Typology and functions of public organizations and movements. Public organizations and movements

BIG LENINGRAD LIBRARY - ABSTRACTS - Socio-political organizations and movements

Socio-political organizations and movements

TOtest work

in the discipline Political Science

“Socio-political organizations and

movement"

Introduction

Public organizations and movements are non-state entities, and movements are non-state entities that unite people according to their interests and professions. They have rich history. Already in ancient world Along with the state, there were associations of representatives, as a rule, of the propertied classes and free citizens. They also took place in the medieval period of human history. These associations were most often based on religious ideas (knightly associations, orders of crusaders, and so on).

The purpose of this test work on the topic “Socio-political organizations and movements” is to reveal the meaning of the ideas of organizations and movements, their role in life civil society generally.

To do this, it is necessary to solve several problems, namely:

1. Describe the significance of socio-political organizations and movements.

2. Characterize the types of socio-political movements.

3. Consider the reasons for the emergence of socio-political organizations and movements.

Political parties, being the center political life societies do not cover in their activities the entire diversity of socio-political processes. The activities of political parties seem to continue in the activities of numerous public organizations and mass social movements.

1. Socio-political organization and socio-political movement: general and specific

Social movements and organizations differ in many ways: in their goals, the functions they perform in relation to the interests of their members, as well as in relation to state power; at the place of activity; by types and methods of activity; by the nature of occurrence, by methods of organization, and so on.

“For example, according to the criterion of purpose, there are socio-political movements and organizations that are revolutionary and counter-revolutionary, reformist and conservative, national democratic, general democratic, environmental. By areas of activity: economic, social, national, international, religious, scientific, educational and others. By place of activity: local, regional, national, international, operating in parliament (functions and other associations of deputies), within management structures, in the system of educational and scientific institutions, in a religious environment. By the nature of occurrence: spontaneous and consciously organized; by method of organization: clubs, associations, associations, unions, fronts; by social composition: youth, women, professional” Zerkin D.P. Fundamentals of political science: Course of lectures. Rostov n/d: “Phoenix”, 1997, P. 302.

No matter how diverse social movements and organizations are, all of them are one way or another called upon to perform two main tasks: a) expression and implementation of group interests; b) ensuring the participation of members of a particular group or community in the management of public affairs and self-government, and therefore, in the implementation of the principles of democracy (democracy). Hence the underlying reasons for the emergence of social movements and organizations: dissatisfaction of group needs and interests through the activities of institutions of state power and political parties, the presence of economic and socio-cultural problems that cannot be solved by the structures of power and management.

Availability of various social needs and interests in itself does not lead to the emergence of social movements and organizations. The factor of interests is triggered precisely when: “... firstly, the state of unsatisfactory interests is fixed in public consciousness; secondly, certain ideas are emerging in the mass consciousness about the content of group interests and ways to satisfy them; thirdly, there is a growing need among a significant part of various groups and segments of the people to participate in the adoption of social political decisions related to the implementation of interests; finally, fourthly, in the presence of appropriate democratic structures in the political system. In general, social and socio-political movements and organizations arise on the basis of social group interests, subject to the development of self-awareness of certain community groups, implemented in social activity related to the satisfaction of these interests” Zerkin D.P. Fundamentals of political science: Course of lectures. Rostov n/d: “Phoenix”, 1997, P. 303.

In complex hard times, people imbued with ideological contradictions are first grouped into protest movements and organizations then begin to exist popular fronts, associations, mass movements, and within systemic state, party, trade union and youth structures: independent trade union organizations, strike committees, various groups deputies. Subsequently, there is an integration of movements and organizations formed both outside and inside the political system. Movements such as “Democratic Russia”, “United Front of Workers” and others are taking shape.

Habermas Jurgen, famous German philosopher, sociologist and political thinker. In his works he devoted great attention social science, attached no less importance to language. He reduced the problem of socio-political practice to the problem of mutual understanding, language political power, parties, social groups and so on. In his ideas or other concepts, there is a socio-political orientation. Habermas Jurgen also gave great value ideological and political superstructure. He tried to find out on what principles the action of domination, abstractly represented as the relationship between master and slave, is based. Superimposing this scheme on the entire problematic public life, with its help he tried to explain the mechanisms that should ensure the preservation and stability of society.

“the main problem, in his opinion, is that the distribution of surplus product rests on the privileged assimilation of socially produced wealth by the ruling strata of society. In this case, unequal distribution must have a “legalized” form and be recorded in the system legal norms. As soon as faith in the legitimacy of the existing order decreases for some reason, a force latently hidden in the system of institutions is released, which can lead to sharp social disagreements, conflicts, and crises. To avoid such a development of events, it is necessary to establish an order that should be based on an appropriate distribution of power” Political Encyclopedia. In 2 vols. T2/National. Society - scientific foundation; Hand. project G.Yu. Semigin; scientific-editor's council: prev. Council G.Yu. Semigin. - M.: Mysl, 1999, S. 575..

