The second half of the twentieth century has become the era of rocket technology. The first satellite was launched into space, then his famous "went!" Yuri Gagarin said, however, the beginning of the rocket era should not be counted from these fateful moments in the history of mankind.
On June 13, 1944, Hitler Germany inflicted a blow to London with the help of FAu-1 shells, which can be called the first military winged rocket. A few months later, the new development of Nazis collapsed on the heads of Londoners - ballistic missile Fow-2, killed thousands of lives of peaceful citizens. After the end of the war, the German rocket technologies fell into the hands of the winners and began to work primarily on the war, and the study of space was just an expensive way to state PR. So it was in the USSR, and in the USA. Creating nuclear weapons almost immediately turned the rocket in strategic weapons.
It should be noted that the rockets were invented by a person else in deep antiquity. There are an ancient Greek description of devices, very reminiscent rockets. Especially loved rockets in Ancient China (II-III century BC): After the invention, these aircraft began to use for fireworks and other entertainment. There are evidence of attempts to apply them in military affairs, but at the existing level of technology, they could hardly cause a significant damage to the enemy.
In the Middle Ages, along with gunpowder, rockets were in Europe. These flying devices were interested in many thinkers and natural scientists of that era. However, the rockets were rather a wonder, a practical sense of them was little.
IN early XIX. For centuries, Kongarev rockets are adopted for arming the British army, however, due to low accuracy, they were soon displaced by artillery systems.
Practical work on the creation of missile weapons resumed in the first third of the XX century. In this direction, enthusiasts in the USA, Germany, Russia (then in the USSR) worked. In the Soviet Union, the result of these findings was the birth of the RSZO BM-13 - the legendary "Katyusha". In Germany, the brilliant designer Werner von Brown was engaged in creating ballistic missiles, it was he who developed FAU-2, and later he was able to send a person to the moon.
In the 50s, work began on the creation of ballistic and winged missiles capable of delivering nuclear charges for intercontinental distances.
In this material we will tell about the most famous species Ballistic and winged missiles, the review will include not only intercontinental gigids, but also known operational and operational-tactical missile systems. Almost all rockets that have fallen into our list are developed in the design bureau of the USSR (Russia) or the United States - two states with the most advanced missile technologies in the world.
SCUD B (P-17)
This is a Soviet ballistic rocket, which is an integral part of the EL KRUS's operational tactical complex. The R-17 rocket was adopted in 1962, its flight range was 300 km, it could throw almost a ton of payload with accuracy (QWW - a circular probable deviation) of 450 meters.
This ballistic missile is one of the most famous samples of Soviet rocket technology in the West. The fact is that many decades of the P-17 have been actively exported to various countries of the world, which were considered the Allies of the USSR. Especially many units of this weapon were delivered to the Middle East: to Egypt, Iraq, Syria.
Egypt used P-17 against Israel during the war Judgment dayIn the first war in the Persian Gulf of Saddam Hussein fired SCUD B territory of Saudi Arabia and Israel. He threatened to use warheads with martial gases, which caused a wave of panic in Israel. One of the rockets fell into the American barracks, killing 28 US military personnel.
Russia used P-17 during the second Chechen campaign.
Currently, the P-17 is used by Yemen's rebels in the war against Saudites.
The technologies used in SCUD B became the basis for Pakistan missile programs, DPRK, Iran.
Trident II.
This is a solid-propelled three-stage ballistic rocket, which is currently in service with the US Navy and the UK. The Triandent-2 rocket ("Trident") was adopted in 1990, its flight range is more than 11 thousand km, it has a combat part with individual guidance blocks, each power can be 475 kiloton. Mass Trident II - 58 tons.
This ballistic rocket is considered one of the most accurate in the world, it is designed to defeat missile mines with IBD and command items.
Pershing II "Persing-2"
This is an American ballistic missile medium rangecapable of carrying a nuclear combat part. She was one of the largest fears of the USSR citizens at the final stage of the Cold War and the headache of Soviet strategists. The maximum range of the rocket was 1770 km, quota - 30 meters, and the power of the monoblock combat part could reach 80 CT.
The United States has placed these in West Germany, reducing the time to the Soviet territory to a minimum. In 1987, the United States and the USSR signed an agreement on the destruction of medium-range nuclear missiles, after which the "Permits" were removed from combat duty.
"Point-U"
This is Soviet tactical complexAdopted in 1975. This rocket It can be equipped with a nuclear combat part, with a capacity of 200 CT and delivering it to a distance of 120 km. Currently, "Points-U" are in service with the Armed Forces of Russia, Ukraine, the former republics of the USSR, as well as other countries of the world. Russia plans to replace these rocket complexes to more advanced "Iskander."
R-30 "Bulava"
This is a solid fuel ballistic missile for sea basing, the development of which began in Russia in 1997. The P-30 should be the main weapon of submarines of the projects of 995 Borea and 941 "Shark". The maximum range of "Bulava" is more than 8 thousand km (according to other data - more than 9 thousand km), the rocket can carry up to 10 blocks of individual guidance with a capacity of up to 150 ct each.
The first launch of Bulava took place in 2005, and the last - in September 2018. This rocket was developed by the Moscow Institute of Heat Engineering, who was previously engaged in the creation of Popol-M, and make a "Mavel" to the FSUE "Votkin Plant", where Poplar produces. According to the developers, many nodes of these two missiles are identical, which makes it possible to significantly reduce their production.
