On the steppe intermontane depressions of the Selenginsky middle mountains and in the Barguzin depression, the type of chestnut soils prevails.
Chestnut soils along intermontane depressions occupy mainly the southern slopes of the ridges, their foothills of the fan and ancient river terraces with elevations of 600-900 m above sea level.
Chestnut soils are mainly characterized by light loamy and sandy loam texture. Sandy texture soils have local distribution. The distribution of various mechanical fractions along the soil profile is very heterogeneous, which is apparently associated with the variegated lithological structure of the parent rocks. In the soil profile, in most cases, fractions of fine sand and coarse dust predominate. At the same time, there are soils where coarse and medium sandy fractions prevail. A characteristic feature of chestnut soils, like most Central Asian soils (I.P. Gerasimov and E.M. Lavrenko, 1952, N.A.Nogina, 1956, 1964, etc.), is their skeletal structure, which has some growth with depth ...
Chestnut soils of light, mechanical composition may not always have favorable conditions for providing plants with moisture, since with a low moisture capacity of soils in arid conditions of Buryatia, the range of active moisture is very small. Hence, the supply of productive moisture in the soil, as well as the irrigation rates for these soils, should be low.
The free pore space of soils (P-HB), or pores free from moisture and occupied by air, also depend on the mechanical composition of the soil. In light loamy soil, with moisture equal to the lowest moisture capacity, the free threshold space in the meter layer varies from 14.8 to 26.6% of the porosity volume. In the profile of sandy loam soil, the free pore space is even higher and amounts to 26.6-34.9%, especially an increase with depth is observed, due to a decrease in the content of particles of silty and silty fractions. Taking into account the amount of free space is of great practical importance in the development of agricultural techniques, since in the arid conditions of Buryatia, the water balance is due to the movement of vaporous water, as well as the fact that the loss of water from the soil occurs through diffusion and convection (F.E. 1941, I. A. Kolesnik, 1948).
To reduce this process and preserve moisture in the soil, it is advisable to compact the upper soil layer (arable land) by using rollers. This will contribute to a significant decrease in air circulation between soil particles and will sharply reduce the loss of moisture from the soil through the phenomena of diffusion and convection.
The statement that for the normal development of agricultural crops the amount of free pore space (P-HB) should be at least 10-15% (SI Dolgov, 1948) is inapplicable for all soil zones of Transbaikalia. Here it is necessary to take into account the soil and climatic conditions and especially the soil moisture regime. In arid regions, the amount of free pore space in the upper five and seven centimeter layers should be reduced to a minimum (up to 8-10%).
One of the most important physical properties soil is water permeability, which is associated with water, air and partially nutrient regime of soils (N. A. Kachinsky, 1930).
Thus, the chestnut soils of Buryatia are characterized by low moisture capacity, high water permeability, making it difficult to resolve the issue of accumulation and preservation in the soil. These properties create good drainage conditions, which is one of the reasons for the leaching of the carbonate horizon and the absence of readily soluble salts in the gypsum soil profile.
Dark chestnut soils in the upper horizons have a reaction close to neutral (aqueous pH -6.2-7.5, saline I-6.0-6.9), in the lower horizons a neutral, slightly alkaline and even alkaline reaction (pH water-7.2-8.9), (salt - 7.0-8.0.) Slightly acidic reactions observed in some cases (pH 6.2-6.4) are probably explained by the formation of these soils under conditions and a slightly acidic reaction is a provincial feature of chestnut soils in Buryatia (OV Makeev, 1955).
Humus reserves are concentrated mainly in the upper 20-30 cm layer, where the bulk of the roots is located; down the profile, the humus content sharply decreases.
In the subtype of chestnut soils, the humus content is low and ranges from 1.2-2.4%, and in dark chestnut soils - 2.6-4.0%. This variation in the humus content within the subtypes is due to the processes of blowing out the smallest particles and the difference in the mechanical composition of the soils. The content of gross nitrogen is generally low (0.10-0.36%), and relatively high in relation to gross humus. This is also confirmed by a narrower C: N ratio, the value of which ranges from 5.6 to 10.0. (Nosin, 1963; Volkovintser, 1964).
Many researchers (N.I.Bolotina, 1947; M.M. Kononova, 1951, and others) believe that the ratio of carbon to nitrogen becomes narrower with increasing climate aridity. Apparently, the light texture of soils in dry steppes contributes to the formation of nitrogen-enriched humus.
The absorbing complex is mainly saturated with calcium and magnesium, the sum (Ca + Mg) of which, depending on the mechanical composition and humus content, in the upper horizons in chestnut soils is 11.0 - 20.5 meq, and in dark chestnut soils - 13 , 0 - 27.1 meq per 100 g of soil. The main role in the absorbing complex belongs to calcium; however, in the lower horizons, the role of magnesium slightly increases. The ratio between absorbed calcium and magnesium corresponds to the usual ratio for chestnut-type soils. The absorption capacity of dark chestnut soils is low and due to the low content of silt fraction in them, and it almost corresponds to the amount of absorbed bases.
A characteristic feature of the chestnut soils of Buryatia is the presence of a pronounced and, to varying degrees, leached horizon of calcium carbonate accumulation, the amount of which, according to some sources, reaches 20-24%. (Ishigenov I. A, 1972).
The content of mobile forms of nitrogen, potassium and especially phosphorus in chestnut soils is subject to significant fluctuations. Mobile forms of phosphorus vary from 8.5 to 32.5 mg per 100 g of soil, which probably depends on the composition of the parent rocks and the content of total phosphorus in them. The content of mobile potassium ranges from 6.5 to 18.0 mg per 100 g of soil. Easily hydrolyzed nitrogen in the soil is 6-8 mg per 100 g of soil. There is no natural difference in nutrient content between the subtypes of chestnut soils.
In the spring and early summer, the soil traditionally contains a small amount of mobile nutrients. Their accumulation occurs with the establishment of summer, favorable hydrothermal conditions and, most of all, in the steam field. Therefore, especially autumn application of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers is always effective.
In the humus composition of chestnut soils, an increased content of substances of the fulvic acid group is observed, which in the upper layer is 26.2-30.2%, and the group of humic acids is 25.9-32.7%. The ratio of humic acid carbon to fulvic acid carbon ranges from 0.92 to 1.20.
Nutrient regimen. The insignificant size of the soil absorbing complex, low moisture capacity, cold and dry spring and early summer periods inhibit the accumulation of mobile forms of nutrients in chestnut soils.
More favorable conditions for biological and biochemical processes in the soil are established in the summer, when high temperatures are combined with an abundance of summer precipitation.
The reason for the low nitrogen content is primarily associated with low precipitation, as a result of which the activity of that part of the microflora, the end products of vital activity, which are mobile nitrogen compounds (nitrification processes) is suppressed. Secondly, the insignificant amount of nitrates that nevertheless appeared in the soil, apparently, is quickly absorbed by plants and microorganisms.
The difference in the content of ammonia nitrogen between the virgin land and the arable land (under wheat) is very insignificant. The relatively low content of ammoniacal nitrogen is obviously explained by its consumption by plants. However, the accumulation of ammonia nitrogen in comparison with nitrate-eye is noticeable. A characteristic feature is a uniform distribution along the profile (up to 50 cm) and a decrease in its content by autumn. Some predominance of the ammonia form of nitrogen over the nitrate form, apparently, is explained by the low temperature and aridity. The accumulation of ammonia does not always occur, but only in those cases when, for various reasons, the conversion of ammonia to nitrates does not occur. These reasons in this case include low temperature and lack of moisture in the spring and early summer periods.
Chestnut soils are not characterized by a high ability to accumulate mobile phosphoric acid.
In summer and by autumn, its content tends to decrease, which is associated with better development of plants and their absorption of phosphoric acid. Under wheat, the content of phosphoric acid is much lower due to more intensive absorption than on virgin soil.
The low content of the mobile form of phosphorus in the soil is apparently associated with a slowdown in the process of their formation. IG Vazhenin and EA Vazhenina (1964) note that the mineral forms of phosphates are mostly provided by phosphates of sesquioxides, mainly iron. Therefore, in Buryatia, the pre-sowing application of phosphorus fertilizers is always effective and they significantly increase the efficiency of nitrogen and potash fertilizers.
Data on the dynamics of the mobile form of potassium reveal a high supply of potassium in soils. The content of К2О decreases from top to bottom along the soil profile, which is associated with the peculiarities of the distribution of fine mechanical fractions. Changes in the content of K2O in terms of time are insignificant, although by the end of the growing season there is a tendency to decrease, and in autumn, on the contrary, it noticeably increases, which depends on the vegetation of plants and the absorption of K2O by plants.
There are very different interpretations on the effectiveness of the use of potash fertilizers in Buryatia. Most of the available data point to the insignificant effectiveness of K2O. Apparently, when using potash fertilizers in each specific case, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the soil and the need for the sown crop.
The above stated on the characteristics of chestnut soils allows us to draw some conclusions.
The peculiarities of the conditions of soil formation, relief, climate and parent rocks determined the provincial features of chestnut powdery carbonate soils, the clarification of which has both theoretical and practical significance.
Chestnut soils of Buryatia are predominantly light-textured, light loamy and sandy loamy skeletal soils to varying degrees. They have a relatively shortened profile and a thin humus horizon reaching 25-35 cm. The main humus reserve is concentrated in the upper 30-cm layer, with a sharp decrease with depth, which is not typical for chestnut soils of the European part. The humus contains an increased content of fulvic acids and the ratio of humic acid carbon to fulvic acid carbon is about 1 or even less. Chestnut soils are characterized by low lagging and high water permeability, which predetermine a low supply of available moisture for plants and a spontaneous water regime. Low moisture content and high frost indicate the predominance of large non-capillary pores, in which water cannot be retained, and this predetermines the predominance of aerobic processes and determines a peculiar course of humus formation.
The chestnut soils of Buryatia are distinguished by leaching of carbonates and the absence of gypsum and readily soluble salts in the soil profile. In their profile, there is always a gap reaching 20-40 cm between the humus and carbonate horizons. Carbonates are released in the form of a well-defined powdery powder. In the chestnut soils of the European part of the Russian Federation, the occurrence of carbonates is noted directly under the humus horizon in the form of calcareous nodules or cranes.
The areas of distribution of chestnut soils are relatively favorable in terms of the heat balance and the duration of the frost-free period; at the same time, they are favorable in terms of water supply. In the spring and early summer periods, the moisture reserve in the upper layers (0-10, 110-20 cm) of chestnut soils decreases to the level of wilting moisture. In this case, wind is the main accelerating factor in the loss of moisture from the soil. Due to the dryness of the climate and low soil temperatures, active microbiological activity and vegetation of plants are delayed in spring. The most favorable hydrothermal conditions for plant development are created in the soil with a significant delay. The autumn-winter period is dry, cool, with little snow and long.
Under these conditions, the main task of developing agrotechnical methods on chestnut soils is measures to accumulate and preserve moisture and regulate the temperature regime in the soil for the normal growth of crops in the first period of their development.
Chestnut soils, due to their susceptibility to varying degrees of erosion, require the use of a complex of anti-erosion agrotechnical and forest reclamation measures.
The chestnut soils of Buryatia need to be cultivated, especially to improve their water-physical properties by enriching them with organic matter. This problem can be solved by the systematic and correct application of organic fertilizers, sowing the most suitable perennial grasses and the development of methods for using green manure fallows.
