What is air defense? Military air defense missions. "Country's Air Defense Forces" in books

Major General BURMAN Georgy Vladimirovich

Head of the defense of Petrograd against air attack (1914-1915). Head of the air defense of Petrograd and Tsarskoye Selo (1915). Head of defense against air attack of the imperial residence in Tsarskoe Selo and Petrograd (1915-1917). Head of the air defense of Petrograd (1917-1918).

Russian military leader.

On military service from September 1883 Graduated from the 1st cadet corps(1883), Nikolaev Engineering School (1886). He served in the following positions: teaching in the senior class of a sapper battalion school, commanding a company, directing a school for soldiers’ children, heading a non-commissioned officer class, and serving as a battalion adjutant. Since 1905 . - Adjutant Inspector General for Engineering of the Military Department, from August 1908 - Head of the Officer Electrical School (OESH).

During the First World War, while remaining the head of the OES, he headed the air defense in the following positions: head of the defense of Petrograd against air attack (from November 30, 1914); head of the air defense of Petrograd and Tsarskoye Selo (from 05/11/1915); head of defense against air attack of the imperial residence in Tsarskoye Selo and Petrograd (from 07/22/1915); head of the air defense of Petrograd (from 08/31/1917). At the same time, from May 1916, he was chairman of the Committee under the Main Military-Technical Directorate for the Construction of Permanent Radio Stations. Under his leadership and with his personal participation, an air (anti-aircraft) defense system was created for Petrograd and its environs.

During the Civil War in Russia: head of the Military Electrotechnical School (VESH, until 03.1918 - Petrograd, until 03.1919 - Sergiev Posad), assistant to the military head of the Military Council of the Petrograd District (03-04.1918), from March 1919 to February 1922 - inspector engineering schools and courses, at the same time reorganized the Higher School of Economics into the electrical engineering department of the Soviet Engineering School of the Red Army command staff, and. Head of this department (04/03/1919), then was seconded to the department (04/07/1919). He was arrested unjustifiably and placed in prison where he died of typhus (1922).

Awards: Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd class. (1895), St. Anne 3rd Art. (1898), 2nd Art. (1904), St. Vladimir 3rd Art. (1909).

General of Artillery KHOLODOVSKY Nikolai Ivanovich

Acting as non-staff chief of air defense of the Odessa Military District (1916-1917).

Russian military leader.

In military service since September 1869. Graduated from the Poltava Cadet Corps (1869), Mikhailovsky Artillery School (1872, 1st category).

He served in the following positions: company commander of the Kyiv Fortress Artillery (09.1877 - 08.1886), battalion commander (05.1885 - 08.1886), head of practical training (08.1886 - 11.1893), commander of the fortress artillery battalion (11.1893 - 04.1898). From April 1898 - commander of the Kwantung Fortress Artillery, from August 1900 - head of the artillery unit of the Kwantung Region, from February 1903 - assistant chief of artillery of the Amur Military District. In January-February 1904 - at the disposal of the Chief artillery control. Participant Russo-Japanese War(1904 - 1905): general for special assignments under His Viceroy Imperial Majesty in the Far East (03.1904 - 08.1905). Chief of siege artillery of the Manchu armies (08.1905 - 05.1907). From May 1907 - chief of artillery of the Odessa Military District, from January 1916 - chief of the district artillery department of the OdVO. In February 1916 . involved in solving the problems of air defense (AD) of the district, and. non-staff chief of the Odessa Military District (06.1916 - 01.1917). Chief of artillery supplies for the armies of the Romanian Front (1917). Later - in exile.

Awards: Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class. with swords (1903), St. Stanislaus 1st Art. (1904), St. Anne 1st Art. with swords (1906), St. Vladimir 2nd Art. (1911), White Eagle (1915); foreign awards.

Major General FEDOROV I.A.

Chief of Air Defense of the Odessa Military District (1917)

Russian military leader.

In 1916, in the reserve ranks of the district artillery department of the Odessa Military District. From January to April 1917 and. non-staff chief of air defense of the district, since April - full-time head of air defense of the Odessa Military District.

In December 1917, due to disagreement with the tasks assigned to the military leadership air defense, was removed from his position.

Air Defense Forces (until March 1998)

Divisional Commander BLAZHEVICH Joseph Frantsevich

Air defense inspector and head of the air defense service of the Red Army (1930).

Soviet military leader.

In military service since September 1910. Graduated from the Vilna Infantry Military School (1913), Military Academic Courses for Higher Command Staff of the Red Army (1922). During the First World War: in command positions from the head of a reconnaissance team, platoon commander to battalion commander, lieutenant colonel. In October 1917 he was sent to enter the Academy of the General Staff, and in February 1918 he was transferred to the reserve. In July 1918 he joined the Red Army.

During the Civil War: assistant regiment commander of the Moscow Division, head of the operational department of the group of forces of the 5th Army (1918), commander of the 1st Simbirsk separate rifle brigade, 3rd brigade of the 27th rifle division, 26th and 27th Infantry Divisions (1919), commander of the 59th Infantry Division (until 12.1920), commander of the 1st Army of the Turkestan Front (12.1920-01.1921). Since September 1922 . commander of the rifle corps in the Volga, then in the Belarusian military district. Since 1926 . in the Main Directorate of the Red Army - inspector of the rifle-tactical department. Air defense inspector (since 12.1929). Directly participated in the formation of one of the first air defense formations for the defense of Moscow. Head of the 6th Directorate of the Red Army Headquarters, at the same time an air defense inspector and head of the Red Army Air Defense Service (05 - 10.1930). With his direct participation, the country's first general air defense plan for 1930-1933 was developed. and fundamental documents on the organization of air defense, including regulations on the country's air defense. Since December 1930 . - inspector, then head of the air defense inspection, from October 1933 - deputy head of the air defense department of the Red Army.

