silver, deposits of lead, zinc, manganese, gold, platinum, antimony, mercury, and arsenic.
Rare earth metals. The rare earth metals found are bismuth, gallium, indium, selenium, thallium, tellurium, and rhenium. The state balance of Armenia takes into account rhenium, selenium, tellurium, bismuth, indium, gallium, cadmium. In ores and products of their processing there are: for ores of the copper-molybdenum formation - bismuth, vanadium, iron and titanium, scandium, platinoids, radiogenic osmium, for gold-polymetallic formation - germanium, antimony, arsenic and others.
Platinoids. According to preliminary data, the expected reserves of platinoids in the ores of the Kajaran deposit are about 130 tons. In addition, platinoids (0.1-1 g / t) were discovered in the black shale formations of Armenia.
Technogenic deposits of metals. An important raw material for processing is technogenic deposits metals Thus, in the ore enrichment tailings of the Kajaran copper-molybdenum deposit, vanadium turns into enrichment waste and magnetite concentrates. In the copper-electrolyte sludge of the Alaverdi MMC, the concentration of platinoids is: palladium - up to 60-90 g / t, platinum - 20-50 g / t, rhodium - 0.5-2.5 g / t.
Deposits of non-metallic minerals Armenia include different kinds natural stone - volcanic and felsic tuff, granitoid and carbonate rocks, basalt, andesite, marble, etc. Travertines are common. Among the semi-precious and ornamental stones, agate, jasper, amethyst, beryl, yakhont, obsidian, onyx, and turquoise stand out. Multi-colored volcanic tuffs and tuff lavas of the Artik type have found use as facing materials. Reserves of building stone (120 deposits in total) amount to more than 690 million m³, and facing stone (60 deposits) - 276 million m³ (2000). Among tuff deposits, Artikskoe stands out for its scale and high physical and mechanical properties (reserves 143 million m 3, Shirak region). Armenia has a large raw material base of natural mineral sorbents. Armenia has large reserves of perlite (160 million tons). Forecast reserves of perlite are determined in December. billion m³. The Aragat deposit of perlite, the Sarigyukh deposit of bentonites, the Dzhradzor deposit of diatomites, and the Noyemberyan deposit of zeolites are especially important. The approved reserves of the Aragat deposit are 85.0 million m³, the Sarigyukh deposit - 67.0 million tons, the Dzhradzor deposit - 1.0 million m³ and the Noyemberyan deposit - 12.0 million tonnes (2000). Of interest are deposits of natural light aggregates - volcanic slag and pumice sand. The reserves of these minerals are measured in many tens of millions of m³ and are characterized by high quality.
Armenians are a people whose roots go back to ancient times. Archaeologists and ethnographic scientists rank the Armenians among the descendants of those who inhabited ancient Urartu. Ethnic group modern population Armenia was formed by the following nationalities:
As well as other nationalities who were carriers of ancient Armenian culture and language.
It is also necessary to know that the territory of Armenia is modern map does not coincide with the outlines of the area that the great Armenian rulers owned. There is an opinion that at the peak of its development, Greater Armenia occupied a vast territory enclosed between the seas: the Black, Caspian and Mediterranean.
Armenia was a participant huge amount wars, and they became the reason that the composition of the population of the Armenian territories changed greatly with each of them. The peoples inhabiting Armenia assimilated with the Iranian peoples, representatives of the Greek people, speakers of Turkic languages, representatives Arab states and the Seljuk Turks.
As a result Turkish war Armenians, partly due to circumstances, found themselves in other countries, Europe was no exception. Now in modern world, in almost every state there is a community of Armenians, which is also commonly called the diaspora.
Migration of the population was also the reason that Mount Ararat, sacred to the Armenians, ended up outside the borders of their country. At a time when Armenia was part Soviet Union, in connection with industrialization and the beginning of construction of the century, a large number of The Russian-speaking population arrived on the territory of Armenia, in turn, the Armenians also dispersed throughout the vast territory of the USSR.
But, despite the many complex resettlement schemes and other processes characteristic of the development of society, the Armenian people have not lost their individuality; here, much attention is still paid to the traditions of the Armenian people, the characteristics cultural development, and the Armenian language is also highly revered.
Population structure of the republic
Armenia, despite the fact that it was a part of the multinational USSR for a long time, retained such a feature of its republic as a monoethnic population. Here, about 98% of the residents are Armenians. The remaining 2% include Russians, Kurds, Yezidis, Ukrainians, Assyrians, Greeks, and Georgians.
The official language of the state is Armenian. The urban population exceeds 64%. The largest number of residents is in Yerevan, Gyumri and Vanadzor.
The main religion is a variety of Christianity – the Armenian Apostolic Church. Muslims also live here.
Geography of population
Armenia is characterized by uneven distribution of the population across the territory of the state. This is due to the peculiarities of the country's terrain. The largest part of the people living in Armenia is concentrated in large populated areas and in the Ararat Valley. IN Lately emigration increased.
Natural conditions of Armenia
The country is predominantly mountainous. The main part of the country is located more than 1000 meters above sea level. The areas of plains between mountain ranges are insignificant. The highest point in the state is Aragats. Its height is 4095 meters.
The country is located in a seismic hazard zone, which negatively affects economic management. The territory is mainly located in the mountainous zone continental climate, which is characterized by unkind summers and frosty winters. The south of the country is located in the subtropics.
The soil is based on volcanic rocks. But due to the peculiarities of the topography, the soils are characterized by significant diversity. Chernozem and chestnut soils alternate here, steppe and semi-desert soils coexist with forest soils. In the mountains, the soils are mainly of a mountain-meadow nature. But all soils, without exception, need to be worked and introduced with various enriching substances, such as fertilizers.