In the complex of agronomic measures, it is important to introduce a scientifically grounded system of agriculture, including correct anti-erosion crop rotations, a system of soil cultivation and fertilization, selection of zoned varieties of crops, field-protective afforestation, taking into account the conditions of distribution of chestnut soils and their characteristics.
Chernozem soils on the territory of Buryatia have a limited distribution in comparison with chestnut soils. In their distribution, although latitudinal zoning is observed, which is strongly disturbed by the conditions of relief decay, however, the vertical zoning is more clearly expressed. Chernozems in the form of separate spots are widespread in the southern part of the republic, on the northern slopes of ridges, at absolute heights of 600-800 m.On the southern slopes, individual spots of chernozems appear as you move to the north, especially in the area of the transition zone to the Vitim plateau, but in the valley of the Itantsy River and, very rarely, in the Baguzin depression. On the southern slopes of the southern part of the republic, chestnut soils very often pass directly into gray forest non-podzolized soils, and the strip of chernozems "falls out" due to the sharp contrast of soil formation conditions. GI Poplavskaya (1916) notes the abrupt transition and absence of chernozems along the Udinskaya valley.
In the areas of distribution of chernozems, an average of 260 to 310 mm of precipitation falls per year. Average sum of temperatures for the period from average daily temperatures above 5 ° is 1900-2000 °, and for the period with average daily temperatures of more than 10 ° -1600-700 °. The frost-free period lasts 95-105 days.
Compared to chestnut soils, the areas where chernozems are located have a slightly higher amount of precipitation and a less warm and shorter growing season. Winter with little snow and long, the soil freezes to a great depth (2.5-3.0 m). Spring is dry with frequent winds. Summers are hot, dry and short. The rains start to fall in late June or early July. Favorable hydrothermal conditions in the soil are created with a delay, in the second half of summer.
The coefficient of moisture in the spring and early summer periods in the steppes of Buryatia is extremely low, it is equal to 0.13-0.29, and in the period of summer moisture (July - August) reaches unity. Such a sharp contrast of humidification is not observed in other steppe regions.
Autumn in the steppes of Buryatia is early and relatively dry. Plants stop growing early and, therefore, with the cessation of desuction and insignificant evaporation in conditions of relatively high air humidity, the moisture of summer-autumn precipitation, if properly preserved, can be effective for the next year's harvest.
Chernozems in Buryatia are formed mainly under the vegetation of real steppes, which is quite diverse in its species composition and is represented by cereal or grass-forb steppes.
In terms of the reserves of the root mass, the chernozems of Buryatia are characterized by a relatively high content of it. However, unlike European chernozems, the roots are mainly concentrated in the surface horizon, 0-20 cm.
The root mass in chernozems, as well as in chestnut soils, is concentrated in the upper 20-cm layer (80.9-81.8%), below there is a sharp decline and in the 20-100 cm layer there is only 18.1 -19.0% ... There are practically no roots in the 80-90 cm layer. In light loamy and loamy varieties of roots contains slightly more than in sandy loam.
Such a peculiar distribution of the root mass in the profile of the steppe soils of Buryatia is due to deep freezing, its slow thawing in the spring and early-summer periods, and shallow soaking. This nature of the distribution of organic residues and the fixation of the products of their decomposition under the conditions of Buryatia form a low thickness of the humus horizon of chernozems and a sharp drop in the humus content below the humus horizon.
Chernozems of Buryatia are formed on various soil-forming rocks in terms of their composition, properties and genesis. The leveled areas are represented by relatively thick loose eluvial-deluvial deposits, sandy loamy or light loamy texture, less gravelly, and the slopes and watersheds are represented by less thick loose deposits, usually sandy loam and, to a large extent, gravelly-stony.
In general, chernozems of Buryatia are formed on rocks of light texture.
The content of humic acids in the composition of humus prevails over fulvic acids, which can be seen from the ratio of carbon of humic acids to carbon of fulvic acids (1.7-1, 3), however, there is an increased content of fulvic acids and a group of mobile humic acids. The reason for this state of the humus composition of the steppe soils of Buryatia, obviously, must be sought in insufficient moisture, which limits biological activity and, accordingly, the process of new formation of humic substances.
Chernozems of Buryatia are characterized by the content of mobile forms of nutrients, the accumulation of which depends on the humus content of the mechanical and mineralogical composition of soils and parent rocks.
The accumulation of nitrate nitrogen varies from 5 to 40 mg per 100 g of soil. Especially a lot of it accumulates in the steam field. In sandy loam chernozems, an insignificant capacity for the accumulation of mobile forms is found.
The application of mineral fertilizers (NPK) significantly increases the content of nitrate nitrogen and its maximum is observed in June-August. In dry, cool springs, the accumulation of nitrates in the soil is significant. The June maximum in the content of nitrate nitrogen in the soil is associated with its accumulation in autumn and its weak consumption by plants in spring.
The content of ammonia nitrogen in sandy loam chernozem is much higher than in nitrate one. However, the nature of the change in the quantitative content of ammoniacal nitrogen in the soil is similar to the dynamics of nitrate nitrogen. Increased content to some extent, ammonia nitrogen is associated with the predominant development of ammonifiers in the soil, which cause a greater accumulation of ammonia nitrogen than nitrate nitrogen.
In the chernozems of Buryatia, the content of mobile phosphates varies within significant limits (20-300 mg / kg of soil), which is explained by the composition of the parent rocks and the content of total phosphorus in them. A high content of mobile phosphates is usually noted when chernozems are formed on rocks, in the fine earth of which there are grains of the mineral apatite (I.G. Vazhenin, E. A. Vazhenina, 1969).
Fertilization (NPK) slightly increases the P2O5 content. However, the amount of mobile phosphates in the sandy loam chernozem remains low, which is explained by their absorption by vegetating plants and, probably, by the connectivity of the mineral form of phosphates with sesquioxides (I.G. Vazhenin and E. A. Vazhenina, 1969).
In the chernozems of Buryatia, the correct application of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers is always effective.
The amount of exchangeable potassium in the chernozems of Transbaikalia ranges from 50 to 400 mg per 1 kg of soil. At the same time, its value significantly correlates with the amount of silt particles and the content of humus in the soil.
Mineral fertilizers (NPK) make minor changes in the direction of increasing (8-12 mg per 1 kg (soil) of exchangeable potassium content.
It should be noted that the effectiveness of potash fertilizers affects the chernozems of Buryatia very rarely or is quite low.
Thus, the main feature of the chernozems of Buryatia is a well-pronounced dark gray with a brownish shade, a thin humus horizon, with a humus content in the range of 3.5-5.0%, which is mainly concentrated in the upper 30-centimeter layer. Humic acids predominate in the composition of humus, the ratio of carbon of humic acids to carbon of fulvic acids is 1.1 -1.7.
Gypsum and readily soluble salts are absent altogether; their removal from the profile of chernozems is also facilitated by a light texture. At the same time, chernozems, due to a slightly higher content of humus and small fractions of mechanical elements, have a relatively higher moisture capacity and, better than chestnut soils, can accumulate and retain moisture of summer-autumn precipitation for next year's harvest.
In areas where chernozems are distributed, spring and early summer dry periods are somewhat shorter than in areas where chestnut soils are distributed. Observations of the humidity regime have shown that it consists in its cycle of two contrasting periods. In the spring and especially early summer periods, the surface horizons of chernozems dry up and contain insignificant reserves of moisture that is difficult for plants to access. Plants in some years suffer from a lack of moisture, seedlings are sparse and depressed. At the same time, in the deeper layers of the soil, the moisture reserve is maintained quite steadily, sometimes reaching the value of the lowest moisture capacity.
Agrotechnical measures for the accumulation and preservation of moisture in summer-autumn precipitation can fully satisfy in the spring of next year the plant's need for moisture in the first phases of their development.
Chernozems of Buryatia have their own characteristics in temperature conditions... Active temperature (+ 10 °) penetrates a; depth of 20 cm only at the beginning of the third decade of May, below its penetration is very slow. Hence, chernozems are characterized by a slow increase in the activity of biological processes and the presence of a difference in the temperature of the surface and deep horizons throughout the entire growing season.
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
ZABAIKALSKY AGRARIAN INSTITUTE - branch
FGOU VPO IRKUTSK STATE AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY
Faculty of Technology
Department of Agronomy
COURSE PROJECT
topic: The system of application of fertilizers in grain crop rotation in the SPK "Chiron" in the Shilkinsky district of the Trans-Baikal Territory
Completed: student 531 gr.
Prokopyeva Tamara
Checked by: Gorinskaya T.V.
Introduction
2.1 Terrain
2.2 Climatic conditions
2.3 Vegetation cover
2.4 Hydrography
2.5 Soil types
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
The fertilization system in the economy is understood as a complex of agrotechnical and organizational and economic measures for the most rational, orderly use of fertilizers in order to increase the yield of agricultural crops, preserve and improve soil fertility. The fertilizer system is an important link in the farming structure.
The purpose of using fertilizers is to meet the needs of plants for elements of mineral nutrition for the planned harvest - this is a decisive means of increasing plant productivity and improving the cycle of substances in agriculture.
The purpose of this term paper is the development of a system for the rational use of fertilizers in grain crop rotation in the SEC "Chiron", taking into account the characteristics of the soil and weather conditions of the area.
Cereals, especially wheat, are of exceptional nutritional value. The most important factor intensification of grain production is the rational use of fertilizers and their introduction for the planned harvest, since the payback of 1 t. fertilizers can reach 7 tons of grain.
Chapter 1. General information about the farm
The Chiron agricultural artel is located in the central part of the Shilkinsky District of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The distance to the district center is 44 km, to regional center- Chita 240 km. There is one settlement on the territory of the economy - the village of Chiron. Communication with regional centers and other settlements along the highway. The direction of the farming of the Chiron agricultural artel is grain.
Table 1
Composition of land holdings of the economy, hectares
Number of p / p Name of land Area, ha Arable land: including: arable land in cultivation 3656 fallows and fallows57822 Hayfields 29323 Pastures 102624 Total farmland22632
This table shows that the farm has a total land use area of 22632 hectares. In the structure of agricultural land, the leading position is occupied by pastures of 10262 hectares. Take an undesirable position deposits of 5782 hectares, this indicates that the land on the farm is used ineffectively. For a more intensive use of agricultural land, it is necessary to eliminate deposits, plow them for agricultural crops. These activities require cash which are in short supply amid the financial crisis.
fertilizer mineral crop rotation agricultural
Chapter 2. Natural and climatic conditions
2.1 Terrain
The relief of the Nerchinsk Basin is represented by flat hilly and hilly plains located at an altitude of 500 - 800 m with a large number of deeply cut river valleys, ravines and gullies. In watersheds, flat depressions - pods are often found. In some areas, the microrelief is well expressed in the form of saucer-shaped depressions, as well as hillocks made by shrews. The dense network of river valleys, ravines and gullies contributes to good drainage of the area and deep groundwater. The ruggedness and drainage of the Asian part of the zone are less pronounced. The valleys of the Nerch and Kuenga rivers and their tributaries are wide and well expressed. In the lower reaches of the Onon, the height of the terrain is the same as in the Nerchinsk Basin, 500 - 850 m. The right bank is characterized by sharply dissected low mountains and rolling hilly plains. The wider left bank is dominated by flat and rolling plains with heights of 700 - 800 m. The relief of the territory of the studied economy is flat-ridged.
