/ / 45.33917; 37.40306 (Kuban, mouth)Coordinates:
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Name
Kuban is one of about three hundred names of this river.
The modern name of the river - “Kuban” goes back to its Karachay name - “Koban” (translated from the Karachay-Balkar language - “rising, overflowing river” or “stream”). Over time, it changed as follows: Kobkhan - Koban - Kuban - Guban - Kuban.
V. A. Nikonov suggests that the ancient Greek name “Gypanis” is just a reinterpretation of the name that existed in the Caucasus based on a superficially similar Greek word. In turn, L. G. Gulieva, along with the word “horse,” allows for the translation of this hydronym “big, strong, wild river,” drawing parallels with the Karachay-Balkarian “kobkhan” - enraged, rushing like a horse. The toponymic “double” of the Kuban hydronym Southern Bug (also Hypanis, according to Herodotus) has a calm, flat current that cannot be called furious or rushing like a horse.
Geographical information
Length 870 km, basin area 58 thousand km². It flows through the territory of Karachay-Cherkessia, Stavropol Territory, Krasnodar Territory (662 km) and Adygea. When it flows into the Sea of Azov, the river forms a large swampy but highly productive Kuban delta with an area of about 4,300 km². The total flow of the Kuban into the Sea of Azov is about 11.0 km³ per year.
Kuban originates in the area of Mount Elbrus. If the length of the Kuban River is taken together with its tributary Ullukam, then it increases to 906 km, and its fall to 2970 m (from the Ullukam glacial tongue). By height, the Kuban River basin can be divided into 4 main zones:
- alpine, over 1000 m above sea level
- mountain, from 500 to 1000 m
- foothill, from 200 to 500 m
- flat, up to 200 m
Water resources represented by deep left-bank tributaries of the middle reaches of the Kuban River, such as Afips, Psekups, Belaya, Laba, Pshish and their tributaries and right-bank tributaries, such as Mara, Dzheguta and Gorkaya, form a river network with a length of 9482 km. In total, more than 14,000 large and small tributaries flow into the Kuban.
Hydrology
According to a 100-year series of observations, the average annual flow of the Kuban River, formed due to rain and snow feeding (65%), melting of high-mountain snow and glaciers (20%) and groundwater (15%), is about 13.5 km³. Seasonal fluctuations in the water level in the river are different for different parts of the Kuban. For example, near Armavir they reached 2.8 m, near Krasnodar - 5 m, at the Perevoloksky junction - 1.9 m. The ice cover of the Kuban is unstable. During the year, Kuban carries about 4 million tons of dissolved salts into the Sea of Azov. The average annual flow rate in Krasnodar is 425 m³⁄s.
Average monthly water flow in the river (m³⁄s) in the Krasnodar region from 1911 to 1980
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Story
Tens of thousands of years ago, on the site of the modern Kuban delta there was a huge bay of the Azov Sea, which stretched from the Taman Peninsula to present-day Primorsko-Akhtarsk and inland all the way to Krasnodar. Gradually, as a result of the activity of the river and the sea, a bay bar was formed, which separated the sea from the bay and turned it into a lagoon, which over time was filled with river sediments and turned into the low-lying Kuban delta with numerous shallow estuaries connecting them with channels and extensive swampy floodplains. Mud volcanoes of the Taman Peninsula also played some role in the formation of the southern part of the ancient Kuban delta.
In the 19th century, half of the Kuban River flow was directed through Old Kuban to the Black Sea estuary Kiziltashsky, and from there to the Black Sea. Then an embankment was carried out, and the flow through Staraya Kuban stopped. Relatively recently, a desalination canal was built along the route of the dead Black Sea channel, through which the waters of the Kuban again flow into the Kiziltash estuary for the needs of the mullet farm established there. In 1973-1975, the Krasnodar reservoir was filled, which absorbed Tshchikskoye.
Economy
The largest artificial reservoir in the North Caucasus, Krasnodar Reservoir, is located on the river.
The cities of Karachaevsk, Ust-Dzheguta, Cherkessk, Nevinnomyssk, Armavir, Novokubansk, Kropotkin, Ust-Labinsk, Krasnodar, Slavyansk-on-Kuban and Temryuk are located on the Kuban River.
In addition, the river is used to accumulate and generate electricity at the Kuban cascade (Zelenchuksky, Kurshavsky, Barsuchkovsky and Sengileevsky hydroelectric power stations) with a total capacity of more than 620 MW with prospects for an increase of 220 MW.
There were plans for the construction of the Adygea hydroelectric power station in 2008-2009. The station is not currently under construction.
Nature
The Kuban River basin is home to more than 106 species of fish, characteristic only of this region: fisherman, shemaya, Kuban barbel, Caucasian chub, silver carp, ram, carp, pike perch, bream, catfish, saberfish, goby, asp, crucian carp, perch, rudd and etc. There are about 400 species and forms of zooplankton, including worms, copepods and cladocerans, rotifers, mollusks, etc. There are many waterfowl in the Kuban: cormorants, wild geese and ducks, pelicans, swans, gray heron, bittern, many small birds, as well as birds of prey, such as the peregrine falcon. Birds are hunted by foxes and wild cats. In the remote Chernoerkovsky and Akhtarsky floodplains you can find acclimatized muskrat (another name: musk swamp rat), and wild boars can be found.
- The average annual river flow can anomalously reach 582 m³⁄s, or 1.4 times the norm.
see also
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Notes
Literature
- Dinnik N.Ya. Kuban, river // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
- Cherednichenko L.I. // Kuban local historian. - 1992.
Links
- Kuban- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
An excerpt characterizing the Kuban (river)
The young man sat down next to us on the ground and, smiling affectionately, asked:- Why are you here? This is not your place.
– We know, we were just trying to get to the top! – joyful Stella was already chirping at the top of her lungs. – Will you help us get back up?.. We definitely need to get home quickly! Otherwise, the grandmothers are waiting for us there, and they are also waiting for them, but different ones.
Meanwhile, for some reason, the young man looked at me very carefully and seriously. He had a strange, piercing gaze, which for some reason made me feel awkward.
-What are you doing here, girl? – he asked softly. - How did you manage to get here?
- We were just walking. – I answered honestly. - And so they were looking for them. – Smiling at the “foundlings”, she pointed at them with her hand.
– But you’re alive, aren’t you? – the savior could not calm down.
– Yes, but I’ve been here more than once. – I answered calmly.
- Oh, not here, but “above”! – my friend corrected me, laughing. “We definitely wouldn’t come back here, would we?”
“Yes, I think this will be enough for a long time... At least for me...” I shuddered from the recent memories.
- You must leave here. “The young man said again softly, but more insistently. - Now.
A sparkling “path” stretched from him and ran straight into the luminous tunnel. We were literally sucked in without even having time to take a single step, and after a moment we found ourselves in the same transparent world, in which we found our chubby Leah and her mother.
- Mom, mommy, daddy is back! And Great too!.. - little Leah rolled head over heels towards us, tightly clutching the red dragon to her chest.. Her round little face shone like the sun, and she herself, unable to contain her wild happiness, rushed to her dad and, hanging on him neck, squealing with delight.
I was happy for this family that had found each other, and a little sad for all my dead “guests” who came on earth for help, who could no longer hug each other as joyfully, since they did not belong to the same worlds.. .
- Oh, daddy, here you are! I thought you were missing! And you took it and found it! That's good! – the radiant little girl squealed with happiness.
Suddenly a cloud flew over her happy face, and it became very sad... And in a completely different voice the little girl turned to Stella:
– Dear girls, thank you for dad! And for my brother, of course! Are you going to leave now? Will you come back someday? Here's your little dragon, please! He was very good, and he loved me very, very much... - it seemed that right now poor Leah would burst into tears, so badly she wanted to hold this cute marvelous dragon just a little longer!.. And he was about to be taken away and there will be no more...