Natural resources of Armenia
Armenia is rich in ore deposits, both ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Copper, molybdenum, gold-bearing, and iron-bearing mines are being developed. As well as deposits where zinc, lead and uranium are mined.
For the Armenian economy great value there are places where construction materials are mined, as well as deposits where semi-precious stones are mined.
An important role is also played by the so-called recreational resources, which make it possible to develop tourism and the health resort business in this country.
), copper sulfate, sulfuric acid etc. Among the union republics, Armenia ranks 2nd in the production of molybdenum concentrate and copper sulfate, and 3rd in the production of refined copper.
Armenia is provided with fuel through the import of natural and liquefied gas, fuel oil, etc., mainly from the Azerbaijan CCP and the regions of the North Caucasus. The capacity of all power plants is 3516 thousand kW (1980), incl. Armenian nuclear power plant 815 thousand kW, hydroelectric power stations 945 thousand kW; total production electricity in the republic is 14.3 billion kWh (1981).
Nature. Armenia is located in subtropical zone and occupies 1/12 of the northeastern part of the Armenian Highlands. The relief is represented by numerous, highly rugged folded-block mountain ranges, volcanic massifs, lava plateaus and intermountain depressions. Landslides are typical. About 90% of the territory lies above 1000 m above sea level, average height 1800 m. The highest point is Mount Aragats (4090 m), the lowest is in the Debed (in the northeast) and Arak (in the southeast) gorges - 350-400 m.
The Paleogene of the Yerevan-Ordubad zone is represented by thick (4-5 km) sedimentary-pyroclastic flyschoid, and in the Oligocene - complexes, in the Araks zone - a limestone-terrigenous complex up to 0.5 km thick, in the Sevan-Akera zone - thick (up to 5- 6 km) thick, and volcaniclasts of similar composition. In some places they contain copper-pyrite and polymetallic ores and deposits of various non-metallic ones. Molasses of the Middle Miocene contain powerful industrial deposits of rock salt. In the Upper Miocene - Lower Pliocene of the region, thick covers of andesite and andesite-dacite lavas and their pyroclasts developed (Kechutsky, Tsakhkunsky, Geghama, Vardenissky ridges, etc.). The Upper Pliocene is characterized by covers, flows and dolerites (age 3.5 million years), composing large fields within the Kars, Akhalkalaki, Lori, Kotai and Bayazet plateaus. Columnar units are characteristic of basalt covers. They are followed by thick covers and flows of andesites (Aragats, Arailer, etc.), dacites and subalkaline lavas (Ishkhansar, etc.).
The 4 cycles of recent volcanism known in Armenia appeared in the Lower, Middle, Upper Pleistocene and Holocene. In northwestern and central Armenia, basaltic andesite and, less commonly, dacite lavas and tuff lavas are developed, in the east and southeast - subalkaline and alkaline lavas (Syunik Highlands). About 550 Quaternary eruption centers have been identified. A separate class of Pliopleistocene volcanics consists of acidic rocks: liparites, perlites, and lithoids, forming extrusive and shields.
The intrusion manifested itself in many stages: during the Baikal tectonic era, the granite-gneiss Arzakan massif was formed, during the Hercynian - gray, pink and leucocratic rocks of the Lok and Arzakan massifs, during the Cimmerian - granitoids of the Akhpat, Koghb, Tavush, Tsav, Spitaksar, Takarlin massifs, during the Alpine - granitoids of Miskhano -Zangezur and Sevan-Akera zones. Copper-molybdenum, lead-zinc and gold-polymetallic mineralization is associated with granitoids of the Cimmerian and Alpine tectonic eras, with small Pliocene - apatite-magnetite (Kaputanskoe deposit), with subvolcanic and extrusive quartz porphyries and albitophyres of the Jurassic, Cretaceous and Paleogene - copper-pyrites and other ores.
Seismicity. Important role The submeridional Transcaucasian belt, as well as extended disjunctive sutures of the interzonal type, play in the structure of the region. Many of them coincide with the sources of earthquakes and volcanoes, mineral springs, travertine panels; they are associated with an increased heat flow. The seismicity of the Araks region of the Lesser Caucasus on a 12-point scale is estimated at 8 points, the Kura region - 7 points.
Hydrogeology. Armenia's resources are estimated at approximately 140 m 3 /s. Outcrops gravitate towards fault zones mineral waters(400 sources) with a total of about 1000 l/s. The water temperature in them reaches 20-42°C, occasionally 63-73°C. Temperature gradient from 1°/30 m (according to the depth of 3000-4300 m) to 1°/25 m.
In terms of reserves, Armenia occupies one of the leading places in the world. In the Kafan region there is the Kajaran deposit, which contains veinlet-disseminated copper-molybdenum ores containing associated rhenium, etc. The deposit is hydrothermal, confined to the monzonite intrusion of the northern part of the Meghri pluton. In the southeastern part of Armenia there is the Agarak copper-molybdenum hydrothermal deposit, confined to the same pluton. Copper ores of hydrothermal genesis of the Kafan deposit are represented by vein and veinlet-disseminated mineralization in Middle Jurassic volcanic rocks. In the north of Armenia, the Shamlugh and Alaverdi deposits of vein-type copper ores are known, occurring in Middle Jurassic volcanic rocks. Of the iron ore deposits, Abovyanskoye (Kaputanskoye) is known - 30 km northwest of Yerevan with proven reserves of apatite-magnetite ores of about 244 million tons (average Fe content 27.6%), Hrazdan magnetite ore deposit with reserves of 50 million tons (Fe content 32%), Svarantskoye deposit (average Fe content about 20%). Estimated reserves of rock salt in Armenia are estimated at several billion tons. The Avan rock salt deposit is a small section of the huge (about 800 km2) Yerevan salt-bearing basin, confined to the gypsum-salt-bearing strata of Miocene age; proven reserves of the field are more than 60 million tons, the entire basin is over 400 million tons.