The dismembered relief of the territory and the presence of vast steppe spaces determine the manifestation of both wind and water erosion of soils. Moreover, the manifestation of wind and water erosion can take place in one area during one season: in the dry first half of summer, the drying of the upper soil layer and the manifestation of deflation, in the second half of summer heavy showers lead to water runoff, to soil erosion and washout.
2.2 Climatic conditions
The climate of this area is sharply continental. Summers are hot, dry in the first half and humid in the second. Sometimes the total number of dry days in the warm period reaches 40. In the second half of summer, due to the release southern cyclones heavy rainfall falls. Summer gives way to long, dry and cool autumn. Average annual temperature air is negative and ranges from - 1 to - 3º WITH.
The average annual rainfall is 370 mm. but heat air causes significant moisture loss for evaporation, as a result of which the amount of moisture in the soil is insufficient for high level crop yields. The largest amount of precipitation falls in July and August - 50% of precipitation in relation to the annual norm, in winter months 15% of precipitation falls out of the total annual amount.
Winter is long, cold, with little snow. Snow cover sets in the first half of November and melts in early April. Winter begins in the third decade of October and lasts until mid-April. The height of the snow cover in the fields of the farm reaches an average of 27 mm. The coldest month is January, its average monthly temperature reaches - 30 °, and sometimes - 40 º C. The warmest month is July, the average monthly temperature of which is + 29 °.
Winds of the north and northwest directions prevail on the territory of the economy. Dry weather and intense wind activity in early summer lead to the development of wind erosion in the fields.
The growing season lasts 145 days. The frost-free period lasts 95 days. The first frosts are observed on August 31, the last on May 30.
2.3 Vegetation cover
In general, the soils are characterized by favorable agronomic properties and relatively high fertility. They are suitable for growing all regionalized crops. The vegetation of the steppe zone is represented by herb-feather grass and fescue-feather grass steppes. Important feature this vegetation - a large number of root residues and aboveground mass, which die off annually and go to the formation of humus. The main background is made up of narrow-leaved turf grasses - feather grass, fescue, steppe oats, sage, clover, and bluebells.
Currently, the steppes are plowed up, so virgin vegetation has survived only in protected areas and in separate small islands in unplowed, heavily eroded areas.
The main crop of the steppe zone is spring wheat; small areas are occupied by barley, oats, potatoes and vegetables.
V steppe zone the grain-steam and steam-row farming systems prevail. Recommended here are three-, four-, and five-field grain-fallow rotations with one field of pure fallow and 2 to 4 fields of grain.
The predominant plant types of forage lands are feather grass, ostrets, tansy, hardy papillary, field grass, sedge, fescue, and wheatgrass.
Forest vegetation is not typical for the chernozem-steppe zone; it is found only in floodplains of rivers, on sub-floodplain river terraces, in various depressions (on the bottom and slopes of ravines). Of the tree species, the most common are oak, poplar, willow, and in the pre-Ural part of the zone and Siberia - birch.
2.4 Hydrography
The rivers of the Chita region belong to three large river basins: Lake Baikal, the Lena and Upper Amur rivers.
The largest rivers are: Argun, Shilka, Onon, Ingoda, Nercha, Amazar, Olekma, Chikoy, Khilok, Vitim, Karenga, Kalar, Chara. The regime of rivers as a whole reflects the climatic conditions of Transbaikalia. The main source of water for rivers is rainfall, groundwater and snow water. The share of rainfall runoff is generally 50 - 70% of the total annual runoff. Snow supply accounts for 10 - 20%, underground - 10 - 30%.
2.5 Soil types
The soils are characterized by great variety... Soddy forest, meadow soils and chernozems are widespread. The most prevalent soil types are powdery-calcareous chernozems, meadow-chernozemic, ordinary and southern chernozems. This farm is characterized by the presence of ordinary chernozem soils.
In ordinary chernozems, the thickness of the A horizon is 65 - 80 cm, with a dark gray coloration of a granular and lumpy structure. Due to the powerful humus layer with a water-resistant granular - lumpy structure, chernozems are characterized as soils of high natural fertility, possessing a significant supply of nutrients, favorable water-air and physicochemical properties.
2.6 Agrochemical soil characteristics
Table 3
Agrochemical properties of soil
Horizon Depth, cmN waters С,% Humus,% Total nitrogen N-NO 3N-NH 4Sum of bases absorbed Mobile forms of nutrients % mg / 100 gCa +2Mg +2R 2O 5TO 2O A groin 0 - 2060,459,821,213,50, 191,650,317,245,811,1
It can be seen from this table that chernozems, in comparison with other soils, are distinguished by higher natural fertility and have a powerful humus horizon. The humus content is 9.82%, but the amount of humus gradually decreases with depth. Its reserves in the humus horizon are large and reach 500 - 600 t / ha. The gross stock of humus and nitrogen in the 0 - 20 cm layer is 60 - 220 and 3 - 15 t / ha, and 3 - 4 times more in the meter layer. Despite the high potential fertility of chernozems, their supply with assimilable forms of nitrogen and mobile phosphorus is very often low. Therefore, phosphorus fertilizers are effective here, and under more favorable moisture conditions, nitrogen fertilizers are also effective.
Judging by the content of mobile forms of nutrients, one can judge about the average supply of nitrogen and phosphorus to the soil and an increased supply of potassium, therefore, it needs additional application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. The qualitative composition of humus is favorable: the ratio of humic acids to fulvic acids exceeds one. The absorption capacity of cations ranges from 30 to 50-60 meq per 100 g of soil and gradually decreases with depth.
The reaction of the upper part of the profile is neutral - pH waters is 6.5 - 7.5, with depth it turns into slightly alkaline and alkaline, exchangeable acidity is absent. Since the reaction of the environment is neutral, chemical reclamation is not required for the soil of this farm.
Top part the profile has a well-defined granular or lumpy-granular structure. Therefore, the water-air properties of chernozems are also favorable: their moisture capacity is high - 50 - 60%, at the same time they are well water-permeable.
Chapter 3. Development of measures for the use of fertilizers in the grain crop rotation of the SPK "Chiron" of the Trans-Baikal Territory
3.1 Yield of organic fertilizers
table 2
Livestock
Species of animals Livestock herding period, days Cattle162170Sheep2000200Horses23170Total2185_
According to this table, I make the following calculations.
.Total yield of fresh manure:
KRS 162 × 4 = 648
Sheep 2000 × 0,8 = 1600
Horses 23 × 3 = 69
Total total yield of fresh manure 2317 kg
.Total yield of rotted manure
2317 × 0.5 = 1158.5 kg
3.Saturation of 1 ha with rotted manure:
÷ 1158.5 = 3.02 kg
.Organic Fertilizer Intake:
× 3.02 = 3624 kg
The introduction of rotted manure under fallow with an area of 1200 ha is 3624 kg / ha = 3.62 t / ha
3.2 Calculation of elementary balance
Table 3
Calculation of the regulatory balance for wheat
No. Indicator NP 2O 5TO 2O 1 Removal of nutrients per 1 ton of products 381225 2 Removal of nutrients from the planned harvest, kg / ha 53,216,8353 Content of mobile forms of nutrients in the soil 13,55,811,14 Reserves of nutrient use from the soil 40,517,433,35 Coefficient of utilization of nutrients from soil 205 206 Amount of nutrients8, in relation to the plant 10,86,67 Will be applied from 20 tons per 1 ha of rotted manure ,eight_
Table 4
Calculation of the regulatory balance for barley
Item No.IndicatorNР 2O 5TO 2O 1 Removal of nutrients per 1 ton of products 2711242 Removal of nutrients from the planned harvest, kg / ha 40,516,5363 Content of mobile forms of nutrients in the soil 13,55,811,14 Reserves of nutrient use from the soil 40,517,433,35 Coefficient of utilization of nutrients from soil 205206 Amount of nutrients8, in relation to the plant 10,86,67 Will be applied from 20 tons per hectare of rotted manure 36.2_
Table 5
Calculation of the regulatory balance for oats
Item No.IndicatorNР 2O 5TO 2O 1 Removal of nutrients per 1 ton of products 3013292 Removal of nutrients from the planned harvest, kg / ha 4519,543,53 Content of mobile forms of nutrients in the soil 13,55,811,14 Reserves of nutrient use from soil 40,517,433,35 Coefficient of utilization of nutrients from the soil 205206 Amount of nutrients8, in relation to the plant 10.86.67 Will be applied from 20 t per 1 hectare of rotted manure 120601508 Rate of nutrient use from manure 2025509 Amount of nutrients from manure 24157510 Required to apply with mineral fertilizers 5_14 The rate of physical fats 140,232,8_
Let us consider the solution of this table using wheat as an example.
To find out how much the removal of nutrients with the planned harvest will be, multiply the yield (kg) by the removal of nutrients:
× 38 ÷ 1000 = 53.3 kg / ha
Stock of utilization of nutrients from the soil:
5 × 3 = 40.5 kg
Amount of nutrients in relation to the plant:
5 × 20 ÷ 100 = 8,1
Amount of nutrients from manure:
× 20 h 100 = 24 kg
It is required to apply with mineral fertilizers:
2 - 8.1 - 24 = 21.1 kg
It will be applied with mineral fertilizers of the active substance:
1 ÷ 20 × 100 = 105.5 kg
The rate of physical fats:
5 × 100 h 46 = 229,3
We find the remaining indicators according to the reference material.
According to these tables, the need for mineral fertilizers of cultivated crops was for wheat: N - 21, 1, P 2O 5 - 1 kg; for barley: N - 8.4, P 2O 5- 0.7 kg; oats: N - 12.9, R 2O 5- 3.7 kg.
Based on the fact that potassium turned out negative meaning, potash fertilizers will not be applied, therefore, the active ingredient too.
3.3 Calculations of the application of mineral fertilizers
Table 6
Humus balance for grain rotation
No. Crop rotation Yield, t / ha Input of humus formation and humus formation, t / ha Humus mineralized, t / ha Balance, t / ha Post-harvest residues Humification coefficient Humus formation Manure capacity The content of dry matter in the manure 3.1000 humus concentration 1,100 humus _______________1 humus humus 102 Wheat 1.42.80.150.42 ____ 0.420.9 - 0.483 Barley 1.530.150.45 ____ 0.450.9 - 0.454 Oes1, 53.30,150.49 ____ 0.490.9 - 0.41 Total 9.11,363,620,540,20,101,462.7 - 1.24
According to this table, the introduction of rotted manure under fallow is 3.62 t / ha. Since dry matter in manure is 15% of the total, in this case it will be 0.54 t / ha.
We find humus formation from manure as follows:
54 × 0.2 = 0.10 t / ha
To find out how many post-harvest residues entered the soil, it is necessary to multiply the yield by the coefficient of the yield of crop residues when cultivating crops based on the planned yield (in this case, this coefficient is 2 for wheat, 2 for barley, and 2.2 for oats):
4 × 2 = 2.8 t / ha
Humus formation:
8 × 0.15 = 0.42 t / ha
Humus balance for crop rotation for wheat:
42 - 0.9 = - 0.4t / ha
Thus, the balance of humus for the rotation of grain crop rotation was 1.24 t / ha.