– Do you want him to stay with you some more? And when we return, will you give it back to us? – Stella took pity on the little girl.
Leah was at first stunned by the unexpected happiness that had fallen on her, and then, unable to say anything, she nodded her head so strongly that it almost threatened to fall off...
Having said goodbye to the joyful family, we moved on.
It was incredibly pleasant to feel safe again, to see the same joyful light filling everything around, and not be afraid of being unexpectedly grabbed by some kind of terrible nightmare...
- Do you want to take another walk? – Stella asked in a completely fresh voice.
The temptation, of course, was great, but I was already so tired that even if the greatest miracle on earth seemed to me now, I probably wouldn’t be able to truly enjoy it...
- Well, okay, another time! – Stella laughed. - I am also tired.
And then, somehow, our cemetery appeared again, where, on the same bench, our grandmothers were sitting side by side...
“Do you want me to show you something?” Stella asked quietly.
And suddenly, instead of the grandmothers, incredibly beautiful, brightly shining beings appeared... Both had amazing stars sparkling on their chests, and Stella’s grandmother had an amazing miracle crown sparkling and shimmering on her head...
– It’s them... You wanted to see them, didn’t you? – I nodded dumbfoundedly. – Just don’t say that I showed you, let them do it themselves.
“Well, now I have to go...” the little girl whispered sadly. - I can’t go with you... I can’t go there anymore...
- I will definitely come to you! Many, many more times! – I promised with all my heart.
And the little girl looked after me with her warm, sad eyes, and seemed to understand everything... Everything that I was unable to tell her in our simple words.
All the way home from the cemetery, I was sulking at my grandmother for no reason, and, moreover, angry at myself for it... I looked very much like a ruffled sparrow, and my grandmother saw this perfectly well, which, naturally, irritated me even more and forced me to crawl deeper into my “safe shell”.... Most likely, it was just my childhood resentment that was raging because, as it turned out, she was hiding a lot from me and had not yet taught me anything, apparently considering me unworthy or incapable of more. And although my inner voice told me that I was completely and completely wrong here, I could not calm down and look at everything from the outside, as I did before, when I thought that I could be wrong...
Finally, my impatient soul was unable to withstand the silence any longer...
- Well, what did you talk about for so long? If, of course, I can know this...” I muttered offendedly.
“We didn’t talk, we thought,” the grandmother answered calmly, smiling.
It seemed like she was simply teasing me in order to provoke me into some actions that she alone understood...
- Well, then, what were you “thinking” about together? - and then, unable to bear it, she blurted out: - Why does Grandma teach Stella, but you don’t teach me?!.. Or do you think that I’m not capable of anything else?
“Well, first of all, stop boiling, otherwise steam will start coming out soon...” Grandma said calmly again. - And, secondly, - Stella still has a long way to go to reach you. And what do you want me to teach you, if even what you have, you haven’t quite figured it out yet?.. Figure it out - then we’ll talk.
I stared at my grandmother in a daze, as if I was seeing her for the first time... How is it that Stella is so far from me?! She does this!.. She knows so much!.. And what about me? If she did anything, she just helped someone. And I don’t know anything else.
My grandmother saw my complete confusion, but didn’t help at all, apparently believing that I had to go through this myself, and from the unexpected “positive” shock, all my thoughts went tumbling awry, and, unable to think soberly, I just I looked at her with big eyes and could not recover from the “killer” news that fell on me...
– What about the “floors”?.. I couldn’t get there myself?.. It was Stella’s grandmother who showed them to me! – I still stubbornly did not give up.
“Well, that’s why I showed it so that I could try it myself,” the grandmother stated an “indisputable” fact.
“Can I go there myself?!..” I asked dumbfounded.
- Surely! This is the simplest thing you can do. You just don't believe in yourself, that's why you don't try...
– I’m not trying?!.. – I was already choked by such terrible injustice... – All I do is try! But maybe not...
Suddenly I remembered how Stella repeated many, many times that I could do much more... But I can - what?!.. I had no idea what they were all talking about, but now I felt that I was beginning to calm down a little and think , which always helped me in any difficult circumstances. Life suddenly seemed not so unfair at all, and I gradually began to come to life...
Inspired by the positive news, all the following days I, of course, “tried”... Not sparing myself at all, and torturing my already exhausted physical body to pieces, I went to the “floors” dozens of times, not yet showing myself to Stella , because I wanted to give her a pleasant surprise, but at the same time not lose face by making some stupid mistake.
But finally, I decided to stop hiding and decided to visit my little friend.
“Oh, is it you?!..” a familiar voice immediately began to sound like happy bells. – Is it really you?! How did you come here?.. Did you come on your own?
Questions, as always, poured out of her like a hail, her cheerful face was shining, and it was a sincere pleasure for me to see this bright, fountain-like joy of hers.
- Well, shall we go for a walk? – I asked, smiling.
And Stella still couldn’t calm down from happiness that I managed to come on my own, and that now we can meet whenever we want and even without outside help!
“You see, I told you that you can do more!..” the little girl chirped happily. - Well, now everything is fine, now we don’t need anyone! Oh, it’s really good that you came, I wanted to show you something and was really looking forward to seeing you. But for this we will have to walk to a place that is not very pleasant...
– Do you mean “downstairs”? – Having understood what she was talking about, I immediately asked.
Stella nodded.
– What did you lose there?
“Oh, I didn’t lose it, I found it!” the little girl exclaimed victoriously. - Remember, I told you that there are also good entities, and you didn’t believe me then?
Frankly speaking, I didn’t really believe it even now, but, not wanting to offend my happy friend, I nodded in agreement.
“Well, now you’ll believe it!” Stella said contentedly. - Went?
This time, apparently having already gained some experience, we easily “slipped” down the “floors”, and I again saw a depressing picture, very similar to those seen before...
Some kind of black, stinking slurry was slurping underfoot, and streams of muddy, reddish water flowed from it... The scarlet sky darkened, blazing with bloody reflections of the glow, and, still hanging very low, drove somewhere a crimson mass of heavy clouds. .. And those, not giving in, hung heavy, swollen, pregnant, threatening to give birth to a terrible, sweeping waterfall... From time to time, a wall of brown-red, opaque water burst out of them with a resounding roar, hitting the ground so hard that it seemed - the sky is collapsing...
The trees stood bare and featureless, lazily moving their drooping, thorny branches. Further behind them stretched the joyless, burnt-out steppe, getting lost in the distance behind a wall of dirty, gray fog... Many gloomy, drooping human beings restlessly wandered back and forth, senselessly looking for something, not paying any attention to the world around them, which, and however, it did not evoke the slightest pleasure so that one would want to look at it... The whole landscape evoked horror and melancholy, seasoned with hopelessness...
“Oh, how scary it is here...” Stella whispered, shuddering. – No matter how many times I come here, I just can’t get used to it... How do these poor things live here?!
– Well, probably these “poor things” were too guilty once if they ended up here. No one sent them here - they just got what they deserved, right? – still not giving up, I said.
Kuban River Basin
In terms of size and water content, the Kuban River basin is the largest in the North Caucasus. It stretches from the Taman Peninsula in the west to Elbrus in the east. Kuban flows into the Sea of Azov. Its source is taken to be the confluence of rivers Uchkulan and Ullukam. With a catchment area of 57900 sq. km. the total length of the rivers in the basin is 38,325 km, and the total number of rivers is 13,569. The length of Kuban itself is 870 km.
In the river basin, almost all tributaries originate from the slopes of the Western Caucasus, flowing from the left bank. Major tributaries include: Laba(catchment area 12,500 sq. km., river length 214 km), White (5990, 265), Big(2730, 120) and Small (1850, 65) Zelenchuk, Urup (3220, 232), Pshish(1850, 258), etc.