Saving public funds is, of course, a worthy desire, but it should not harm the reliability of products. Strategic nuclear weapon And its delivery tools is the main component of the containment concept. Nuclear rockets You must also be sureless and reliable as the Kalashnikov machine, which cannot be said about the new rocket "Bulaw". It is still flying one time: from 26 starts manufactured 8 were recognized as unsuccessful, and 2 - partially unsuccessful. It is unacceptable a lot for the strategic rocket. In addition, many experts comes to too small thrown weight "Bulava".
"Topol M"
This is a rocket complex with a solid fuel rocket capable of delivering a nuclear combat part with a capacity of 550 kt at a distance of 11 thousand km. "Topol-M" is the first intercontinental ballistic missile, adopted in Russia.
ICBM "Topol-M" has mining and mobile basing. Back in 2008, the beginning of work was announced in the work of "Popol-M" to the sharing combat blocs. True, in 2011, the military declared the refusal to further purchase this rocket and the gradual transition to the R-24 Rocket rocket.
MinuteMan III (LGM-30G)
This is an American solid fuel ballistic rocket, which was adopted in 1970 and is on it today. It is believed that Minuteman III is the most fast Rocket In the world, at the terminal stage of the flight, it can reach a speed of 24 thousand km / h.
The range of the rocket is 13 thousand km, it carries three combat blocks of 475 CT power each.
Over the years of operation, Minuteman III passed several dozen modernization, Americans constantly change electronics on them, control systems, strength assemblies to more perfect.
As of 2008, the United States had 450 MINUTEMAN III III, on which 550 warheads were installed. The fastest rocket in the world will still be in service with the US Army at least until 2020.
Fow-2 (V-2)
This German rocket had a far from the perfect design, its characteristics do not go to any comparison with modern counterparts. However, Fow-2 was the first battle ballistic rocket, the Germans used it for the shelling of English cities. It was Fow-2 who made the first subborital flight, rising to a height of 188 km.
Fow-2 is a single-stage liquid-fuel rocket, operating on a mixture of ethanol and liquid oxygen. She could deliver a combat part weighing one ton at a distance of 320 km.
The first combat launch of FA-2 took place in September 1944, more than 4,300 missiles were released in Britain, of which almost half exploded at the start or collapsed in flight.
Fow-2 is difficult to call the best ballistic rocket, but she was the first, for which he deserved high bed In our ranking.
"Iskander"
This is one of the most famous Russian missile systems. Today, this name in Russia has become almost cult. "Iskander" is adopted in 2006, there are several of its modifications. There is a "Iskander-M", armed with two ballistic missiles, with a range of 500 km away, and "Iskander-K" - a variant with two covered missiles, which can also strike the enemy at a distance of 500 km. Rockets can carry nuclear combat parts with a capacity of up to 50 kt.
Most of the Iskander ballistic missile trajectory takes place at altitudes more than 50 km, which greatly complicates her interception. In addition, the rocket has hypersonic speed And actively maneuver, which makes it a very difficult target for enemy pro. The rocket target angle is approaching 90 degrees, it greatly interferes with the work of the RLS enemy.
"Iskander" are considered one of the most advanced types of weapons, which has the Army of Russia.
"Tomahawk"
This is the American winged large range rocket having a subsonic speed that can perform both tactical and strategic tasks. Tomahawk was adopted by the US Army in 1983, was repeatedly used in various armed conflicts. Currently, this winged rocket is in service with the US Fleet, Great Britain and Spain.
The range of some modifications "Tomaagvka" reaches 2.5 thousand km. Rockets can be launched from submarines and superwater ships. Previously, there were modifications "Tomaagvka" for the Air Force and Land Forces. Kvo last modifications Rocket is 5-10 meters.
US used et. winged rockets During both war in the Persian Gulf, in the Balkans, in Libya.
R-36m "Satan"
This is the most powerful intercontinental ballistic rocket, of all ever created by a person. It was developed in the USSR, in the KB South (Dnepropetrovsk) and was adopted in 1975. The mass of this liquid fuel rocket was more than 211 tons, it could deliver 7.3 thousand kg to a distance of 16 thousand km.
Different modifications of the R-36M "Satan" could carry one combat unit (power up to 20 mt) or to be equipped with a separated head part (10x0.75 MT). Even modern systems About powerless against such power. In the US, it was not for nothing in vain the R-36M dubbed "Satan", because it is really real weapons of Armageddon.
Today, the R-36m remains in service with the strategic forces of Russia, 54 RC-36M missiles consist on combat duty.
If you have any questions - leave them in the comments under the article. We or our visitors will gladly respond to them
Ballistic missiles were and remain a reliable shield national Security Russia. Shield, ready, if necessary, turn into a sword.
R-36M "Satan"
Developer: KB "Southern"
Length: 33, 65 m
Diameter: 3 m
Starting weight: 208 300 kg
Flight range: 16000 km
The Soviet strategic missile complex of the third generation, with a heavy two-stage liquid, ampulized intercontinental ballistic missile 15A14 for accommodating in the mine starting unit 15p714 of increased protected OS type.
"Satan" Soviet strategic missile complex called Americans. At the time of the first test in 1973, this rocket became the most powerful ballistic systemwhich has ever been designed. No system of pro is unable to resist SS-18, the radius of the defeat of which was as much as 16 thousand meters. After the creation of the R-36M, Soviet Union He could not worry the "Arms Racing". However, in the 1980s "Satan" was modified, and in 1988, a new version of SS-18 - P-36M2 "Voivode" was admitted to the Soviet Army, which could not do anything to do anything to do anything.
