The following are most often suggested in the press as possible causes of bird death:
1. "Fireworks". Unlikely in itself has never led to mass deaths in the past.
2. “Blunt injury.” From the same series where it was seen that several hundred birds rushed at cars and at the same time different countries? Obviously, the injuries were caused by falling and hitting the ground, possibly while unconscious, or during the death throes, and there is evidence that the birds were thrashing about before dying, randomly hitting trees and houses.
3. “Poisoning due to human pollution environment" and "Viral infection." It is also doubtful that poisoning or illness would lead to the unexpected death in flight of the entire flock at the same time. In this case, the birds, feeling unwell, most likely would not fly into the sky, but would die on the ground.
4. “It has always been this way.” Allegedly due to the appearance of a large number of cameras in people’s phones, etc. More such information began to appear on the Internet. As evidence, a link is provided to a website monitoring such cases in the United States with statistics of 100 cases over the past 8 months. Here we are openly being led by the nose. This move was made with the inattentive reader in mind, since:
- the number of these messages began to increase precisely in 2010, which also set too many records for one year for other disasters;
- 100 cases in 8 months is 13 cases per month, and here we have 16 cases in the United States per week, which is 5 times more;
- in the statistics presented, in almost all cases the cause of death was established (as a rule, disease), and the death of animals occurred gradually, over a week or more, and we are talking about a massive one-time death for which the cause could not be established.
So, due to the fact that, in our opinion, none of the listed reasons stands up to criticism, visitors to the “Eye of the Planet” portal conducted an independent investigation possible reasons, the results of which we want to introduce you to.
Death of inhabitants water depths
Boris Kapochkin: “Regarding the death of fish, I was an expert and have several publications. The death of aquatic organisms (massive) usually occurs in the phase of intense extension, which in the compression phase is certainly accompanied by earthquakes somewhere. In this case, unusual earthquakes are also occurring in Arkansas.
Typically, mass death of fish, the so-called “kills”, occurs as a result of the release from the lithosphere of reactive fluids in a reduced form (hydrogen sulfide, ammonia...), which leads to the chemical consumption of oxygen dissolved in water (lakes, seas, less often rivers).
I observed this phenomenon on east coast Kamchatka Peninsula during salmon spawning in 1992 and 1993. During these years, due to the described processes, the concentration of dissolved oxygen in Avacha Bay dropped below 2 ml/l, as a result of which salmon did not enter the rivers to spawn.
In 1995 and 1996, synchronous fish deaths were recorded in the Danube and Dniester basins. An interesting case is the mass death of fish in lakes Yalpug and Kurulgui (Danube region). A thousand tons of fish died, and only one species, “Grass Carp” - an artificial invader. The presence of hydrogen sulfide and, accordingly, a deficiency of oxygen were detected in the waters of the lakes. Insufficient oxygen concentrations have proven to be detrimental to one species and insufficient to another.
By the way, the name El Niño initially meant only the mass death of anchovies off the coast of Peru and Chile as a result of the release of hydrogen sulfide from the earth’s crust. Similar conditions are formed on the shelf of Namibia and in other areas (described in the monograph V.I. Mikhailov, A.B. Kapochkina, B.B. Kapochkin “Interaction in the lithosphere-hydrosphere system” 2010).
The release of hydrogen sulfide and other toxic gases is often associated with the death of animals and birds in areas such as the “Valley of Geysers in Kamchatka”; there was a case of the death of an expedition of schoolchildren in the Sea of Azov (three yachts), after which fish surfaced (mud volcanism).”
Death of birds
An increase in the death of birds and inhabitants of the deep waters occurs in the same areas, at the same time, so the cause must be common. We do not have a reliable source of information about the connection between degassing and bird death. But there is a sufficient number of facts indicating that this is possible.
The process of point emission of gases from the earth’s crust, as well as its transport to the upper atmosphere, is described in the work “ Environmental aspects degassing of the Earth" by V.L. Syvorotkina, which states:
“...Gas emissions from depths of the sea can acquire a catastrophic character, and are often mistaken for underwater volcanic eruptions... The study showed that hydrogen, released at the Earth's surface from a point source, can reach the stratosphere, maintaining concentrations different from the background. ... But real releases of deep gases in nature can also occur differently, for example, in the form of spontaneous releases of large volumes of gas in a short period of time in extended sections of fault structures. With such release from the depths, the dynamics of gas rise both in the water column and in the atmosphere will be different - the floating of a gas bubble. This transport mechanism is many times more efficient..."
News reports about mass bird deaths often include:
1. The birds flew like crazy, crashing into various obstacles
2. Many were found to have injuries from blows and internal bleeding
In every special case the composition of the gas bubble may differ, which is perhaps why the death of birds is not always of an absolutely identical nature. For example, let’s take the symptoms of natural gas poisoning, the main component of which is methane (otherwise known as mine gas or swamp gas), a colorless and odorless gas, lighter than air.
"Pathogenesis. Methane reduces partial pressure oxygen in the air, displacing it, which causes the development of hypoxic hypoxia, and in high concentrations has a weak narcotic effect. Mine gas contains methane homologues as impurities - ethane, propane, butane (their content reaches 25–30 vol%), which enhance the narcotic effect of methane and give the gas toxic properties. The main pathogenetic mechanisms for methane intoxication should be considered: hypoxic hypoxia with developing hypocapnia, metabolic acidosis with intoxication deepened by the narcotic effect of methane, increasing cerebral edema, a state of stress with a disorder of neurohumoral regulation.
Impact of saturated methane hydrocarbons in gas mixture, which does not contain oxygen, leads to the development of acute hypoxia with hypocapnia. This is accompanied by a rapid loss of consciousness (at 5–6 inhalations), collapse, cessation of breathing (at 4–6 minutes) and subsequent cessation of cardiac activity.”
Signs of death due to suffocation:
“On internal examination, a number of signs of acute death are visible: dark liquid blood in the area of the heart, hemorrhages of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract.”
So, you and I have every reason to believe that in nature it is possible to form a gas jet, if birds get into it they will experience symptoms of poisoning or suffocation, loss of orientation, drug intoxication and death either as a result of the poisoning itself or as a result of a fall. Which is most consistent with the cases described in the press.