Table 7
Fertilizer Doses and Nutrient Balance in Grain Rotation
Alternation of crops in crop rotation Removal per 10 centners of the main product Planned yield, centner / ha Removal with the planned yield, kg Doses of fertilizers: manure, t / ha; mineral fertilizers, kg a.c. per 1 ha Harvest without fertilizers Increase in yield, c / ha Removal with increase in yield, kg NP 2O 5TO 2NP 2O 5TO 2OnozNP 2O 5TO 2ONP 2O 5TO 2O Steam _______ 3.6 ________ Wheat381225145.31.73.5_21.11_6.47.62.80.91.9 Barley2711241541.63.6_8.40.7_782.20.91.9 Weight 281329154.21.94.3_12.93.7_782.212.3 Total ____ 13, 55,211,43,642,45,423,67,22,86,1
To find out how much the removal of nutrients with the planned harvest will be, it is necessary to multiply the removal of the main product by 10 centners by the planned yield:
× 14 h 100 = 5.3 kg
We take the required doses of mineral fertilizers for each crop according to tables 3, 4 and 5 Calculation of the regulatory balance.
Increase in yield:
6.4 = 7.6 c / ha
To find out how much the take-out with an increase in yield will be, the take-out of the main product by 10 centners must be multiplied by the increase and divided by 100:
× 7.6 h 100 = 2.8 kg
According to this table, the removal of nutrients with the planned harvest was: N - 13.5, P 2O 5- 5.2, K 2О - 11.4, and the removal of nutrients with an increase in yield: N - 7.2, P 2O 5- 2.8, K 2O - 6.1. This indicates the need to use mineral fertilizers, since with an increase in yield, the removal of nutrients from cultivated crops decreases by 50%.
Also, the required doses of mineral fertilizers for the crop rotation were: N - 64.6, P 2O 5- 5.4, organic - 3.6.
3.4 Fertilization methods and agricultural machinery
Table 8
Fertilizer work plan in the steppe zone
Alternation of crops and fieldsArea, ha Yield, c / ha Total fertilizers Main fertilizer When sowing NP 2O 5TO 2OnozNP 2O 5NP 2O 5Steam 1200_3.6 ___ 1158.5 ____ Wheat 180014_21.11__21.1121.11 Barley10015_8.40.7__8.40.78.40.7 Weight40015_12.93.7__12.93.712.912.9 Total 3500_3.642.45.4_1158.542.45.442.45.4
Total fertilizers are applied in accordance with tables 3, 4 and 5 Calculation of the standard balance.
Manure, as the main fertilizer, is the total yield of rotted manure.
We calculate the saturation with mineral fertilizers, kg / ha of the active substance, for this we multiply the area of the crop by the required doses of fertilizers.
.Nitrogen saturation:
Wheat 1800 × 21,1 = 37980
Barley 100 × 8.4 = 840, Oats 400 × 12,9 - 5160
Total saturation of agricultural crops with nitrogen was 43980 kg / ha
.Phosphorus saturation:
Wheat 1800 × 1 = 1800
Barley 100 × 0.7 = 70, Oats 400 × 3.7 = 1480
Total saturation of agricultural crops with phosphorus was 3350 kg / ha
.Saturation with nitrogen and phosphorus per 1 ha, for this we divide the total saturation of agricultural crops by the total area of all crops:
÷ 3500 = 12.56 kg / ha - nitrogen saturation
÷ 3500 = 0.9 kg / ha - saturation with phosphorus
Total saturation with mineral fertilizers is 13.4 kg / ha.
Table 9
The need for fertilizers in grain crop rotation in the steppe zone
No.CultureArea, haPlanned yield, c / haName of fertilizersNumber of fertilizersFertilizer applicationMethods and technique 0.0078.4 0.7 Autumn, under the fall Under plowing RMG - 4 FWP - 3.64 Oweight 40015 Carbamide Double superphosphate 0.129 0.03751.6 14.8 Autumn, under the fall Under plowing RMG - 4 FWP - 3.6
Carbamide (urea) is a valuable nitrogen fertilizer of the amide form, contains 46% nitrogen. Urea can be effectively used in all soil zones countries for different cultures. In terms of its effect on the yield, urea nitrogen is equivalent to ammonium nitrate nitrogen. Produced in granular form, urea is also used in the form of a solution for foliar feeding of plants, especially wheat to increase its protein content.
Nitrogen plays important role in metabolism, in the growth and development of plants. With sufficient nitrogen nutrition in combination with other factors, the growth of stems and leaves is accelerated, an abundant vegetative mass is formed.
Double superphosphate is a highly concentrated phosphorus fertilizer containing up to 45% or more phosphorus. Phosphorus is present in it in the form of monocalcium phosphate and free phosphoric acid. In its action, double superphosphate differs little from simple superphosphate, but it is the most promising phosphorus fertilizer.
Phosphorus nutrition accelerates the development of agricultural plants, increases their winter hardiness and drought resistance. The increased influx of phosphorus contributes to the formation of large grain in breads, accelerates ripening and improves the quality of the crop. At the beginning of life, many cultivated plants are very sensitive to phosphorus deficiency. The introduction of small doses of superphosphate at this time improves the further development of plants, increases their resistance to adverse weather conditions and various diseases.
Table 10
Annual plan for the use of fertilizers by crops in grain crop rotation on chernozem soil
Field No.Area, haCulture, yield, t / haNutrients needed 40, R 60Urea 0.021 Autumn, under plow, RMG - 4 Double superphosphate 0.001 When sowing, SZP-3.6 3100 Barley, 1.5N 40, R 60Urea 0.084 Autumn, under plow, RMG - 4 Double superphosphate 0.0007 When sowing, SZP-3.6
According to this table, we will not use top dressing, since they are not very effective in the steppe zone.
The main application of fertilizers is intended to provide plants with nutrients throughout the growing season. The main fertilizer is most often covered with a plow with a skimmer, disc harrows, cultivators when plowing the plow. Covering fertilizers with a plow ensures that they are placed in a deeper, more moist layer of soil, respectively, they are more efficiently used by the plant during almost the entire growing season. In areas of the steppe zone, mineral fertilizers must be sealed with a plow in the fall.
The greatest effect is observed from the introduction nitrogen fertilizers from autumn, followed by their incorporation with a plow when plowing the plow.
Pre-sowing application - a method in which fertilizers are applied directly when sowing or planting plants. Sowing fertilization satisfies the plants in nutrients during the critical period of their development. With the pre-sowing method of fertilizing, granular superphosphate is more often used for cereals.
The introduction of small doses of fertilizers during sowing allows you to create favorable conditions for the nutrition of young plants, which, as a result, develop faster and more easily tolerate unfavorable conditions. In the initial growing season, plants have an increased need for phosphoric acid, this is due to the participation of phosphorus in the synthesis and hydrolysis of carbohydrates.
Table 11
Carrying out nutrients with the crop in a grain crop rotation
Field No.Culture Planned yield, kg / ha Removal of nutrients, kg / ha Removal of nutrients per addition of 10 centners of the main product with 1 ha NP 2O 5TO 2ONP 2O 5TO 2OF Actual yield, c / ha Increase, c / ha NP 2O 5TO 2O 1Pair ____________ 2Wheat143,81,22,553,216,8356,47,628,89,12193 Barley152,71,12,440,516,5367821,68,819,24Oat weight1531,32,94,519,543,5782410,423,2Total_9,53,67,898,252,8114,5_23,674,428
Table 12
Nutrient balance in grain rotation
Balance Item No. 2O 5TO 2O 1 Removal of nutrients with the crop 95 36 782 Total nutrients entered the soil with fertilizers during the crop rotation, including: 2.1 with organic fertilizers 2.2 with mineral fertilizers 42.4 5.4 3 Nutrients entered the soil with fertilizers 42.4 5.4- 4 Nutrient balance per crop rotation,% of removal per 1 ha 44.6 15-5 Nutrient utilization rate per rotation 16.24,111.7 We proceed from the data in tables 3, 4 and 5 Calculation of the normative balance - we summarize the removal of nutrients for each crop:
38 + 27 + 30 = 95 kg
R 2O 5 12 + 11 + 13 = 36 kg
TO 2O 25 + 24 + 29 = 78 kg
According to tables 3, 4 and 5 Calculation of the normative balance, we summarize for each crop how much nutrients are required to be applied with mineral fertilizers:
21.1 + 8.4 + 12.9 = 42.4 kg
R 2O 51 + 0.7 + 3.7 = 5.4 kg of substances received with fertilizers
Nutrient balance for crop rotation,% to removal:
4 ÷ 95 × 100 = 44,6
The economic efficiency of fertilizers in field, production and stationary experiments is determined by the increase in yield that was obtained from the application of fertilizers.
Table 13
Calculation of savings from reducing the cost of wheat production
Indicators Without the use of fertilizers With the use of fertilizers Yield, c / ha6.414 Increase in yield, c / ha_7.6 Cost of 1 c, rub
Table 14
Calculation of savings from reducing the cost of barley products
Indicators Without the use of fertilizers With the use of fertilizers Yield, c / ha 715 Increase in yield, c / ha_8 Cost of 1 c, rub 197181 Reduced cost of 1 c, rub_16 Savings per hectare, rub_240
Table 15
Calculation of savings from reducing the cost of oat production
Indicators Without the use of fertilizers With the use of fertilizers Yield, c / ha 715 Increase in yield, c / ha_8 Cost of 1 c, RUB 218200 Reduced cost of 1 c, RUB_18 Savings per hectare, RUB_270
From these tables it can be seen that from the application of fertilizers, an increase in wheat yield was obtained by 7.6 centners / ha, barley and oats by 8 centners / ha.
Accordingly, the cost of 1 quintal of production is reduced by 37 rubles for wheat, 16 rubles for barley and 18 rubles for oats.
Savings from the use of fertilizers were 518 rubles per hectare for wheat, 240 rubles for barley and 270 rubles per hectare.
Increase in yield:
6.4 = 7.6 c / ha
Cost reduction:
224 = 37 rubles
Savings per hectare:
× 37 = 518 rubles
Conclusion: analyzing the data obtained, we can say if the company uses mineral and organic fertilizers, and in the correct dosage, taking into account the natural and climatic conditions of the zone, the type of soil, the need for agricultural crops in fertilizers and their biological features, and many other factors, the fertile condition of the soil will improve and, accordingly, the productivity of grain will increase.
Conclusion
Thus, the soil and climatic conditions of the steppe zone and the presence of fertile chernozem soils on the farm make it possible to grow high and stable yields of grain crops, but this is not possible without correct agrotechnical methods, including the rational use of fertilizers.
Wheat is the main grain crop of Eastern Siberia, which in most regions of the steppe is capable of forming grain of high technological and sowing conditions. The volume of gross grain production is one of the determining factors in solving the food problem in the country and has a significant impact on the efficiency of the national economy. The production of a sufficient amount of grain allows not only to provide the population with bread - one of the main foodstuffs, but also animal husbandry with fodder, and industry with raw materials. In addition, grain farming is one of the most profitable branches of agricultural production.
In this course project, we have not only developed a rational system for the use of fertilizers, but also due to its use, we have increased the yield of grain crops almost twice, respectively, the cost of production has decreased. The savings from the use of fertilizers were significant.