RT-2PM2. "Topol M"
Length: 22.7 m
Diameter: 1.86 m
Starting weight: 47.1 t
Flight range: 11000 km
The RT-2PM2 rocket is made in the form of a three-step rocket with a powerful mixed solid fuel power plant and a fiberglass case. Rocket tests began in 1994. The first start was conducted from a mine starting plant on the cosmodrome Plesetsk on December 20, 1994. In 1997, after four successful starts, mass production of these missiles began. The act of adopting the RVSN of the Russian Federation of the Intercontinental Ballistic Rocket "Topol-M" was approved by the State Commission on April 28, 2000. As of the end of 2012, in combat duty, there were 60 rockets "Topol-M" of the mine and 18 mobile bazing. All mine basing missiles are on combat duty in the Taman Rocket Division (Light, Saratov region).
PC-24 "Yar"
Developer: MIT
Length: 23 m
Diameter: 2 m
Flight range: 11000 km
The first launch of the rocket took place in 2007. Unlike Poplar-M, it has divided combat parts. In addition to combat units, Yar also carries a complex of means of a breakthrough of missile defense, which makes it difficult for the enemy to detect and intercept. Such an innovation makes the RS-24 the most successful combat missile in the conditions of deploying the global American system.
SRK UTO-100N UTTH with a rocket 15a35
Developer: CKB Mechanical Engineering
Length: 24.3 m
Diameter: 2.5 m
Starting weight: 105.6 t
Flight range: 10,000 km
The intercontinental ballistic fluid rocket 15A30 (UR-100N) of the third generation with a divided head part of individual guidance (RGCH IN) was developed in the Central Bank of Mechanical Engineering under the leadership of V.N. Beshelya. Flight design tests of the ICBM 15A30 were carried out at the Baikonur Polygon (Chairman of the State Commission - Lieutenant-General E.B. Volkov). The first start of the ICBM 15A30 took place on April 9, 1973. According to official data, for July 2009, the RVSN of the Russian Federation had 70 deployed ICBM 15A35: 1. 60th Rocket Division (Tatishchevo), 41 UR-100N UTTKh 2. 28th Guards Rocket Division (Kozelsk), 29 UR-100N Utth.
15zh60 "Well done"
Developer: KB "Southern"
Length: 22.6 m
Diameter: 2.4 m
Starting weight: 104.5 t
Flight range: 10,000 km
RT-23 Uttc "Well done" - strategic rocket complexes with solid-fuel three-stage intercontinental ballistic missiles 15j61 and 15zh60, mobile rail and stationary mine basing, respectively. It was the further development of the RT-23 complex. Were adopted in 1987. On the outer surface of the fairing, aerodynamic steers are placed, allowing you to control the rocket on the roll in the work sections of the first and second steps. After passing the dense layers of the atmosphere, the fairing is reset.
P-30 "Bulava"
Developer: MIT
Length: 11.5 m
Diameter: 2 m
Starting weight: 36.8 tons.
Flight range: 9300 km
The Russian solid fuel ballistic missile of the D-30 complex for placement on the project's submarines 955. The first launch of Bulava took place in 2005. Domestic authors are often criticized by the developed missile complex "Bulava" for a fairly large share of unsuccessful tests. As they say critics, "Bulava" appeared thanks to the banal wishes of Russia to save: the country's desire to reduce the cost of development due to the unification of "Bulava" with land missiles made it produced cheaper , than usual.
X-101 / x-102
Developer: ICB "Rainbow"
Length: 7.45 m
Diameter: 742 mm
Wing scope: 3 m
Starting weight: 2200-2400
Flight range: 5000-5500 km
Strategic winged new generation rocket. Its housing is a low-flap, however, it has a flattened cross section and side surfaces. Combat part Rockets weighing 400 kg can hit at once 2 targets at a distance of 100 km from each other. The first goal will be amazed by an ammunition descending on a parachute, and the second directly when the rocket hit. In addition to the range of 5000 km, the circular probable deviation (CVO) indicator is only 5-6 meters, and with a range of 10,000 km does not exceed 10 m.
Space Rocket Complex "Zenit"
Ballistic missiles (in the 50s, the term "ballistic shells" was used) called such rockets that the flight path (with the exception of the initial area, which rocket passes with the operating engine) is a trajectory of a freely abandoned body. After turning off the engine, the rocket is not controlled and moves like a conventional artillery projectile, and its trajectory depends only on the strength of gravity and aerodynamic forces and is the so-called "ballistic curve".
Ballistic rockets are usually started upright up or at corners close to 90 degrees, which makes necessary application Control systems for the output of the rocket on the estimated trajectory of defeat target.
So that the ballistic missile can fly hundreds and thousands of kilometers, it must be reported to a very high flight speed. However, and at the same time, it would be impossible to obtain a large range if the rocket made a flight in dense layers of the atmosphere. Air resistance quickly would pay her speed. Therefore, strategic ballistic missiles main part of their trajectory are held at a very high altitude, where the density of air is small, i.e., almost in airless space.
The vertical launch of the rocket allows to reduce the time of its movement in the dense layers of the atmosphere and thereby reduce the energy consumption for overcoming the strength of the air resistance. After a few seconds of the vertical lift, the trajectory of the rocket is twisted towards the target and goes into oblique. Due to the engine work, the speed of the rocket continuously increases until the fuel or shutdown (cut-off) of the engine is complete. From now on, before falling to the land, the rocket moves along the trajectory of a freely abandoned body. Thus, the trajectory of the ballistic missile has two plots: active - from the beginning of the take-off until the engine work and passive - from the moment of termination of the engines to reach the surface of the Earth.