Another reason for the death of birds cannot be ruled out:
Boris Kapochkin: “I would suggest the death of birds as a result of the formation of a local zone of cold air descending from higher layers of the atmosphere as a result of the formation of a local anomaly gravitational field. This should have been reflected in the data of hydrometeorological measurements in the area of death. Theoretically, the possibility of such movements was proven by D.F. -M.Sc. P.V. Rutkevich (IKI RAS), and in practice we confirmed and even patented such a technology “Monitoring rapid changes in the Earth’s gravitational field” (described in the monograph by Gladkikh I.I., Kapochkin B.B., Kucherenko N.V. , Lisovodsky V.V. “Formation weather conditions in maritime and coastal areas" 2006).
This version is indirectly confirmed by the universally observed change in the normal circulation of atmospheric flows, manifested in weather anomalies such as “ freezing rain", sudden changes in temperature over a short period of time, increased intensity of precipitation, etc.
This does not change the essence of the issue - this version also indicates to us the intensification of anomalous processes in earth's crust. This will be discussed further.
Death of animals and sinkholes
Not so long ago, a new disaster befell people and immediately became widespread - these are failures that indicate an unprecedented revival in the mobility of the earth's crust.
Boris Kapochkin: “There is only one problem with failures, why didn’t this happen before? The first failure in Guatemala on February 23, 2007 was like a revelation. First!!! By the way, it arose almost during an earthquake and almost at the epicenter (described in the monograph (Voitenko S.P., Uchitel I.L., Yaroshenko V.N., Kapochkin B.B. Geodynamics. Fundamentals of kinematic geodesy, 2007.). Now such failures are happening systematically and everywhere.”
If you look at the statistics of failures for Last year, then it is impossible not to notice that the United States in terms of failures, the number of which increased catastrophically in 2010 around the world, is in second place after the Philippines. And if you look at the statistics by city, cities from the USA occupy almost the entire top ten in this ranking:
Cities:
1. Tampa, Florida, USA
2. Makati, Philippines
3. Orlando, Florida, USA
4. Austin, Texas, USA
5. Houston, Texas, USA
6. Atlanta, Georgia, USA
7. San Diego, California, USA
8. Richardson, Texas, USA
9. Los Angeles, California, USA
10. St. Louis, Missouri, USA
California is located above the New Madrid fault, the possibility of its split has already been played out in one of the disaster films. Cases of mass bird deaths have also been recorded there. But special attention should be paid to Florida, Georgia, Missouri and Texas - this is precisely the area that is currently experiencing the largest number of mass deaths. This is not surprising - these places are rich in oil and gas deposits, with several hundred gas wells operating in the state of Arkansas alone.
It is worth mentioning separately the accident on the oil production platform of the BP company that occurred in Gulf of Mexico in the spring of 2010. The consequences and details of this disaster are carefully hidden, as is the real cause of the death of the birds. Several important points are known:
1. the platform was drilling at the junction of tectonic plates;
2. the accident occurred due to the fact that the bottom valves, designed for repeated overloads, could not withstand the pressure;
3. oil oozed not only from the well, but also from cracks in seabed, some of which are located 11 km from the accident site.
From this we can conclude that the accident on the BP platform occurred due to a catastrophic increase in pressure in the well as a result of stretching* of the earth’s crust. Why is this information hidden, as well as real reasons the death of animals, we believe, the reader will be able to guess for himself.
* Boris Kapochkin: “There is a type of geodeformation in which, during compression of a block, its surface experiences a cylindrical bend, and the surface area increases - cracks open, the crust becomes permeable to lithospheric oil and gas products”
Degassing and seismic activity
Quote from Western media, about the increase in earthquakes in Arkansas and their connection with the death of animals (however, the authors of the article blame it all on gas production companies):
“...The number of earthquakes that shook Guy, Arkansas, increased from about 179 earthquakes per year to more than 600 in 2010, according to AGS. About 500 of them occurred in the last four months. During the same period in 2009, only 38 tremors were registered. It is theoretically possible that there is a correlation between the surge in earthquakes and the New Year's rain of dead birds and the massive death of fish in the Arkansas River ... "
Let's return once again to the work of V. L. Syvorotkin:
“Seismicity and degassing. Important results were obtained during the Dagestan earthquake on May 14, 1970. It was found that during earthquakes, gas-hydrodynamic excitation covers areas of tens and a few hundred thousand square kilometers, and the content of the main gas of interest to us, hydrogen, can increase by 5–6 orders of magnitude.
As a result of long-term monitoring, 2 types of helium behavior in connection with seismic events were identified. The first (test site in the Pamirs) is characterized by a sharp decrease in helium concentration after a seismic event. The second (Armenia) has the opposite picture, i.e. a sharp positive jump in this concentration. Both types, however, are characterized by a noticeable increase in helium concentration before the seismic event, and in the first type, this increase is more significant and occurs on average 12 days, and in the second type, the increase is less strong, but is observed several months before the earthquake.”
Degassing and climate change
Looking at the map, you cannot help but agree that almost all cases of mysterious deaths of animals are located in places where Lately severe weather disasters are observed. Judge for yourself: USA, Japan, England, Europe (unprecedented snowfalls); Brazil, Australia, Indonesia, Philippines (rains and floods).
Let's turn again to the work “Ecological Aspects of Earth Degassing”, the essence of which generally boils down to the fact that human factor is not able to cause such global climate changes, but the Earth itself is capable of this:
“Chapter 14. Natural disasters over degassing zones associated with the destruction of the ozone layer.
The ozone layer and abnormal weather. Always after a drop in pressure above the degassing center, air masses will shift towards it from high pressure- anticyclones.
If the anticyclone is initially located south of the degassing center, then abnormally warm air masses will rush there and warm, dry weather will set in. If the anticyclone initially stands north of the center of degassing, air masses that are abnormally cold for a given latitude and time of year will begin to move here, of course, if this happens in the Northern Hemisphere.