In the 1980s, Habermas Jürgen developed ideas about instrumental and communicative action in his two-volume Theory of Communicative Action. “By communicative action, Habermas understands the influence of individuals, which is ordered according to norms accepted as mandatory. If instrumental action is focused on success, then communicative action is aimed at mutual understanding of the acting individuals, their consensus. It involves coordination of efforts”Political Encyclopedia. In 2 vols. T2/National. Society - scientific foundation; Hand. project G.Yu. Semigin; scientific-editor's council: prev. Council G.Yu. Semigin. - M.: Mysl, 1999, P. 575.

Also, according to his ideas, communicative action is a means social interaction and serves to build solidarity. All along theoretical activity Habermas, all such topics intersected with each other and became parts of the large-scale theory of communicative action that he created and constantly improved.

In general, the concept of “socio-political movements” covers various associations of citizens, associations, unions, fronts that are not directly included in state and party structures, but are to one degree or another subjects of political life, combining varying degrees functions of cooperation, opposition and criticism, opposition and struggle in relation to state institutions And political parties. This concept covers wide range association - from having a direct influence on the adoption of political decisions that differ high level organization, structure, to purely political ones, without a clear organized core. This diversity poses a certain difficulty in typologizing movements, analyzing the reasons for their emergence, ideological and political position, social base, and relationships with authorities. At the same time, we can highlight the most general signs socio-political movements, distinguishing them from parties.

The ideological and political orientation of the movements is much broader and more vague, and the goals are much narrower and more specific than those of the parties. This allows people with different backgrounds to participate in the movement. political views, but supporting a specific political goal, for the sake of which movement is created and acts. This determines the ability of movements to acquire a large scope.

Movements, as a rule, do not have a unified program or charter. They differ in the inconsistency of the number of participants. Usually there is no movement strong center, unified structure, discipline. The core of movements can be either independent initiative groups or committees or commissions created by parties. They rely on the unorganized masses and can also be supported by various public organizations and autonomous associations of some parties. In general, the basis of movements is the solidarity and voluntariness of their participants.

Socio-political movements strive to influence power, but, as a rule, they themselves do not achieve power.

There are many types of socio-political movements:

From the point of view of attitude towards the existing system, movements are conservative, reformist and revolutionary;

On the ideological basis - liberal-democratic, conservative, socialist;

On a national basis - national liberation, for the self-determination of the nation, cultural and national autonomy, etc.;

By demographics - youth, students, etc.;

By scale - international, regional, country, state, republic;

According to methods and methods of action - legal, illegal, formal, informal, oriented towards peaceful or violent actions.

Socio-political movements perform important functions:

They condense the interests and sentiments of wide heterogeneous sections of the population:

They set goals and develop ways to achieve them;

They create a large political force focused on solving a specific political problem;

They lead mass protests, organize non-violent and sometimes violent protests.

The second half and especially the end of the 20th century are characterized by the growth and strengthening of the role of socio-political movements, which indicates the involvement huge number people into politics.

There are various options for the relationship between socio-political movements and parties.

Independent socio-political movements do not enter into any relations with parties. This happens when participants in movements, having a certain political interest, at the same time, they are not satisfied with the activities of the parties. Many movement participants do not want to associate themselves with party affiliation at all.

The creation of some movements is initiated by a party or a bloc of parties in order to involve them in the struggle for a nominated political task the broad masses of non-party people.

Parties can take control of movements (for example, spontaneous mass protests, social environment which are the least socially protected layers, there may be parties adhering to the strategy of destabilizing the social system).

2. Traditional and new types of socio-political movements and organizations. Their dynamics

Having achieved success in solving their problems, political movements usually cease to exist (this happened, for example, with the movement against the placement of cruise missiles in Europe and others), but in a number of cases, when the tasks put forward are too complex, their solution requires long-term efforts, access to the levers of power, political movements acquire the characteristics of a party and are transformed into it (this, for example, happened with the “green” movement). Thus, socio-political movements can be the initial stage of party formation, and, having become a party, they can retain the name “movement”. However, this is not a necessary result of the evolution of movement. Political movements do not displace parties and do not turn into a stage of their formation.

There are several reasons why people are interested in social movements and organizations. Firstly, in last years, and maybe in last decades, political parties are increasingly losing their authority among the broad masses and especially among young people. People sometimes get tired of the glorification and political games of party leaders, who often use the trust of ordinary party members for their own personal interests - to get to power at any cost. People from the outside see this and do not want to join this or that party, do not want to be a bargaining chip in political games.

In addition, membership in a political party requires discipline and requires voting in elections only for the candidate of one’s own party. People, and especially young people, prefer the broad democracy of public organizations and their true self-government. A person can freely move from one organization to another, participate in any mass movement, without tying his hands to any of them.

Secondly, mass public organizations and movements attract numerous supporters into their ranks by the fact that they do not strictly adhere to any ideological concept in their activities. Ideology is the destiny of a political party. And people often do not see the benefit of any ideology. Their main contents are political problems, issues of power, not material interests ordinary people, their daily needs.

Today, mass movements and organizations are characterized by the desire to go beyond existing ideological systems and to rethink the realities modern world, put forward alternative ideas and concepts that adequately reflect the vital problems of our time.

Look for alternative development paths modern civilization forced by the current reality itself, which, according to many prominent scientists - both social scientists and natural scientists - is leading increasingly to a dead end, to a universal catastrophe: thermonuclear, environmental, food. Awareness of this expands the circle of participants in alternative movements.