Rockets A-4 on starting position
The active site may in turn divided into segments. Ballistic long-range missile starts vertically from the starting device and moves straight upwards for a few seconds. This flight site is named start. Next begins the removal of the rocket on the trajectory. The rocket deviates from the vertical and, describing the arc on the removal site, goes to the last inclined section (of the shutdown section), which takes place of the engines. The further trajectory of its flight is determined by the kinetic energy stored on the active site, and can be accurately calculated.
After describing the elliptical arc outside the atmosphere, the ballistic rocket or the separated head part of the rocket is re-entering the atmosphere, having almost the same kinetic energy and the same angle of inclination of the trajectory to the horizon as when leaving it.
Comparative assessment was carried out according to the following parameters:
firepower (Number of combat units (BB), BB total power, maximum shooting range, accuracy - QuI)
constructive perfection (starting mass of rocket, dimensional characteristics, conditional density of the rocket - the ratio of starting mass rocket to the volume of the transport and starting container (TPK))
operation (the method of basing is a rocker-soil missile complex (PGRK) or placement in a mine starting unit (SPU), the time of the interregalance period, the ability to extend the warranty period)
The amount of points in all parameters gave overall rating Comparable ICBM. At the same time, it was taken into account that each ICBM, taken from the statistical sample, comparing other ICBMs, was estimated, based on technical requirements His time.
The variety of MBR of ground-based basic content is so large that only the ICBMs are included in the sample, which are currently involved and having a range of more than 5,500 km. - And only China, Russia and the United States (United Kingdom and France refused the MBR of ground-based basic By placing them only on submarines).
Intercontinental ballistic rockets
By the number of scored points, the first four places occupied:
1. MBR of Russia R-36M2 "Voivode" (15A18m, code STB - RS-20B, according to NATO classification - SS-18 SATAN (Rus. Satan))
Adopted in service, G. - 1988
Fuel - liquid
The number of accelerated steps - 2
Length, M - 34.3
Maximum diameter, M - 3.0
Starting mass, T - 211.4
Start - mortar (for Shpu)
Raised mass, kg - 8 800
Flight range, km -11 000 - 16 000
Number of BB, Power, CT -10x550-800
CVO, M - 400 - 500
28.5
The most powerful MBR of ground-based basic is a rocket 15a18m complex R-36M2 "Voivode" (designation of the RVSH RS-20B, the designation of NATO SS-18Mod4 "SATAN". The R-36M2 complex has no equal to the technological level and combat capabilities.
15A18m is able to carry platforms with several dozen (from 20 to 36) nuclear RGC individual guidance, as well as maneuvering headsets. It is equipped with a PCP about, allowing to break through the echelonized pro with the use of weapons based on new physical principles. R-36M2 carry duty in super-defective mine starting installationshaving resistance to the effects of shock wave at about 50 MPa (500 kg / sq. cm).
The structure of the P-36M2 is laid the ability to start directly during the period of the massive nuclear effects of the enemy in the positional area and blocking the positional area by high-altitude nuclear explosions. The rocket has the highest ICBM resistance to affecting factors.
The rocket is covered with a dark heat shielding coating facilitating the passage of the cloud nuclear explosion. It is equipped with a system of sensor sensors measuring neutron and gamma radiation, registering the hazardous level and during the time of passing the rocket of the nuclear explosion cloud of the switching control system, which remains stable until the rocket output from the danger zone, after which the control system is turned on and adjusts the trajectory.
The blow of 8-10 missiles 15A18M (in full configuration) was ensured by the destruction of 80% of the US industrial potential and most of the population.
2. US MBR LGM-118A "PeaceKeeper" - MX
Main tactico specifications (TTX):
Adopted in service, G. - 1986
Fuel - hard
The number of accelerated steps - 3
Length, M - 21.61
Maximum diameter, m - 2.34
Starting mass, T - 88.443
Start - mortar (for Shpu)
Raised mass, kg - 3 800
Flight range, km - 9 600
Number of BB, Power, CT - 10x300
CVO, M - 90 - 120
The amount of points in all respects - 19.5
The most powerful and perfect American ICBM - three-stage solid fuel missile MX - was equipped with ten with a capacity of 300 CT. She had increased resistance to the impact of the PFA and had the ability to overcome the existing pro limited by an international treaty.
MX had the greatest opportunities among the ICBM on accuracy and ability to hit a strong procurement goal. At the same time, MH themselves were based only in improved ICBM "Minitmen", led by Russian Shpu on security. Estimated american specialistsMx at 6 - 8 times exceeded the combat capabilities of Minitmen-3.
In total, 50 MX missiles were unfolded, which carried the battle duty in a state of 30-second readiness for launch. Removed with weapons in 2005, rockets and all the equipment of the position area are located on conservation. Options for using MX are considered to apply high-precision non-nuclear strikes.
3. MBR of Russia PC-24 Yar - Russian solid fuel intercontinental ballistic missile of mobile bases with a divided head part
Main tactical specifications (TTX):
Adopted in service, G. - 2009
Fuel - hard
The number of accelerated steps - 3
Length, M - 22.0
Maximum diameter, m - 1.58
Starting mass, T - 47.1
Start - mortar
Raised mass, kg - 1,2
Flight range, km - 11,000
Number of BB, Power, CT - 4x300
CVO, M - 150
The amount of points in all respects - 17.7
Constructive RC-24 is similar to "Topol-M", and has three steps. Differs from RS-12M2 "Topol-M":
new block breeding blocks with warheads
returning some part of the rocket management system
increased payload
The rocket enters the factory transport and launch container (TPK) in which he holds all its service. The casing of the rocket product is covered with special stores to reduce the effects of the nuclear explosion. Probably additionally caused the composition according to Stelc technology.