Unreasonably repressed (1939). Rehabilitated (1956, posthumously).

Awards Russian Empire, republics until 1918 not identified (in track record dated July 22-1920 it is indicated that I.F. Blazhevich had “all the insignia of military distinction in the old army” and presented himself in 1915 G. to the ranks of “lieutenant” and “staff captain” ahead of schedule “for military distinction”).

Awards of the RSFSR, USSR: 2 Orders of the Red Banner (1920, 1924).

Divisional Commander KUCHINSKY Dmitry Alexandrovich

Head of the 6th Directorate of the Red Army Headquarters (air defense, 1930-1931).

Soviet military leader.

In military service since 1916. He graduated from an accelerated course at the Alekseevsky Military Engineering School (1917), the Military Academy of the Red Army (1922), and advanced training courses for senior command personnel (1926).

In the First World War: commander of an engineer semi-company, then company commander, warrant officer. Chairman of the regimental committee (from 11.1917), later headed the demobilization commission of the rifle corps. Since May 1918 - in the Red Army. During the Civil War in Russia: senior instructor of the 1st Moscow Cavalry Regiment (05-12/1918), commander of a separate combined cavalry division (01-03/1919).

After the war - in responsible staff positions: senior assistant to the division chief of staff for operational affairs, chief of staff of the 3rd combat sector of the Tambov province, head of socio-economic sciences of the Military Academy of the Red Army (1921 - 1922). In 1922 - 1923 - service in the troops of the OGPU of the Republic as head of school and educational institutions, head of the military service department, inspector. From April 1924 at the Red Army Headquarters: head of the 1st department of organizational management (04 - 11.1924), head of the department of organizational and mobilization management (11.1924 - 04.1925). From April 1925 - assistant, from November of the same year - deputy head of the same department. In September 1926 - head of the 1st department of the 2nd directorate of the Red Army Headquarters. Since August 1928 - Chief of Staff of the 14th Rifle Corps. Head of the 6th Directorate of the Red Army Headquarters (air defense, 10/01/1930 - 01/31/1931).

He took an active part in the preparation of the general program for the deployment of active air defense units for 1930-1932. for the defense of the country's main points and facilities in border military districts. From February 1931 - chief of staff of the Ukrainian (from May 1935 - Kyiv) military district, at the same time from November 1934 - member of the Military Council of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR. In April 1936 - head and commissar of the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Red Army.

Unreasonably repressed (1938). Rehabilitated (1956, posthumously).

Awards: (not installed).

Brigade commander MEDVEDEV Mikhail Evgenievich

Head of the 6th Directorate of the Red Army Headquarters (from April 1932 - Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army) (1931-1934).

In military service since October 1915. Graduated from the accelerated course of the Vladimir Infantry Military School (1916), Officer machine gun courses (1916), incomplete accelerated course of the Academy of the General Staff (1919), Military Academic Courses for the Higher Command of the Red Army (1922), accelerated course of the Academy of the General Staff at the Higher Military School of Observer Pilots (1924).

In the First World War - head of the machine gun team, staff captain. From January 1917 - in the ranks of the Red Guard, then - the Red Army. During the Civil War in Russia: chief of staff of the brigade, commander of the Gomel fortress brigade, 1st Kazan and 32nd (08.1919 - 09.1920) rifle divisions. After the war - head of a rifle division (1922). Since July 1924 - assistant for operational combat to the chief of the Air Force of the Leningrad Military District, then chief of staff of the district Air Force (until 09.1926). Since September 1926, head of the 3rd department (Air Force and Air Defense) of the operational directorate of the Red Army Headquarters. In 1928 he was transferred to the reserve of the Red Army with a secondment to the Supreme Economic Council of the USSR for appointment as head of the faculty defense industry on air defense courses. Here he also headed the training courses for senior air defense instructors. Head of the 6th Directorate of the Red Army Headquarters (during its reorganization in April 1932) - the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (04.1931 - 07.1934).

He took an active part in the preparation of guidance documents on the organization of air defense, including regulations on local air defense units, on air defense air defense units of the country's territory. In July 1934, he was removed from his position, in August he was transferred to the reserves, and later transferred to the reserve (1935). Head of the construction of the Western Railway hospital in Pokrovsky-Glebov.

Unreasonably repressed (1937). Rehabilitated (1956, posthumously).

Russian Awardsnot identified before 1918.

Awards of the RSFSR: Order of the Red Banner (1922).

Commander 1st rank KAMENEV Sergey Sergeevich

Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (1934-1936).

Soviet statesman and military leader. He graduated from the Vladimir Kiev Cadet Corps (1898), the Alexander Military School (1900, 1st category). Nikolaev Military Academy of the General Staff (1907, 1st category).

Served in the following positions: battalion adjutant of the 165th Infantry Regiment (1900 - 1904), company commander (11.1907 - 11.1909), assistant to the senior adjutant of the headquarters of the Irkutsk Military District (11.1909 - 02.1910), senior adjutant of the headquarters of the 2nd Cavalry Division (02.1910 - 11.1911), assistant to the senior adjutant of the headquarters of the Vilna Military District (11.1911 - 09.1914).

During the First World War: senior adjutant of the quartermaster general's department of the 1st Army headquarters (09.1914 - 04.1917), elected commander of the 30th Pavlovsk infantry regiment (04 - 11.1917), elected chief of staff of the 15th Army Corps, then 3rd army (11.1917 - 04.1918), colonel (1915).