The Kuban River is fed by melting glaciers, seasonal snow, rain and groundwater. Most of the tributaries originating in the high-mountain zone of the basin are Big and Small Zelenchuk, Kizgych, Teberda, Ullukam and others - receive glacial nutrition.
The water regime of the Kuban River is divided into 3 hydrological regions:
- upstream rivers (up to the river mouth Bekes) inclusive;
- river basins Chamlyk, Fars, Belaya;
- tributaries of the lower reaches (from the confluence of the river. Pshish to the mouth);
In the first region, waters formed due to the melting of glaciers and snowfields play a large role in feeding the rivers. For the second, rain floods play an important role.
Rivers of the Azov-Kuban Lowland
The Eya River is the longest and most abundant river Azov-Kuban lowland. It originates at the spurs Stavropol Upland, 5 km from the village Novopokrovskaya and is formed from the confluence of two small rivers Karasuna and Upornaya. The Eya River flows into the Sea of Azov below the village of Staroshcherbinovskaya. Its length is 311 km. The total area of the drainage basin is 8650 sq. km. The largest right-bank tributary is Kugo-Eya, having a length of 108 km with a catchment area of 1260 sq. km. Another major influx is Kavalerka River, 78 km long and a drainage area of 695 sq. km. On the left it flows into Eyu Sosyka River, having a length of 159 km and a drainage area of 2030 sq. km., as well as small Ternovaya and Veselaya rivers.
There are numerous ponds on the Eya and its tributaries; they are used for watering, fishing and energy. The high mineralization of Eu makes it unsuitable for irrigation
The Chelbas River flows southwest of Eya. The source of the river is located near the northern outskirts of the village Temizhbek. The length of Chelbas is about 288 km, the area is 3950 sq. km. It flows into the Beysugsky estuary. Main tributaries: Middle Chelbas, Borisovka and Tikhonkaya. Average annual consumption at the village Novoplatnirovskaya 2.41 m3/s.
About 120 ponds were built on the Chelbas River. The heavily overgrown and silted Chelbas is a striking example of a river in a state of old age and decline.
Beysug River - third longest and second largest of the rivers Azov region. Its sources are springs located 9 km northwest of Kropotkin. The Beysug flows into the Beysug estuary near the village Brinkovskaya. Its length is 243 km, the catchment area is 5190 sq. km. The most significant tributaries: Beysuzhek left and Beysuzhek right. The width of the river bed in the upper reaches reaches 200 m with a bank height of 5-7 m. In the middle reaches, the width of the river bed is 400 m. In the lower and middle reaches, the Beysug is very winding, sometimes forming wide reaches, bays and oxbow lakes. Below the page Bryukhovetskaya the floods are coming. The river is fed by precipitation and springs.
Kirpili River- It starts 7-8 km northwest of the village Ladoga and flows into Kirpilsky estuary 10 km north of the village Stepnoy. The length of the river is 202 km, the drainage basin area is 2650 sq. km. Tributaries: Kochety and Kirpilitsy. The bricks meander strongly, and its bed is mostly covered with reeds. This is a low-water river, its average annual flow near the village is Medvedovskaya is about 2 m3/s. There are about 100 ponds in the river basin for agricultural and fishing purposes.
Rivers Black Sea coast
Within Krasnodar region from the dense southern slopes Greater Caucasus, covered with dense forests, rapidly carry their waters into the Black Sea, hundreds of fast mountain rivers. However, it is worth noting that local residents dump their sewage and any garbage into them, which accordingly flows into the sea.
The most mineralized river in the Black Sea basin: Gotagay 940 mg/l.
Psou River flows on the border between the Russian Federation and Abkhazia, unrecognized by the world community. Starts west of Agepsta mountains, at an altitude of about 2730 m and flows into the Black Sea, 3 km southeast of Adler. Major tributaries: Psycho And Besh. The river is fed by snow and rain. The annual flow is about 650 million m3.
Mzymta- translated from Circassian as “Mad”. And it fully lives up to its name! Beginning of the shore near the mountain Loyub, at an altitude of 2980 m. Flows into the Black Sea near Adler. Mzymta is very picturesque. Two kilometers from the source it flows into Lake Kardyvach. There are several waterfalls on the river, the highest is 15 m. The largest tributaries: Psluh, Pudziko, Chvezhipse. On its way, Mzymta crosses the following ridges: Aibga-Achishkho, Atskhu-Katsirkha and Akhshtyr. Very picturesque gorge Atskhu. Near the village Krasnaya Polyana Krasnopolyanskaya hydroelectric power station was built on Mzymta. The power of the hydroelectric power station is 28 thousand kW.
Sochi River starts near the mountain Chura at an altitude of 1313 m and flows into the Black Sea near Sochi. The average annual river flow near Sochi is about 17 m3/s. Floods are common in spring and winter.
Pshada River- a small mountain river that originates near the mountain Pshada at an altitude of 448 m and flows into the Black Sea. There are more than 10 waterfalls on Pshad, the highest among them is Bolshoi Pshadsky (Olyapkin) waterfall.
Shah- the second largest river on the Black Sea coast within the Krasnodar Territory. It starts with Main Caucasus Range near the mountain Chura at an altitude of 1718 m, in the zone of alpine meadows and flows along Lazrevsky district of Greater Sochi, flowing into the Black Sea near the village Head. Almost the entire Shakhe River basin is covered with forest and runs through the mountains. Major tributaries: Bzych, Kichmay. The most wet month is May.
The Kuban River is an important source of fresh water in the very south of Russia, and its basin is a large industrial and agricultural region with a large population, rich history, unique climate and nature. For its well-being, it is necessary to take care of preserving the riverbed and the place where it begins - the glaciers of the western part. The ecology of the area where it flows is no less important - its delta is actively used both for crop production and for growing fish.
History of the development of the Kuban River
The Kuban River flows into two seas at once - the Black and Azov. In the 19th century, most of the flow fell into the Kiziltash estuary and went into the Black Sea. Now, after draining the delta and strengthening the branches, almost all the water flows into the Temryuk Gulf of the Sea of Azov.
Few sources of water can compare with it in the number of ancient names. If you count those that have survived to this day, it turns out that there are more than three hundred of them. What is the secret of such diversity? In the rich history of the region! People have lived here since time immemorial, one tribe replaced another, and each gave the main water artery its own name.
The neighbors also contributed - each ancient chronicler distorted the name he heard from merchants or ambassadors in his own way. But it was they, the ancient Persians and Greeks, who left the first descriptions of the Kuban River.
Now historians find different toponyms among the Cimmerians and Scythians, Pechenegs and Cumans, Huns and Khazars, Greeks and Romans, Bulgars and Tatars, Turks and Genoese, Arabs and Persians, Slavs, etc. The latter had more dialects than all the above-mentioned peoples combined, and each dialect had its own name.
The river gave its name to the whole region, as well as to one of the largest military classes in Russia, who settled on its banks - Kuban Cossacks. It was formed in 1860 from others and settled throughout the Kuban region (as this region was called until 1918). This river occupies a lot of place in their folklore; in their songs they affectionately call it Mother River, Kubanushka.
Description: basin, tributaries, where it flows
The bed of the river and its tributaries passes through several regions - Krasnodar Territory and. This is the southernmost of the large Russian ones. The source of the Kuban River, if we also include the Ullukam tributary, is located at the glacier of the same name at an altitude of 2970 meters above sea level.
This place is popular among climbers, and with sufficient physical fitness, anyone can admire the thin stream that gives rise to a large and deep river. This is a narrow but fast stream, winding between the stones down to the plain, along the way collecting water from the same mountain streams, and in the foothills gradually turning into a sedate, wide plain river system, which, however, does not prevent it from remaining very tortuous.
On the plain, it continues to be replenished by tributaries from all over the area, expand, and in some places be slowed down by reservoirs. It collects water from approximately 57.9 thousand square meters. km.