The guidance and control system (sleep) is an autonomous control system of inertial execution with an on-board digital computing machine (BCM), an astrocorrection is likely. Supporting developer of the management system of the Moscow NPC instrument making and automation.
The use of the active part of the trajectory has been reduced. To improve the speed characteristics at the end of the course of the third stage, it is possible to use a reversal with the direction of zero increment of the distance to the full reserve of the fuel supply of the last stage.
The instrument equipment compartment is completely sealed. The rocket is able to overcome the cloud of the nuclear explosion at the start and make a software maneuver. For testing, the rocket is most likely equipped with a telemetry system - the T-737 "Triad" transcender.
To counteract the means of pro, the rocket is equipped with a combination complex. From November 2005 to December 2010, tests of compensation complexes were performed using Topol and K65M-R missiles.
4. MBR of Russia UR-100N UTTC (Grau index - 15A35, code START - RS-18B, according to NATO classification - SS-19 Stiletto (English "Stiletto"))
Main tactical specifications (TTX):
Adopted in service, G. - 1979
Fuel - liquid
The number of accelerated steps - 2
Length, M - 24.3
Maximum diameter, m - 2.5
Starting mass, T - 105.6
Start - gas-dynamic
Raised mass, kg - 4 350
Flight range, km - 10 000
Number of BB, Power, CT - 6x550
CVO, M - 380
The amount of points in all respects - 16.6
MBR 15A35 - two-stage intercontinental ballistic rocket, made according to the "tandem" scheme with a consistent separation of steps. The rocket is characterized by a very dense layout and practically lack of "dry" compartments. According to official data, for July 2009, the RVSN of the Russian Federation had 70 deployed ICBM 15A35.
The last division was previously in the process of liquidation, but by the decision of the President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev in November 2008. The liquidation process is discontinued. The division will continue to carry duty with ICBM 15A35 to re-equipment for "new rocket complexes" (apparently - or "Topol-M" or RS-24).
Apparently, in the near future, the number of missiles 15A35, standing in combat duty, will be reduced and continued until stabilization at the level of the order of 20-30 units, taking into account the purchased missiles. Rocket complex UR-100N UTTC is extremely reliable - 165 test and training launches were held, of which three were unsuccessful.
The American Magazine "Association of Rackets of the Air Force" called the UTTK UTC rocket "one of the most prominent technical developments" Cold War". The first complex, even with the UR-100N missiles, was put on combat duty in 1975 with a warranty period of 10 years. When it was created, all the best design solutions were implemented on previous generations" acres. "
The achieved of the improved complex with the IBR-100N UTTC complex, the high performance of the rocket and the complex, as a whole, allowed the military-political leadership of the country to put in front of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, General, headquarters, the command of the RVSH and the head developer in the face of the NGO of mechanical engineering, the task of gradual extension of the operation of the complex with 10 to 15, then up to 20, 25 and, finally, up to 30 years and further.
Intercontinental ballistic rocket is a very impressive creation of man. Huge sizes, Thermonuclear power, pillar of flame, roar of engines and a formid rocus start. However, all this exists only on Earth and in the first minutes of launch. By their expiration, the rocket ceases to exist. Further in the flight and on the execution of a combat problem, only what remains of the rocket after overclocking is its beneficial load.
With a large start of start-up, the useful load of the intercontinental ballistic missile goes to the space height of many hundreds of kilometers. Rises in a layer of low-bit satellites, 1000-1200 km above the ground, and is briefly located among them, only slightly behind their overall run. And then on the elliptical trajectory begins to roll down ...
The ballistic rocket consists of two main parts - an overclocking part and the other for which there is an overclocking. The accelerating part is a pair or a three of large multi-tone steps, under the string of fuel stuffed and from the bottom. They give the necessary speed and direction to the movement of another main part of the rocket - the head. Accepted steps, replacing each other in the launch relay, accelerate this head in the direction of its future fall.
The head of the rocket is a complex cargo from many elements. It contains a warhead (one or more), the platform on which these warheads are placed together with all the rest of the economy (like the means of deception of radar and anti-missile age), and the fairing. Even in the head, there are fuel and compressed gases. The whole head of the goal will not fly. She, as previously, the ballistic missile itself, is divided into many elements and simply stop exist as one. The fairing of it will be separated from the launch area, when working the second stage, and somewhere there on the road and fall. The platform falls apart at the entrance to the air of the fall area. Through the atmosphere, the elements of only one type will reach the target. Warheads.
Near the warhead looks like an elongated cone with a length of a meter or one and a half, at the base with a body thickness. The nose of the cone is pointed or a bit blotted. This cone is a special aircraftwhose task is to deliver weapons to the target. We will return to the warheads later and get acquainted with them closer.
Head of "Peacemaker", in the pictures - the dilution steps of the American Heavy ICBM LGM0118A PeaceKeeper, also known as MX. The rocket was equipped with ten dividing warheads of 300 CT. The rocket is removed from weapons in 2005.
Pull or push?
In the rocket, all the warheads are located on the so-called dilution stage, or in the "bus". Why a bus? Because, released first from the fairing, and then from the last acceleration step, the dilution level is delivering warheads, as passengers at a given stops, according to their trajectories, for which the deadly cones will disperse their goals.