From April 1918 - in the Red Army. During the Civil War in Russia: military leader of the Nevelsky district of the Western section of the curtain detachments (04-06/1918), commander of the 1st Vitebsk Infantry Division (06-08/1918), military leader of the Western section of the curtain and at the same time military leader of the Smolensk region (08/1918). From September 1918 to July 1919 (with a break in May 1919) - commander of the troops of the Eastern Front. Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic and member of the RVSR (07/08/1919 - 04/1924). Since April 1924 . - Inspector of the Red Army, member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, from March 1925 - Chief of Staff of the Red Army, remaining in the position of inspector - chief leader of all military academies in tactics. Chief Inspector (11.1925 - 08.1926), from August 1926 - Head of the Main Directorate of the Red Army, from May 1927 - Deputy People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR (05.1927 - 06.1934). Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (07/01/1934 - 08/25/1936), since November 1934 - member of the Military Council under the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR.

Actively took measures to improve the logistics of air defense formations and units, improve general structure air defense of the country's territory.

On August 25, 1936 he died of a heart attack. Later, he was unfoundedly accused of anti-Soviet activities. Completely rehabilitated (1956).

Awards: Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd class. (1912), Red Banner (1920); Honorary revolutionary weapon with the Order of the Red Banner (1921); Golden weapons with the Order of the Red Banner (1922); Order of the Red Banner of Khorezm, Red Crescent, 1st class. Bukhara People's Soviet Republics (1922).

Commander 2nd rank SEDYAKIN Alexander Ignatievich

Head of the Red Army Air Defense Directorate (1937).

Soviet military leader, military theorist.

In military service since 1914. He graduated from the accelerated course of the Irkutsk Military School (1915), Military Academic Courses for Higher Command Staff of the Red Army (1923).

During the First World War: commander of an infantry platoon, company, battalion, head of a regiment's machine gun team, staff captain. Chairman of the regimental soldiers' committee (from 03.1917), the military revolutionary committee (MRC) of the 5th Army of the Northern Front (from 11.1917).

At the beginning of 1918, he took part in the formation of the first regiments and divisions of the Red Army. During the Civil War in Russia: military commissar of the Pskov Rifle Division (05 - 08.1918), commander of an infantry regiment and brigade on the Eastern Front (08 - 12.1918). From January 1919 - assistant to the commander of the Group of Forces of the Kursk (from February - Don) direction and the 13th Army, in August - military commissar of the headquarters of the Southern Front. From September 1919 - head of the 31st Infantry Division, from February 1920 . - 15th Infantry Division. Since October 1920 . headed the 1st, then 10th reserve brigades. In March 1921, he led the Southern Group of Forces of the 7th Army in suppressing the Kronstadt Uprising. Military commandant of the Kronstadt fortress (1921), commander of the troops of the Karelian region of the Petrograd military district (1921 - 1922). From November 1923 - commander of the 5th Red Banner Army in the Far East, from March 1924 - troops of the Volga Military District. Since 1926, deputy head of the Main Directorate of the Red Army, then inspector of infantry and armor of the Red Army, member of the permanent military conference at the Main Military Council of the Red Army. Since March 1931, he was the head and commissar of the Military-Technical Academy of the Red Army in Leningrad, and in 1932 - the head of the combat training department of the ground forces of the Red Army.

During this period, he paid special attention to the development of the theory and practice of military affairs, and took part in the development of the theory of deep combat and operations. Deputy Chief of Staff of the Red Army and inspector of higher military educational institutions of the Red Army (1934 - 1936). Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (25.01 - 01.12.1937). With his direct participation, proposals were developed for the formation of air defense corps for the defense of Moscow, Leningrad, Baku, and air defense divisions for Kyiv. Appointed commander of the air defense of the Baku region, whose leadership he did not manage to join.

December 2, 1937 arrested, unreasonably repressed (1938). Rehabilitated (1956, posthumously).

Awards: 2 Orders of the Red Banner (1921,1922).

Major General KOBLENTS Grigory Mikhailovich

Acting chief of air defense of the Red Army (1938).

Soviet military leader. He graduated from the Military Academy of the Red Army (1924), advanced training courses for senior command personnel (1929).

Member of the First World War, second lieutenant. During the Civil War in Russia - commander of the 1st machine gun regiment named after V.I. Lenin.

After the war: Chief of Staff of the 26th Infantry Division (1922). Head of the department of the Administration of Military Educational Institutions of the Red Army (1930 - 1932), head and military commissar of the united Belarusian Military School named after the Central Executive Committee of the BSSR (1932-1933). From April 1933, he headed the 1st Department (Air Defense Services) in the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army. Acting Head of the Air Defense of the Red Army (04-11.1938). Later - full-time deputy head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army. Since February 1939 - teaching at the Military Academy named after. M.V. Frunze, head of the 2nd faculty (air defense).

During the Great Patriotic War: chief High school Air defense and at the same time deputy commander of the Gorky corps air defense region (1942 - 1943). From May 1944 - Deputy Commander of the Southern Air Defense Front, from March 1945 - Deputy Commander of the 3rd Air Defense Corps.

During the Soviet-Japanese War (1945): chief of staff of the Amur Air Defense Army, then chief of staff of the Far Eastern Air Defense Army (07.1947), deputy chief of staff of the Far Eastern Air Defense District. Discharged from active military service to the reserve (1947).

Awards: Order of Lenin, 2 Orders of the Red Banner, Order of the Patriotic War 1st class, Order of the Red Star, medals.