The length of the river is 870 km, if you count from the Ullukam glacier - 906 km. Width and depth vary significantly. It is widest in the lower reaches, where there are sections up to 210 meters. In the upper mountain part it is shallow, and in the flat part, closer to the floodplain, there are places up to 15 meters deep.
The river regime is also very variable. The water level is highest in mid-summer, and lowest in February. At the same time, it freezes, but not every year, not for long, and not along the entire riverbed. The bottom in the upper reaches is pebbles and stones, the banks are often steep. In the lower reaches the bottom is clayey-sandy, and the banks are flat.
An important feature of the Kuban River is its mouth, which consists of channels that are always ready to change direction; it includes wetlands, a mass of oxbow lakes, estuaries, eriks and lakes with islands and floodplains. These labyrinths are clearly visible in photographs of the Kuban River taken from space. The main branches along which most of the flow goes into the sea are the Petrushkin sleeve and the Kazachy Erik. The delta area is about 4300 square meters. km, that is, a quarter of the Volga, and this despite the fact that the average annual flow is 13.5 km3, that is, only 5% of the Volga.
Where is the best fishing in Kuban
Fishing enthusiasts will have a lot of fun while relaxing in these places. What kind of fish is found in the Kuban River? Much depends on where you decide to stay. Because the upper reaches are dominated by river inhabitants who need transparent, cold water, in the lower part of the river - those that prefer weak currents, whirlpools and backwaters, and are not uncommon in the delta.
At the very beginning of the Kuban River, where it is a fast mountain stream, trout and Caucasian chub are caught well, which are taken with fly fishing and spinning, and you can also come across Kuban barbel, for which you need bottom gear. On the flat part of the Kuban basin, typical fish of the European part of Russia are well caught - bream, pike, roach, ide, crucian carp, perch, bersh, pike perch, ram, rudd, sabrefish, catfish, etc.
In the lower reaches they catch horse mackerel, pelengas, red mullet, and Azov bull. In videos of fishing on the Kuban River, of which many have been published on the Internet, you can see that the lucky ones still come across remarkable specimens.
Several species from the sturgeon family are also found here; unfortunately, this “royal” fish has become very rare, so its fishing is prohibited. In total, more than a hundred species of fish live in the Kuban and its tributaries, and there are also crayfish. The restoration of the stock of valuable species is partially facilitated by the local branch of the All-Russian Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, the Kuban Institute of Sturgeon Breeding and numerous fish farms, but there is still much work to be done in this direction.
Ecology and economic use
The Kuban River is of great economic importance for the region. The main areas where it is impossible to overestimate its importance are: Agriculture, including fish farming, electricity supply, industry. The largest reservoir, the Krasnodar reservoir, was built on it, which significantly changed the ecology of the region and helped regulate the water level in the river.
And it is not the only one - on the main channel and large tributaries fresh water is preserved in dozens of large and small reservoirs. From here it is regularly supplied for watering gardens and fields. Now, to save water, drip irrigation is being actively introduced, which will allow for more economical use of this vital resource.
The largest reservoirs of the Kuban basin, in addition to the Krasnodar reservoir, are the Upper and Lower Atakai reservoirs, Varnavinskoe, Kryukovskoe, Shapsugskoe and Neberdzhaevskoe reservoirs.
The participation of the water artery in the electricity supply is a cascade of hydroelectric power stations, consisting of nine hydroelectric power stations and one pumped storage station, and providing the region with 620 MW. Construction of the cascade began back in 1967, and the project was immediately tied not only to the supply of electricity, but also to the accumulation of water for the needs of villagers, utilities and industrial enterprises.
The first hydroelectric power station, Svistukhinskaya, was built in 1943. Imagine, there is a war going on, there are still two years until Victory, and the Soviet government is launching a large economic facility! Moreover, it is of such quality that it still continues to work fully. After the collapse of the 90s, Russia only returned to equally significant projects in the 21st century.
River pollution
Unfortunately, active economic use of the river system and serious climate changes in the current century have led to serious environmental problems. These are common problems for the main waterways of the country - siltation of the riverbed, blooming of reservoirs, and insufficient number of treatment facilities.
All this is aggravated by the hot climate and large anthropogenic load. For example, where the Kuban River originates, tourism is now actively developing - skiers have chosen the slopes, and climbers have chosen the rocks. IN beautiful places Tourist bases are being built in the upper reaches of mountain rivers, tributaries of the Kuban.
On the plain, the river system suffers from plowing of drainage areas and deforestation. But the Kuban River suffers most from Krasnodar. These are outdated treatment plants, numerous enterprises, the effluents of which also raise questions, as well as great amount cars getting stuck in frequent traffic jams on highways.
They also contribute to pollution river basin– Karachaevsk, Cherkessk, Nevinnomyssk, Armavir, Ust-Labinsk, Kropotkin, Adygeisk, Slavyansk-on-Kuban, Temryuk, etc.
The deteriorating environmental situation negatively affects the fish population. This is a lack of water in natural spawning grounds, and the entry of petroleum products and heavy metals into river and sea waters. Almost annual floods, flooding, landslides, and river erosion are dangerous not only for people. Fertilizers and pesticides enter the water with washed away soil, poisoning the habitat of river inhabitants.
Now they have finally begun to invest money in the restoration of Russian rivers - in cleaning the riverbed, regulating flow, and repairing hydraulic structures. The Kuban river system was not ignored either. Programs for landscaping the region, preserving and restoring water protection zones and the coastal strip are beginning to operate. This gives hope that the situation with reservoirs and water supply in the region will gradually stabilize.
Since ancient times, people have settled near water - on the banks of rivers, seas, and the ocean. IN Krasnodar region the most important water artery is the Kuban River.
However, this was far from the only name of the river. Scientists build hypotheses about where the river gets its name - Kuban, and agree that this is a modified pronunciation of the Turkic name of the river Kuman (translated as “river”). Previously, she bore the name Gopanis (from ancient Greek “violent, strong river”), Psyzh (from Adyghe “ ancient river", or "mother river").
More precisely, the places where it now flows are very interesting. Where the river delta is located, there used to be a bay. The bay was so large that it extended from Taman to Krasnodar. Over time due to various reasons, including tectonic ones and due to the unusual mud volcanoes of the Taman Peninsula, the territory changed its landscape. And now, instead of a bay, there was a lagoon, which was delimited by an isthmus of land. Then there was more and more land, and river tributaries began to flow in. As a result, we now see the Kuban delta in place of the sea. And in the 19th century, the Kuban River flowed through Old Kuban into the Black Sea estuary of Kiziltashsky. Then the path for the river in this direction was blocked due to natural reasons. In the 20th century, it was decided that this “river route” should be resumed. And not just like that, but to ensure the operation of a farm that breeds mullet fish. As they decided, they did so.
- a “useful” river, since from a certain section it becomes a navigable river. People float along this river on catamarans, another type of water transport. You can also go rafting on the river. Then you will see different natural monuments, mountains on one side and steppes on the other. Or you can just go fishing on the river. On the right bank of the Kuban stands, this city is a kind of border; if you cross the Kuban, you can find yourself in. And the Kuban River itself is a natural border. The right and left banks of the Kuban differ from each other in landscape and character of the area. The Kuban flows not only on the land of the Krasnodar Territory. Although in this region it has a large length - 662 km, it also flows in the regions of Karachay-Cherkessia, Stavropol Territory and Adygea.
If you want to trace where its sources are and where it then flows, take a look at Mount Elbrus (the confluence of the Ullukam and Uchkulan mountain rivers) and the Sea of Azov. The length of the Kuban River reaches almost one hundred thousand kilometers, its area is about 46 thousand square meters. km. As the river flows, it changes character. The most violent temperament and the fastest flow are in the upper part of the river, then it slows down and becomes more and more calm. In order to tame the obstinate nature of the river, the Krasnodar reservoir was built. It is considered the largest in the entire North Caucasus. The Kuban has many right tributaries and a delta. It is not uncommon for this delta to become swampy, which is why it is called the Kuban Plavni. In general, this river cannot be called clean and transparent. The Kuban is a river with muddy water, but its role does not become less significant.