Another "bus" is called the battle step, because its work determines the accuracy of the guidance of warheads to the point of purpose, and therefore combat efficiency. Stage of breeding and her work - one of the most big secrets in rocket. But we are still slightly, schematically, take a look at this mysterious step and on her difficult dance in space.
The dilution level has different forms. Most often, it looks like a round funeral or a wide loaf of bread, on which the warheads are installed on top, each on its spring pusher. The warheads are pre-located at the exact corners of the department (on a rocket database, manually, with the help of theodolites) and look at different directions like a bundle of carrots, like a needle at the hedgehog. Tarmed by warheads platform occupies a given, gyrostabilized position in the space. And at the right moments, the warheads are ejected from it. Pushed immediately after completion of the overclocking and separation from the last acceleration stage. So far, you never know what?) Did not shoot down all this undiluted hive with missing weapons or did not fail to board the dilution stage.
But it was so before, at the dawn of separating heads. Now breeding is a completely different picture. If earlier the warheads "sticking out" forward, now the step is in front of the move, and the warheads hang from the bottom, the tops back, inverted as the bats. The "bus" itself in some rockets also lies in an inverted state, in a special excavation in the upper stage of the rocket. Now, after separation, the dilution level does not push, but dragged warheads. And dragging, resting the crosswise placed four "paws", deployed ahead. At the ends of these metal paws are directed back of the traction nozzles of the dilution levels. After separation from the acceleration stage of the "Bus" very accurately, precisely exposes its movement in starting space with the help of its own powerful guidance system. Itself occupies an accurate path of the next warhead - its individual trail.
Then the special rackless locks that kept the next discharged warhead are opened. And not even separated, but just now, no longer connected with the step of the warhead remains motionlessly hanging here, in complete weightlessness. Started and drove the moment of its own flight. Like one separate berry next to the bunch of grapes with other grapes-warheads, not yet torn off the stage of breeding process.
Fire Ten, K-551 "Vladimir Monomakh" - Russian Nuclear Submarine strategic appointment (Project 955 "Borea"), armed with 16 solid fuel ICBM "Bulaw" with ten dividing combat blocs.
Delicate movements
Now the task of the stage - crawl from the warheads as delicately as possible without disturbing its exactly exhibited (aimed) movement by gas jets of its nozzles. If the supersonic jet of the nozzle falls along the separated warhead, it will inevitably make its additive in the parameters of its movement. Over the next flight time (and this is half an hour - fifty minutes, depending on the starting distance) of the warhead, it snaps from this exhaust "slap" a jet into a half-meter-kilometer of a fence from the target, and even further. It snappings without obstacles: there is a space, slapped - swam, without holding anything. But is it a kilometer of the sideways - is this accuracy today?
To avoid such effects, the four top "paws" sides are needed on the parties. The step as it should be tightened to them forward so that the jets of the exhausts walked around and could not hook a warhead separated by the belly. All traction is divided between four nozzles, which reduces the power of each individual jet. There are other features. For example, if on the borclothing stage of dilution (with the void in the middle - this hole, it is won by the acceleration stage of the rocket, as wedding ring On the finger) of the Rocket "Tradent-II D5" The control system determines that the separated warhead still falls under the exhaust of one of the nozzles, then the control system is disabled. Makes "silence" above the warhead.
The step is gentle, as a mother from the cradle of an asleep cat, fearing to break his rest, fits in space on the three remaining nozzles in the mode of small traction, and the warhead remains on the sighting trajectory. Then the "bagel" of the stage with the crossed traction nozzles turns around the axis so that the warhead come out from under the zone of the torch of the nozzle turned off. Now the step is departed from the left warheads on all four nozzles, but so far also on the small gas. When a sufficient distance is achieved, the main traction is included, and the step is vigorously moved to the area of \u200b\u200bthe aiming trajectory of the next warhead. There it is spreading the parameters of its movement very accurately, after which it separates the next warhead. And so - until it falls out every warhead on her trajectory. This process is fast, much faster than you read about it. For a half or two minutes, the combat step breeds a dozen warheads.
The abyss of mathematics
Intercontinental ballistic missile R-36M Voivode Voivode,
The above is quite enough for understanding how the own path of the warhead begins. But if you open the door slightly wider and throw a glance slightly deeper, it can be noted that today there is a turn in the space of dilution steps, carrying warheads, is the area of \u200b\u200bapplying quaternion calculus, where the onboard orientation system processes the measured parameters of its movement with continuous construction on board the orientation quaternion. Quaternion is such a complex number (above the field complex numbers Lies the flat body of quaternions, as mathematics would be told on their exact definition language). But not with the usual two parts, valid and imaginary, and with one valid and three imaginary. Total quaternion has four parts, about what, in fact, and says the Latin root Quatro.
The dilution stage does its work quite low, immediately after turning off accelerated steps. That is, at an altitude of 100-150 km. And there still affect the influence of gravitational anomalies of the surface of the earth, heterogeneity in a flat field of importation surrounding the Earth. Where are they from? From the irregularities of the relief, mountain systems, occurring rocks of different density, oceanic depressions. Gravitational anomalies either attract a stage with an additional attraction, or, on the contrary, slightly release it from the ground.