Major General of Artillery POLYAKOV Yakov Korneevich

Head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army (1938-1940).

Soviet military leader.

In military service since May 1915. Graduated from the Artillery School of Commanders of the South-Western Front (1920), Artillery Advanced Courses for Commanders (1926), Advanced Courses for Anti-Aircraft Artillery Commanders (1932), Advanced Courses for Air Defense Anti-Aircraft Artillery Commanders (1936).

During the First World War - fireworks in artillery units. Demobilized (after 11/1917). In the Red Army for mobilization (from 11/1918). During the Civil War in Russia: platoon commander, battery.

After the war: commander of an artillery division, assistant commander of an artillery regiment. Since December 1932 - commander of an air defense regiment in the Belarusian Military District, since August 1937 - commander of a separate air defense brigade. Head of the Red Army Air Defense Directorate (10/31/1938 - 06/1940). Under his leadership, measures were taken to deploy an air defense system in the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus, the Baltic republics and Moldova, which became part of the USSR in 1939 - 1940.

From June 1940 - assistant to the commander of the Far Eastern Front Group for Air Defense, from August - assistant to the commander of the Far Eastern Front for Air Defense, from May 1941 - also commander of the Far Eastern Air Defense Zone.

During the Soviet-Japanese War (1945) - commander of the Amur Air Defense Army of the 2nd Far Eastern Front. Since October 1945 - Commander of the Far Eastern Air Defense Army, since June 1946 - Deputy Commander of the Far Eastern Air Defense District. In July 1947, he was transferred from active military service to the reserve (due to illness).

Awards: Order of Lenin, 2 Orders of the Red Banner, Order of the Red Star; medals of the Russian Empire and the USSR.

Lieutenant General KOROLEV Mikhail Filippovich

Head of the Red Army Air Defense Directorate (1940).

Soviet military leader. In military service since 1915. Graduated from the Artillery Advanced Courses for Command Staff of the Red Army (1926), Artillery Command and Technical Advanced Courses (1934).

During the First World War - a junior non-commissioned officer in artillery units of the Southwestern Front. In June 1919 he was mobilized into the Red Army.

During the Civil War in Russia: platoon commander, battery. After the war: commander of a horse artillery division (from 1924), then chief of artillery of the horse corps. Since June 1938, head of the air defense department of the headquarters of the Kyiv Military District, since December - head of the Leningrad artillery advanced training courses for command personnel.

Lieutenant General Alexander Golovko- appointed Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces - Commander of the Air and Missile Defense Forces in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin No. 394 from 01.08.2015

AIR DEFENSE
protection of a certain area from air strikes by weapons delivered by aircraft, cruise missiles, or ballistic missiles. Previously, the term “air defense” (air defense) meant the protection of armed forces groups and the equipment they use during combat operations. However, advances in aviation and various types of weapons have changed the nature of air defense. The basis of unified air defense - missile defense systems is ground-based detection and tracking radar stations and aircraft-missile weapons.
See RADAR;
ROCKET WEAPONS.

HISTORICAL REFERENCE

The Second World War and its lessons. The first serious progress in the field of air defense was achieved in 1941, when the searchlight beam began to be controlled by a radar station. Previously, the limited field of view of air defense forces was not of great importance, since bombers also needed to have good review. However, the areas subject to bombing gradually expanded, air navigation and bombing technology improved (not to mention the bombers themselves), and by the mid-20th century. Air defense began to lose its effectiveness. Three new technical advances helped restore the effectiveness of air defense. The first was the computer. The second is a radar, which can quite accurately determine the coordinates of an object in space and transmit this information directly to a computer. (At the same time, the readiness time for opening fire was significantly reduced thanks to computer control of hydraulic drives, which automatically and continuously aim the guns at the target.) The third was remote fuse, which detonates an anti-aircraft shell at the trajectory point closest to the target. These three achievements increased the effectiveness of air defense systems in general and anti-aircraft artillery in particular. Defense of ground forces' forward positions and protection from low-flying aircraft requires guns to be aimed quickly, have a high rate of fire, and be mobile enough to accompany infantry and tank forces. Previously, these requirements were met by water-cooled machine guns and a 37-mm anti-aircraft gun. During World War II, they were replaced by air-cooled rapid-fire cannons (in the form of a quadruple mount) and automatic cannons in towed and self-propelled versions. Simultaneously with the improvement of air defense systems of the ground forces, the development of naval anti-aircraft artillery of the US Navy took place. The tactical doctrine required that fighter aircraft protect the entire front-line zone, and anti-aircraft artillery - only objects essential from the point of view of military operations. The improvement of air defense weapons was accompanied by an increase in the number of its units. Instead of the 7 battalions of anti-aircraft artillery that the Americans had during the First World War, 368 battalions appeared during the Second World War, not counting individual anti-aircraft batteries, equivalent to approximately 20 battalions. The geographic isolation of the United States led many military theorists to the conclusion that air defense was unimportant. However, the Pearl Harbor disaster in December 1941 refuted this point of view. By the mid-1940s, the threat of air attack on the United States had disappeared, and the radar network was dismantled in 1944. However, the war in Japan repeated what had happened earlier in Pearl Harbor and Europe. Deprived of any significant air defense, Japanese territory turned out to be very vulnerable. The B-29 "superfortresses" took full advantage of the Allied experience gained in the war with Germany. The events of August 1945 eliminated the last doubts about the need to protect the United States from air attack. The result of the atomic bombing of Japan by American pilots was terrifying: 70 thousand killed and many more injured. Strategic aviation and nuclear weapons changed the nature of war (see NUCLEAR WAR). International tensions and spread nuclear weapons the world has also completely changed original meaning the term "air defense". This change was clearly evident immediately after the end of World War II. The US Air Defense Command, forgotten during the war but resurrected in 1946, began deploying an air defense system in the northeastern and northwestern regions of the United States. Responsibility for the organization and operation of this system was assigned to the Continental Air Command. It had 30 radar stations and 20 fighter squadrons at its disposal. In 1951, the United States created an air defense system to protect the country in the event of a new world war. From that moment on, the content of the term “air defense” ceased to be purely military; Now air defense, generally speaking, involves the protection of civilians, industrial enterprises and military units. Air defense is provided by the ground forces, navy and corps Marine Corps, as well as the US Air Force, which has at its disposal aircraft, artillery, guided missiles and missiles, and, in addition, the equipment necessary for early target detection, warning and control.
Post-war period. The number of Soviet long-range bombers increased noticeably in the late 1940s, and after tests of the Soviet atomic bomb For the first time there was a threat of nuclear attack. In the early 1950s, Canada and the United States came to an agreement to create a network of radar complexes covering all of North America. The first to be built was the Pinetree Line - a unified system that included 33 radars located along southern border Canada. Its creation was completed in 1954 and cost approximately $50 million. This line provided round-the-clock tracking and interception of targets throughout the North American subcontinent, from ocean to ocean; Its main disadvantages were the presence of low-altitude windows in the line and the shallow depth of cover separation. To eliminate these shortcomings, it was recommended to build two more radar networks. By 1957, the Central Canadian Line (McGill Fence) was built, running almost along the 55th parallel. The Mid-Canadian Line formed an early radar detection system for low-flying aircraft, but it did not provide target tracking. The creation of this line, fully funded by Canada, cost $227 million. The third and most famous line of long-range radar warning ("Dew") contained a transcontinental radar chain stretching along the 70th parallel, 320 km from the Arctic Circle. The construction of this line, consisting of 57 radars, was completed in July 1957. US costs for its construction amounted to approx. $350 million