Kuban is a very important river for the lives of residents. Despite the fact that there are seas in Kuban, it is impossible to do without fresh river water. On the banks of this river such cities as Karachaevsk, Ust-Dzheguta, Cherkessk, Nevinnomyssk,
The beginning of the Kuban proper is the confluence of the fast mountain rivers Ullukam and Uchkulan. The length of the Kuban is 870 km, the fall is 1339 m. If we consider the length of the river. Kuban together with its tributary Ullukam, then it is 906 km, and its fall (from the Ullukam glacial tongue) is 2970 m. Elbrus, whose glaciers give rise to the sources of the Kuban, is a majestic mountain, with two peaks - heights of 5633 and 5621 m. This is now an inactive volcano that is in a state of relative rest. An ice cap with an area of 144 km2 covers Elbrus and gives rise to dozens of glaciers. One of them, Ullukam, feeds the river of the same name. In its upper reaches, the Kuban is a typical mountain river, rapidly rushing through steep rocky gorges, seething and boiling with foam on the riffles. This way it flows approximately to the city of Cherkessk.7
The river valley changes its appearance from the upper reaches to the lower reaches. "In the area of high folded fault ridges, composed of sandstones, shales and limestones, the river valley is deep, its slopes are steep, sometimes vertical. Starting from the city of Cherkessk, the Kuban valley widens, the banks become more sloping, slightly hilly.
v Near the city of Nevinnomyssk the river comes out onto a foothill plain. Striving further to the northwest, the Kuban at the village of Temizhbekskaya turns sharply to the west and generally maintains this direction until the city of Temryuk, where it flows into the Sea of Azov. j
In the area adjacent to the Stavropol Upland, the Kuban valley is significantly deepened and bears a complex series of ancient high river terraces, apparently formed in the process of gradual incision of the river into
The banks of the river, concave in relation to the direction of the flow, are more quickly destroyed and retreated. On the side of the convex shore, shallows form. This picture can be seen in Krasnodar. To protect the coast from destruction threatening the adjacent parts of the city, an embankment was built here.
For R. The Kuban is characterized by a large tortuosity of its channel in the middle and lower reaches. In some places the river winds so much through the valley that the path along the riverbed becomes approximately twice as long as the straight line distance between the same points, / for example, between the villages of Kavkazskaya and Tbilisskaya or between the city of Krasnodar and the village of Maryanskaya.
In the process of its natural development, the Kuban in some places, breaking through the necks of the loops, straightened its bed. In this case, the former knee of the river turned into a horseshoe-shaped floodplain lake - an “oxbow lake”. There are many such oxbows in her valley. An example is Lake Staraya Kuban near Krasnodar. Now this lake has been transformed by man. It is blocked by a concrete dam and a bridge is thrown across it. To the eastern part of the lake With Using sluices and a pumping station, water is supplied from the river. Kuban, used for the needs of the Krasnodar Thermal Power Plant, and waste water from the thermal power plant is discharged into the western part of the lake and then discharged into the river. Kuban. In 1976, employees of the Krasnodar branch of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Pond Fisheries began breeding experiments here in warm waters channel catfish and trout. On the island, inside the oxbow lake and on its shore, a recreation park named after the 40th anniversary of the October Revolution was created with a beach, boat stations, the “Kuren” restaurant and all kinds of attractions. It has become one of the favorite vacation spots for the working people of the city of Krasnodar.
115 km from the Sea of Azov, the Kuban is separated by the right-bank branch of the Protoka, through which it discharges almost half of its waters into the Sea of Azov near the working village of Achuevo.
Below the Channel, before reaching the sea, the Kuban is separated to the left by another branch - the Cossack Erik. It takes about "D of its flow. The waters of the Cossack Erik flow into the Bolshoi Akhtanizovsky Estuary, and from the latter through the Peresyp branch they enter the Sea of Azov.
The Kuban proper (Petrushin sleeve) flows into the Temryuk Bay of the Sea of Azov near the city of Temryuk by the so-called Verbena branch.
Even in the last century, half of the river's flow. Kuban headed through Old Kuban to the Black Sea estuary Kiziltashsky, and from there to the Black Sea. Then an embankment was made, and the flow through Staraya Kuban stopped. Relatively recently, a desalination canal was built along the route of the dead Black Sea channel, through which the waters of the Kuban again flow into the Kiziltash estuary for the needs of the mullet farm established there.
Delta of Kuban.
In its lower reaches the river. Kuban formed a large delta. Tens of thousands of years ago, on the site of the modern Kuban delta, the waves of a huge bay of the Azov Sea splashed, which stretched from the Taman Peninsula to present-day Primorsko-Akhtarsk and inland to the place where Krasnodar is now located. The river carried its muddy waters into this bay. Kuban. Gradually, as a result of the activity of the river and the sea, a bay bar was formed, separating the bay from the sea and turning it into a lagoon. This huge lagoon was eventually filled with river sediments and turned into the low-lying Kuban delta with numerous shallow estuaries, connecting them with channels (eriks) and extensive swampy floodplains. Some role in the formation of the southern part of the ancient river delta. Kuban was played by the mud volcanoes of the Taman Peninsula. The area of the delta is 4300 km 2, with about 1500 km 2 being estuaries. It is equal in size to the Danube Delta, one of the most large rivers Europe and significantly exceeds the deltas of the Dnieper and Don. Observations have established that the delta is sinking at a rate of about 3 mm per year. The process of growth of the river delta. Kuban and the accumulation of sediments in the estuaries continues to this day. However, now the takeaway hard material the delta area is difficult due to the almost continuous embankment of the river. Kuban, and sedimentation occurs mainly due to dying floodplain vegetation. Therefore, delta reservoirs become shallow by 0.3-1.4 mm per year. The Akhtanizovsky estuary is shallowing faster, into which up to 2 km 3 of muddy Kuban water directly flows per year. Estuaries of the modern river delta. (The Kubans are called Kuban. According to their location and character, they are divided into several systems. The estuaries north of the Protoki River are called Akhtarsko-Grivenskie, and between the Kuban River and its branch Protoka - Central. To the south of the Kuban River are the Akhtanizovskie and Zakubanskie estuaries.
In turn, the Central Kuban estuaries are divided into three more systems: Chernoerkovsko-Sladkovskaya, Zhesterskaya and Kulikovsko-Kurchanskaya. Most of the Kuban estuaries have shallow depths, from 0.5 to 1 m, although there are estuaries with depths of up to 2.5 m. The water surface area of half of the estuaries ranges from 50 to 500 hectares. The largest coastal estuaries are, counting north of the Taman Peninsula: Akhtanizovsky, Kurchansky, Vostochny, Sladky, Kirpilsky, Ryasny, Akhtarokiy.
The water and chemical regime of estuaries depends on the nature of their water supply. The rivers have a great influence on the life of the estuaries. Kuban, water exchange with the Sea of Azov and waste water coming from rice systems.” The Kuban estuaries are mainly fresh and brackish water bodies, and their salinity is variable and depends on the volume of water coming from the river and the sea. It increases with distance from water sources. Currently, thanks to the sufficient supply of river water, the salinity in most Kuban estuaries does not exceed 2 grams of chlorine per liter of water. The vegetation of the estuary delta is represented by thickets of reeds, reeds, cattails, sedges and burrs. There are telores, susak, arrowheads and other water lovers. In the estuaries, powerful underwater or so-called “soft” vegetation also develops in the form of chara algae, pondweed, hornwort, urutia spica, water lilies and others. The total area of such vegetation is 40-50 thousand hectares. In the Grivena estuaries there are thickets of a wonderful plant - lotus. During the flowering period, large pink, amazing beauty flowers that emit a strong aroma. This tropical newcomer, brought to us from Africa, is a useful medicinal and food plant.