Thirdly, the growing interest of the broad masses in social movements and organizations is also due to the fact that these movements quickly grasp the novelty of the social situation, respond more quickly to changing situations, and more fully take into account the everyday, immediate needs of the people in their demands. Political parties are to a certain extent bound by party ideology, which cannot change quickly; it remains stable for a relatively long time. long period time.

Socio-political movements and organizations, depending on their connection with the political system, can be institutionalized (formal) and non-institutionalized (informal). The first, so to speak, are recognized by the political system as its component element and operate according to a set of formal rules. The latter arise and act outside the system, according to rules not prescribed by it. These are the so-called informal organizations. However, in socio-political life everything is subject to dynamics. Mutual transformations of public organizations are also possible. Some informal movements and organizations are turning into formal and even political parties. This is the dialectic of many informal organizations in the former USSR.

“United Nations (UN) - international organization sovereign states, created in 1945 at a conference in San Francisco on the initiative of leading state participants anti-Hitler coalition based on the voluntary combination of their efforts. The UN was born as a result great victory over fascism. The foundations of its activities and structure were developed during the 2nd World War (1939-1945)” Political Encyclopedia. In 2 vols. T2/National. Society - scientific foundation; Hand. project G.Yu. Semigin; scientific-editor's council: prev. Council G.Yu. Semigin. - M.: Mysl, 1999, P. 86.

In general, the activities of the UN are aimed at peaceful coexistence, at peaceful relations between states, to be more precise, there is a UN Charter, the goals of which are: maintaining international peace and security, preventing and eliminating threats to peace and suppressing acts of aggression, settling or resolving by peaceful means international disputes or situations that may lead to a breach of the peace; development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples; implementation international cooperation in resolution international problems economic, cultural, and humanitarian character and fostering respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion; fulfilling the role of a center for coordinating the actions of states aimed at achieving these goals. The Charter also provides for the principles of international cooperation and enshrines such points as the conscientious resolution of disputes only by peaceful means.

3. Socio-political organizations and movements in Russia: history and modernity

Social organizations and movements received significant development in bourgeois society, especially with the entry into the historical arena of the working class - people freed from feudal serfdom and given freedom by law to unite in various public organizations. With the help of organized social movements of various directions, the working class achieved tangible results in the struggle to improve their living conditions, for social freedoms and political rights.

"On new level Public organizations and movements rose in their development after the Second World War. They have become widespread. This was facilitated by the strengthening of the democratic trend in the socio-political life of peoples, the rise of the national-political life of peoples, the rise of the national liberation struggle, and especially the struggle for peace, against the threat of a new world war. Today, the scope of activities of public, non-governmental organizations and mass movements is such that they cover almost all aspects of life human society. They consist of hundreds of millions of people, they have a powerful influence on international relations, on the internal political processes of states” Vorobiev K.A. Political science: Textbook for universities.-2nd ed. Rev. And additional - M.: Academic Project, 2005. P. 286..

Due to the passage of time, the collapse of former ideals occurs, propaganda occurs, primarily through the media. People's worldviews also change; views on the past can change dramatically in the opposite side, because everything in life is impermanent. There was a destruction of youth organizations, primarily the Komsomol. Despite all the shortcomings in the work of the Komsomol in Soviet time, it was an organization that united youth, defended their interests, and organized young men and women into useful and interesting activities. The creation of new socio-political organizations, the solution of local and local problems strengthen the sense of mutual understanding and contribute to the growth of the authority of organizations.

Public organizations are characterized by a system of connections and the similarity of interests of its members, a way of developing and making decisions to achieve common goals. In Russia there are movements such as: LDPR, led by one of the founders V.V. Zhirinovsky, “Yabloko” (G.A. Yavlinsky), etc.

Currently, the most popular movements are: the green movement, anti-globalization, anti-war, women's, democratic youth movement and others. All these movements are international. In each country there are many mass movements on a national scale, reflecting the specific situation developing in it. Many social movements and organizations have emerged in recent years in the area former USSR, including on the territory of Russia.

Feature modern mass social movements and organizations is that they, as a rule, are either directly related to politics or indirectly influence the quality of activity political institutions.

Social and socio-political movements and organizations, unlike parties, are more popular in their social composition. They arise both from class and on a class-like and inter-class basis. So, if the labor movement is class, then the trade union movement is interclass.

Associations and organizations arise, as a rule, spontaneously in connection with the emergence of a specific interest among citizens and the need for its implementation. This is how they arise various organizations entrepreneurs, farmers' associations, charities and other organizations. Some part of these organizations may cease to exist when the corresponding need is satisfied. However, the overwhelming majority of them become permanently active, gaining strength and authority over time.

Conclusion

There is a growth and strengthening of the role of socio-political movements, which indicates the involvement of a huge number of people in politics. There are various options for the relationship between socio-political movements and parties, but independent socio-political movements do not enter into any relations with parties. This happens when participants in movements, having a certain political interest, are at the same time not satisfied with the activities of the parties. The creation of some movements is initiated by a party or a bloc of parties with the aim of involving the broad masses of non-party people in the struggle for the put forward political task.