With the completion of these three air defense radar lines in the United States and Canada, it became possible to receive warning of the approach of enemy bombers 2-3 hours before a raid. This time is enough to identify and intercept an aircraft flying from the north. When attacked from the Pacific or Atlantic Ocean, the enemy was to be detected by long-range radar detection patrol aircraft, Navy patrol ships and radar stations on sea platforms. The operation of this very dense and complex radar network required day-to-day coordination of actions on various tactical issues. Therefore, the natural step was to establish the structure necessary to carry out operational management. The North American Air Defense Command NORAD has been operating since September 12, 1957. Its headquarters is located at the Air Force Base in Colorado Springs (Colorado). Over the next few years, the number of air defense troops increased sharply. By the early 1960s, a quarter of a million Canadians and Americans worked in multi-story underground complexes, control centers, and fighter interceptor airfields and surface-to-air missile bases.
A changed threat. In the early 1960s, the nature of foreign attack threats changed radically as the Soviet Union concentrated its efforts on intercontinental and sea-launched ballistic missiles and satellite weapons. The extensive North American radar early warning system proved useless against these delivery vehicles. Therefore, a satellite tracking and warning system for missile launches was created, and the range of tasks facing NORAD expanded. In order to prevent the threat of air attack, the Air Defense Command divided the continent into three regions: Alaska, Canada and the Continental United States (CONUS). It was assumed that when an enemy aircraft is detected and identified, a message about it is immediately transmitted to the pilots of interceptor fighters, who meet the bombers at the maximum distance from their target. At the same time, the trajectories of attacking enemy aircraft are recorded and analyzed using the Sage system, which guides interceptor fighters to specific targets and controls the launches of anti-aircraft missiles. The Sage system can track 400 separate trajectories simultaneously, 200 of which are reserved for missiles that must be guided from the control center to targets. In the early 1960s, Air Defense Command had 2,000 fighter interceptors, 3,900 support aircraft, 575 surface-to-air missiles, 480 radars, and a quarter of a million personnel. In World War II, the bomber was the most destructive means of destruction available at that time, but protection against it was very real. Ballistic missiles with nuclear charge and maneuvering individual guidance heads practically cannot be intercepted on the descending branch of the trajectory. For this reason, it is important to intercept them as early as possible. The first missile defense program began in the United States in 1967, and this program was aimed at destroying missiles immediately after launch. Measures aimed at restructuring NORAD led to a reduction in the number of fighter-interceptors and partial mothballing of the radar network. The likelihood of being hit by intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) has been reduced by building underground facilities, eliminating excesses, and dispersing resources. An underground combat control center was built in the Cheyenne Mountains near Colorado Springs. Another underground control center was built in North Bay, Ontario. However, costs associated with the Vietnam War prevented a complete modernization of US air defenses in the 1960s.

In the 1970s, military satellites emerged that were capable of performing many operational tasks, including detecting potential targets. In 1973, the creation of a global navigation satellite system was approved, which was put into operation by the end of the 1980s. It revolutionized navigation and control for both military and civilian purposes.
see also NAVIGATION ;
;
AIR NAVIGATION;
STAR WARS;
SPACE EXPLORATION AND USE. In 1976, it became clear that the Soviet Union was paying increasing attention to developing missiles capable of destroying satellite missile defense systems. As before, the Soviet initiative caused a corresponding reaction in the United States: President George Ford ordered the Department of Defense to create a more advanced satellite missile defense system. The main air defense modernization activities that were carried out in accordance with the needs of NORAD were: 1) replacing the Dew line with improved Arctic radars, which were called the Northern Early Warning and Warning System "News"; 2) deployment of over-the-horizon backscatter radars; 3) wider use of aircraft long-range radar detection and warning systems "AWACS"; 4) equipping NORAD with F-15, F-16 and CF-18 aircraft. In the 1980s, ICBMs and SLBMs launched from submarines, became a threat to the security of the North American continent, and this was taken into account when modernizing NORAD. With the advent of cruise missiles, monitoring the atmosphere has again become an important task. It can be said that cruise missiles launched from an aircraft or ship brought bomber aircraft back to life. Cruise missiles are particularly dangerous because they are more difficult to detect (due to their relatively small size and ability to fly at low altitude, following the terrain) than ballistic missiles or 1950s pilot-controlled bombers.