In such heterogeneities, complex ripples of the local gravitational field, the dilution level should arrange warheads with precision accuracy. To do this, I had to create a more detailed map of the gravitational field of the Earth. "Specify" features of the real field better in systems of differential equations describing the exact ballistic movement. These are large, capacious (for the inclusion of details) of the system of several thousand differential equations, with several tens of thousands of constant numbers. And the gravitational field itself at low altitudes, in the immediate near-earth region, is considered as a joint attraction of several hundred point masses of different "weights" located near the center of the Earth in a certain order. This achieves more accurate modeling of the real field of land on the track of the rocket flight. And more accurate work with the flight control system. And ... but full! - Let's not look next and close the door; We are quite enough and said.
Flying without warhead
In the photo - Start of the Intercontinental Rocket of Trident II (USA) with a submarine. At the moment, Trident ("Trident") - single family ICBM, whose rockets are installed on American submarines. Maximum thrown weight - 2800 kg.
The dilution rate displaced the rocket towards the same geographical area where the warheads should fall, continues to fly along with them. After all, it can not fall behind, and why? After breeding warheads, the step is urgently engaged in other affairs. She departs away from the warhead, knowing it in advance, which will fly a bit differently as warheads, and not wanting to disturb them. All their own next steps The dilution level also devotes warheads. This maternal desire to protect the flight of his "kids" continues all its remaining short life.
Short, but saturated.
Useful load of an intercontinental ballistic missile most The flight spends in the space object mode, rising to height, three times the height of the ISS. A huge length trajectory should be calculated with particular accuracy.
After separated warheads, there comes a turn of other wards. On the part side, the most funny things begin to fly away. Like a magician, it produces in space a lot of inflossal balloons, some metal things resembling opened scissors, and objects of all sorts of other forms. Durable balloons brightly sparkle in the cosmic sun with mercury glitter of the metallized surface. They are quite large, some in shape resemble warheads flying nearby. Their surface covered with aluminum spraying reflects the radar radio signal from almost the same way as the housing of the warheads. Ground enemy radars will perceive these inflatable warheads on a par with real. Of course, in the first moments of entering the atmosphere, these balls will stop and immediately burst. But before that, they will distract themselves and load the computing power of terrestrial radars - and long-distance discovery, and the guidance of anti-missile complexes. In the language of interceptors of ballistic missiles, it is called "complicating the current ballistic situation." And all the heavenly military, inexorably moving towards the fall area, including the combat blocks are real and false, inflatable balls, dipole and corner reflectors, all this different package is called "multiple ballistic goals in a complicated ballistic setting."
Metal scissors are revealed and become electric dipole reflectors - their set, and they reflect the radio signal feeling their ray of the radar of long-range anti-missile detection. Instead of ten, sophisticated fatty ducks, the radar sees a huge blurring flock of small sparrows, in which it is difficult to disassemble something. Devices of all kinds and sizes reflect different wavelengths.
In addition to all this tinsel, the stage theoretically, herself can emit radio signals that interfere with the opponent's anti-cancers. Or distract them to yourself. In the end, you never know how she can be busy - after all, flies a whole step, big and difficult, why not load it with a good solo program?
Last cut
Underwater Sword America, American submarines Class "Ohio" - the only type of rocket mines in service with the United States. Bars on board 24 ballistic missiles with RGCH Trident-II (D5). The number of combat units (depending on the power) - 8 or 16.
However, from the point of view of aerodynamics, the stage is not a warhead. If the one is a small and heavy narrow carrot, then the step is an empty extensive bucket, with tipped fuel tanks, a large non-pushed body and a lack of orientation in the beginning to run a stream. With its wide body with a decent sail, the stage is much earlier responding to the first blows of the oncoming flow. The warheads are also unfolded along the flow, with the smallest aerodynamic resistance punching the atmosphere. The step is poured into the air with its extensive sides and bottoms as it is necessary. It cannot struggle with the braking stream stream. Its ballistic coefficient is a "alloy" of massiveness and compactness - much worse than the warhead. Immediately and very starts to slow down and lag behind the warhead. But the stream strength is increasing inexorably, at the same time the temperature warms the thin unprotected metal, depriving its strength. Fuel residues are cheerfully boiled in racing tanks. Finally, there is a loss of stability of the construction of the housing under its frying aerodynamic load. Overload helps to smash the bulkheads inside. Crack! Bare! The bodied body immediately covers hypersonic shock waves, breaking down the step on the pieces and scattering them. Flying a little in the sealing air, slices are cleaned again into smaller fragments. Fuel residues react instantly. Split fragments of structural elements from magnesium alloys are lit with hot air and instantly burned with a dazzling flash, like a flash of the camera - no wonder in the first photographs, magnesium was set on fire!
Time does not stand still.
Raytheon, Lockheed Martin and Boeing completed the first and key stagerelated to the development of the defense campling kill vehicle (EXATMOSPHERIC KILL VEHICLE, EKV), which is an integral part of the mega-project - developed by the Pentagon of the global missile defense based on anti-cancers, each of which is capable of carrying several kill vehicle, MKV To defeat the ICBM with dividing, as well as "false" warheads
"The reached line is an important part of the concept of developing a concept," the Raytheon press service said, adding that it "complies with MDA plans and is the basis for the concept planned for December."
It is noted that Raytheon in this project Uses EKV creation experience, which is involved in the American Global Pro - Ground-Based Midcourse Defense, GBMD functioning system since 2005 (Ground-Based Midcourse Defense, GBMD), which is designed to intercept intercontinental ballistic missiles and their combat parts in space space Outside the atmosphere of the Earth. Currently, 30 anti-missiles on Alaska and in California and 15 more missiles are planned to be deployed to 2017 to protect the continental territory of the United States.