Bentonite clays (over 70 million tons) were discovered in the Sarigyukh deposit, located in the Ijevan region. Clays are represented as a sheet-like body among volcanic rocks and subvolcanic intrusions of Upper Cretaceous age, due to the hydrothermal alteration of which they were formed. Clays have high adsorption properties. Deposits of refractory raw materials have been explored in the Shorzhinskoye deposit on the northeastern coast of Lake Sevan. The deposit was formed due to changes in serpentinized. The reserves of raw materials suitable for the manufacture of forsterite products are 20 million tons. Armenia has large reserves of perlite (160 million tons). The Aragats perlite deposit is located on the southwestern spurs of the city of Aragats, confined to the dome-shaped volcanic structure of Arteni of Quaternary age. Explored reserves of perlite (swelling coefficient from 9 to 16) are 24.1 million m 3. Forecast reserves are estimated at several billion m3. Among non-metallic building materials, a special place is occupied by multi-colored volcanic tuffs and tuff lavas of the Artic type, which have found application as facing material in the construction of buildings and structures. The Artik deposit of these minerals is located in the region of the same name; its area is over 250 km 2, the average thickness of the deposit is 6-7 km. In the explored area (10 km2), tuff reserves are 143 million m3. Travertines are widespread; their reserves, calculated only in a small part of the Ararat deposit (50 km south of Yerevan), amount to 250 million tons. There are deposits of marble.
Healing sites have been identified on the territory of Armenia, on the basis of which famous resorts operate: Hankavan, Arzni, Jermuk, Dilijan, etc.
History of development mineral resources
. The beginning of human use (flint, obsidian) on the territory of Armenia dates back to the Lower Paleolithic (500-35 thousand years ago). Flint and obsidian tools were used until the Early Metal Age. From the Neolithic era (6th-4th millennium BC), clays began to be widely used for making dishes and building houses, although the use of iron ore minerals (oxpa) for ritual purposes has been noted since the Stone Age.
During the Bronze Age (mid-4th - early 1st millennium BC), one of the most major centers for the extraction of copper ore and metal smelting. Medieval and modern have destroyed most of the earliest small funnel-shaped recesses and. However, there is some evidence that ancient developments concentrated in the regions of northern Armenia - the Alaverdi-Kirovok group of deposits (Alaverdi, Shamlugh, Akhtala, etc.), probably also the Antonovskoye, and in the regions of southern Armenia - the Zangezur group of deposits (Kafan, Kajaran, etc.). From the middle of the 4th millennium BC. BC may be being developed (Metsdzor, Solvartinskoe, and Daridag deposits on the territory of Nakhichevan ACCP), which were used as a master alloy in the manufacture of bronzes. For the same purposes, antimony ores have been mined since the middle of the 3rd millennium (possibly Angekhtun, Manaskert). A relatively large number of tin objects from the Lchashen burial ground, mid-2nd millennium BC. on the shores of Lake Sevan raises speculation about probable local ore sources of tin. Since that time, tin bronzes have become the dominant type of alloy. At least since the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. Iron ore deposits are exploited on a significant scale (probably Agartsin, Varazhnunik, etc.). At the same time, the exploitation of these copper ore deposits did not stop until the Middle Ages and modern times.
In the Middle Ages, the silver-lead Akhtala deposit, polymetallic deposits of Zangezur and copper deposits of the Alaverdi group were developed. The systematic development of the Akhtala, Alaverdi and Shamlug fields dates back to the mid-18th century. In 1760-70, the Akhtala and Shamlug copper smelters were built. During the invasion of Omar Khan of Lezgi in 1785 and Aga Mohammed Khan of Persia in 1795, the Akhtala, Alaverdi and Shamlug factories and mines were destroyed. After the territory of the Caucasus became part of the Russian state (early 19th century), specialized expeditions were sent there to study mineral resources. Since 1886 Joint-Stock Company The French Company of Akhtala Mines has resumed development of the Alaverdi and Shamlug copper deposits. In 1900, this company transferred its rights to the Caucasian Industrial Metallurgical Society, which had also leased the Privolninskoe polymetallic deposit since 1912, and since 1915 owned the Dragil-Zami and Gyumush-Magara polymetallic mines in Zangezur. The ore arrived in Alaverdi at the Manes plant. In addition to these deposits, in the 19th century copper and polymetallic deposits were intensively developed in southern Armenia - Agarak, Kafan, Pirdoudan (Kajaran), etc. Agarak, Pirdoudan, Qatar and Galidzor copper smelters were built. In 1847-67, 11 new copper smelters were built in Armenia (including 7 in Zangezur). In the 60s In the 19th century, Armenia occupied a leading place in the Transcaucasus in copper smelting (up to 99%).
Mining. The dynamics of production of some minerals in Armenia are shown in the table.
For the location of mining industry facilities in Armenia, see the map.
Industrial mining of non-ferrous metal ores. Raw material base for the production of copper and molybdenum concentrates are copper-molybdenum ores from the Kajaran and Agarak deposits, as well as copper ores Kafan and Shamlug fields. The Zangezur Copper-Molybdenum Combine has been operating on the basis of the former since 1952. The Agarak deposit has been in operation since 1963. Due to its small capacity, the Kajaran and Agarak deposits are developed by open-pit mining, Kafanskoye by both open-pit and underground mining, and Shamlugskoye by underground mining. Copper is mined in the Akhtala mine of the Alaverdi Mining and Metallurgical Combine, and enriched at the local flotation factory. More than 90% of the total non-ferrous metal ore production is mined. Excavators, heavy-duty dump trucks, and roller-cone drilling machines operate in the quarries. In underground work, complexes of self-propelled drilling, loading, and delivery vehicles are becoming widespread. In underground mines, a system with backfilling of mined-out space is used. Ball and rod mills are used, and large-volume ballless autogenous grinding mills have been introduced. The ores are enriched.