The delta's fauna is rich and diverse. In reservoirs, due to the large supply of nutrient salts by river waters, plankton and benthos (i.e., floating in the water column and bottom organisms) rapidly develop. There are about 400 species and forms of zooplankton, including rotifers, copepods and cladocerans, mollusks, worms, etc. All these animals serve as food for juvenile and adult fish. There are about 70 species of the latter in the estuaries. Fish such as sprat, carp, ram, bream, silver bream, silver crucian carp, valuable commercial fish pike perch, as well as perches and ruffs, mullet and others live here permanently or only during the spawning or feeding period. In the last decade, valuable commercial fish have been acclimatized - grass carp, white and bighead carp.
In the vast green sea of the delta and in the blue expanses of the estuaries, a lot of birds live. There are especially many waterfowl: wild geese and ducks, and there are entire colonies of cormorants and pelicans. Here you can admire proud swans, see gray herons, bitterns, many small birds, as well as birds of prey, such as the peregrine falcon and others. Foxes and wild cats hunt for birds. In the remote Chernoerkovsky and Akhtarsky floodplains you can find wild boars. The muskrat, or otherwise musk swamp rat, is acclimatized here. The shiny brown fur of the animal is beautiful, durable and is in great demand among the population.
Delta river Kuban is of significant economic value. The delta's reservoirs are a fishing ground and the main spawning grounds for a number of semi-anadromous fish of the Azov Sea (pike perch, ram, etc.). For the purposes of fish farming, three spawning and breeding farms have been organized on the basis of the estuaries - Akhtarskoye (with an area of 10 thousand hectares), Chernoerkovskoye (7 thousand hectares) and Zhesterskoye (11 thousand hectares).
Good climatic conditions And fertile soils deltas create favorable opportunities for rice cultivation here. Its crops are expanding.
Water regime of the river Kuban.
In addition to the summer flood, the river experiences an average of 6-7 floods per year. Summer flood of the river Kuban is more watery than in spring, which is explained by the increased melting of the ice of the Main Caucasus Range in summer, as well as seasonal snow. »
The water levels in the river experience significant fluctuations between seasons. The amplitude of their oscillations reached 2.8 m at Armavir, 5 m at Krasnodar, and 1.9 m at the Perevoloksky junction.
The highest horizons occur mainly in July, and the lowest in February. This corresponds to the distribution of runoff by season. With the commissioning of the Nevinnomyssk Canal and a number of reservoirs, the picture changed somewhat. With construction in the floodplain of the river. Kuban, opposite the village of Vasyurinskaya, Tshchikskoye reservoir, the flood peaks turned out to be significantly cut off, mainly due to the shutdown of the flood waters of the Belaya River and partially the waters of the Kuban River itself. Thus, the danger of breakthrough and flooding of a number of low-lying areas, the embankment of which stretches from the city of Ust-Labinsk to the lower reaches of the Kuban River, mainly along its left bank. The Tshchikskoye reservoir was also of some importance for navigation, irrigation and fish farming. However, this reservoir was not enough, and for better regulation of the regime of the Kuban River, the Shapsugskoye and Shendzhiyskoye reservoirs were also built on the Afipse River reservoirs, the Fedorovsky hydroelectric complex on the Kuban River near the village of Fedorovskaya. The latter consists of a water-raising reinforced concrete dam, a shipping lock and a fish passage. This hydraulic complex ensures an uninterrupted supply of water to irrigation rice systems, the area of which will be about 100 thousand hectares. The construction of the Krasnodar reservoir has also been completed . Its dam, 11.6 km long and 22 m high in the river bed, blocked the river. Kuban near the village of Pashkovsky and formed a reservoir long. Noah is 46 km, 8-12 km wide and 10-16 m deep. Its capacity is about 3.1 billion m 3. It also swallowed up the Tshchikskoye Reservoir.
The Krasnodar reservoir has finally regulated the river's flood flow. Kuban and will provide the opportunity to expand rice crops.
The hydroelectric complex also includes a shipping lock and a fish lift for the passage of fish going to spawn. The reservoir is stocked with fish.
In addition to its economic importance, it serves as a new good place for workers' rest.
Expenses r. Kuban also experiences significant fluctuations both by year and by season. As an example, we note that, according to long-term observations, in the area of the city of Armavir the average annual flow rate is 163 m 3 /s, the highest flow rate was 1160 m 3 /s, and the smallest was 0.95 m 3 /s, i.e. the maximum expenses were 1220 times higher than the minimum. In the area of the city of Krasnodar, before the construction of the Krasnodar reservoir, the average annual flow was 425 m 3 /e, the highest was 2040 m 3 /s and the lowest was 15 m 3 /s. Is it a lot or a little? Let's convert this to fifty-ton tanks. So, with a flow rate of 425 m 3 /s, Kuban handled 734,400 fifty-ton water tanks per day, or 14,688 trains of 50 tanks each. At maximum flow rates. Kuban, with its daily consumption, could only transport 70,000 such trains.
In the fluctuation of average annual expenditures. Kuban is characterized by cyclicity with cycle durations of 2, 3, 5, 8 and 12 years. Which depends on changes in solar activity and atmospheric circulation.
For the year r. Kuban carries 12-13 billion m3, or 12-13 km3 of water, into the Sea of Azov. After the construction of the Krasnodar reservoir, there will be no sharp fluctuations in water flows during the year, when maximum flows could be 140 times higher than the minimum.
The ice cover of the Kuban is unstable. There are years without freezing at all, but in other winters the Kuban can be covered with ice several times, and several ice drifts are observed.
According to long-term data, the duration of freeze-up in the middle reaches is 2-3, and in the lower reaches - 1-2 months. In the mountainous part, a continuous ice cover does not form. The fast current prevents this.
In the upper reaches and in the floodplains of the river. Kuban, the formation of bottom ice is observed.
The river has a large solid flow. Kuban, because the water in the river is muddy all year round and each cubic meter contains an average of 700 g of suspended solids. Over the course of a year, the river carries about 8 million tons of sediment into the sea.
Near the city of Krasnodar. Before the construction of the Krasnodar reservoir, Kuban carried an average of about 340 kg of suspended solids per second. The Krasnodar reservoir accumulates not only the hollow waters of the river. Kuban, it also retains part of the river’s solid runoff. After all, the Kuban itself and its tributaries pp. When they flow into the reservoir, Belaya, Pshish and Psekups slow down, their flow speed drops to zero, and suspended substances fall to the bottom of the reservoir, gradually silting up and carrying it.
The lower part of the reservoir, where systematic discharge of water occurs, is naturally washed out, but in the upper and middle parts of the reservoir, given its large length and width, a significant amount of sediment is deposited. This implies the need to clean the reservoir from river sediments in order to prevent its rapid siltation and waterlogging.
However, the mineral load of the river consists not only of sediment suspended and dragged along the bottom. If the speech is muddy
Filter the water until it is crystal clear, then there will still be dissolved salts in it. In steppe rivers with highly mineralized (hard) waters, such as the Eya, Sosyka, and Chelbas, these salts can be detected by taste. Kuban water contains few salts, and it seems fresh. Such water is called soft. Since the river. The Kuban flows through a series of landscapes with a variety of natural conditions, then the chemical composition and mineralization of its waters do not remain unchanged throughout the entire length of the river. In the upper reaches, the amount of dissolved substances in Kuban water is small, i.e. it is slightly mineralized. Downstream the salinity of the river water. Kuban is growing. On average, it ranges from 50 to 400 mg/l, rising in some places during low water to 1000 mg/l.