It is also possible that the area low blood pressure Anticyclones will rush in from both the north and the south. This will cause a collision air masses with sharply different temperatures and, as a consequence, to the sudden emergence of hurricane gusts of wind like the one that hit Moscow in the summer of 1998.
Such sudden movements of air masses are not described or predicted by modern meteorological models..."
So much for the reasons for global warming/climate change that the media feeds us with. However, this is just the tip of the iceberg. Those who are interested in this problem are advised to study this work in full - in it you will find a considerable number of interesting facts.
Unusual radar readings
//www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=Yut7HoLqeDw
www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=Yut7HoLqeDw
During the bird die-off in Arkansas, weather radar picked up what looked like a gas release nearby, although a weather worker says it may have been a flock of birds.
Why are gas emissions not regularly visible on radar if they occur everywhere? The fact is that radars detect reflections, but gases do not form them and, as a rule, remain invisible to radars. In order to be noticeable to radar, it must be a gas either at the appropriate temperature causing condensation, or containing water, or the reaction of hydrogen with atmospheric oxygen, in which case vacuumization and condensation of water vapor is formed. Vacuumization itself, theoretically, can cause the rapid, immediate death of a flock of birds with similar symptoms.
What happens when a body enters a vacuum:
“Unlike many science fiction films, the body will not explode. After 15 seconds, loss of consciousness will occur. If you try to hold your breath, you can potentially survive, but you risk lung injury. If you don't hold your breath, you'll pass out faster and avoid damage to your lungs. The pressure in your veins will increase until your heart can no longer pump blood, at which point you will die.”
It is clear that in the atmosphere a complete continuous vacuum is not possible; vacuumization will be immediately followed by collapse, this is what we hear like thunder after a lightning strike. But both of these together can only accelerate the death of a flying flock of birds and add inexplicable symptoms. There is evidence that before the birds fell, a rumble and blows were heard; this could be either the collapse of air or sounds made by the earth's crust. Reports of unexplained sounds (humming, rumbling) have also been appearing frequently in the news lately.
07 January 2011. South Carolina, USA. “I've lived by the sea for years, but I've never seen anything like this,” reports Wesley Tyler, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. “On Friday, January 7, there were three holes in the clouds as if from an impact”
It is logical to assume that these formations in the clouds are traces of gas jets that partially cooled and dissipated after contact with the cloud front, and partially leaked through into higher layers of the atmosphere. In each individual case, this depends on many factors, such as the volume, composition and temperature of the gas emission, wind speed at different heights, type and height of cloud cover...
The following unique satellite images show a large number of similar anomalies, just over those states discussed in this article. The comments to the photographs indicate that the culprit for the appearance of these formations is airplanes flying here and there, but in this case, such traces should be found regularly and everywhere, which, as is known, does not happen.
Summarizing
Based on the above facts, there is every reason to believe that the unexplained mass death of animals, climate change and increasing natural disasters throughout the planet have common roots, and in general should draw public attention to the alarmingly growing processes in the earth’s crust, which are fraught with serious cataclysms in the near foreseeable future, and perhaps even are signs of an impending lithospheric catastrophe.
This is stated, in particular, in the appeal to the UN by the independent organization “Scientists Without Borders”:
“...Alarming facts about the sharp acceleration (by more than 500%) of the drift of the Earth’s north magnetic pole since 1990 have not only catastrophic consequences for global climate change, but also indicate significant changes in energy processes in the inner and outer core of the Earth, responsible for the formation of the geomagnetic field and endogenous activity of our planet.
The role of the magnetosphere in shaping the Earth's climate has been scientifically proven. Changes in the parameters of the geomagnetic field and magnetosphere can lead to a redistribution of areas where cyclones and anticyclones originate and, therefore, affect global climate change.
Natural disasters, in a short time, can lead to catastrophic consequences for entire regions of our planet, take the lives of many people, leave the population large territories without shelter and livelihood, destroy the economies of entire states and cause large-scale epidemics and severe infectious diseases. Currently global community not ready for such a possible development of the situation. Meanwhile, in the geological life of our planet, periods of significant increases in endogenous activity have been repeatedly observed, and the next such period, as many geological indicators show, has already arrived...”
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Compiled based on materials from a discussion of the causes of mass death of animals on the OKO planet portal.
Authors: Ilya Kurbatov (nickname Eliasg) with the participation and support of Olga Mikhailova (nickname Adamant) and Boris Kapochkin.
With gratitude to all other participants in the discussion.
Respiration intensity refers to the amount of oxygen consumed by the body per unit of time (respiration rate) per unit of mass. The latter is calculated on the raw or dry matter of the whole organism or its soft tissues without taking into account the mass of the exoskeleton. Of great comparative value are data on the intensity of respiration, expressed as the ratio of oxygen consumption to the energy capacity of the body. This ratio is a good measure of the metabolic activity of living matter in different organisms. By the amount of gas exchange (oxygen consumption) one can fairly accurately judge the energy expenditure of aerobic organisms.
With a certain degree of convention, exchange is distinguished between basic, standard, routine, active and general (average). Basal metabolism refers to the level of energy expenditure during complete rest of hungry organisms under conditions of an abiotic environment close to optimal. Standard metabolism, close in value to the main one, characterizes the energy expenditure of organisms with no motor activity under certain strictly defined environmental conditions, in particular temperature. Routine metabolism is understood as the rate at which it occurs in animals in a state of normal spontaneous activity. The energy expenditure associated with ensuring the physical activity of animals is taken as the value of active metabolism. The combination of the main and active metabolism is designated as the total, or average, exchange. The efficiency of gas exchange is understood as the ability of organisms to extract oxygen to varying degrees from the water washing the respiratory surfaces and the degree of its deoxygenation during respiration. The intensity and efficiency of gas exchange in different hydrobionts is not the same, depends on their condition and changes adaptively under the influence of environmental conditions.
3. Resistance of aquatic organisms to oxygen deficiency and death phenomena
Only a very few hydrobionts, primarily bacteria and protozoa, are able to live permanently in an oxygen-free environment, i.e. they belong to the group of anaerobes. The vast majority of multicellular animals require oxygen, although some of them can tolerate its absence and carry out anoxybiosis.