Bibliography
1. Alfereva P.A. Zonal farming systems of the Chita region. Chita: region. book ed., 1988. - 423 p.
Atroshenko M.D. Fundamentals of agrochemistry. - M .: Kolos, 1978 .-- 319 p.
E. V. Klimova Production technology of crop production in Transbaikalia. - Chita: Search, 2004 .-- 672 p.
Korenkov D.A. Fertilizers, their properties and methods of use. - M .: Kolos, 1982 .-- 415 p.
Mukha V.D. Agronomy. - M .: Kolos, 2001 .-- 504 p.
Shashkova G.G. Soil cultivation in Transbaikalia. - Chita: Search, 2002 .-- 288 p.
Yurkovskiy M.N. Cultivation of grain crops in the Chita region. - Irkutsk: East Siberian book publishing house, 1976. - 304 p.
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Agricultural land - this is the most valuable category of land. Despite the difficult natural conditions, agricultural production is carried out in the region. Different intensity of land use in combination with complex environmental factors, among which geomorphological and soil-climatic conditions are of particular importance, the ratio of forest and agricultural land, strong anthropogenic impact to a greater extent changed the natural direction of processes in nature and led to the degradation of soil and vegetation cover on significant areas.
Due to the lack of funding from the federal budget, work on the study of the state of the region's lands (soil, geobotanical and other special surveys) has practically not been carried out in the last five years.
Erosion is one of the most dangerous species degradation, causing destruction of soil and loss of soil fertility.
A significant part of agricultural land is subject to water and wind erosion, which is one of the main reasons for the decline in soil fertility. According to the results of soil surveys carried out in the region until 2000, 631.7 thousand hectares (11.7%) are susceptible to water erosion, the area of agricultural land, of which arable land is 321 thousand hectares, wind erosion - about 10%, of which 50 % of arable land. The combined impact of water and wind erosion affects 299.3 thousand hectares or 5.6% of the agricultural land area.
Water erosion has actively manifested itself on the arable lands of the Baleisky, Shelopuginsky, Sretensky, Krasnochikoisky and Karymsky municipal districts.
Wind erosion is most intense in the steppe regions (Ononsky, Borzinsky, Zabaikalsky and Krasnokamensky).
To reduce the negative impact of erosion processes on the ecological state of land resources, it is necessary to use complex anti-erosion measures. The state comprehensive program for improving soil fertility adopted in the region is designed to consolidate an integrated approach to the implementation of all measures to ensure the preservation and increase of soil fertility. Unfortunately, this does not happen in practice. Lack of funding sources remains a serious problem.
Waterlogged and waterlogged land occupies 10.8% of agricultural land.
Suffer greatly from desertification agricultural lands of the Ononsky, Borzinsky, Krasnokamensky, Priargunsky, and Zabaikalsky municipal districts, the main part of which is located in the steppe zone, which is associated with their significant agricultural development. The indicators of desertification are high in the forest-steppe regions: Baleisky, Olovyanninsky and Akshinsky. It is in these areas that the highest percentage of degraded lands of all categories is noted, where, due to the development of natural and anthropogenic impacts, different types desertification.
The soils of the Trans-Baikal Territory have a low humus content, are subject to deep freezing in winter and thaw slowly in the spring-summer period, which negatively affects the intensity of the microbiological process and the content of assimilated forms of nutrients.
There is a steady trend dehumification of arable land, the annual loss of humus on various soils ranges from 0.8 to 6.3 tons per hectare. The decrease in the humus content is facilitated mainly by strong winds and water currents, which carry away humus particles of the soil, as well as the removal of nutrients by plants.
The content of nutrients is intensively reduced, there is acidification soils, which is associated with depleting land use, the termination of the introduction of mineral and organic fertilizers into the soil in most agricultural enterprises, violation of crop rotation, failure to comply with soil protection, agrochemical and reclamation measures.
The most dangerous negative process continues to be on the lands of industry and settlements unfavorable radiation conditions and their contamination with heavy metals and toxicants. An unfavorable radiation situation persists in the town of Baley, the settlement of Pervomaisky, Shilkinsky municipal district, and the settlement of Oktyabrsky, Krasnokamensky municipal district. Unauthorized landfills, the lack of landfills for the disposal of hazardous substances, and the unreliability of treatment facilities also remain a serious problem.
In recent years, there has been a steady tendency for the deterioration of the land reclamation state and a decrease in their productivity, which is mainly associated with a sharp reduction in funding.
Kaminskaya S.V.
PhD in Geography, Transbaikal State University
ISSUES OF SOIL BONITY IN THE ZABAIKAL REGION
annotation
The article discusses the main types of soils of the Trans-Baikal Territory, as well as the characteristic features of their bonitet and the possibility of introducing into circulation as agricultural land. Methods for increasing soil fertility are proposed in order to obtain high efficiency from their use.
Keywords: soil, agricultural land, fertility.
Kaminskaya S.V.
PhD in Geography, Transbaikal State University
SOIL BONITET ISSUES IN ZABAYKALSKY KRAI
Abstract
The article deals with the basic types of soils of Zabaykalsky Krai, characteristics of their bonitet, as well as the possibility of exploiting soils as agricultural lands. Methods of increasing soil fertility are offered in order to provide high efficiency at using them.
Keywords: soils, agricultural lands, fertility
Geographical position, strong elongation from north to south and from east to west, climatic conditions and vegetation, different heights The relief of the Trans-Baikal Territory is determined by the variety of soils, which are characterized by unequal power, degree of development, and, as a result, fertility, which determines the development of agriculture.
In the northern and central regions with alpine relief, mountain permafrost-taiga soils are widespread. In the central and western middle mountains, mountain permafrost-taiga soils prevail, which, on the gently sloping slopes, turn into soddy-forest and dark gray soils. In the foothill-taiga belt, mountain-tundra soils are formed, in intermontane valleys - bog soils.
Alluvial soils are characteristic of the valleys of the Chikoy, Khilok, Shilka, Argun, Unda, Ingoda, Gazimur, and Tungir rivers.
The soil cover of the southeastern and southern regions is diverse (Priargunsky, Krasnokamensky, Zabaikalsky, Borzinsky, Akshinsky, Kyrinsky, etc.). This determines their greatest agricultural development. They are mainly occupied by chernozems, permafrost meadow-forest and dark gray forest soils. In the depressions of the relief, meadow-chernozem, meadow, meadow-bog, alluvial soils are widespread, on the slopes of the hills - mountain chernozems, mountain dark gray and mountain chestnut soils.
In the south-west of the region, mountainous podzolic deeply freezing soils are widespread (Table 1).
Mountain tundra soils due to permafrost, they have a shortened profile, are cold, stony, the texture is light, biochemical processes are slowed down, which leads to the accumulation of organic matter, they are distinguished by high density, weak aeration and low filtration capacity. In agriculture, they are practically not used.
These territories serve as a forage base for reindeer husbandry. Pastures are located in a strip of moss-lichen and shrub tundra, mainly on the southern slopes.
The development of soils is accompanied by fundamental changes in their properties. For residents of the north, in addition to growing vegetables in greenhouses, it is possible to cultivate potatoes, cabbage, onions, carrots on specially equipped ridges, using early maturing and frost-resistant varieties. Liming, application of fertilizers and microelements is necessary.
Table 1 - The main types of soils of the Trans-Baikal Territory
Permafrost taiga soils are formed in conditions of excessive moisture and permafrost. A sod or peaty-humus horizon of 5-10 cm is characteristic. The profile of such soils is often disturbed by cryogenic deformations.
The soils are characterized by a high iron content, low water permeability, low biological activity and low natural fertility. Found on southern slopes and in sheltered areas. Development requires high doses of fertilizers and liming.
Sod forest soils distributed more widely on the slopes of the southern exposure. The thickness of the humus horizon is up to 10-15 cm, the humus content is 3-4%. They contain nitrogen and ash elements. The mechanical composition is loamy. They have favorable agronomic and forestry properties. Nutrients are easily destroyed during plowing, therefore they require special agricultural techniques.
Sod-calcareous soils are formed on calcareous rocks, in places where marbles, sandstones, etc.
Characterized by flushing or intermittent flushing water regime... They are distinguished by a high content of calcium and humus of 4-5%. The composition is roughly humified.
Crushed stone lying on the surface drains and dries them up, making processing difficult. The development of soils and long-term use leads to their "plowing", the humus content decreases, the structure is destroyed, the water-air regime worsens. It is necessary to regularly apply organic and mineral fertilizers, drain storm water, afforestation, regulation of snow distribution and snow melting.
Soils are mainly used for pastures and pastures or are under forest plantations; they are rarely included in arable land.
Gray forest soils found mainly in well-drained uplands. Formed with good moisture and high amount active temperatures.
A distinctive feature of such soils in Eastern Transbaikalia is the absence of signs of podzolization. The thickness of the humus horizon is high - 20-30 cm, the humus content is 6-9%. Due to the small amount of active temperatures, plant residues decompose slowly.
Are valuable arable land. Their agricultural development has a favorable effect on the thermal regime. Due to the high humus content and low nitrogen supply, these soils require fertilization. Soils are prone to wind erosion, so different control measures should be applied.
The soils are used for arable land, orchards, hayfields, pastures. Grain, fodder, fruit and industrial crops are grown here.
Permafrost meadow-forest soils are formed under sparse aspen-birch forests, as well as in the adjacent strip of meadow steppes, mainly on gentle northern slopes.
Pronounced cryogenicity is characteristic. The humus horizon is black or dark gray, predominantly heavy texture, the surface is fractured. The thickness of the humus horizon most often does not exceed 40 cm, although locally it can reach 100 cm.
The soils have a slightly acidic or nearly neutral environment, have a high water-holding capacity, which complicates their use. The humus content averages 9%.
The composition is dominated by calcium, much less magnesium and almost no hydrogen at all. Plants are severely deficient in phosphorus and nitrogen.
For most of the warm period, the soils are in a waterlogged state due to atmospheric precipitation the previous fall-summer season. Waterlogging complicates processing and harvesting or makes them impossible, therefore, the agricultural technology of dry and wet years is different.
Although these soils are warm enough in the upper layer, due to the permafrost they slowly warm up, therefore, agricultural use requires thermal reclamation.
Despite the difficulties, the soils are used as arable land.
Chernozems in the southern part of the Trans-Baikal Territory, it is much poorer than analogues in other regions of the country. They are distinguished by well-developed meadow-steppe vegetation, which leaves a large amount of organic remains, the intensive development of bacteria humifying organic matter, a peculiar hydrothermal regime, in which there is no through washing of the soil profile; in the upper part, there is an alternation of periods of moisture and drying. Chernozems are formed in conditions of deep freezing and slow thawing.
The chernozems of Transbaikalia are thin (25-40 cm). The humus content is 5-9%. They are characterized by a slightly acidic and neutral reaction of the upper and slightly alkaline reaction of the lower horizons. Chernozems are rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, the main mineral nutrients, and are characterized by active microbiological activity. Organic, phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers are required.
The peculiarity of the Trans-Baikal chernozems is rubble, dustiness, high water permeability and low water-holding capacity, which determines their unfavorable water-physical properties.