Industrial mining of non-metallic building materials is carried out on the basis of numerous industrial deposits of decorative stone - colored volcanic tuffs, perlites, volcanic slag, granites, andesites, diatomites, marbles, limestones. There are more than 50 mechanized and cement-slate, stone-processing, glass-porcelain-faience production enterprises producing wall and facing stones, processed porous natural aggregates, concrete and reinforced concrete products and structures, Portland cement, ceramics and glass. Large enterprises are the Production Association "Artiktuf", "Armglass", "Armmramor", the "Kirnerud" plants, the Nuritsky and Kirovakan stone processing plants, the "Anipemza" plant, the "Arachatsk perlite" plant, the Ararat cement-slate and Hrazdan cement plants, etc. Part of the products is exported to others economic regions CCCP, as well as foreign countries(perlite). Non-metallic building materials are mined by open-pit mining. For stripping operations, and are used. Extraction of stone blocks is carried out with, as well as by explosive methods. More than 50 types of products and materials made of natural stone are produced in Armenia, mainly used in the cladding of buildings. It is planned to increase the production of facing materials from natural stone, natural porous aggregates, cement, glass, ceramics and other products.
Mining of other minerals. The explored high-quality industrial reserves of iron ore of the Hrazdan and Kaputan deposits are the basis for the development of ferrous metallurgy. Significant reserves are promising for creating an industry of magnesia-forsterite refractories. Using local refractory clay, as well as imported raw materials, the Tumanyansky refractory brick plant operates. At the Sevan plant, electrical insulating fabric is produced from volcanic rocks. In the vicinity of Yerevan, large deposits of rock salts with a thickness of 150-700 m are being developed using borehole underground dissolution, as well as the mine method. Food Industry, the mined salt is consumed by the chemical industry. From bentonite clays, the Ijevan Bentonite plant produces raw materials for the oil and oil refining industries, metallurgy, Agriculture etc. From precious stones in Armenia, the association "Armquartz Gems" extracts turquoise (mainly 2nd grade) from the overburden of the oxidation zone of the Teghout copper-molybdenum deposit.
Along with mining, a large volume of underground construction is carried out in Armenia. In 1980, the construction of the unique Arpa-Sevan tunnel was completed; The first stage of construction of the Yerevan metro has been completed. Construction is underway railways, hydraulic and other tunnels.
Subsoil protection and land reclamation. Land disturbance is mainly associated with the extraction of non-metallic minerals, non-ferrous metal ores, and the construction of roads and gas pipelines. Significant areas are occupied by overburden dumps and tailings from processing plants.
The area of disturbed lands subject to restoration is 6449 hectares (1981); of which 3981 hectares are in operation, 2468 hectares are subject to reclamation. Agricultural reclamation is envisaged in these areas - the creation of arable lands (30% of the disturbed areas), hayfields (10%), pastures (25%), ponds for fish production (10%), and forest plantations (25%). Design work Land reclamation is carried out by the Armgoszemproekt Institute, their commissioning is carried out by special commissions under the district executive committees of the Soviets people's deputies with the participation of representatives of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Armenian CCP. Work is underway to use waste from the mining industry, and waste-free technologies. For example, metallurgical slag from copper production is used to produce cement, waste generated during the extraction of marble, basalt, and tuff is used to produce concrete and reinforced concrete structures.
Scientific institutions. Research in the field of geology and mining is carried out by: Geological Institute (founded in 1935, Yerevan) - problems of the Caucasus, patterns of distribution of non-ferrous and ferrous metal ores; Institute of Geophysics and Engineering (founded in 1961, Leninakan) - structural issues earth's crust, engineering seismology, seismic resistance of structures and earthquake forecasting, etc.; Institute of Stone and Silicates - study of physical and technical, physical and chemical properties natural stone materials and issues of their use in the national economy; Institute "Armniiprotsvetmet" (founded in 1953, Yerevan) - development, implementation of technology for the development of mineral deposits, issues of rational use of mineral raw materials, etc.; Yerevan Polytechnic Institute (founded in 1933) - research to improve the technology for developing mineral deposits.
Educational institutions and training. The training of engineering personnel for the mining industry is carried out by the mining and metallurgical faculty of the Yerevan Polytechnic Institute. It trains mining engineers for underground and open-pit mining of mineral deposits and mining engineers for the construction of underground structures and mines, mineral processing, engineering and technology. The faculty includes the departments of mining, geology and metallurgy. The Faculty of Geology of Yerevan University graduates specialists in various fields, incl. in geophysics, etc. The Mining College is located in Kafan.
· Types of metallic minerals · Other types of minerals · · Related articles · · Notes ·
Iron
Iron ore deposits are located in the central, northern and southeastern regions of the country. Known deposits:
- Abovyanskoye (Kaputanskoye) - explored reserves of apatite-magnetite ores amount to 244 million tons, the Fe content in the ore is 28%. At the Abovyan deposit, iron ore lies under a blanket of basaltic and andesite-basaltic lavas, the thickness of which is 50-180 m. These rocks have been explored in detail, and reserves of 64 million m have been approved as construction materials.
- Hrazdan - magnetite ores with reserves of 50 million tons. The Fe content in the ore ranges from 32 to 40%. Special steels and alloys from the ore of the Hrazdan deposit are characterized by very high properties, which is explained by the purity of the ores and the presence of a number of rare earth elements. The deposit has favorable conditions for open-pit mining: the ore body is represented by a gently inclined sheet body; has direct access to the earth's surface. When it is mined to the entire depth of distribution (up to 300 m), the average opening coefficient will be only 0.6 m/t.
- Svarantskoe - preliminary reserves are estimated at 1,500 million tons. The Fe content in the ore is 20%.