Resistance of hydrobionts to oxygen deficiency. The ability to survive in water with low oxygen concentrations depends on the species of organisms, their condition and environmental conditions. The minimum, or threshold, oxygen concentration (Pm) tolerated by aquatic organisms is usually lower for organisms living in natural habitats in weakly aerated water. Therefore, pelagic forms are usually less tolerant of low oxygen concentrations than benthic forms, and among the latter, the inhabitants of silt are more resilient than the forms inhabiting sand, clay or stones. For similar reasons, river forms are more oxygen-demanding than lake forms, and cold-water forms are more oxyphilic than the inhabitants of strongly heated reservoirs. For example, in the worms Tubifex tubifex and mosquito larvae Chaoborus and Chironomus living in the silt of eutrophic reservoirs, Pm is expressed in tenths and hundredths of a milligram per liter. The crustacean Euphausia mucronata, which descends during daily migrations into deep layers with very low oxygen content, tolerates oxygen concentrations close to 0. For the crustaceans Mysis relicta, the larvae of the mosquitoes Lauterbornia and Tanytarsus, many salmon fish and a number of other forms inhabiting cold, clean water bodies, Pt is 3.5-4 mg/l. The PT changes quite significantly as animals age, usually decreasing in adults. For example, for the crustaceans Metamysis kowatewskyi with a length of 2-4 mm, it is equal to 1.92 mg/l, and with an increase in the size of animals to 5-9 and more than 9 mm, it decreases to 1.7 and 1.51 mg/l, respectively. For the crustaceans Artemia salina, the oxygen concentration that causes the first signs of suppression of life in the nauplial stages, middle-aged and adult crustaceans is 0.50, respectively; 0.34 and 30 mg/l (Voskresensky, Khaidarov, 1968).
Sensitivity to oxygen deficiency may become aggravated at certain stages of development. Thus, for juvenile salmon in the first 40 days after hatching, the threshold amount of oxygen is equal to mg/l, by the 50th day it rises to 3, and by the 107th day it drops to 1.3 mg/l. As a rule, the less mobile they are, the higher the resistance to oxygen deficiency in animals of various systematic groups.
Of the external factors, the value of Pm is most influenced by temperature. With its increase, the metabolism of organisms increases, their need for oxygen increases and more favorable respiratory conditions are needed to satisfy it. For example, Pt in crucian carp and tilapia increases by 1.5-2 times with an increase in temperature from 30 to 35°C (Mohamed, Kutty, 1982). Usually there is a fairly close correlation between the values of Pm and Pso. For fish, this relationship, according to L. B. Klyashtorin (1982), is well approximated by the equation: Pа-7.4 + 0.74 Pm, where Pso and Pm are expressed in hPa.
During temporary anoxia in many hydrobionts, aerobic metabolism occurs due to the mobilization of oxygen reserves from carotenoids, heme-containing pigments and other depots. Usually these reserves last no more than a few tens of minutes. Further energy production is provided through anaerobic glycolysis and other means. The duration of stay and survival of hydrobionts during anoxia depends on their species, physiological state and external conditions. Forms in which lactate formed during glycolysis does not accumulate are able to live in the absence of oxygen much longer than those that accumulate lactic acid. The latter, after the transition to aerobic conditions, exhibit “extrarespiration” - an increase in oxygen consumption associated with the oxidation of accumulated under-oxidized compounds. In the first forms, “extrarespiration” is not observed, “oxygen debt” does not arise, and with little energy expenditure they can live without oxygen for several months. For example, fingerlings of crucian carp lived anaerobically for more than two months at a temperature of 3-8°C. A similar picture was observed for carp (in winter conditions) and some other fish. In the absence of oxygen, silver crucian carp at low temperatures can release CO2 in quantities up to 3 times the amount observed under aerobic conditions. The resulting lactate is converted to ethanol, which is excreted from the body into water through the gills (Jiirs, 1982).
Animals that accumulate under-oxidized products during anoxybiosis are less resistant to prolonged absence of oxygen. Turtles, when diving, can live on glycolysis for several hours or days, and by surfacing, they compensate for the “oxygen debt.” Chironomid larvae, although they accumulate lactate, completely lose mobility and are in a state of passive anaerobiosis and withstand weeks and months of anoxia. Oysters and other shellfish that close their shells during low tide safely withstand anoxia for several hours, accumulating glycolytic products. Through glycolysis, elasmobranch mollusks obtain up to 30% of their energy expenditure. By closing the valves, for example, under the influence of poisons, they completely switch to anaerobic metabolism. The crustaceans Urogebia and Callianassa living in minks are able to survive in the absence of oxygen for several days due to glycogen and aspartate (Zebe, 1982). The mollusks Mytilus edulis live for more than a day without oxygen, using glycogen and glutamate.
The ability to anoxybiosis is most typical for representatives of benthic fauna that live in conditions of periodic decrease in oxygen concentration to values close to 0. During anoxybiosis, they do not feed, lose mobility, and stop growing and developing. The oxygen concentration below which aquatic organisms switch from active to passive existence depends on the species characteristics, size and a number of other factors. As a rule, forms living in a more aerated environment fall into anoxybiosis earlier, when oxygen is still present in noticeable quantities. Young organisms, which are usually more demanding of oxygen content, are switched off from active life earlier than adults.
Zamoras. In natural reservoirs, cases of mass death of aquatic organisms from asphyxia are often observed. They arise not only as a result of oxygen deficiency, but also as a result of the accumulation of significant amounts of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and methane in water. The content of these gases usually increases in parallel with the decrease in oxygen concentration and is therefore especially destructive. During death, the forms that die first are those that are less resistant to oxygen deficiency, and then those that are more resilient, right up to the most resistant ones, if the catastrophic deterioration in breathing conditions drags on for a long time. long term. In reservoirs at high latitudes, freezes usually occur in winter, when ice prevents the flow of oxygen into the water from the air. Summer kills are usually observed in stagnant bodies of water, especially during the mass appearance of algae. During the day, due to photosynthesis, there is a lot of oxygen, but at night its concentration decreases sharply and death may occur.