People voluntarily unite in associations (associations, unions, organizations, centers, clubs, foundations, etc.), the associations that make up civil society reflect the widest range of economic, family, cultural, legal and many other values and interests of citizens. The specificity of all these associations that form civil society is that they are created not by the state, but by the citizens themselves. These associations exist autonomously from the state, but within the framework of current laws in the state.

Thus, the activities of public organizations and movements are a real indicator of the process of establishing democratization of the political system, civil society, as well as the development of self-government.

Bibliography

1. Political science: Textbook for universities/Under. ed. M.A. Vasilika. - M.: Yurist, 1999.

2. Vorobyov K.A. Political science: Textbook for universities.-2nd ed. Rev. And additional - M.: Academic Project, 2005.

3. Zerkin D.P. Fundamentals of political science: Course of lectures. Rostov n/a: “Phoenix”, 1997.

4. Maltsev V.A. Fundamentals of Political Science: Textbook for Universities. - M.: ITRK RSPP, 1998.

5. Political science: Textbook/A.Yu. Melville [etc.]; M.: Moscow State Institute international relations(University) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, TK Welby, Prospekt Publishing House, 2004.

6. Political science: tutorial for universities/Scientific editor A.A. Radugin.-2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: Center, 2001.

7. Political encyclopedia. In 2 vols. T2/National. Society - scientific foundation; Hand. project G.Yu. Semigin; scientific-editor's council: prev. Council G.Yu. Semigin. - M.: Mysl, 1999.

Test

in the discipline Political Science

“Socio-political organizations and

movement"

Introduction

Public organizations and movements are non-state entities, and movements are non-state entities that unite people according to their interests and professions. They have a rich history. Already in the ancient world, along with the state, there were associations of representatives, as a rule, of the propertied classes and free citizens. They also took place in the medieval period of human history. These associations were most often based on religious ideas (knightly associations, orders of crusaders, and so on).

The purpose of this test on the topic “Socio-political organizations and movements” is to reveal the meaning of the ideas of organizations and movements, their role in the life of civil society as a whole.

To do this, it is necessary to solve several problems, namely:

1. Describe the significance of socio-political organizations and movements.

2. Characterize the types of socio-political movements.

3. Consider the reasons for the emergence of socio-political organizations and movements.

Political parties, being the center of the political life of society, do not cover with their activities the entire diversity of socio-political processes. The activities of political parties seem to continue in the activities of numerous public organizations and mass social movements.

1. Socio-political organization and socio-political movement: general and specific

“For example, according to the criterion of purpose, there are socio-political movements and organizations that are revolutionary and counter-revolutionary, reformist and conservative, national democratic, general democratic, environmental. By areas of activity: economic, social, national, international, religious, scientific, educational and others. By place of activity: local, regional, national, international, operating in parliament (functions and other associations of deputies), within management structures, in the system of educational and scientific institutions, in the religious environment. By the nature of occurrence: spontaneous and consciously organized; by method of organization: clubs, associations, associations, unions, fronts; by social composition: youth, women, professional”1.

The presence of diverse social needs and interests does not in itself lead to the emergence of social movements and organizations. The factor of interests is triggered precisely when: “... firstly, the state of unsatisfactory interests is fixed in the public consciousness; secondly, certain ideas are emerging in the mass consciousness about the content of group interests and ways to satisfy them; thirdly, there is a growing need among a significant part of various groups and segments of the people to participate in making socio-political decisions related to the implementation of interests; finally, fourthly, in the presence of appropriate democratic structures in the political system. In general, social and socio-political movements and organizations arise on the basis of social group interests, subject to the development of self-awareness of certain social groups, realized in social activity related to the satisfaction of these interests”1.

In difficult, difficult times, people, imbued with ideological contradictions, first group into protest movements and organizations, then popular fronts, associations, mass movements begin to exist, and within systemic state, party, trade union and youth structures: independent trade union organizations, strike committees, various groups of deputies. Subsequently, there is an integration of movements and organizations formed both outside and inside the political system. Movements such as “Democratic Russia”, “United Front of Workers” and others are taking shape.

Habermas Jurgen, famous German philosopher, sociologist and political thinker. In his works he paid great attention to social science and attached no less importance to language. He reduced the problem of socio-political practice to the problem of mutual understanding, the language of political power, party, social groups, and so on. In his ideas or other concepts, there is a socio-political orientation. Habermas Jurgen also attached great importance to the ideological and political superstructure. He tried to find out on what principles the action of domination, abstractly represented as the relationship between master and slave, is based. Imposing this scheme on the entire problematic of social life, he used it to try to explain the mechanisms that should ensure the preservation and stability of society.

“The main problem, in his opinion, is that the distribution of surplus product rests on the privileged assimilation of socially produced wealth by the ruling strata of society. At the same time, unequal distribution must have a “legalized” appearance and be recorded in the system of legal norms. As soon as faith in the legitimacy of the existing order decreases for some reason, a force latently hidden in the system of institutions is released, which can lead to sharp social disagreements, conflicts, and crises. To avoid such a development of events, it is necessary to establish an order that must be based on an appropriate distribution of power.”1

In the 1980s, Habermas Jürgen developed ideas about instrumental and communicative action in his two-volume Theory of Communicative Action. “By communicative action, Habermas understands the influence of individuals, which is ordered according to norms accepted as mandatory. If instrumental action is focused on success, then communicative action is aimed at mutual understanding of the acting individuals, their consensus. It involves coordination of efforts.”2. Also, according to his ideas, communicative action is a means of social interaction and serves to form solidarity. Throughout Habermas's theoretical activity, all such topics intersected with each other and became parts of the large-scale theory of communicative action that he created and constantly improved.