Molybdenum
Molybdenum deposits in Armenia are represented by copper-molybdenum ores. Armenia holds 5.1% of the total (inferred) and 7.6% of the world's approved molybdenum reserves.
The largest copper-molybdenum deposits:
- The Kajaran copper-molybdenum deposit is one of the largest molybdenum deposits in the world. The Kajaran deposit is a stockwork with veined-disseminated copper-molybdenum ores, which simultaneously contain rhenium, selenium, tellurium, and bismuth. Ore reserves in Kajaran are estimated at more than 1 billion tons. Reserves of pure molybdenum are estimated at approximately 550 thousand tons, pure copper - approximately 2.1 million tons. The molybdenum content in the ore is 0.055%, and copper - 0.21%.
- Teghout copper-molybdenum deposit - the predicted reserves of copper-molybdenum ore at the deposit are estimated at 450 million tons; The approved reserves of molybdenum at the field are about 100 thousand tons, copper - 1.6 million tons. The molybdenum content in the ore is 0.02%, the copper content is 0.4%
- Agarak copper-molybdenum deposit - the approved reserves of molybdenum are 9.6 thousand tons.
- Ankavan copper-molybdenum deposit - approved ore reserves are 110 million tons, molybdenum - 45 thousand tons.
Copper
Most of Armenia's copper reserves are concentrated in molybdenum-copper-porphyry deposits. Other copper deposits: Kafanskoye, Shamlugskoye, Alaverdi, Lichkskoye.
Gold and non-ferrous metals
Armenia is rich in gold deposits. In 2005, the estimate of gold deposits in explored gold deposits containing 15-16 million tons of gold ore (information for 2000) was about 268 tons. In 2009, 476,200 tons of gold ore were mined in Armenia, from which 25,000 ounces of gold (about 0.8 tons) were produced. In 2011, it is planned to produce about 150 thousand ounces (about 4.5 tons)..
Famous gold mines:
| Field | Approved gold reserves (tons) | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Sotskoye field | 97 | Located near the city of Sotk (early Zod). Ore bodies have gold contents of 6-8 g/t, 2 g/t and even 1 g/t. |
| Amulsar gold mine | 40 | Located 13 km from the city of Jermuk |
| Kajaran copper-molybdenum | 40 | Located near the city of Kajaran. Gold here is contained in ore dominated by copper and molybdenum |
| Shaumyan gold-polymetallic | Just under 40 | It is located within the Kapan ore field and is represented by a vein type of mineralization. |
| Meghradzor gold mine | 22 | Located near the village of Meghradzor |
| Armanis gold-polymetallic | 12 | The total area of mineralization is 1.8 km, the depth of ore deposits is up to 300 meters or more. |
| Tandjut gold-sulfur-pyrite | 8 | - |
| Lichkvak gold-polymetallic | Approved ore reserves amount to 3.4 million tons | Located near the Agarak copper-molybdenum deposit; has vein ore bodies up to 3 m thick. The average gold content is 5.3 g/t, silver - 32 g/t. |
| Terterasar gold-polymetallic | Approved ore reserves amount to 325 thousand tons. | Located near the Agarak copper-molybdenum deposit; has vein ore bodies up to 3 m thick. The ore is characterized by high quality ore (gold content 11 g/t). |
| Armanik gold-polymetallic | Established ore reserves amount to 15 million tons | Located 50 km from the city of Alaverdi. Average content of useful components: gold - 0.84, silver - 11.0 g/t; copper - 1.08, zinc - 2.6, lead - 1.22%. The deposit is planned to be developed underground. |
| Azatek gold-polymetallic | - | - |
In the gold ores of these deposits, the main useful components are: gold (average content 2.6 g / t), silver (50.0 g / t), zinc (2.4%), copper (0.6% ), lead (0.15%).
In the Syunik region there are a number of deposits and occurrences of non-ferrous and precious metals that may be of industrial interest.
Other
Polymetallic ores. Polymetallic ore deposits are located on the territory of Armenia. The main ones are the Akhtala deposit, which contains barite-polymetallic ores, and the Gladzor deposit (contains lead-zinc ores). Ore reserves of the Kapan polymetallic deposit are estimated at 1836.4 million tons. The gold content in it ranges from 0.37 to 1.68 g/t, silver - from 6.5 to 20.87 g/t, copper - 0.09 - 0.19%, zinc - 0.32 - 0.83%.
Aluminum, barite. The country has industrial reserves of aluminum nepheline syenites, and, in addition, barite with an admixture of gold and silver, deposits of lead, zinc, manganese, gold, platinum, antimony, mercury, and arsenic.
Rare earth metals. The following rare earth metals are found: tungsten, uranium, bismuth, gallium, indium, selenium, thallium, tellurium, rhenium. The state balance of Armenia takes into account rhenium, selenium, tellurium, bismuth, indium, gallium, cadmium. In ores and products of their processing there are: for ores of the copper-molybdenum formation - bismuth, vanadium, iron and titanium, scandium, platinoids, radiogenic osmium, for gold-polymetallic formation - germanium, antimony, arsenic and others.
Uranus. Uranium deposits have been discovered in Armenia. Their reserves are estimated at more than 100,000 tons. Deposits were discovered in the Syunik region, between the villages of Pkhrut and Lernadzor.
Platinoids. According to preliminary data, the expected reserves of platinum group metals in the ores of the Kajaran deposit are about 130 tons. In addition, platinum group metals (0.1-1 g/t) were discovered in the black shale formations of Armenia; they are of interest for industrial development.
Technogenic deposits of metals. Technogenic metal deposits are an important raw material for processing. Thus, in the ore enrichment tailings of the Kajaran copper-molybdenum deposit, vanadium turns into enrichment waste and magnetite concentrates. In the copper-electrolyte sludge of the Alaverdi MMC, the concentration of platinoids is: palladium - up to 60-90 g/t, platinum - 20-50 g/t, rhodium - 0.5-2.5 g/t.