Summer death occurs not only in ponds and lakes, but even in the seas, for example in the Azov and Baltic. In the Sea of Azov, death is usually observed from May to August during calm weather, when, due to the lack of water circulation, the oxygen content in the thickness, especially at the bottom, drops to tenths of a milligram per liter. The decrease in oxygen concentration at the bottom is caused by the decomposition of algae dying here. During starvation, fish and other aquatic organisms, in particular mollusks, die en masse. Off the coast of Peru, once every 3-12 years, a massive death of zooplankton and fish occurs due to lack of oxygen, when the warm equatorial El Niño current begins to approach here.
Death phenomena are especially acute in winter, when they are observed not only in standing reservoirs, but even in rivers. For example, the annual winter deaths in the river are grandiose in scale. Obi. The groundwater on which it feeds contains very little oxygen and a lot of humic substances (heavily swampy geological area). When, after freezing, the atmospheric air supply of water practically ceases, the small amounts of oxygen present in it are quickly consumed for the oxidation of humic substances, and freezing occurs. It usually begins at the end of December in the upper reaches of the river and, spreading downward at a speed of 30-40 km per day, reaches the mouth in 1.5-2 months. The death stops in May - June, when the river begins to replenish external waters. The oxygen content during death drops to 2-3% of normal, and many hydrobionts, especially fish, die from suffocation, although most of them are saved in some tributaries of the Ob, where death phenomena do not develop. Bottom-dwelling animals, which are more adapted to living in conditions of oxygen deficiency, suffer less during starvation than pelagic animals.
Lecture topic No. 10: Growth, development and energy of aquatic organisms
Purpose of the lecture: study of the development of aquatic organisms as a general strategy for the existence of species in the aquatic environment.
Issues covered:
1.Height and growth forms
2. Development and duration of development.
3.Energy of growth and development
The general strategy for the existence of species is focused on maximizing their functional significance in the biosphere, strengthening the role in the cycle of substances and biological transformation of energy on Earth. The implementation of this general trend is achieved, in particular, by the existence of a huge variety of forms of growth and development of individuals. In the process of growth, i.e., an increase in the mass and energy intensity of the body, organisms accumulate negentropy, involving inert components of the environment in the cycle of substances.
The growth of organisms is accompanied by their development - a progressive change in the entire organization of the body, aimed at achieving an optimal reproductive state and ensuring the necessary efficiency of reproduction. Periods of growth and development usually alternate more or less clearly with each other. As a rule, during rapid growth, differentiation of the body does not occur or it weakens; during periods of rapid differentiation, growth is sharply inhibited, and sometimes stops altogether or even becomes negative (for example, during the molting of arthropods, when they stop feeding).
During ontogenesis, being reconstructed structurally and functionally, organisms reach reproductive maturity. The more descendants are formed and the higher their survival rate, the more successfully the life strategy of the species is implemented - maximization in the biosphere of its characteristic form of transformation of substances and energy, the universalization of its “way of life”, the utmost strengthening of its biogeo- chemical function on the ground. Since this tendency is characteristic of all species, this increases their competition for the material and energy resources of the biosphere, expands the resource base of life, and intensifies in the evolutionary aspect the biological cycle of substances and the flow of energy in the biosphere.
Reports of unexplained mass deaths of birds and sea life began to appear frequently in the news ( hydrobionts). Maps compiled by enthusiasts even appeared on the Internet.
The following are most often suggested in the press as possible causes of bird death:
1. "Fireworks." Unlikely in itself has never led to mass deaths in the past.
2. "Blunt trauma". From the same series, where was it seen that several hundred birds rushed at cars, and at the same time in different countries? Obviously, the injuries were caused by falling and hitting the ground, possibly while unconscious, or during the death throes, and there is evidence that the birds were thrashing about before dying, randomly hitting trees and houses.
3. “Poisoning as a result of human pollution of the environment” and “Viral infection”. It is also doubtful that poisoning or illness would lead to the unexpected death in flight of the entire flock at the same time. In this case, the birds, feeling unwell, most likely would not fly into the sky, but would die on the ground.
4. "It's always been like this". Allegedly due to the appearance of a large number of cameras in people’s phones, etc. More such information began to appear on the Internet. As evidence, a link is provided to a website monitoring such cases in the United States with statistics of 100 cases over the past 8 months. Here we are openly being led by the nose. This move was made with the inattentive reader in mind, since:
The number of these reports began to increase precisely in 2010, which, for other disasters, set too many records for one year;
100 cases in 8 months is 13 cases per month, and here we have 16 cases in the United States per week, which is 5 times more;
In the statistics presented, in almost all cases the cause of death was established (usually disease), and the death of animals occurred gradually, over a week or more, and we are talking about a massive, instantaneous death, the cause of which could not be established.
So, due to the fact that, in our opinion, none of the listed reasons stands up to criticism, visitors to the “Eye of the Planet” portal conducted an independent investigation of the possible causes, the results of which we would like to introduce you to.
Death of the inhabitants of the deep waters
Boris Kapochkin: “Regarding the death of fish, I was an expert and have several publications. The death of aquatic organisms (massive) usually occurs in the phase of intense extension, which in the compression phase is certainly accompanied by earthquakes somewhere. In this case, unusual earthquakes are also occurring in Arkansas.Typically, mass death of fish, the so-called “kills”, occurs as a result of the release from the lithosphere of reactive fluids in a reduced form (hydrogen sulfide, ammonia...), which leads to the chemical consumption of oxygen dissolved in water (lakes, seas, less often rivers).
I observed this phenomenon on the eastern coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula during salmon spawning in 1992 and 1993. During these years, due to the described processes, the concentration of dissolved oxygen in Avacha Bay dropped below 2 ml/l, as a result of which salmon did not enter the rivers to spawn.
In 1995 and 1996, synchronous fish deaths were recorded in the Danube and Dniester basins. An interesting case is the mass death of fish in lakes Yalpug and Kurulgui (Danube region). A thousand tons of fish died, and only one species, “Grass Carp” - an artificial invader. The presence of hydrogen sulfide and, accordingly, a deficiency of oxygen were detected in the waters of the lakes. Insufficient oxygen concentrations have proven to be detrimental to one species and insufficient to another.