In general, the concept of “socio-political movements” covers various associations of citizens, associations, unions, fronts that are not directly included in state and party structures, but are to one degree or another subjects of political life, combining to varying degrees the functions of cooperation and opposition and criticism, opposition and struggle towards state institutions and political parties. This concept covers a wide range of associations - from those that directly influence the adoption of political decisions, characterized by a high level of organization and structure, to purely political ones that do not have a clear organized core. This diversity poses a certain difficulty in typologizing movements, analyzing the reasons for their emergence, ideological and political position, social base, and relationships with authorities. At the same time, we can identify the most general characteristics of socio-political movements that distinguish them from parties.

The ideological and political orientation of the movements is much broader and more vague, and the goals are much narrower and more specific than those of the parties. This allows people with different political views to participate in the movement, but who support the specific political goal for which the movement is created and acts. This determines the ability of movements to acquire a large scope.

Movements, as a rule, do not have a unified program or charter. They differ in the inconsistency of the number of participants. Movements usually do not have a strong center, a unified structure, or discipline. The core of movements can be either independent initiative groups or committees or commissions created by parties. They rely on the unorganized masses and can also be supported by various public organizations and autonomous associations of some parties. In general, the basis of movements is the solidarity and voluntariness of their participants.

Socio-political movements strive to influence power, but, as a rule, they themselves do not achieve power.

There are many types of socio-political movements:

From the point of view of attitude towards the existing system, movements are conservative, reformist and revolutionary;

By ideological basis - liberal-democratic, conservative, socialist;

On a national basis - national liberation, for the self-determination of the nation, cultural and national autonomy, etc.;

By demographics – youth, students, etc.;

By scale - international, regional, country, state, republic;

According to methods and methods of action - legal, illegal, formal, informal, oriented towards peaceful or violent actions.

Socio-political movements perform important functions:

They condense the interests and sentiments of wide heterogeneous sections of the population:

They set goals and develop ways to achieve them;

They create a large political force focused on solving a specific political problem;

They lead mass protests, organize non-violent and sometimes violent protests.

There are various options for the relationship between socio-political movements and parties.

Independent socio-political movements do not enter into any relations with parties. This happens when participants in movements, having a certain political interest, are at the same time not satisfied with the activities of the parties. Many movement participants do not want to associate themselves with party affiliation at all.

The creation of some movements is initiated by a party or a bloc of parties with the aim of involving the broad masses of non-party people in the struggle for the put forward political task.

PAGE_BREAK--

Parties can take control of movements (for example, behind spontaneous mass protests, the social environment of which is the least socially protected strata, there may be parties adhering to the strategy of destabilizing the social system).

2. Traditional and new types of socio-political movements and organizations. Their dynamics

Having achieved success in solving their tasks, political movements usually cease to exist (this happened, for example, with the movement against the deployment of cruise missiles in Europe and others), but in a number of cases, when the tasks put forward are too complex, their solution requires long-term efforts, access to levers of power, political movements acquire the characteristics of a party and are transformed into it (this, for example, happened with the “green” movement). Thus, socio-political movements can be the initial stage of party formation, and, having become a party, they can retain the name “movement”. However, this is not a necessary result of the evolution of movement. Political movements do not displace parties and do not turn into a stage of their formation.

There are several reasons why people are interested in social movements and organizations. Firstly, in recent years, and perhaps even in recent decades, political parties are increasingly losing their authority among the broad masses of the people and especially among young people. People sometimes get tired of the glorification and political games of party leaders, who often use the trust of ordinary party members for their own personal interests - to get to power at any cost. People from the outside see this and do not want to join this or that party, do not want to be a bargaining chip in political games.

Secondly, mass public organizations and movements attract numerous supporters into their ranks by the fact that they do not strictly adhere to any ideological concept in their activities. Ideology is the destiny of a political party. And people often do not see the benefit of any ideology. Their main content is political problems, issues of power, and not the material interests of ordinary people, their everyday needs.

Today, mass movements and organizations are characterized by the desire to go beyond existing ideological systems, to rethink the realities of the modern world, to put forward alternative ideas and concepts that adequately reflect the vital problems of our time.

The current reality itself forces us to look for an alternative to the paths of development of modern civilization, which, according to many prominent scientists - both social scientists and natural scientists - is leading increasingly to a dead end, to a universal catastrophe: thermonuclear, environmental, food. Awareness of this expands the circle of participants in alternative movements.

Socio-political movements and organizations, depending on their connection with the political system, can be institutionalized (formal) and non-institutionalized (informal). The first, so to speak, are recognized by the political system as its constituent element and function in accordance with a set of formal rules. The latter arise and act outside the system, according to rules not prescribed by it. These are the so-called informal organizations. However, in socio-political life everything is subject to dynamics. Mutual transformations of public organizations are also possible. Some informal movements and organizations are turning into formal and even political parties. This is the dialectic of many informal organizations in the former USSR.