Minerals of the Republic of Armenia
The depths of Armenia are rich in ore minerals. Ores of non-ferrous and ferrous metals, rock salt, bentonite clays, perlites, refractory clays, diatomites, travertines, pumice, tuffs and tuff lavas, basalts, granites, andesites, andesite-basalts, marble, marble limestones and others are of industrial importance. Industrial accumulations of semi-precious and ornamental stones (agate, amethyst, turquoise, jasper, obsidian) were discovered. Reserves of ores and metals are confirmed for 20 deposits: three - copper, six - molybdenum, five - polymetallic (lead, zinc, etc.), four - gold, two - iron (2002). Most deposits are represented by complex ores - copper-molybdenum or gold-polymetallic:
Major mineral resources of Armenia as of 1998-99
Minerals | Reserves | World share, % |
||
Confirmed | Are common |
|||
Gold, t | 7.1 g/t | |||
Copper, thousand tons | 6275 | 6540 | 0.29 (Cu) | |
Molybdenum, thousand tons | 0,033 | |||
Lead, thousand tons | 0.68 (Pb) | |||
Silver, t | 3000 | 3600 | 100 g/t | |
Zinc, thousand tons | 2.7 (Zn) | |||
Types of Metal Minerals
Iron ore The deposits are located in the central, northern and south-eastern regions of the country: Abovyanskoye (Kaputanskoye) with proven reserves of apatite-magnetite ores of approx. 244 million tons (Fe content 28%), Hrazdan magnetite ore deposit with reserves of 50 million tons (Fe content 32%), Svarantskoye deposit (Fe content 20%), and also in the north - Akhtala. The ore reserves of the Abovyan and Hrazdan deposits have been approved as mineral raw materials for the production of pure iron. At the Abovyan deposit, iron ore lies under a blanket of basaltic and andesite-basaltic lavas, the thickness of which is 50-180 m. These rocks have been explored in detail, and reserves of 64 million m³ have been approved as construction materials. Special steels and alloys from the ore of the Hrazdan deposit are characterized by very high properties, which is explained by the exceptional purity of the ores and the presence of a number of rare earth elements. The deposit has favorable conditions for open-pit mining: the ore body is represented by a gently inclined sheet body and has direct access to the earth's surface; when it is mined to the entire depth of distribution (up to 300 m), the average opening coefficient will be only 0.6 m³ / t.
Copper and molybdenum. Armenia is rich in copper-molybdenum ores. It owns 5.1% of the total and 7.6% of the world's proven molybdenum reserves. Most of the copper and molybdenum reserves of Armenia are concentrated in the molybdenum-porphyry copper deposits of the Kajaran ore field (over 90%). The second deposit of copper-molybdenum ores in terms of reserves is the Teghout copper-molybdenum deposit, which will soon begin to be exploited. There are also ore deposits in the small Agarak copper-molybdenum deposit. The deposits are complex, are developed by open pit mining and are located in a developed area. The largest deposit of molybdenum in the territory former USSR is the Kajaran copper-molybdenum deposit, which is developed by the Zangezur copper-molybdenum plant. The large Kajaran hydrothermal deposit is a stockwork with veined-disseminated copper-molybdenum ores, which simultaneously contain rhenium, selenium, tellurium, and bismuth. The approved reserves of the field will allow for further development work for more than 100 years. Other copper deposits: Kafanskoye, Shamlugskoye, Alaverdi, Lichkskoye.
Gold and non-ferrous metals. Armenia is rich in gold deposits. As of 2005, the estimated gold deposits in Armenia amounted to more than 268 tons. In 2009, 476,200 tons of gold ore were mined in Armenia, from which about 1 ton of pure gold was obtained. Soon it is planned to extract about 150 thousand ounces of gold per year on the territory of Armenia, which is about 4.5 tons.
The most large deposit gold on the territory of Armenia is the exploited Sotskoye gold deposit with gold reserves of about 120 tons. In second place in terms of pure gold reserves are two deposits: the Kajaran copper-molybdenum deposit, which also contains precious metal (about 40 tons) and the new Amulsar gold deposit (about 40 tons; it will begin exploitation presumably in 2011), and the third is the Shaumyan gold deposit. polymetallic deposit (just under 40 tons; located within the Kapan ore field and represented by a vein type of mineralization), the fourth is the Meghradzor gold deposit (about 22 tons).
The veins have a steep dip, thickness 1-5 m. Explored ore reserves are estimated at 15-16 million tons (2000). The main useful components in the ore: gold (average content 2.6 g/t), silver (50.0 g/t), zinc (2.4%), copper (0.6%), lead (0.15% ). Two other gold-polymetallic deposits - Lichkvak and Terterasar (not far from the Agarak copper-molybdenum plant) have vein ore bodies up to 3 m thick. The approved balance reserves of ore of the Lichkvak deposit are 3.4 million tons with an average gold content of 5.3, silver 32 g/t. The Terterasar deposit is smaller in scale (325 thousand tons), but is characterized by high quality ore (gold content 11 g/t). In the Syunik region there are a number of deposits and occurrences of non-ferrous and precious metals that may be of industrial interest.
The Armanik and Azatek gold-polymetallic deposits also deserve attention. The largest of them is the reserve Armanik deposit, located 50 km from the city of Alaverdi; approved ore reserves amount to 15 million tons, the average content of useful components: gold - 0.84, silver - 11.0 g/t; copper - 1.08, zinc - 2.6, lead - 1.22%. The deposit is planned to be developed underground. The first three deposits are located in the north of Armenia and were exploited as part of the Alaverdi Mining and Metallurgical Combine. The ore bodies of these deposits are steep and gentle veins, ore-bearing zones and lenses. The balance of ore reserves at the Alaverdi deposit (2000) is 4.8 million tons (with an average copper content of 2.8%); for Shamlugskoe - 4.5 million tons (copper content 3.4%); for Akhtala - 1.3 million tons (copper content 0.6, lead 1.7, zinc 4.5%). There are known deposits of non-ferrous and precious metals, such as Alaverdi and Shamlug - copper.