According to the classification of O. A. Alekin, the waters of the Kuban throughout its entire length, both during floods and during low water, belong mainly to hydrocarbonate-calcium of the second type; only in places in the middle reaches (for example, near the city of Armavir) during low water do they turn into sulfate-calcium of the second type .
For the year r. Kuban carries about 4 million tons of dissolved salts into the Sea of Azov.
Power sources r. Kuban serve precipitation, groundwater and glaciers. Indeed, in the Kuban basin there are 408 glaciers with a total area of 220 km 2 and an ice volume of 11 km 3. Do they accumulate 9.5 km 3 of water?
In the spring and summer, under the hot rays of the sun and at elevated air temperatures, glaciers melt, and their waters provide a significant share of the total volume of runoff, especially in the upper reaches of the river. Kuban. Rain and snow recharge also play a major role in the water regime of the upper reaches of the river. In the middle and lower reaches, the role of glacier feeding decreases significantly, while the role of rain and underground feeding increases. As for the amount of runoff by season, throughout the entire length of the river. Kuban is predominant: it produces summer runoff.
On its way r. The Kuban receives numerous, mainly left-bank tributaries. The Kuban river system consists of 14 thousand rivers. All its main tributaries receive food from the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus or its spurs and are typical mountain rivers. Only in the very lower reaches do some rivers acquire a flat character. Within the middle and lower reaches of the river. Kuban has over 40 more or less significant
Changes in total mineralization and content of main ions from the source to the mouth of the river. Kuban.
telny left-bank tributaries of the 1st order. Of these, 25 do not reach it, pouring their waters into the Trans-Kubansky floodplains. These are the so-called Trans-Kuban rivers. In total, within the Krasnodar region near the river. The Kuban, including tributaries less than 10 km long, has over 10,500 tributaries with a total length of more than 28,000 km.
The main left bank tributaries of the river. Kuban, counting from the upper reaches, are Teberda, Maly Zelenchuk, Bolshoi Zelenchuk, Urup, Laba, Belaya, Pshish, Psekups and Afips. West of Afips in the river. The Kuban flows into over two dozen small rivers. On the right is the river. The Kuban receives several minor tributaries, such as the Mara, Dzheguta, Gorkaya and a number of ravines with temporary streams that dry up in summer. All right-bank tributaries flow into it in the upper and partly in the middle reaches." Starting from the village of Temizhbekskaya and to the mouth, for half of its length, the Kuban River does not receive a single tributary from the right. Let us dwell on the description of the largest tributaries of the 1st order flowing into the river Kuban within the Krasnodar region.
Urup River
The river begins as a small transparent stream on the Front Range of the Greater Caucasus. Urup. Its sources originate on the slopes of Mount Urup. Having traveled 231 km, the river flows into the Kuban near the city of Armavir. The Urup and its numerous tributaries collect water from an area of 3220 km2. The most significant tributaries are the Bolshoy Tepsh, Maly Tegin and Dzheltmes - all of them are left bank. Urup in its upper and middle reaches is a mountain river. In the upper reaches it crosses high folded and fault mountain ranges composed of sandstones, limestones and shales of Paleozoic age. The mountains here are covered with dense forests. The river valley in this area is narrow and deep, its slopes are steep and in some places it looks like steep, inaccessible canyons in which the water flow rushes rapidly. In the middle reaches of the river. Urup breaks through forested mountain ranges composed of Jurassic and Cretaceous limestones, and low ridges of sandstones and limestones of Paleogene age. In places where it breaks through the ridges, the river valley has the appearance of a gorge. In depression zones between ridges and ridges it becomes flatter and expands.
In the lower reaches of the river. Urup, having escaped from the mountain gorges, emerges into the expanses of the foothill plain, composed mainly of clay and pebbles. Here it already takes on the appearance of a flat river with a wide, up to 2-3 km, and gently sloping valley with a calm flow.
It is interesting to note the presence of the river in the valley. Urupa of a number of terraces. For example, in the area of the villages of Sovetskaya and Otradnaya there are three river terraces.
In the areas of the villages of Peredovaya, Besskorbnaya and Sovetskaya, the river breaks into branches, forming small islands. Below the village of Otradnaya the river bed. Urupa becomes tortuous. The river in its lower reaches is shallow and easy to wade during low water periods.
Water regime of the river Urupa is unstable. The river's water level and flow fluctuate significantly throughout the year. The flood occurs in the summer, when the snows of the high mountain peaks of the Front Range melt. The highest water rises in the river are observed in June-July. At the end of summer, autumn and winter, Urup becomes very shallow. However, the river sometimes swells from summer rains and downpours. As an example, we note that the average annual river flow near the village of Poputnaya is about 17 m 3 /s. But the highest flow rates can rise to 580 m 3 /s, and the lowest flows can fall to 0.18 m 3 /s. Maximum expenses can be 3000 times higher than minimum. In winter Urup freezes, and freeze-up on the river lasts from one to two months. The river is fed by precipitation and groundwater. Moreover, in the river valley. Urupa knocks out a row mineral springs.
Fluctuations in river levels and flows. Urupa
at Mr.Armavir by month;
1 - average monthly levels, cm;
2 - average monthly expenses, m 7 s.
In its upper reaches the river. Urup has water of low and medium mineralization of 100-200 mg/l. Downstream it rises and the waters become enriched with sulfates, because in the river basin. Urup there are deposits of gypsum. Thus, near the city of Armavir, mineralization can reach more than 1000 mg/l, water hardness also increases, and its drinking and technical qualities deteriorate. Hydrocarbonate, sulfate and calcium ions predominate in water by weight.
According to the classification of O. A. Alekin, the waters of the river. Urupa in high water belong to hydrocarbonate-calcium of the second type, and in low water to sulfate-calcium of the second type.
In the river valley Urupa is spread over a number of settlements. The largest of them are the city of Armavir and the villages of Peredovaya, Otradnaya and Sovetskaya. The river waters are used for water supply and electricity generation. For the last goal on the river. A number of small hydroelectric power stations of local importance have been built in Urupe.
BORN OF GLACIERS (Laba River)
Laba is the most major influx R. Kuban. Its beginning is considered to be the merger of pp. Big and Small Laba. Length of the river itself Laba is 214 km, and if we count its length together with Bolshaya Laba, then it is 341 km, total area its drainage basin is 12,500 km 2.
The origins of the river Big Laby - glaciers on the top of Mount Abytskha. Malaya Laba originates at the snowy peaks of Aishkho and the Pseashkho glacier. The total area of glaciers feeding these rivers is about 15 Tsh 2. Drainage basin of the river The labia are not entirely symmetrical in outline. The left bank part of the basin is larger both in area and in the number of tributaries. In total, the Laba receives 4,776 tributaries (counting the “smallest ones).” Their total length is a respectable 10,500 km. The largest left tributaries (counting from top to bottom) are: pp. Khodz, Chohrak, Fars and Giaga. The largest right bank tributary of the river. Chamlyk? Almost all tributaries of the river. Labs are full of water during floods, and the rest of the time they become shallow and become low-water. Character of the river valley The labyrinth, its flow, water regime and water chemistry vary from source to mouth as the river crosses a number of different geographical landscapes.
The Bolshaya and Malaya Laba rivers in the upper reaches laid their channels through areas of high-mountain communities composed of granites, gneisses and Elants-sand rocks. Their valleys here look like narrow, deep canyons, in which crystal clear waters rush swiftly and noisily, seething on rapids and rifts. These rivers then cross a belt of forested, high, folded mountain ranges composed of Paleozoic sandstones, shales and limestones. Wild rocky gorges pp. The Big and Small Laba widen in places, forming picturesque mountain valleys.
The beauty of the ShakhGireevsky gorge of the river is unique. Malaya Laba below the village of Burny, Zagedan Valley. Its slopes are covered with dense spruce-fir forests of hundred-year-old giant trees. Many of them are up to 3-4 girths thick, several tens of meters in height. The valley is surrounded by bizarre clusters of huge rocks and mountain peaks, on which snow turns white even in summer. In the middle of the valley, the beautiful Big Laba quickly carries its cold, clear waters with a cheerful roar.