AIR DEFENSE OF THE NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT

To prevent an attack, the air defense command North America uses various sources of information. It has deployed a network of stations around the globe to detect missiles launched from land, air or sea. This network includes space and ground stations observations. Space stations are based on satellites and detect the plumes of launching rockets. These reconnaissance satellites are in geostationary orbits, i.e. remain all the time above the same point on the Earth's surface.
See MILITARY SPACE ACTIVITIES. Net ground radars formed by early warning systems for ballistic missile launches, the construction of which the United States began in the early 1960s. These complexes, located in Greenland (Thule), Great Britain (Fylingdales Moor) and Alaska (Clear), provide radar tracking of any artificial aerospace object. The detection and tracking circuit ensures that any launch will be detected by at least two different ways. Together with the use of ground-based and space-based systems (radar and satellite detection and tracking stations), fighter-interceptors are on duty around the clock over certain areas of the North American subcontinent. Air defense fighters determine whether the intruder is a passenger airliner that has gone off course, or whether it is an enemy bomber or cruise missile. If necessary, the number of fighters can be significantly increased due to Air Force aircraft and national guard US, Marine Corps, US Navy and Canadian Navy. When deciding to open fire, the pilot must act strictly according to the rules; in 35 years of patrolling by air defense fighters, not a single aircraft was fired upon. Air defense interception forces are used by American F-15 Eagle fighters, as well as Canadian CF-18 Hornet and F-16 Fighting Falcon fighters. The air defense system of the North American subcontinent also uses AWACS reconnaissance aircraft and tanker aircraft to increase the range of fighter interceptors.

E-3 CENTRY AIRCRAFT (a modification of the Boeing 707 bomber) with an airborne early warning and warning system (AWACS) equipped with a rotating radar. AWACS allows you to determine, using an on-board computer, the coordinates, speed and direction of movement of aircraft and ships within a radius of several hundred kilometers.

In the event of an attack on the United States from the air, information would be instantly transmitted to the control center of the North American subcontinent and to the NORAD command and control center in the Cheyenne Mountains near Colorado Springs. The air defense command quickly assesses the threat, makes decisions and issues orders to air defense units. If necessary, the federal agency for emergency situations must notify the civilian population of the relevant regions of the country about the air attack. At this point, an emergency radio broadcast system comes into effect and all passenger flights are stopped.
see also MILITARY AVIATION;
ARTILLERY;
MILITARY INTELLIGENCE;
MILITARY SPACE ACTIVITIES;
STAR WARS;
RADAR LOCATION.

"HAWK" is a mobile surface-to-air missile with a radar guidance system.

LITERATURE

Agrenich A.A. Flak. M., 1960 Anaimovich M.A. and others. Air defense forces of the country. M., 1968 Lozik P.M. Air defense of ground forces. M., 1979 Shirman Ya.D., Manzhos V.N. Theory and technology of processing radar information against a background of interference. M., 1981

Collier's Encyclopedia. - Open Society. 2000 .

See what "AIR DEFENSE" is in other dictionaries:

AIR DEFENSE- (air defense), a complex system of measures to protect against enemy attacks in wartime air force. Air defense of troops is intended to ensure the execution of combat operations against enemy attacks and reconnaissance from the air. Air defense in the rear aims... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

- (air defense) a set of measures and fighting to repel enemy air attacks and protect troops, industrial areas, administrative political centers and the population from air strikes. Carried out by anti-aircraft missile forces … Big encyclopedic Dictionary

- (air defense) a set of national measures and combat operations of troops (forces) carried out in order to protect the administrative, political, industrial and economic centers and regions of the country, groups of armed forces, important military and others... ... Encyclopedia of technology

A set of measures, forces, means and actions aimed at repelling an enemy air attack and protecting objects, the population and troops from air strikes. On a national scale (coalition of countries) or individual regions, industrial areas... Dictionary of emergency situations

The request for "air defense" is redirected here. See also other meanings. Air defense is a set of measures to ensure protection (defense) from enemy air attack weapons. Air defense is the abbreviated name for the air defense system... ... Wikipedia

There are many different abbreviations found in military literature. Each of them hides either weapons, or military equipment, or a certain type or branch of the military. Army pilots foreign countries have special respect for the Russian abbreviation PVO, which stands for “anti-aircraft defense”.

Air defense - the country's air shield

Air defense of the country - separate species armed support as part of measures to protect the state from air attack. The first units designed to combat the air threat were created in Russia even before the revolution, back in 1914. Equipped light guns and machine gun installations, these formations successfully resisted German airplanes.

But the real test of the readiness of the air defense system for the defense of the country was the Great Patriotic War. During air battles On the approaches to Moscow and Leningrad, Soviet anti-aircraft gunners inflicted significant damage on fascist aviation. Over the entire war period, air defense units destroyed or disabled more than seven thousand enemy aircraft.