The system of accumulation and preservation of moisture in atmospheric precipitation, the creation of forest shelter belts, snow retention, and irrigation are of great importance. Protection from water and wind erosion, observance of crop rotation, introduction of clean fumes is necessary.
Chernozems are used for grain, vegetable, industrial, and fruit crops.
Meadow chernozem soils common in the chernozem zone. They are located below chernozems, occupying areas of gentle slopes, gradually turning into valleys and valleys. They are also found on higher forms of relief. Formed in conditions of increased moisture.
Due to their high natural fertility, these soils are widely involved in agricultural use, used for arable land and hayfields.
Chestnut soils occupy the most arid places on the southern slopes, foothills, ancient river terraces. Due to insignificant precipitation, soils are not sufficiently wetted and plant roots develop mainly in the surface horizon. The vegetation cover of dry steppes gives a small litter, which leads to a small accumulation of humus.
The thickness of the humus horizon is not more than 15 cm, the humus content is 1.5-4%. Mineral reserves are very low.
Chestnut soils are distinguished by high water permeability, low moisture capacity, a small range of active moisture, and high porosity. With a small amount of precipitation, soil productivity decreases, and yields are unstable. But these are the warmest soils.
The necessary conditions for increasing fertility are the introduction of phosphorus, nitrogen, potash and organic fertilizers, irrigation and anti-erosion measures aimed at reducing soil deflation, as well as maintaining summer-autumn moisture reserves.
Chestnut soils are used for pastures, hayfields, less often arable land. Cereals, oilseeds and fodder crops are cultivated here.
Meadow chestnut soils are found in the chestnut zone, for more low forms relief, along the bottoms of dry depressions, in lacustrine depressions and on elevated sections of river valleys.
They are distinguished from chestnut soils by a high degree of moisture. Provided with nitrogen and potassium, but not enough phosphorus.
Salt licks occupy a small area, do not form large massifs, their sizes are from 1 to 4-5 m 2. You can meet them in the steppe and forest-steppe territories.
The insignificant thickness of the humus horizon, a small content of humus (3%), nitrogen and ash nutrients, an alkaline reaction, the presence of free soda, the content of salts toxic to plants, all this inhibits the plants. Poor physical properties: high density of the soil horizon, poor water and air permeability, strong swelling when moisturized and high shrinkage when drying.
When using them, plastering and deep plowing are necessary. Fertilization and grass planting contribute to the accumulation of humus and the improvement of chemical and physical properties. Most often used as hayfields and pastures.
Salt marshes more widespread than salt licks, they are found in the steppes and forest-steppes and even in taiga regions.
Humus contains about 2%. Not suitable for agriculture. main reason- a high concentration of salts, which leads to a high osmotic pressure of the soil solution, much higher than the pressure of the cell sap of cultivated plants, because of which they die. Soils have an alkaline reaction of the environment.
Salt marshes are usually washed in the autumn-winter period, deep plowing is carried out before washing. Fertilization is required.
In agriculture, they are practically not used.
On the bottoms of valleys and river valleys, with sufficient moisture, meadow soils. They are found almost everywhere, from dry steppes to taiga. Moistened with surface and ground water. Strong humidification in spring with flushing to groundwater is replaced by a decrease in humidity in summer and autumn. With prolonged floods, the soil becomes waterlogged, with short floods - steppe formation.
The soils have a significant humus content (4-9%) and biogenic accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in the upper horizons.
The thermal regime is favorable, although the permafrost acts as a constant source of cold in the lower horizons. It is necessary to carry out water-thermal reclamation and fertilization.
They are used mainly for haymaking, less often for grazing and arable land.
Meadow-bog soils found in deep depressions of plains and river terraces. Formed in conditions of additional surface and permanent soil moisture.
Such soils are characterized by a slightly acidic reaction of the environment and a humus content of 3-5%.
When they are drained, it is possible to use them for growing fruit, vegetable and grain crops.
Swamp soils are found in all regions of the region and are confined to the lowest relief elements.
Characteristic features are strong waterlogging and intensive accumulation of poorly decomposed organic matter.
They have a slightly acidic and neutral reaction, a very low content of mobile phosphorus.
After drainage and agromeliorative work, the introduction of phosphorus, potash and micronutrient fertilizers, they become good hay and pasture lands, and less often arable lands.
Alluvial soils are confined mainly to floodplains and the first above-floodplain terraces of rivers, are subject to periodic flooding.
They are distinguished by light mechanical composition, low humus content, low power humus horizon. The reaction is slightly acidic.
Used as hayfields and pastures.
The special conditions of soil formation on the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory determined the formation of soils characteristic of various natural zones, possessing unequal fertility and qualities, and also very different from their counterparts in other parts of the country.
Literature
- Tomskikh A.A. Intermontane basins of Transbaikalia: geographical aspects of development and protection environment... - Novosibirsk: Publishing house of the SB RAS, 2006 .-- 154 p.
- Unified State Register of Soil Resources of Russia. Zabaykalsky Krai. - Access mode: http://atlas.mcx.ru/materials/egrpr/content/adm/adm75.html (date of access 04.21.2015).
References
- Tomskih A.A. Mezhgornye kotloviny Zabajkal’ja: geograficheskie aspekty osvoenija i ohrany okruzhajushhej sredy. - Novosibirsk: Izdatel'stvo SO RAN, 2006 .-- 154 s.
- Edinyj gosudarstvennyj reestr pochvennyh resursov Rossii. Zabajkal'skij kraj. - Rezhim dostupa: http://atlas.mcx.ru/materials/egrpr/content/adm/adm75.html (data obrashhenija 04.21.2015).
Geography. The Trans-Baikal Territory occupies the southeast of Eastern Siberia. The area of the territory is 431,892 km2.
Climate. Sharply continental. Winter is long and harsh, with little snow, with stable clear dry weather. It is characterized by lulls, severe frosts, sudden changes in temperature during the day. Low wind speed, dry air, long duration insolation makes it possible to endure harsh climatic conditions generally relatively easily. Summers are short and warm, hot in some years. Spring is clear and dry. Late and early frosts are typical for spring and autumn. The growing season is 120-160 days. The number of days with snow cover is 121, its maximum height (47 cm) is observed in January.
Relief. Medium-altitude mountains and intermontane basins dividing them predominate. In the north, the mountains rise to a height of 3072 m. In the south, there is a vast plain.
Hydrography. Surface waters. Under water ≈ 0.7% of the area, 2.5% are swamps. Rivers flow through the territory: Shilka, Argun, Khilok, Chikoy, Olekma, Vitim. Rivers, to a lesser extent lakes, determine the water content of the territory of the region. They account for over 80% of renewable water resources. Water resources are distinguished by a pronounced uneven distribution over the territory of the region and over the seasons of the year. The least provided with local water resources are the north-western, central, southern and southeastern regions. However, due to the transit flow, the southern and southeastern regions can be attributed to the average supply of general water resources. In winter, many rivers freeze over and there is no runoff. This period is characterized by the formation of ice. Lakes are few in number and do not play a significant role either in the structure of the hydrographic network or in the formation of runoff in most of the territory. Their role is noticeable only in the south, where areas of internal flow are characteristic. The lakes accumulate here a significant part of the local runoff. Largest lakes territories: Bolshoye Leprindo, Leprindokan - in the north, Ivano-Arakhleyskiy - in the middle zone, low-mineralized Zun-Torey and Barun-Torey - in the south. Lake Kenon is located within the city of Chita.
The groundwater. 71 deposits of underground waters have been explored in the region. The region is characterized by unsatisfactory replenishment of groundwater resources. Many types of water significantly reduce their debit in winter, especially over-permafrost freezing ones.
Aquatic biological resources. The ichthyofauna of fishery reservoirs is represented by more than 60 fish species (3 fish species have been acclimatized: Baikal omul, peled and bream). The ichthyofauna of the Amur is represented by 23-28 fish species. The catches occasionally include grub horse, Amur catfish, carp, killer whales and, very rarely, lenok, taimen and grayling. Compared to the Middle and Lower Amur, the ichthyofauna of the upper reaches is 3-4 times poorer. The background fish species in Ingoda, Shilka, Onon and Argun are taimen, lenok, grayling. The fish productivity of the rivers in the Amur basin is approximately 12-55 kg / ha, the average for Shilka is 27.3, for tributaries (below the city of Sretensk) - 31.4 kg / ha. The streams of the Khilok and Chikoy rivers belong to the mountain and foothill types and are characterized by a rather poor and homogeneous composition of ichthyofauna (5-15 species); salmon, grayling and cyprinids predominate. The peculiarity of the mountain ichthyocenosis of the river. Chikoy - a very large share of salmon and grayling (84%) in the total ichthyomass. At the same time, lenok predominates in the mass (50%). The black Baikal grayling is found only in mountain streams, the Baikal whitefish and perch are found only in the foothills. The ichthyomass of the main commercial fish species is 16.6-21.9 kg / ha. The rivers of the Lena basin (Vitim, Olekma, Chara, etc.) are the least studied in terms of fisheries. The Chara and its tributaries are typical grayling-rolls and act as spawning and feeding reservoirs. Bulk views- grayling, roll and lenok. The fish productivity of the river is 5-7 kg / ha.
Vegetation. Middle and southern taiga, forest-steppe and steppe. Forests occupy ≈ 72.4% of the territory. The mountainous relief determines the manifestation of vertical zonation with the addition of subalpine (subalpine) and alpine (alpine) vegetation. The flora includes boreal Holarctic, Eurasian, South Siberian, Central Asian, East Asian, Manchurian-Daurian species. Among them, valuable medicinal, feed, food, technical and ornamental plants... There are significant areas of berry fields in the region, 36 species of medicinal plants are harvested.
Soils. By area shares are distributed: illuvial-ferruginous and illuvial-humus podzols without separation (illuvial-low- and high-humus podzols) - 23.9%, saturated soddy-taiga (soddy-brown soil weakly unsaturated and saturated) - 16.7%, taiga podburs (without separation) - 12.7%, meadow-chernozemic - 4.5%, dry peaty podburs - 4.4%, taiga peaty-humus high-humus non-gleyed - 4.3%, powdery-carbonate chernozems, including leached, typical, ordinary and southern (washed chernozems) - 3.6%, floodplain acidic - 3.5%, soddy-taiga acidic (soddy-brown earth acidic) - 3.1%, high-mountain soddy-alpine - 2.9%, gray forest non-podzolized - 2.6%, peaty and peaty-gley boggy (peaty and peaty boggy gley soils) - 2.5%, deep-boiling chernozems and carbonate-free on light rocks - 2%, floodplain swampy - 1.7%, non-soil formations (stony placers, sands, water) - 1.7%, chestnut powdery-carbonate without separation (chestnut washed) - 1.4%, taiga gley humus-humus (low-gley humus-humus taiga gley) - 1.2%, mountain forest-meadow - 1.1%, sod-carbonate (including leached and podzolized) - 0.9 %, dry peat podzols - 0.6%, ocher podburs - 0.6%, sod-taiga gley and gley (sod-brown gley and gley) - 0.6%, meadow-chestnut - 0.5%, meadow (without separation) - 0.5%, pine forest sands - 0.4%, humus-carbonate tundra - 0.3%, humus-carbonate - 0.3%, floodplain saline - 0.3%, sod-podzolic (without separation) - 0.2%, sod-podzolic deep gley and gley (incl. surface gley) mostly deep - 0.2%, meadow-boggy - 0.2%, meadow solonchaks - 0.2%, taiga gley peaty-humus (taiga peaty-humus gley soils) - 0.1%, gley peaty podzols and peat, mainly humus-illuvial - 0.1%, solonetzic chernozems - 0.1%, peat bog transitional - 0.1%, meadow solonetzic and solonchak - 0.1%, soric solonchaks - 0.1%, primitive mountainous - 0.1%, meadow-chernozemic solonetzic and saline -
In general, the soils are characterized by low humus content and shortened profile, low supply of nutrients and unsatisfactory thermal regime, low fertility. Permafrost is widespread.