Zaathmorrower kinetic interceptor, which will be the basis for the now created MKV - the main agrowing element GBMD complex. The 64-kilographer is displayed by the anti-outer space where the contact damage is intercepted and the contact damage by enemy warheads thanks to the electron-optical guidance system protected from extraneous illumination with a special casing and automatic filters. The interceptor receives a target designation from ground radar, sets touch contact with a warhead and is guided by it, maneuvering in outer space with rocket engines. The defeat of the warhead is carried out by a windshield taran in the oncoming course of the cumulative speed of 17 km / s: the interceptor flies at a speed of 10 km / c, the ICBM warhead is at a speed of 5-7 km / s. The kinetic blow of the blow, which makes up about 1 ton in the TNT equivalent, is enough to completely destroy the battle block of any thought design, and in such a way that the warhead is completely destroyed.
In 2009, the United States suspended the development of a program to combat separating warheads due to the emergency complexity of the production of the mechanism of breeding blocks. However, this year the program was revived. According to the NEWSADER analytical data, this is due to the increased aggression on the part of Russia and appropriate threats to apply nuclear weapons, which repeatedly expressed the highest officials of the Russian Federation, including President Vladimir Putin himself, who in the comments on the situation with the Annexing of Crimea frankly admitted that he was alleged It was ready to apply nuclear weapons in a possible conflict with NATO ( recent eventsassociated with the destruction of the Turkish Air Force of the Russian bombarder, cast doubt on Putin's sincerity and suggest on the idea of \u200b\u200b"nuclear bluff" on his side). Meanwhile, it is known that Russia is the only state in the world, presumably owned by ballistic missiles with dividing nuclear warheads, including "false" (distracting).
Raytheon stated that their brainchild would be able to destroy several objects at once with an improved sensor and other newest technologies. According to the company, for a time that has passed between the implementation of Standard Missile-3 and EKV projects, developers managed to achieve record performance in the interception of educational purposes in space - more than 30, which exceeds competitors.
Russia also does not stand still.
According to open sources, this year the first launch of the new intercontinental ballistic missile of the RS-28 "Sarmat" will take place, which should come to replace the previous generation of RS-20A missiles, known for the NATO classification as "Satan", and we are as "the governor" .
The Ballistic Rocket Development Program (ICBM) of the RS-20A was implemented under the "Guaranteed Response Strategy" strategy. President Ronald Reagan's Presidential Policy on the exacerbation of the confrontation of the USSR and the United States forced to take adequate response to cool the dust of the "hawks" from the presidential administration and pentagon. American strategists have believed that it is quite able to provide such a level of protection of the territory of its country from the attack of Soviet ICBMs, which can be simply noted for the international agreements achieved and continue to improve their own nuclear potential and missile defense systems (pro). "Voivode" was just another "asymmetric response" to Washington's actions.
The most unpleasant surprise for Americans was the dividing rocket warhead, which contained 10 elements, each of which carried a atomic charge with a capacity of up to 750 kilotons in TNT equivalent. On Hiroshima and Nagasaki, for example, they dropped off bombs, the capacity of which was "just" 18-20 kilotons. Such warheads were able to overcome the then American Pro Systems, and the infrastructure ensuring the launch of missiles was improved.
The development of a new ICBM is designed to solve several tasks at once: first, to replace the "voivot", the possibilities of which to overcome the modern American missile defense (pro) decreased; secondly, solve the problem of dependence domestic industry from Ukrainian enterprises, since the complex was developed in Dnepropetrovsk; Finally, give an adequate response to the continuation of the program of deployment of pro in Europe and the IJIS system.
By expectations The National Interest, the Sarmat rocket will weigh at least 100 tons, and the mass of its head part can reach 10 tons. This means that the publication continues that the rocket will be able to transfer to 15 separating thermonuclear heads.
"Sarmatization range will be at least 9,500 kilometers. When it is adopted, it will be the biggest rocket in world history," the article is noted.
According to reports that appeared in the press, the heading enterprise for the production of the rocket will be NGO "Energomash", and the engines will supply the Perm Proton-PM.
The main difference between "Sarmat" from "Voevod" - the possibility of removing the warheads into a circular orbit, which dramatically reduces the limitations of the range, with this method of launching to attack the enemy's territory, it is possible not by the shortest trajectory, but for anyone and from any direction - not only through the North Pole But through the southern.
In addition, designers promise that the idea of \u200b\u200bmaneuvering warheads will be implemented, which will resist with all types of existing anti-abslicas promising complexesUsing laser weapons. Anti-aircraft rockets "Patriot", which make up the basis of American pro, until they can effectively deal with actively maneuvering targets flying at speeds close to the hypersonic.
Maneuvering warheads promise to become so effective weapons against which there are no equal to the reliability of the means of opposition that the creation option is not excluded. international Agreementprohibiting or significantly limiting this type of weapons.
Thus, together with marine bazing missiles and mobile railway complexes Sarmat will become an additional and fairly effective deterrent factor.
If this happens, the efforts to place the missile defense systems in Europe may disappear, since the launch trajectory is such that it is unclear where the warheads will be focused.
It is also reported that missile mines will be equipped additional protection From close gaps of nuclear ammunition, which will significantly increase the reliability of the entire system.
First experienced samples The new rocket has already been built. The beginning of launch tests is scheduled for the current year. If the tests are successful, the mass production of Sarmat missiles will begin, and in 2018 they will come to armared.
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