The importance of air defense for the state is so great that the country has established a special holiday - Air Defense Forces Day, which is traditionally celebrated every year on the second Sunday of April. The time for the holiday was not chosen by chance. It was in April that the most important decisions regarding the organization of this type of troops, their formation and development.

Troops of constant combat readiness

Modern Russian air defense troops are a branch of the military whose functions include covering military and civilian facilities and military formations from possible attacks from air attack weapons of a potential enemy. Domestic air defense units are able to destroy aircrafts the enemy at the very different heights, regardless of flight speed.

In peacetime, air defense units maintain round-the-clock combat duty, vigilantly guarding the country’s air borders and approaches to particularly important facilities with strategic importance. If the need arises to participate in real combat operations, air defense troops will be able to conduct aerial reconnaissance, notify ground targets of the threat of attack from the air and destroy enemy aircraft and other means of attack by all available means.

From the point of view of organizational structure, air defense troops consist of command and control bodies, hidden command posts, radio engineering and anti-aircraft missile units, as well as aviation. The units are distinguished by high mobility and survivability. Hidden from prying eyes, means of detection and rocket launchers capable of identifying enemy aircraft at distant approaches and timely neutralizing enemy air attack weapons.

Air defense is a special set of measures that are aimed at repelling any air threat. As a rule, this is an enemy air attack. The Russian air defense system is divided into the following types:

• Military air defense. This is a special type of Russian NE. The air defense troops of the Russian Ground Forces are the largest type of air defense in Russia;
• Object air defense, which since 1998 has become part of the Russian Air Force, and since 2009-2010 has been an aerospace defense brigade;
• Shipborne air defense system or naval air defense system. Air defense missiles armed with shipborne air defense systems(for example, the Storm air defense system) are capable of not only protecting ships from enemy air attacks, but also hitting surface ships.

Air Defense Day was introduced in the USSR on February 20, 1975, as a special holiday for military personnel who were involved in the country's air defense. Then Air Defense Day was celebrated on April 11. Since 1980, Air Defense Day in the USSR began to be celebrated every second Sunday in April.

In 2006, by a special Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 31, Air Defense Day was officially declared a memorable day. The holiday is also celebrated every second Sunday in April.

The history of the appearance of air defense troops in Russia

The need for anti-aircraft artillery was realized at the end of the 19th century. In 1891, the first firing at aerial targets took place, using Balloons and balloons. The artillery showed that it could quite successfully cope with stationary air targets, although shooting at moving targets was unsuccessful.

In 1908-1909, experimental firing at moving targets took place, as a result of which it was decided that in order to successfully combat aviation, it was necessary to create a special gun designed for firing at moving air targets.

In 1914, the Putilov plant produced four 76 mm cannons, which were intended to combat enemy aircraft. These guns were transported on special trucks. Despite this, before the outbreak of the First World War, Russia turned out to be completely unprepared for combat with an air enemy. Already in the fall of 1914, the command had to urgently form special artillery units, the main task of which was to fight enemy aircraft.

In the USSR, the first air defense units, consisting of searchlight companies and machine gun installations, first took part in a military parade on May 1, 1929. By the 1930 parade, the air defense troops were replenished anti-aircraft artillery, which moved on cars:

• 76 mm anti-aircraft guns;
• Machine gun installations;
• Floodlight installations;
• Sound detection installations.

Air defense troops during World War II

Second World War demonstrated how important aviation is. The ability to launch rapid air strikes has become one of the keys to the success of military operations. The state of the USSR air defense before the start of the Second World War was far from perfect and was completely unsuitable for repelling massive raids by German aviation. Although before the start of the Second World War the Soviet command devoted a lot of time and money to the development of air defense systems, these troops turned out to be completely unprepared to repel modern German aircraft.

The entire first half of the Second World War was characterized by huge losses Soviet troops precisely because of enemy air raids. The USSR ground forces did not have the necessary air defense system at all. The defense of the corps from air attacks was carried out by a regular number of air defense weapons, which were represented along 1 km of the front by the following fire weapons:

• 2 anti-aircraft guns;
• 1 heavy machine gun;
• 3 anti-aircraft quad installations.

In addition to the fact that these guns were clearly not enough, there was a huge need at the front for fighter aircraft. The air surveillance, warning and communications system was in its infancy and was completely unable to cope with the tasks assigned to them. For a long time, the troops did not even have their own means of this type. To carry out these functions, it was planned to strengthen the armies with VNOS radio companies. These companies were completely at odds with the technical development of German aviation, since they could only detect enemy aircraft visually. Such detection was possible only at a distance of 10-12 km, and modern German planes covered a similar distance in 1-2 minutes.

Before the start of the Second World War, the domestic theory of the development of air defense troops did not place any serious emphasis on the development of this group of troops. Based on the dogmas of this theory, air defense troops, no matter how highly developed they are, are not able to provide complete protection of the front from enemy air raids. In any case, small enemy groups will still be able to reach and destroy the target. That is why the USSR command did not pay serious attention to air defense troops, and the construction of air defense was based on the fact that air defense systems would distract the enemy, allowing aviation to enter the battle.

In any case, the USSR fighter aviation in the first years of the war was unable to give any serious rebuff to enemy aircraft, which is why German pilots in those years they organized a real entertaining “hunt” for ground targets.

Realizing their mistakes, the Soviet command concentrated its efforts on developing air defense systems, placing special emphasis on improving fighter aircraft and anti-aircraft artillery.

Development of air defense after the end of the Second World War

In 1946 it began new era in the development of air defense forces - they created a new department whose task was to test anti-aircraft missiles. Throughout the 1947-1950s, this department, which was located at the Kapustin Yar test site, tested German anti-aircraft missiles, while simultaneously overseeing the development of Soviet-made anti-aircraft missiles. Until 1957, this committee was involved in testing domestically developed unguided anti-aircraft missiles.