Polymetallic ores. Polymetallic ore deposits are located on the territory of Armenia. The main ones are the Akhtala deposit, which contains barite-polymetallic ores, and the Gladzor deposit (contains lead-zinc ores).
Armenia has a fairly large deposit of chromium.
Aluminum, barite. The country has industrial reserves of aluminum nepheline syenite, as well as barite with an admixture of gold and silver, deposits of lead, zinc, manganese, gold, platinum, antimony, mercury, and arsenic.
Rare earth metals. The following rare earth metals are found: tungsten, uranium, bismuth, gallium, indium, selenium, thallium, tellurium, rhenium. The state balance of Armenia takes into account rhenium, selenium, tellurium, bismuth, indium, gallium, cadmium. In ores and products of their processing there are: for ores of the copper-molybdenum formation - bismuth, vanadium, iron and titanium, scandium, platinoids, radiogenic osmium, for gold-polymetallic formation - germanium, antimony, arsenic and others.
Uranus. Uranium deposits have been discovered in Armenia. Their reserves are estimated at more than 100,000 tons. Deposits were discovered in the Syunik region, between the villages of Pkhrut and Lernadzor.
Platinoids. According to preliminary data, the expected reserves of platinum group metals in the ores of the Kajaran deposit are about 130 tons. In addition, platinum group metals (0.1-1 g/t) were discovered in the black shale formations of Armenia.
Technogenic deposits of metals. Technogenic metal deposits are an important raw material for processing. Thus, in the ore enrichment tailings of the Kajaran copper-molybdenum deposit, vanadium turns into enrichment waste and magnetite concentrates. In the copper-electrolyte sludge of the Alaverdi MMC, the concentration of platinoids is: palladium - up to 60-90 g/t, platinum - 20-50 g/t, rhodium - 0.5-2.5 g/t.
Other types of minerals
Oil. In 1984, the Shorahbyur oil well No. 1 was drilled to a depth of 3595 m. 1 ton of oil of fairly high quality was obtained.
Coal. There are deposits of high-quality coal on the territory of Armenia. The known deposits are Germanis, Nor Arevik, Shamut, and Jajur.
Peat. There are peat reserves in the depths of Armenia. Their proven reserves in the Ivan region amount to more than 120 million tons.
Rock salt. The forecast reserves of rock salt in Armenia are estimated at several billion tons. The largest deposit is Avanskoye (Prierevan rock salt basin), where the Elarskoye and Yeghvardskoye deposits have also been explored.
Mineral sorbents. Armenia has a large raw material base of natural mineral sorbents. There are large reserves of perlite (160 million tons), the forecast reserves of which are estimated at several billion m³. The Aragat deposit of perlite, the Sarigyukh deposit of bentonites, the Dzhradzor deposit of diatomites, and the Noyemberyan deposit of zeolites are especially important. The approved reserves of the Aragat field are 85.0 million m³, the Sarigyukh field - 67.0 million tons, the Dzhradzor field - 1.0 million m³ and the Noyemberyan field - 12.0 million tons (2000). Of interest are deposits of natural light aggregates - volcanic slag and pumice sand. The reserves of these minerals are measured in many tens of millions of m³ and are characterized by high quality.
Clay and other fossils. Bentonite clays (over 70 million tons) were discovered in the Sarigyukh deposit (Ijevan region). Reserves of sand and gravel material are estimated at 90 million cubic meters, loam - about 50 million cubic meters, construction sand - about 80 million cubic meters. Deposits of refractory raw materials have been explored in the Shorzhinskoye deposit on the shore of Lake Sevan. Reserves of raw materials suitable for the manufacture of forsterite products are 20 million tons.
Minerals
Diamonds. In Armenia, on the territory of the Khosrov Forest, there are deposits of gem-quality diamonds. In 2009, the export of processed diamonds from Armenia amounted to 70.6 thousand carats, which is 14.1 kg.
Semi-precious. Among the semi-precious and ornamental stones located on the territory of Armenia are known: agate, jasper, amethyst, beryl, obsidian, onyx, turquoise, andesite.
Building stones. The following types of natural stones are known in Armenia: volcanic, felsic and calcareous tuffs, granitoid and carbonate rocks, basalt, shell rock, marble. There are only 120 deposits of building stone and 60 deposits of facing stone in Armenia. The total reserves of tuff in Armenia are about 2.5 billion m³, the reserves of facing stone are 276 million m³ (2000).
The Artik tuff deposit is the largest deposit in the territory of Armenia and the former USSR. Tuff reserves at the deposit are estimated at more than 250 million m³. The Artik deposit stands out for its scale and high physical and mechanical properties. Annual production is more than 800 thousand m³.
Sources of mineral and fresh water
About 7,500 sources of fresh and 1,300 mineral water are known in Armenia, many of which are used for balneological purposes (Jermuk, Arzni, Dilijan, Bjni, Hankavan, Sevan, etc.).
Armenia has many deposits of various metals, rocks, minerals, and combustible fuels.
Among the metal deposits located on the territory of Armenia, deposits of copper, molybdenum, iron, gold, and lead are mainly distinguished. There are also deposits of zinc, silver, and platinum group metals. Minerals include diamonds, agate, jasper, amethyst, beryl, obsidian, onyx, and turquoise. Among the rocks are various types of tuff, granite, basalt, marble. Combustible fuels include coal and peat.