By the way, the name El Niño initially meant only the mass death of anchovies off the coast of Peru and Chile as a result of the release of hydrogen sulfide from the earth’s crust. Similar conditions are formed on the shelf of Namibia and in other areas (described in the monograph V.I. Mikhailov, A.B. Kapochkina, B.B. Kapochkin “Interaction in the lithosphere-hydrosphere system” 2010).
The release of hydrogen sulfide and other toxic gases is often associated with the death of animals and birds in areas such as the “Valley of Geysers in Kamchatka”; there was a case of the death of an expedition of schoolchildren in the Sea of Azov (three yachts), after which fish surfaced (mud volcanism).”
Death of birds
An increase in the death of birds and inhabitants of the deep waters occurs in the same areas, at the same time, so the cause must be common. We do not have a reliable source of information about the connection between degassing and bird death. But there is a sufficient number of facts indicating that this is possible.
The very process of point emission of gases from the earth’s crust, as well as its transport to the upper atmosphere, is described in the work “Ecological aspects of degassing of the Earth” Syvorotkina V. L. which states:
«… Emissions of gases from the depths of the sea can become catastrophic, and are often mistaken for eruptions of underwater volcanoes... The study showed that hydrogen, released at the surface of the Earth from a point source, can reach the stratosphere, maintaining concentrations different from the background. ...But real releases of deep gases in nature can occur differently, for example, in the form spontaneous releases of large volumes of gas in a short period of time on extended sections of fault structures. With such release from the depths, the dynamics of gas rise both in the water column and in the atmosphere will be different - rising of a gas bubble. This transport mechanism is many times more efficient…»
News reports about mass bird deaths often include:
1. The birds flew like crazy, crashing into various obstacles
2. Many were found to have injuries from blows and internal bleeding
In each individual case, the composition of the gas bubble may differ, which is perhaps why the death of birds is not always absolutely identical. For example, let’s take the symptoms of natural gas poisoning, the main component of which is methane (otherwise known as mine gas or swamp gas), a colorless and odorless gas, lighter than air.
« Pathogenesis . Methane reduces the partial pressure of oxygen in the air, displacing it, which causes the development of hypoxic hypoxia, and in high concentrations it has a weak narcotic effect. Mine gas contains methane homologues as impurities - ethane, propane, butane (their content reaches 25-30 vol%), which enhance the narcotic effect of methane and give the gas toxic properties. The main pathogenetic mechanisms for methane intoxication should be considered: hypoxic hypoxia with developing hypocapnia, metabolic acidosis with intoxication deepened by the narcotic effect of methane, increasing cerebral edema, a state of stress with a disorder of neurohumoral regulation.
Exposure to saturated methane hydrocarbons in a gas mixture that does not contain oxygen leads to the development of acute hypoxia with hypocapnia. This is accompanied by rapid loss of consciousness (at 5-6 inhalations), collapse, cessation of breathing (at 4-6 minutes) and subsequent cessation of cardiac activity»
Signs of death due to suffocation:
“During internal examination, a number of signs are visible acute death: dark liquid blood in area hearts, hemorrhages mucous membranes of the respiratory tract"
So, You and I have every reason to believe that in nature it is possible to form a gas jet, when entering it birds will experience symptoms of poisoning or suffocation, loss of orientation, drug intoxication and death either as a result of the poisoning itself or as a result of a fall. Which is most consistent with the cases described in the press.
Another reason for the death of birds cannot be ruled out:
Boris Kapochkin: "Iwould suggest the death of birds as a result of the formation of a local zone of cold air descending from higher layers of the atmosphere as a result of the formation local anomaly of the gravitational field. This should have been reflected in the data of hydrometeorological measurements in the area of death. The theoretical possibility of such movements was proven by Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. P.V. Rutkevich (IKI RAS), but in practice we confirmed and even patented such technology"Mmonitoring of rapid changes in the Earth's gravitational field" (described in the monograph by Gladkikh I.I., Kapochkin B.B., Kucherenko N.V., Lisovodsky V.V. "Formation of weather conditions in marine and coastal areas" 2006).
This version is indirectly confirmed by the universally observed change in the normal circulation of atmospheric flows, manifested in weather anomalies such as “ice rains”, sharp temperature changes over a short period of time, increased precipitation intensity, etc.
This does not change the essence of the issue - this version also indicates to us the intensification of anomalous processes in the earth's crust. This will be discussed further.
Death of animals and sinkholes
Not so long ago, a new disaster befell people and immediately became widespread - these are failures that indicate an unprecedented revival in the mobility of the earth's crust.
Boris Kapochkin: “There is only one problem with sinkholes, why didn’t this happen before? The first failure in Guatemala on February 23, 2007 was like a revelation. For the first time!!! By the way, it arose almost during an earthquake and almost at the epicenter (described in the monograph (Voitenko S.P. ., Uchitel I.L., Yaroshenko V.N., Kapochkin B.B. Geodynamics. Fundamentals of kinematic geodesy, 2007." Now such failures are occurring systematically and everywhere."
If you look at the statistics of failures over the past year, you cannot help but notice that the United States in terms of failures, the number of which increased catastrophically in 2010 around the world, is in second place after the Philippines. And if you look at the statistics by city, cities from the USA occupy almost the entire top ten in this ranking:
Google statistics for the query "sinkhole"
Cities:
1. Tampa, Florida, USA
2. Makati, Philippines
3. Orlando, Florida, USA
4. Austin, Texas, USA
5. Houston, Texas, USA
6. Atlanta, Georgia, USA
7. San Diego, California, USA
8. Richardson, Texas, USA
9. Los Angeles, California, USA
10. St. Louis, Missouri, USA
California is located above the New Madrid fault, the possibility of its split has already been played out in one of the disaster films. Cases of mass bird deaths have also been recorded there. But special attention should be paid to Florida, Georgia, Missouri and Texas - this is precisely the area that is currently experiencing the largest number of mass deaths. This is not surprising - these places are rich in oil and gas deposits, with several hundred gas wells operating in the state of Arkansas alone.