In 1951, testing of anti-aircraft missiles became so large-scale that it was necessary to create special training ground for testing anti-aircraft missiles. This test site was established on June 6, 1951. Rocket testers from all over the country were sent to this test site as personnel.

The first launch of a guided anti-aircraft missile took place at this test site in 1951. In 1955, the first anti-aircraft gun in the USSR was adopted by the Air Defense Forces. missile system S-25 "Berkut", which remained in service until the 90s.

In the period from 1957 to 1961, a new mobile anti-aircraft missile system, the S-75, was developed and put into service. This air defense system remained the main weapon of the Soviet air defense forces for 30 years. Subsequently, the S-75 air defense system received many modifications and was supplied as military assistance to friendly countries. It was the S-75 anti-aircraft missile system that shot down an American U-2 plane in 1960 near Sverdlovsk. During Vietnam War The S-75 air defense system, which was supplied as military aid to Vietnam, shot down many American aircraft. According to the roughest estimates, this air defense system destroyed more than 1,300 American aircraft of various systems.

In 1961, a new anti-aircraft missile system was put into service short range S-125. This air defense system has proven to be so effective that it is still in service with Russian air defense systems. During the Arab-Israeli wars, the C-125 complex was able to destroy several dozen supersonic aircraft belonging to the United States and Israel.

The Great Patriotic War showed that air defense systems have enormous prospects. The development of air defense in the second half of the 20th century was carried out in the right direction, which was repeatedly proven during numerous Arab-Israeli conflicts. The tactics of using air defense systems were now based on completely different principles. The new air defense systems had the following characteristics:

• Mobility of anti-aircraft missile systems;
• The suddenness of their use, for which they were carefully disguised;
• General survivability and maintainability of air defense systems.

Today, the basis of the Ground Forces' air defense systems is Russian Federation are the following complexes and systems:

• S-300V. This system is capable of effectively protecting troops not only from enemy aircraft, but also from ballistic missiles. This system could fire two types of missiles, one of which was surface-to-surface;
• "Buk-M1". This complex was developed in the 90s, and was put into service in 1998;
• "Tor-M1". This system is able to independently control the designated airspace;
• "OSA-AKM". This SAM system is very mobile;
• "Tunguska-M1", which was put into service in 2003.

All these systems are developments of famous Russian designers and not only incorporate all best qualities their predecessors, but also equipped with modern electronics. These complexes effectively protect troops from all types of air attacks, thereby providing reliable cover for the army.

At various military exhibitions, domestic anti-aircraft missile systems They are not only not inferior to their foreign analogues, but also superior to them in a number of parameters, ranging from range to power.

The main prospects for the modern development of air defense troops of the Ground Forces

The main areas towards which the development of modern air defense forces is directed are:

• Change and reorganization of all structures related in one way or another to air defense. The main objective of the reorganization is the maximum use of all resources and combat power missile weapons, which is now entering service. Another task of paramount importance is to establish maximum interaction between air defense troops and other groups of troops of the Russian Army;
• Weapons development and military equipment a new generation that will be able to fight not only with existing air attack weapons, but also with the latest developments in the field of hypersonic technologies;
• Change and improvement of the personnel training system. Particular attention should be paid to changing the training program, because it has not changed for many years, although new air defense systems have long been adopted for service.

Priorities continue to be the planned development of the latest air defense models, the modernization of older models and the complete replacement of outdated air defense systems. In general, the modern air defense system is developing in accordance with the words of the famous Marshal Zhukov, who said that only a powerful military air defense system is capable of repelling sudden enemy attacks, thereby making it possible Armed forces engage in full-scale combat.

Modern air defense systems and air defense systems in the Russian air defense forces

One of the main air defense systems in service with air defense forces is the S-300V system. This system is capable of hitting air targets at a distance of up to 100 km. Already in 2014, the S-300V air defense system began to be gradually replaced by a new system, which was called the S-300V4. New system improved in all respects, it is an improved modification of the S-300B, differing from it in its increased range, more reliable design, which has improved protection against radio interference. The new system is capable of more effectively combating all types of air targets that appear within its range.

The next most popular system is the Buk air defense system. Since 2008, a modification of the complex called Buk-M2 has been entering service with the air defense forces. This air defense system can simultaneously hit up to 24 targets, and the range of destruction of targets reaches 200 km. Since 2016, the Buk-M3 complex has been put into service, which is a model made on the basis of the Buk-M2 and seriously modified.

Another popular air defense system is the TOR complex. In 2011, a new modification of the air defense system began to enter service, called “TOR-M2U”. This modification has the following differences from the base model:

• She can conduct reconnaissance on the move;
• Fire at 4 air targets at once, thereby ensuring an all-angle defeat.

The newest modification is called “Thor-2”. Unlike previous models of the TOP family, this modification has a doubled ammo capacity and is capable of firing on the move, ensuring complete safety of troops on the march.

In addition, Russian air defense systems also have man-portable anti-aircraft missile systems. The ease of training and use of this type of weapon makes it a serious problem for enemy air forces. Since 2014, the air defense units of the Ground Forces began to receive new Verba MANPADS. Their use is justified when it is necessary to operate in conditions of powerful optical interference, which complicate the operation of powerful automatic air defense systems.

Currently, the share of modern air defense systems in the air defense forces is about 40 percent. The latest Russian air defense systems have no analogues in the world, and are capable of providing complete protection against sudden air attacks.