“The United Nations (UN) is an international organization of sovereign states, created in 1945 at a conference in San Francisco on the initiative of the leading state participants in the anti-Hitler coalition on the basis of a voluntary combination of their efforts. The UN was born as a result of the great victory over fascism. The foundations of its activities and structure were developed during the 2nd World War (1939-1945)”1.

In general, the activities of the UN are aimed at peaceful coexistence, at peaceful relations between states, to be more precise, there is a UN Charter, the goals of which are: maintaining international peace and security, preventing and eliminating threats to peace and suppressing acts of aggression, settling or resolving international disputes or situations that may lead to a breach of peace; development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples; implementation of international cooperation in resolving international problems of an economic, cultural, and humanitarian nature and fostering respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for everyone, without distinction of race, gender, language and religion; fulfilling the role of a center for coordinating the actions of states aimed at achieving these goals. The Charter also provides for the principles of international cooperation, enshrining such points as the conscientious resolution of disputes only by peaceful means.

3. Socio-political organizations and movements in Russia: history and modernity

“National organizations and movements rose to a new level of development after the Second World War. They have become widespread. This was facilitated by the strengthening of the democratic trend in the socio-political life of peoples, the rise of the national-political life of peoples, the rise of the national liberation struggle, and especially the struggle for peace, against the threat of a new world war. Today, the scope of activities of public, non-governmental organizations and mass movements is such that they cover almost all aspects of the life of human society. They consist of hundreds of millions of people, they have a powerful influence on international relations and on the internal political processes of states”1.

Due to the passage of time, the collapse of former ideals occurs, propaganda occurs, primarily through the media. People’s worldviews also change; views on the past can change sharply in the opposite direction, since everything in life is impermanent. There was a destruction of youth organizations, primarily the Komsomol. Despite all the shortcomings in the work of the Komsomol in Soviet times, it was an organization that united young people, defended their interests, and organized young men and women for useful and interesting activities. The creation of new socio-political organizations, the solution of local and local problems strengthen the sense of mutual understanding and contribute to the growth of the authority of organizations.

A characteristic feature of modern mass social movements and organizations is that, as a rule, they are either directly related to politics or indirectly influence the quality of the activities of political institutions.

Associations and organizations arise, as a rule, spontaneously in connection with the emergence of a specific interest among citizens and the need for its implementation. This is how various entrepreneurs' organizations, farmers' associations, charities and other organizations arise. Some part of these organizations may cease to exist when the corresponding need is satisfied. However, the overwhelming majority of them become permanently active, gaining strength and authority over time.

Conclusion

Bibliography

Political science: Textbook for universities/Under. ed. M.A. Vasilika. – M.: Yurist, 1999.

Vorobiev K.A. Political science: Textbook for universities.-2nd ed. Rev. And additional – M.: Academic Project, 2005.

Zerkin D.P. Fundamentals of political science: Course of lectures. Rostov n/a: “Phoenix”, 1997.

Maltsev V.A. Fundamentals of Political Science: Textbook for Universities. – M.: ITRK RSPP, 1998.

Political Science: Textbook/A.Yu. Melville [etc.]; M.: Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, TK Welby, Prospekt Publishing House, 2004.

Political science: textbook for universities/Scientific editor A.A. Radugin.-2nd ed., revised. and additional – M.: Center, 2001.

Political encyclopedia. In 2 vols. T2/National. Society – scientific foundation; Hand. project G.Yu. Semigin; scientific-editor's council: prev. Council G.Yu. Semigin. – M.: Mysl, 1999.

Socio-political organizations and movements are voluntary formations that arose as a result of the free expression of the will of citizens united on the basis of common interests and goals.

Parties are also included in this group, but they stand out strongly. Only they set a clear goal of achieving power, using power. Only parties have a rigid structure and a clear scheme for achieving power. Other public organizations are less politicized.

Unlike parties, these movements and organizations they don't put it The goal is to seize state power. The number of socio-political organizations and movements greatly exceeds the number of parties.

Typology of socio-political organizations and movements

By field of activity:

1_RSPP - Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs

2_trade unions

3_sports unions

4_creative unions and associations

5_human rights organizations

6_ecological movements, etc.

By degree and form of organization:

1_natural

2_poorly organized

3_s high degree organizations

By lifetime:

1_short-term

2_long-term

Polish sociologist and political scientist Evgeniy Vyatr believes that almost all socio-political organizations and movements go through a number of stages in their development:

1_Creating the prerequisites for movement. Real problems and contradictions become the basis for discussion and the emergence of active individuals offering solutions to these problems. A common vision of the problem is developed.

2_Development of ideological and organizational foundations. The movement forms a clear position, creates a program, holds organizational congresses or speeches by movement leaders in the press or television.

3_Stage of agitation. For any organization, mass participation is the key to success.

4_Extended stage political activity. The work of the party itself begins. This stage depends on the goals set. If the goals are achievable, the stage may not last long; if the goals are unattainable or difficult to achieve, the stage may last for a very long time.

5_Motion decay stage. A movement or organization may cease to exist when the stated goal is fulfilled or turns out to be false/unattainable; under pressure from the authorities; when there is no means to continue the fight, etc.