Agriculture. Agricultural lands occupy ≈ 17.7% of the territory, in their structure - arable land ≈ 6.3%, perennial plantations ≈ 0.07%, hayfields ≈ 22.5%, pastures ≈ 58.6%.
Livestock raising and trades. They breed cows (meat (Hereford, Kazakh white-headed, Galloway, Aberdeen-Angus, Simmental, Kalmyk) and dairy (Simmental) cattle breeding), sheep (Transbaikal, Aginskaya), deer, pigs, horses (Transbaikalian, Budennovskaya), goats, camels Mongolian), poultry (chickens, ostriches), fur-bearing animals (arctic fox). Fur trade (sable, squirrel, muskrat), fishing.
Plant growing. They grow wheat (spring), oats (grain, fodder), barley (spring), triticale, rye, corn, buckwheat, millet, legumes, rapeseed (spring), soy, sunflower, potatoes, cucumbers (MG), tomatoes (MG) , cabbage, onion, Sudanese grass, awnless rump, alfalfa, wheatgrass.
Approximate calendar of agricultural work in the Trans-Baikal Territory
| Month | Decade | activity |
|---|---|---|
| January | 1 | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
| February | 1 | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
| March | 1 | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
| April | 1 | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
| May | 1 | Sowing spring wheat, rapeseed, planting early potatoes |
| 2 | Sowing spring wheat, barley, oats, rapeseed, planting potatoes | |
| 3 | Sowing spring wheat, rapeseed, planting potatoes, sowing annual grasses | |
| June | 1 | |
| 2 | Sowing spring wheat, rapeseed, planting potatoes | |
| 3 | Sowing of spring wheat, rapeseed, planting potatoes, vegetables; feed preparation | |
| July | 1 | Harvesting feed |
| 2 | Harvesting feed | |
| 3 | Harvesting feed. Shearing | |
| August | 1 | Harvesting feed |
| 2 | Harvesting feed | |
| 3 | Harvesting feed | |
| September | 1 | Harvesting feed; harvesting wheat, buckwheat, rapeseed |
| 2 | Harvesting wheat, rapeseed | |
| 3 | Harvesting wheat | |
| October | 1 | Harvesting wheat, oats |
| 2 | Grain harvesting | |
| 3 | ||
| November | 1 | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | ||
| December | 1 | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 |
Districts of the Trans-Baikal Territory
Aginsky district (Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug).
Located in the southern part of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The area of the territory is 6071.04 km 2.
Cows (beef (Kalmyk) cattle breeding), sheep (Transbaikal), horses are bred.
Akshi district.
Located in the south of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The area of the territory is 7400 km 2. The climate is sharply continental. The average temperature in July is +16 ... + 18 о С, in January -22 ...- 24 о С. There are 300-500 mm of precipitation per year. The Erman and Stanovik ridges and the southern end of the Mogoytuisky ridge are located on the territory of the region. Basic water artery the district is the Onon River and its tributaries. The river valleys and tributaries belonging to the forest-steppe zone are most favorable for agricultural production. Cattle breeding.
Aleksandrovo-Zavodsky district.
Located in the southeast of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The area of the territory is 7132.29 km 2.
Grain crops (spring crops) are grown.
Baleysky district.
Located in the central part of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The area of the territory is 5050 km 2. The climate is sharply continental. The average July temperature is +16 ... + 18 o C, the maximum is +38 o C. Winter is cold. The average January temperature is -26 ...- 28 o C, the minimum is -42 o C. The precipitation is 300-400 mm / year. Spring and early summer are especially dry. The growing season does not exceed 140 days. The relief is dominated by mountainous forms. The area is crossed by the Kukulbei ridge, the Tsugolsky ridge, the Ononsky ridge and the southwestern part of the Borshchovochny ridge. The mountains are quite deep and densely dissected by rivers and temporary streams. Larch mid-mountain forests with a layer of wild rosemary in combination with tansy steppes and steppe-forb meadows, as well as willow and dwarf birch thickets are characteristic. Along the valley of the river. Unda wet solonetzic cereal meadows in combination with sedge and places with shrubs. In the southeast of the region, mountain permafrost-taiga podzolized soils are widespread, in the basin of the Unda River, meadow-chernozemic soils, in the rest of the territory, mostly frozen meadow-forest soils. Beef cattle breeding, horse breeding, sheep breeding.
Borzinsky district.
Located in the south of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The area of the territory is 8848.42 km 2.
The climate is sharply continental. In dry steppe and forest-steppe basins, with insignificant heat consumption for evaporation, the heating of air is most pronounced, which creates favorable conditions for the formation of hot and dry weather. The total solar radiation for the year is more than 110 kcal / cm 2. In winter, the weather is cold and slightly cloudy. The most low temperature-55 ° C. The prevailing winds are east and north-east. The development of spring is delayed due to the long heating of the frozen soil. Cyclones from Mongolia contribute to the return of cold weather and the appearance of strong winds. This is the area of least moisture. The frost-free period is 110-115 days. The maximum summer temperature is + 38 ° С.
The district is located on three gigantic high-altitude steps in the southeastern part of the Trans-Baikal Territory: the highest - northern - mountainous relief from ridge structures, the middle step - the predominant part of the region - flattened steppes, fine-medium sand steppe relief and intermountain depressions, the low step - southern - Torey steppe zone.
The steppe occupies significant areas.
The rivers of the region belong to the river basin. Amur. On the territory there are the upper and lower reaches of the river. Borzya - a tributary of the r. Onon, the upper reaches of the r. Gazimur and Urulyunguy, and part of the district border runs along the river. Argun, there are few small rivers. In the river basin Borzya there are small lakes, varied in chemical composition, from self-deposited bitter-saline to deep fresh karst lakes.
Cows (beef (Aberdeen-Angus) and dairy cattle breeding), sheep are bred. Wheat (spring) is grown.
Duldurga region.
Located in the southern part of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The area of the territory is 7185.72 km 2.
The climate is sharply continental. Hot summer. The average July temperature is +16 ... + 18 ° C (maximum + 38 ° C). The winter is cold and sunny. The average January temperature is -22 ...- 24 ° C (minimum -47 ° C). Precipitation is 300-400 mm / year. The growing season lasts 90-150 days.
The region is located within the Khentei-Chikoysky highlands and the Onon-Ingodinsky highlands. The largest orographic units are the Daursky and Mogoytuisky ridges, oriented in a northeastern direction. In the southeast lies the slightly hilly Prionon plain.
Rivers flow through the district: Ilya, Olengui, along southern border- Onon.
Mountain larch and pine-larch taiga with rhododendron undergrowth dominates the Daursky and Mogoytuisky ridges. There are yerniki in wide paddy. In the forest-steppe - forests are light, dry, with a dense grass cover of various species. Steppe - tansy, fescue. In river valleys, meadow-poplar associations are found.
In the west and in the central part of the region, the soils are mountain permafrost-taiga typical, gley, soddy, podzolized, turning into mountain gray forest non-podzolized deep-freezing. In the east, there are powdery-carbonate chernozems and carbonate-free or low-carbonate deep-freezing chernozems.
Sheep are raised.
Transbaikal region.
Located in the southeast of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The area of the territory is 5253.65 km 2.
The climate is sharply continental with hot summers and cold winters. The average July temperature is + 20.6 ° C (maximum + 38 ° C), the average January temperature is -28 ...- 30 ° C (the absolute minimum is -43 ° C. The average annual precipitation does not exceed 300 mm. The duration of the growing season is 150 days and more.
The main ridges: Argunsky, Klichkinsky and part of Nerchinsky with an average height not exceeding 900 m. Between the ridges there are hilly-ridged and low-mountainous territories, separated by vast depressions and dry depressions. The lowlands are occupied by salt marshes and sometimes salt lakes.
In the southeast, along the border with China, the Argun River flows.
The region is dominated by the steppe, which is replaced by meadows only in river valleys and vast depressions. Steppes are forb-cereal, tansy-forb, cereal-tansy-burnet. Meadows are ridge, barley and pickle-steppe.
The most widespread are chernozem, chestnut powdery-calcareous and meadow-chernozemic deep-freezing soils; salt marshes are found. In the Argun valley, the soils are alluvial-meadow deep-freezing.
Sheep are raised.
Kalgan region.
Located in the southeast of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The area of the territory is 3232 km 2.
The climate is sharply continental. The average temperature in July is +18 ... + 20 ° С (maximum + 39 ° С), in January -26 ...- 28 ° С (absolute minimum is -53 ° С). Average annual precipitation is 350-500 mm. The growing season lasts 120-150 days.
The spurs of the Nerchinsky ridge are located in the region. Hilly-ridged and small-hump elevated plains with heights of 500-700 m are widespread. In the east of the region is the valley of the river. Argun.
Tansy steppes are widespread, in places in combination with thickets of elm and apricot. Mid-mountain larch forests with a layer of wild rosemary give way to birch grass forests in the contact zone of taiga and steppe formations and birch forests in combination with tansy steppes and steppe-forb meadows.
The widespread chernozems are powdery-carbonate and carbonate-free or low-carbonate deep-freezing. On river valleys - alluvial-meadow deep-freezing, mountain permafrost-taiga soddy, permafrost meadow-forest.
Sheep are raised. Wheat (spring) is grown.
Krasnokamensk district.
Located in the southeast of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The area of the territory is 5327.57 km 2.
The climate is sharply continental with hot short summers and long cold winters. Spring and early summer are mostly dry, dust storms are frequent in spring. The average temperature in July is +18 ... + 20 ° C (maximum + 38 ° C), in January -22 ...- 26 ° C (absolute minimum is -47 ° C). Annual quantity precipitation does not exceed 200-300 mm.
The relief of most of the territory is low-mountainous, hilly-ridged and shallow-humped plains, low mountains, separated by vast depressions and dry depressions, are widespread.
The Argun River and its tributary Urulyunguy flow through the region.
On chernozem and chestnut soils, the forb-cereal and tansy-forb steppe is widespread.
The main and most valuable soils are chernozems: medium thick low and medium humus and meadow soils, as well as deep freezing and chestnut soils. The soils are often saline.
Cows (dairy and beef cattle breeding), sheep are bred. They grow cereals, rapeseed (spring).
Krasnochikoysky district.
Located in the southwest of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The area of the territory is 28295.48 km 2.
The climate is sharply continental. The average July temperature is +14 ... + 16 ° С (maximum + 40 ° С). Winter is cold, average January temperatures are -22 ...- 26 ° С (absolute minimum is -53 ° С). The amount of precipitation is 350-500 mm / year. The growing season is 90-130 days.