It is worth mentioning separately the accident on the oil production platform of the BP company that occurred in the Gulf of Mexico in the spring of 2010. The consequences and details of this disaster are carefully hidden, as is the real cause of the death of the birds. Several important points are known:
1. the platform was drilling at the junction of tectonic plates;
2. the accident occurred due to the fact that the bottom valves, designed for repeated overloads, could not withstand the pressure;
3. Oil oozed not only from the well, but also from cracks in the seabed, some of which are located 11 km from the accident site.
From this we can conclude that the accident on the BP platform occurred due to a catastrophic increase in pressure in the well as a result sprains* earth's crust. We believe that the reader will be able to guess for himself why this information is hidden, as well as the real reasons for the death of animals.
* Boris Kapochkin:
« There is a type of geodeformation in which, during compression of a block, its surface experiences a cylindrical bend, and the surface area increases - cracks open, the crust becomes permeable to lithospheric oil and gas products."
Degassing and seismic activity
Quote from Western media about the increase in earthquakes in Arkansas and their connection with the death of animals (however, the authors of the article blame gas companies for everything):
"...The number of earthquakes that have shaken Guy, Arkansas, has increased from about 179 earthquakes per year to more than 600 in 2010, according to AGS. About 500 of them occurred in the last four months. During the same period in 2009, only 38 were recorded tremors. Theoretically, it is possible that there is a correlation between the surge of earthquakes and the New Year's rain of dead birds and the massive death of fish in the Arkansas River..."
Let's return once again to the work of V. L. Syvorotkin:
“Seismicity and degassing.
Important results were obtained during the Dagestan earthquake on May 14, 1970. It was found that during earthquakes, gas-hydrodynamic excitation covers areas of tens and a few hundred thousand square kilometers, and the content of the main gas of interest to us - hydrogen - can increase in this case by 5-6 orders of magnitude.
As a result of long-term monitoring, 2 types of helium behavior in connection with seismic events were identified. The first (test site in the Pamirs) is characterized by a sharp decrease in helium concentration after a seismic event. The second (Armenia) has the opposite picture, i.e. a sharp positive jump in this concentration. Both types, however, are characterized by a noticeable increase in helium concentration before the seismic event, and in the first type, this increase is more significant and occurs on average 12 days, and in the second type, the increase is less strong, but is observed several months before the earthquake.”
Degassing and climate change
Looking at the map, you cannot help but agree that almost all cases of mysterious animal deaths are located in places where serious weather disasters have recently been observed. Judge for yourself: USA, Japan, England, Europe (unprecedented snowfalls); Brazil, Australia, Indonesia, Philippines (rains and floods).
Let's turn again to the work “Ecological Aspects of Earth Degassing”, the essence of which generally boils down to the fact that the human factor is not able to cause such global climate changes, but the Earth itself is capable of this:
« Chapter 14. Natural disasters over degassing zones associated with the destruction of the ozone layer.
The ozone layer and abnormal weather. Always after a drop in pressure above the degassing center, air masses with high pressure - anticyclones - will move towards it.
If the anticyclone is initially located south of the degassing center, then abnormally warm air masses will rush there and warm, dry weather will set in. If the anticyclone initially stands north of the center of degassing, air masses that are abnormally cold for a given latitude and time of year will begin to move here, of course, if this happens in the Northern Hemisphere.
It is also possible that anticyclones from both the north and south will rush into the area of low pressure. This will lead to a collision of air masses with sharply different temperatures and, as a result, to the sudden emergence of hurricane gusts of wind like the one that hit Moscow in the summer of 1998.
Such sudden movements of air masses are not described or predicted by modern meteorological models..."
So much for the reasons for global warming/climate change that the media feeds us with. However, this is just the tip of the iceberg. Those who are interested in this problem are advised to study this work in full - in it you will find a considerable number of interesting facts.
Unusual radar readings
Why are gas emissions not regularly visible on radar if they occur everywhere? The fact is that radars detect reflections, but gases do not form them and, as a rule, remain invisible to radars. In order to be noticeable to radar, it must be a gas either at the appropriate temperature causing condensation, or containing water, or the reaction of hydrogen with atmospheric oxygen, in which case vacuumization and condensation of water vapor is formed. Vacuumization itself, theoretically, can cause the rapid, immediate death of a flock of birds with similar symptoms.
What happens when a body enters a vacuum:“Unlike many science fiction films, the body will not explode.After 15 seconds, loss of consciousness will occur. If you try to hold your breath, you can potentially survive, but you risk lung injury. If you don't hold your breath, you'll pass out faster and avoid damage to your lungs. The pressure in your veins will increase until your heart can no longer pump blood, at which point you will die.”
It is clear that in the atmosphere a complete continuous vacuum is not possible; vacuumization will be immediately followed by collapse, this is what we hear like thunder after a lightning strike. But both of these together can only accelerate the death of a flying flock of birds and add inexplicable symptoms. There is evidence that before the birds fell, a rumble and blows were heard; this could be either the collapse of air or sounds made by the earth's crust. Reports of unexplained sounds (humming, rumbling) have also been appearing frequently in the news lately.
Strange clouds
01/07/2011 South Carolina, USA
“I've lived by the sea for years, but I've never seen anything like this,” reports Wesley Tyler, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. “On Friday, January 7, there were three holes in the clouds as if from an impact”
It is logical to assume that these formations in the clouds are traces of gas jets that partially cooled and dissipated after contact with the cloud front, and partially leaked through into higher layers of the atmosphere. In each individual case, this depends on many factors, such as the volume, composition and temperature of the gas release, wind speed at different altitudes, type and height of cloud cover...
The following unique satellite images show a large number of similar anomalies, just above the states discussed in this article. The comments to the photographs indicate that the culprit for the appearance of these formations is airplanes flying here and there, but in this case, such traces should be found regularly and everywhere, which, as is known, does not happen.
Summarizing
Based on the above facts, there is every reason to believe that the unexplained mass death of animals, climate change and growing natural disasters throughout the planet have common roots, and in general should draw public attention to the alarmingly growing processes in the earth’s crust, which are fraught with serious cataclysms in the near future. foreseeable future, and perhaps even are signs of an impending lithospheric catastrophe.