IN Lately(20-30 years) in many countries of the world, the so-called alternative movements (AM) are most widespread. These are new social movements seeking to find original solutions to global and some other current problems: distribution nuclear weapons, resources, ecology, war and peace, quality of life. The leaders of these movements claim that the old political structures are ineffective and unable to solve global problems.

These movements are unpopular in Russia and popular in Europe. Alternative movements involve people who, as a rule, do not have economic difficulties. Age - from 18 to 35 years old, city dwellers, representatives of the middle class, schoolchildren and students. The level of education is high.

The most active and organized alternative movements:

1_Environmental (Greenpeace, World Wide Fund wildlife and etc.).

2_Anti-war and anti-nuclear.

3_Civil rights movement.

4_Organizations of supporters of alternative lifestyles.

5_Feminist.

6_Movement of pensioners.

7_Consumer.

Subsidiary movements can be extremist, for example, the environmental movement Peta.

And political organizations play a special role in the system of any state. They perform many functions, uniting people, ensuring that their interests are taken into account by the authorities. Political organizations are special shape activities of the population that arose at the dawn of democracy. Nowadays they are the main structural element social system. Let's look at the forms of political organization of the population and the features of their activities.

Definition

The state lives and functions according to its own rules. Today the planet is moving towards the unification of processes, developing democracy. And in any system there are organizations. Political goals differ from other goals. They participate in the formation and fight for it. The emergence of organizations is preceded by the emergence in society of a certain activity that unites a large number of of people. They interact based on common interest, gradually coming to the idea of forming a structure and developing goals. For example, parties strive for power. They unite certain segments of the population and express their interests. This group seeks to influence the political in order to bring about stated changes in society. Workers' parties sought power in the nineteenth century to implement social standards. Liberals want to reduce the role of the state in society, establish different rules in economics, politics, culture, and bring their values into people's lives. Any organization, political or not, has a certain structure. It arises with the purpose of planning, organizing and directing the overall work of its members.

Purposes of political organizations

Not all associations take part in the struggle for power. And this main criterion, by which political organizations are distinguished. They must have enough influence in society, the support of a certain percentage of the population, so that their activities influence state system. According to the legislation, they set themselves the following goals:

formation of the opinion of large masses of the population;
participation in political education and education of citizens;
collection and reporting authorities people's opinions;
nomination of candidates for elected bodies.

That is, any political organization tries to attract attention to itself. She needs the support of the masses to bring her stated goals to life.

Characteristics of political organizations

Let's look at the criteria by which the citizens' associations in question are distinguished. In order to influence or gain power, organizations must operate in a legitimate political field. This requires them to comply with a number of regulations prescribed by law. Political organizations are characterized by the following features:

formality and reality of existence;
form of ownership - public;
non-commercial purposes;
social significance;
national significance.

In addition, the association must operate openly. People enter them on various grounds of consolidation, from ideas to religion, which unites them together. Let's give an example. The All-Russian Popular Front brings together specialists fighting corruption in government and striving to improve the state system.

Classification of political organizations

Each association has a certain number of members. In addition, it enjoys the support of a certain number of the population; political parties have mandates in parliament. These characteristics are taken into account when qualifying by size. Organizations can be large or small. Based on the basics of activity there are:

ideological;
traditional;
clerical;
class;
leadership;
ethnic;
affiliate;
alternative;
corporate and others.

Based on the form and content of the activity, the following are distinguished:

public associations (All-Russian People's Front);
trade union;
the consignment.

It should be noted that there are other classifications. Since we are interested in their role in society, we will not cite others. They are interesting only on a theoretical plane.

Political activities of political organizations

The association sets itself a goal. As a rule, it consists of extending a stated idea or principle to the whole society. For example, they focus on the situation of the most vulnerable segments of the population and their rights. By the way, they have great support in all countries, including developed ones.

Political organizations work closely with the population. Their activities are twofold. On the one hand, they need to conduct opinion research to identify potential adopters. On the other hand, you need to conduct propaganda to attract people.

That is, each organization fights with other forces in order to make its idea generally accepted, natural, and receive as much support as possible. more population. The forms of work are different. The main emphasis is on constant communication with the population through public events, individual conversations, and the creation and distribution of promotional materials. Recently, much attention has been paid to work in in social networks. Unfortunately, this form of activity was not invented by official, legitimate forces. It was generated by completely different, destructive organizations seeking to undermine the stability of the entire planet.

International political organizations

IN global world there are no barriers in the form of boundaries for ideas. States form unions and do the same individual citizens who have common interests. A striking example are military-political organizations. They can be both interstate, official, and illegal (IS is prohibited in the Russian Federation). HPEs unite countries based on common external threats. For example, NATO is an organization that aims to protect its member countries from military attack. And the SCO members have set themselves more global goals. They are opposed to global terrorism, and thereby to informal or illegal military-political organizations. The latter, in turn, also have stated goals that unite adherents. For example, IS is fighting against modern device peace. Its leaders are conducting a systematic and purposeful work to destroy states.

What about in Russia?