In the north of the region lies the Chikoiskaya depression, which encompasses the valley of the middle reaches of the Chikoy River. The lowering is made by loose sediments, the strip of river sediments occupies from 7 to 15 km. The main ridges: Asinsky (Atsinsky), Menzinsky, Chikokonsky, Esutaysky, spurs of Malkhansky, lying in an altitude belt of 1200-1400 m.
Rivers flow through the area: Chikoy, Menza.
The main type of terrain is mountain taiga; pre-alpine woodlands and loaches are considerably widespread. The lower parts of the slopes are occupied by larch taiga and ledum cover. Herbaceous forests only on dry slopes. At higher elevations, larch forests are replaced by cedar-larch forests. Pure cedar forests are less common, at the upper limit of the mountain taiga and in humid places.
In most of the territory, the soils are mountain permafrost-taiga typical, permafrost-taiga podzolized and soddy subtaiga deep-freezing, permafrost meadow-forest. There are carbonate loess-like sandy-loamy.
Grain crops (spring crops) are grown.
Kyrinsky district.
Located in the southwestern part of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The area of the territory is 16048.29 km 2.
The climate is sharply continental. The average temperature in July is +12 ... + 18 ° С (maximum + 36 ° С), in January -22 ...- 24 ° С (absolute minimum is -48 ° С). Precipitation falls from 350 mm / year in intermontane depressions to 600 mm / year in mountains. The duration of the growing season is 90-150 days or more.
The relief of most of the territory is mountainous. There are intermontane depressions along the Onon and Kyra river valleys.
The Onon River flows through the region with its tributaries Kirkun, Bukukun, Agutsa, Kyra, etc.
The mountain ranges are covered with larch taiga and pre-alpine woodlands, often alternating with char, the summit parts of the ridges and high plateaus are covered with cedar forests with the participation of larch and pine. The depressions are characterized by meadow, meadow-steppe and steppe types of terrain. Steppes of small sod-cereal, fescue, tansy, in places in combination with thickets of elm and apricot. In the river valleys, the presence of meadow-willow-poplar associations is noted.
Typical permafrost-taiga, soddy and gray forest non-podzolized deep-freezing soils are widespread in the mountains. On the plains there are meadow-forest permafrost and alluvial-meadow deep-freezing soils.
They grow wheat (spring), oats.
Mogoytuysky district.
Located in the center of the southern part of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The area of the territory is 6230 km 2.
The territory is represented by plains and plateaus.
12% of the territory is covered with forests and shrubs.
They breed cows, sheep.
Nerchinsky district.
Located in the central part of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The area of the territory is 5435.26 km 2.
The climate is sharply continental with hot summers and cold winters with little snow. The average temperature in July is +18 ... + 20 ° С (maximum + 39 ° С), in January -28 ...- 30 ° С (absolute minimum is -47 ° С). The amount of precipitation does not exceed 350 mm / year. Spring and early summer are especially dry. The growing season lasts 120-150 days.
Occupies the Nerchinsk Basin and the ridges bordering it from the south and north.
Rivers flow through the district: Shilka, Nercha.
Steppe plant groups are widespread: tansy, cereal-forb, forb-cereal, and raspberry. Forests are mainly birch, larch-birch, larch with grass cover and shrub undergrowth.
In the steppes and forest-steppe soils are permafrost meadow-chernozem and permafrost meadow-forest soils, in the forests are dark gray permafrost and sod-non-podzolized.
Sheep are raised. They grow wheat (spring), oats, barley (spring), corn, soybeans, sunflowers.
Nerchinsko-Zavodsky district.
Located in the east of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The area of the territory is 9032.03 km 2.
The climate is sharply continental. The average temperature in July is +16 ... + 18 ° C (maximum + 39 ° C), in January -28 ...- 30 ° C (absolute minimum is -53 ° C). The amount of precipitation does not exceed 500 mm / year. The growing season is 120-150 days.
Occupies left side valleys of the Argun river, hilly-ridged plains, low-mountain spurs of the Uryumkansky and Nerchinsky ridges. The slopes of the mountain ranges are dissected by numerous valleys. The main territories are located at heights of 600-800 and 950-1100 m.
In the east of the region flows the Argun River with its tributaries Urov, Seredyanka, Kamara, Ishaga, Serebryanka, Nizhnyaya Borzya.
The main type of terrain is mountain taiga, larch forests mainly with rhododendron undergrowth. In the south - forest-steppe, along the river valleys - meadows. The forest-steppe is birch and larch-birch. Meadow steppes are gramineous-tansy and herbaceous. In river valleys, meadows are swampy and sedge. There are tansy steppes in places in combination with thickets of elm and apricot.
Mountain permafrost-taiga podzolized and soddy, meadow-forest permafrost soils are widespread, in the Argun valley there are permafrost meadow-chernozemic and alluvial-meadow deep-freezing soils.
Sheep and cows are raised (beef and dairy cattle breeding). Wheat (spring) is grown.
Ononsky district.
Located in the south of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The area of the territory is 6030 km 2. The climate is sharply continental. The average July temperature is +18 ... + 20 о C (maximum +40 о C). The average January temperature is -24 ...- 26 o C (the absolute minimum is -55 o C). The amount of precipitation is from 350 mm / year in the west to 250 mm / year or less in the southeast. Very dry in spring and early summer. The growing season lasts 150 days or more. The relief is predominantly flat, only in the west is the Erman Ridge. Characterized by low water content, in places without drainage, salinity of the soils of the basins and the presence of dry steppes. Flat and hilly-ridged plains, as well as shallow hills, are located at an altitude of 500-800 m. Among the plains there are vast and small drainless basins and wide, mostly waterless, depressions. The lowest relief marks are in the Onon River valley and in the depression of the Barun-Torey and Zun-Torey lakes. Many depressions are occupied by dry and wet saline soils and shallow salt lakes. There are few rivers, they are shallow. In the north and north-east of the region flows the river. Onon and its tributary r. Borzya. Chestnut and chernozem powdery-calcareous deep-freezing soils are widespread. In the west of the region, there are deep-freezing soddy subtaiga soils, in the region of the Torey lakes - deep-freezing salt marshes. The region is characterized by two types of terrain - dry steppe (main areas) and meadow plain. Only in the west of the region are mountain larch forests with rhododendron undergrowth and larch grass forests found. Tansy steppes, in places with thickets of elmovnik and apricot, significant participation wormwood, fescue, eastern, large-grain and other polydominant steppes. In the region of the Torey Lakes, there are pickle meadows in combination with raspberry steppes and saline communities. Pine forests, occupying the flat high terrace of Onon, are surrounded by dry steppes. Sheep breeding, camel breeding, cattle breeding, pig breeding.
Priargunsky district.
Located in the southeastern part of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The area of the territory is 5185.6 km 2.
The climate is sharply continental. Winter is cold, with light winds, low relative humidity air, low precipitation, low snow cover. June temperature ranges from +17 to + 31 ° С.
The area is included in the steppe vegetation zone.
They breed cows (beef and dairy (Simmental) cattle breeding), sheep (Transbaikalian fine-wool). They grow wheat (spring), oats, rapeseed.
Sretensky district.
Located in the central part of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The area of the territory is 15739.45 km 2.
The climate is sharply continental. The average July temperature is +16 ... + 18 ° С (maximum + 37 ° С). Winter is cold, the average January temperature is -24 ...- 28 ° С (minimum -54 ° С). The amount of precipitation does not exceed 350-400 mm / year. The height of the snow cover is 12-14 cm, in some places 20 cm or more. The growing season is 120-150 days.
The relief of the region is characterized by an arched arrangement of the main ridges - Borschovochny, Shilkinsky, separated by the valley of the Shilka River. The river valleys are narrow with steep slopes. The lowest marks are confined to the Shilka valley, where arable lands are concentrated.
The Shilka River with tributaries flows through the district. In some years the rivers freeze over.
Larch taiga dominates with undergrowth of birch and Daurian rhododendron. On river terraces there are pine forests... There are eastern steppes in the Shilka valley.
Mountain permafrost taiga soddy and typical soils are widespread. Along the river valleys there are mountain chernozems without carbonate or low carbonate deep freezing and permafrost meadow chernozemic heavy loamy.
Grain crops (spring crops) are grown.
Ulytovsky district.
Located in the southwest of the Trans-Baikal Territory.
The climate is sharply continental. Cold winter. Precipitation is 300-500 mm / year. Spring and early summer are especially dry.
In the northwest of the region there is a vast, northeasterly oriented intermontane depression, which is framed by taiga medium-altitude ridges. The south of the region is a mountainous area with distinct traces of ancient glacial activity.
The Ingoda River with numerous tributaries flows through the region.
The main territories are occupied by mountain larch-pine and pine-larch taiga with grass cover and shrub rhododendron undergrowth.
Cows are bred (beef and dairy cattle breeding). They grow cereals (spring crops), potatoes, vegetables.
Chernyshevsky district.
Located in the central part of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The area of the territory is 12,770 km 2.
The climate is sharply continental. Winters are long and cold, frosts can reach -50 ° С; in summer the temperature can exceed + 40 ° С. The short summer is characterized by warm weather. Winter lasts over 6 months, from early October to mid-April.
Rivers flow through the region: Kuenga, Kurlych.
25% of the territory is steppe, the rest of the territory is covered with dense forests. The main tree species are Daurian larch, birch, and aspen.
Sheep are raised. They grow barley, wheat, oats, buckwheat, rapeseed (spring).
Chita region.
Located in the west of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The area of the territory is 15707.54 km 2.
The climate is sharply continental.
The Ingoda River and its tributaries Kruchina, Olengui, Chita flow through the region. To the west of the city of Chita, across the Yablonovy ridge, there is a system of Ivano-Arakhlei lakes.
The area is covered mainly by larch taiga, the territory of the Arakhlei depression is occupied by forest-steppe.
Cows (beef and dairy cattle breeding), poultry (chickens), fur-bearing animals (arctic fox) are bred. They grow potatoes, cucumbers (MG), tomatoes (MG), cabbage, and onions.
Shilkinsky district.
Located in the central part of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The area of the territory is 6074.09 km 2.
The climate is sharply continental with hot summers and cold winters with little snow. The average temperature in July is +18 ... + 20 ° С (maximum + 38 ° С), in January -28 ...- 30 ° С (absolute minimum is -47 ° С). The amount of precipitation does not exceed 300-400 mm / year. Spring and early summer are especially dry. The growing season lasts 120-150 days.
The region occupies mainly flat and low-mountain areas of interfluves, bordered by mountain ranges. The riverside Ingodinsky plain is replaced by medium-mountainous territories with heights of 1000-1200 m.
Rivers flow through the territory: Ingoda, Onon, Shilka.
Forests are mainly mountain larch. The treeless areas are mainly occupied by tansy, fescue and raspberry steppes. The forest-steppe gravitates towards rugged plains and low mountains. In the river valleys, raw solonetzic cereals and other meadows in combination with sedge forests and places with shrubs.
The widespread soils are powdery-carbonate deep-freezing, meadow-chernozem and permafrost meadow-forest, in the mountains - low-carbonate deep-freezing chernozems, turning into permafrost-taiga sod soils.
They grow wheat (spring), oats (feed), potatoes, vegetables, Sudanese grass.
Sources of information:
- Unified State Register of Soil Resources of Russia
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