The largest deposits on the territory of Armenia are the Kajaran copper-molybdenum deposit, mainly containing copper, molybdenum, gold and silver, and the Artik tuff deposit, containing volcanic tuff. The Kajaran deposit is the largest deposit in terms of molybdenum reserves in the territory of the former USSR, the Artik deposit in terms of reserves of volcanic tuff, and the Aragats deposit in terms of perlite reserves.
Metal deposits
Armenia is rich in metal ores. More than 90% of the total production of non-ferrous metal ore is mined by open-pit mining.
Copper-molybdenum
There are 2 largest deposits of copper and molybdenum in Armenia. This Kajaran and Teghout copper-molybdenum deposits. Together they contain about 7% of the world's molybdenum reserves
Copper
The Kapan Central copper deposit was exploited from 2007 to August 2008. During the operation period, 79,342 tons of ore were extracted. Copper was mined using a closed method. Production from the deposit was stopped because the copper mining company declared that further production was unsuitable.
Copper-pyrite
Copper pyrite deposits are deposits containing minerals that contain copper, sulfur, iron, tin and arsenic. There is only one deposit of this type on the territory of Armenia - the Alaverdi copper-pyrite deposit.
Gold mining
In Armenia, the total reserves of pure gold are about 330 tons. The largest gold deposit is the Sotskoye gold deposit.
Gold-polymetallic
The deposits below contain ore containing Zinc, silver and gold. One of them, the Shaumyanskoye field, is being exploited.
Name Pure metal reserves (t) Region
Shaumyanskoe 40 tons of gold Syunik
Armanisskoye 12 t gold Lori
Azatek Vayots Dzor
Mardzhanskoye 7000 tons of copper, 45000 tons of zinc,
250 tons of silver, 12 tons of gold Syunik
Gold-sulphide
Gold-sulfide ores are ores that are compounds of gold and sulfur (S). The Tei-Lichkvazskoe field is planned to begin exploitation soon.
Name Pure gold reserves (t) Region
Lichkvaz-Teyskoe 17 Syunik
Terterasar 3 Syunik
Iron
IN this moment None of the iron ore deposits in Armenia are exploited. It is planned to begin exploitation of the Hrazdan field in 2014. This deposit is characterized by high quality ore (40% iron in the ore), very close location of the ore to the surface, and easy access to the necessary infrastructure.
Name Iron ore reserves (million tons) Region
Svarantskoe 1500 Syunik
Abovyanskoe 255 Kotayk
Hrazdanskoye 77 Kotayk
Platinoid
Platinoids are ores containing six transition metal elements (platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium). Platinum metal deposits are located in the Kajaran deposit.
Name Reserves of pure platinum group metals (t) Region
Kajaran 130 Syunik
Uranium
In Armenia, exploration work is underway to detect uranium. Its deposits were discovered in the Syunik region, in the vicinity of the villages of Pkhrut and Lernadzor.
Rock deposits
There are many deposits of valuable rocks located on the territory of Armenia. The most common types of rocks in Armenia are various types of tuff, which have qualities very valuable for building stones, such as small volume weight, high strength, ease of processing, beautiful appearance, which makes it possible to use tuff for decorative purposes, high frost resistance, weak heat and sound conductivity and the most main feature- durability.
Among the tuffs in Armenia there are: volcanic, calcareous, felsic. Other rocks include: basalt, marble, granite. Most valuable breed The stone of Armenia is felsite, since felsite is practically absent outside Armenia and is very expensive. This stone is used for decorative purposes, for cladding various objects.
About 90% of the world's tuff reserves are concentrated in Armenia, which amounts to about 2.5 billion m³. Tuff deposits in Armenia are very large and scattered throughout almost the entire territory. The largest deposit in Armenia and on the territory of the former USSR is the Artik tuff deposit. Tuff reserves at the deposit are estimated at more than 250 million m³.
Artik Tuff more than 140 million m³ Shirak
Oktemberyanskoe Tuff Armavir
Artanish Limestone Gegharkunik
Makravan Limestone Kotayk
Combustible fuel deposits
Coal
4 coal deposits have been discovered on the territory of Armenia. The Ijevan coal deposit and the Dzhajur brown coal deposit have the greatest development prospects. The Ijevan deposit has the largest reserves - 10 million tons, promising resources - 80 million tons. The coal seams are the thickest, the coal is of high quality.
Name Region
Shamutskoe Lori
Jajur Shirak
Germanisskoe Nor Arevikskoe
Minerals
Diamonds
In Armenia, on the territory of the Khosrov Forest, there are deposits of gem-quality diamonds. In 2009, the export of processed diamonds from Armenia amounted to 70.6 thousand carats, which is 14.1 kg.
Semi-precious natural stones
Among the semi-precious and ornamental stones located on the territory of Armenia are known: agate, jasper, amethyst, beryl, obsidian, onyx, turquoise, andesite.
Clay
Clay resources in Armenia are large. In different places there are clays of different colors and shades. The largest deposit is the Sarigyukh clay deposit, located in the village of Sarigyukh.
Sarigyukhskoe 70 Tavush
Hrazdan - Kotayk
Rock salt
Armenia has huge reserves of rock salt. Forecast reserves are estimated at several billion tons. The largest deposit is Avanskoye (Prierevan rock salt basin), where the Elarskoye and Yeghvardskoye deposits have also been explored.
Name Reserves (million tons) Region
Avan - Aragatsotn
Elarskoe - Aragatsotn
Yeghvard - Aragatsotn
Mineral sorbents
Armenia is rich in mineral sorbents, especially perlite. Armenia's perlite reserves are the largest in the CIS countries, estimated at 160 million tons.
Name Mineral Reserves Region
Aragats Perlite 85 million m³ Aragatsotn
Sarigyukhskoye Bentonite 67 million tons Tavush
Yeghvard Diatomite 1 million m³ Shirak
Yeghvard Zeolite 12 million tons Tavush
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