This is stated, in particular, in an appeal to the UN by the independent organization “Scientists Without Borders”:
“...Alarming facts about the sharp acceleration (by more than 500%) of the drift of the Earth’s north magnetic pole since 1990 have not only catastrophic consequences for global climate change, but also indicate significant changes in energy processes, in the inner and outer core of the Earth, responsible for the formation of the geomagnetic field and endogenous activity of our planet.
The role of the magnetosphere in shaping the Earth's climate has been scientifically proven. Changes in the parameters of the geomagnetic field and magnetosphere can lead to a re-distribution of the areas of origin of cyclones and anticyclones and, consequently, influence global climate changes.
Natural disasters, in a short time, can lead to catastrophic consequences for entire regions of our planet, claim the lives of many people, leave the population of large areas without shelter and means of subsistence, destroy the economies of entire states and cause large-scale epidemics and severe infectious diseases. At present, the international community is not prepared for such a possible development of the situation. Meanwhile, in the geological life of our planet, periods of a significant increase in endogenous activity have been repeatedly observed, and the next such period, as many geological indicators show, has already arrived...
»
Compiled based on materials from a discussion of the causes of mass death of animals on the OKO planet portal .
Authors: Ilya Kurbatov (nickname Eliasg) with the participation and support of Olga Mikhailova (nickname Adamant) and Boris Kapochkin.
With gratitude to all other participants in the discussion
TASKS
Municipal stage All-Russian Olympiad schoolchildren on ecology
Classes
Questions like "ONE OF FOUR"
You are offered tasks in which you must choose one correct answer from four proposed ones.
- The first environment inhabited by living organisms was:
A). soil; b). water;
c) ground-air; G). other organisms
- The elementary unit of evolution is:
A). separate species; b). biogeocenosis
V). population; d).biocenosis
3. A specially protected area, completely withdrawn from economic use in order to preserve it in its natural state natural complex:
A). nature reserve; b). reserve;
V). natural monument; G). National Park
4. Adaptation of the organism to certain environmental conditions, which is achieved through morphological, physiological, behavioral signs:
A). adaptation; b). evolution;
V). urbanization; G). divergence
- The main limiter to the unlimited growth of the species’ population is:
A). death from infectious diseases; b). influence of predators;
V). lack of food; G). number of descendants
- The phenomenon of death, that is, mass death of aquatic organisms, is caused by:
A). lack of light; b). lack of oxygen;
V). excess oxygen; G). presence of iron ions
- Preparing plants to withstand low temperatures involves:
A). fat synthesis; b). cessation of growth;
V). protein denaturation; G). accumulation of sugars
- Organisms that feed on plants belong to the group:
A). phytophages; b). zoophages;
V). polyphages; d).monophages
9. The ability of an organism or system of organisms to maintain stable dynamic equilibrium in changing environmental conditions is called:
a).symbiosis; b). homeostasis;
V). mutualism; G). anabiosis
10. Fish, which depending on the stage life cycle live either in the seas or in rivers, classified as environmental group:
A). sea fish; b). freshwater fish;
V). migratory fish; G). semi-anadromous fish
- Largest quantity reptile species belongs to:
A). land animals; b). freshwater animals;
V). marine animals; G). air animals
- Which of the following animal species is an ornithophage:
A). peregrine falcon; b). Grant's gazelle;
V). common wheatear; G). musk deer
- To the inhabitants open spaces applies:
A). wolverine; b). sable;
V). saiga; G). white-breasted bear
14. Into the natural system biotic relationships according to the “predator-prey” type they enter:
A). hummingbirds and grass frog; b). woodcock and earthworm;
V). black rhinoceros and buffalo birds;
G). polar bear And emperor penguin
15. Deciduous succulents include:
A). cacti; b). agaves;
V). sow thistle; G). grape
16. What is not typical for pollinated flowers? bats:
A). small flower size; b). night flowering;
V). bad smell; G). mass production of pollen
17. In what environment do the fastest moving animals live?
A). water; b). underground (soil);
V). alive organisms; G). ground-air
18. Select from the list an animal that does not have a daily routine:
A). shore swallow; b). flying squirrel;
V). moles; G). crested newt
19. Biocenosis - a set of organisms:
a).one species living in a certain territory;
b). different types, living together and connected with each other;
V). one species living in different parts of its range;
G). different species living in heterogeneous areas of the range
20. The position occupied by a species in biocenoses is called:
A). habitat; b). ecosystem;
21. Which of the following organisms is a producer:
A). dysenteric amoeba; b). shepherd's purse;
V). Human; G). cow
22. Which of the following plants can be both a producer and a consumer of the second order:
A). greater celandine; b). ordinary lumbago;
V). Venus flytrap; G). caustic buttercup
23. From below listed names organisms select producer:
A). baobab; b). penicillium;
V). shrew; G). gazelle
24. Which succession, in your opinion, is the longest (in all cases it ends with the forest stage):
a).overgrowth of a forest fire; b).overgrowing of the swamp;
c).overgrowing of soil dumps during mining;
G). overgrown forest path
25. Which of the following scientists created the doctrine of the biosphere:
A). V.I.Vernadsky; b). V.V. Dokuchaev;
V). N.I.Vavilov; G). V.N.Sukachev
26. The snow collected on the city roads is removed by road services:
A). to the nearest field; b). to the outfield;
c).in a specially dug pit; d).to the nearest body of water
27. The Red Book of Russia contains:
A). pine marten; b). sable;
V). dodo; G). lady's slipper
28. Disappeared due to the fault of a person:
A). sea otter (sea otter); b). tarpan;
V). bison; G). bustard
29. Upper limit biosphere passes in the atmosphere at an altitude of about 20 km., because. there:
A). little oxygen; b). low temperature air;
V). little light; G). the ozone layer is located
30. An aerosol consisting of smoke, fog and dust is called:
A). child; b). acid rain;
c).smog; G). fire
TASKS
municipal stage All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in ecology
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