Now let's talk a little about political issues; there is a long tradition of self-organization of the population. Ideas have always been well absorbed by the masses in this territory. The modern Russian Federation is diverse. Together with trade unions - a legacy of the USSR - various parties now operate. Among them are parliamentary ones (for example, " United Russia") and young people who have never won a single mandate. Since the criterion for creating a political force was changed some time ago, people began to create new parties mainly on the idea of patriotism. With a high degree of probability, the process was influenced by political changes in the world, reunification with Crimea and further events in Ukraine. In addition, there are cohesive forces that are not parties. For example, the All-Russian Popular Front. As already mentioned, this organization unites people who want to improve power and cleanse it of negative phenomena.

Innovations in political life?

It should be noted that society does not stand still, it is constantly developing. In Russia, May 9th is a very interesting event. It is already known throughout the world and is called the “Immortal Regiment”. In the modern international situation, this movement of patriots has a gigantic, as yet unappreciated, influence on the broad masses of the population of countries. Conceived as an act of remembrance, the event grew into a large movement that united millions of citizens with an idea. It lies in the fact that all residents of the post-Soviet space are descendants of the victors. This is a very deep thought (or feeling). New idea forces the masses to awaken and analyze current events from a different point of view. Perhaps people need to look at the country’s international position through the eyes of their undoubtedly great and at the same time simple ancestors. Where it leads? One way or another, “The Immortal Regiment” shows us an example of a political movement from below, from the masses, which is not related to material problems, like all those that previously existed.

Conclusion

IN democratic society- Very a complex system. Its participants strive to involve every citizen in their activities. They perform both regulatory and educational functions in society. Surprisingly, recently young people around the world have begun to show interest in it. This primarily indicates the beginning of the system update process and is a positive factor. The political future of the entire civilization is now vague. Experts talk about the aging of the system. People need new ideas, common interests, activities. Whether it will appear or already exists ("Immortal Regiment") - we'll see. The most interesting things are ahead.

“For example, according to the criterion of purpose, there are socio-political movements and organizations that are revolutionary and counter-revolutionary, reformist and conservative, national democratic, general democratic, environmental. By areas of activity: economic, social, national, international, religious, scientific, educational and others. By place of activity: local, regional, national, international, operating in parliament (functions and other associations of deputies), within management structures, in the system of educational and scientific institutions, in the religious environment. By the nature of occurrence: spontaneous and consciously organized; by method of organization: clubs, associations, associations, unions, fronts; by social composition: youth, women, professional” Zerkin D.P. Fundamentals of political science: Course of lectures. Rostov n/d: “Phoenix”, 1997, P. 302.

“The main problem, in his opinion, is that the distribution of surplus product rests on the privileged assimilation of socially produced wealth by the ruling strata of society. At the same time, unequal distribution must have a “legalized” appearance and be recorded in the system of legal norms. As soon as faith in the legitimacy of the existing order decreases for some reason, a force latently hidden in the system of institutions is released, which can lead to sharp social disagreements, conflicts, and crises. To avoid such a development of events, it is necessary to establish an order that should be based on an appropriate distribution of power” Political Encyclopedia. In 2 vols. T2/National. Society - scientific foundation; Hand. project G.Yu. Semigin; scientific-editor's council: prev. Council G.Yu. Semigin. - M.: Mysl, 1999, P. 575.. non-state social movement organization

Also, according to his ideas, communicative action is a means of social interaction and serves to form solidarity. Throughout Habermas's theoretical activity, all such topics intersected with each other and became parts of the large-scale theory of communicative action that he created and constantly improved.

In general, the concept of “socio-political movements” covers various associations of citizens, associations, unions, fronts that are not directly included in state and party structures, but are to one degree or another subjects of political life, combining to varying degrees the functions of cooperation and opposition and criticism, opposition and struggle towards state institutions and political parties. This concept covers a wide range of associations - from those that directly influence the adoption of political decisions, characterized by a high level of organization and structure, to purely political ones that do not have a clear organized core. This diversity poses a certain difficulty in typologizing movements, analyzing the reasons for their emergence, ideological and political position, social base, and relationships with authorities. At the same time, we can identify the most general characteristics of socio-political movements that distinguish them from parties.

The ideological and political orientation of the movements is much broader and more vague, and the goals are much narrower and more specific than those of the parties. This allows people with different political views to participate in the movement, but who support the specific political goal for which the movement is created and acts. This determines the ability of movements to acquire a large scope.

Socio-political movements strive to influence power, but, as a rule, they themselves do not achieve power.

There are many types of socio-political movements:

- from the point of view of attitude to the existing system, movements are conservative, reformist and revolutionary;
- according to ideological basis - liberal-democratic, conservative, socialist;
- on a national basis - national liberation, for the self-determination of the nation, cultural and national autonomy, etc.;
- according to demographics - youth, students, etc.;
- by scale - international, regional, country, state, republic;
- by methods and methods of action - legal, illegal, formal, informal, oriented towards peaceful or violent actions.

Socio-political movements perform important functions:

- condense the interests and sentiments of wide heterogeneous layers of the population:
- set goals, develop ways to achieve them;
- create a large political force focused on solving a specific political problem;
- lead mass protests, organize non-violent and sometimes violent protests.

There are various options for the relationship between socio-political movements and parties.

The creation of some movements is initiated by a party or a bloc of parties with the aim of involving the broad masses of non-party people in the struggle for the put forward political task.

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