Near the village of Kaladzhinskaya pp. The Bolshaya and Malaya Laba merge to form the high-water Laba, which has some similarities with the river. Kuban.
River valley The labyrinth here is already quite wide and has three terraces. Approximately from the working village of Mostovsky it expands to 5-6 km. Its right bank is higher than the left, and only at the village of Vladimirskaya are both banks of the river. Labas become smooth and flat. Near the village of Vozdvizhenskaya the right bank of the river rises sharply again. Below the village of Kaladzhinskaya r. The laba begins to break into branches, forming numerous islands. The riverbed here is coarse-pebble or rocky. The river's floodplain and islands are overgrown with deciduous forest and shrubs. In the lower reaches the channel is very winding. Fast and high-water river. The Laba is greatly eroding its banks, threatening populated areas in some places. Starting approximately from the village of Koshekhabl, the river lays its bed in loose ancient Quaternary sediments and flows into the river. Kuban versus the city of Ust-Labinsk.
Consolidated mode p. Laby is unique. Water consumption fluctuates significantly according to the seasons of the year. The river can flood in almost all seasons of the year (except winter). The causes of floods are spring snowmelt, summer melting of glaciers and autumn showers. The highest water levels and flow rates in the river. Labe are observed in the spring and summer. The lowest levels and costs occur in the autumn-winter period!
Average long-term annual water flow of the river. LaShl in the lower reaches, near the Doguzhiev farm, is 94 ms. The highest flow rates reach 685 m 3 /s, and the lowest drop to 6 m 3 /s. Consequently, the highest costs are 114 times higher than the minimum. Laba carries it into the river. Kuban has over 3 billion m3 of water per year, and with it about 1.3 million tons of sediment."
On pp. The Malaya and Bolshaya Laba floods are observed in the warm half of the year, which is explained by the melting of high-mountain snows and glaciers, because in the river basin. There are 48 glaciers in Laba.
d£nutrition p. Groundwater also plays a significant role. In some places in the valley the rivers wedge out powerful sources. In winter The laba freezes for 1-3 months, but in the upper reaches of the rapids a continuous ice cover does not form.
Mineralization and chemical composition of the river water. Labs and tributaries vary from source to mouth. Bolshaya and Malaya Laba have low-mineralized soft water (65-130 mg/l). R. herself The laba carries water of medium salinity (160-400 mg/l) over a longer distance with a slightly higher
Fluctuations in river levels and flows. Labs near the village of Kaladzhinskaya by month:
1 - average monthly levels, cm; 2 - average monthly expenses, m 3 /s.
According to the classification of O. A. Alekin, the waters of the river. The Laby and most of its tributaries belong to the hydrocarbonate-calcium type of the second type, but during low water periods they can in some places turn into the sulfate-calcium type of the second type. The drinking and technical qualities of Labinsk water are good, except for its contamination in populated areas.
Due to the high water content and significant slope of the riverbed, the river. Laba has large reserves of hydroelectric power. A whole cascade of hydroelectric power stations can be created in the river basin. Unfortunately, its potential hydropower resources are still poorly used.
For navigation purposes. The laba is unsuitable due to its shallow water and the presence of many small rifts, but it is used for timber rafting, the development of which is carried out in the river basins. Malaya and Bolshaya Laba. Banks of the river The labs are densely populated. On it are the cities of Labinsk and Kurganinsk, the villages of Kaladzhinskaya, Temirgoevskaya, Vozdvizhenskaya, Novolabinskaya, Nekrasovskaya, the workers' village of Mostovskoy and other settlements.
Many interesting tourist routes run through the valleys of mountain rivers in our region. The object of such routes are the valleys of the river. Laba and its tributaries. The pedestrian ring route in the foothills of the Caucasus is widely known. It begins at the well-maintained tourist base “Voskhod”, located in the valley of the river. Malaya Laba, three kilometers from the village of Psebay. In Psebay, tourists can get acquainted with the exhibits of the local history museum created by employees of the Caucasus State Reserve. A tour of the museum gives an excellent insight into the animal and flora reserve.
RIVER OF WATERFALLS Belaya River
The Belaya River is the second longest and most powerful left bank tributary of the river in terms of water content. Kuban. It originates on the slopes of the FishtOshten mountain range and, after running 265 km, flows into the Krasnodar reservoir on the river. Kuban) below the village of Vasyurinskaya. The total fall (i.e., the difference in absolute heights of the source and mouth) is 2283 m. The river’s drainage basin has a highly elongated pear-shaped shape and covers an area of 5990 km 2. A significant part of the basin is mountainous and covered with forest, and there are glaciers. A lot of tributaries flow into Belaya. If we take into account the smallest ones, then there are 3459 of them. Its largest tributaries are the Pshekha and Kurdzhips (left), Kisha and Dakh (right). All tributaries of the Belaya (with the exception of those flowing into it below the mouth of the Pshekha River) are typical mountain rivers with fast current, numerous rapids and waterfalls. They flow in deep canyons and gorges, the slopes of which are in most cases covered with dense broad-leaved forests.
The Belaya crosses a number of different landscapes on its way, so the character of the river changes from the upper reaches to
The Belaya River near Mount Monk.
mouth. Beginning with an imperceptible stream, the river. The white one further cuts deeper into the mountain range! In the upper reaches, its valley has the shape of a trough (trough). Here the river first flows through alpine meadows and then passes through the mountain forest zone, in which most of its upper and middle reaches are located.
Initially, approximately to the mouth of the river. Biryuzova, r. The Belaya flows in a southeastern direction along a longitudinal mountain valley, parallel to the Main Caucasus Range, consistent with the direction of folding. Apparently, during the formation of the valley, the river used a longitudinal tectonic fault in its upper reaches. Then R. Belaya turns sharply to the north, breaking through the mountain ranges. Its valley becomes transverse, cutting the strata of Jurassic and younger deposits into a cross-strike pattern.
Where Belaya washed away more durable rocks (granite, sandstones, limestones), it developed a canyon-like deep valley with steep slopes, and in less stable rocks, including clayey rocks, a valley
The river is greatly widened and carries a number of terraces. In such extensions are the villages of Guzeripl and Kamennomostsky, the village of Khamyshki, and the village of Dakhovskaya.
In places of narrowing, the width of the channel sometimes drops to 3-5 m, the banks become completely vertical, and the water rushes violently between the overhanging rocks. An example is the beautiful Blockhouse Gorge, 22 km below the village of Guzeriplya. (The foaming river here rushes rapidly in a steep-walled “granite canyon.”
They meet on the river. Belaya are small, but beautiful and noisy waterfalls, at the foot of which the water bubbles and foams, like in a cauldron, throwing up cascades of brilliant splashes into the air. " Such areas are called “boilers”. There are especially many such “boilers” on the river between Guzeripl and Khadzhokh. There are many waterfalls on the tributaries of the river. Beloy: Kurdzhipee, Bolshoi Rufabgo, etc. So, for example, on the river. Bolshaya Rufabgo, flowing into the Belaya from the left, 2 km above the village of Kamennomostsky, on a segment from the mouth of the river. Big Rufabgo before the river flows into it. Bachurina has more than 10 waterfalls. Their formation is caused by the presence in the riverbed of very resistant to erosion rocks, lying horizontally. The largest of the waterfalls has a height of 12.5 m. These waterfalls are remembered by everyone who visited them for their wild, unique beauty.
River valley Belaya near the village of Kamennomostsky is quite wide. The village itself is located on the second terrace above the floodplain, which has absolute altitude 430 m. On the southwestern outskirts of the village of the river. The Belaya flows in a deep and narrow canyon, washed out in Upper Jurassic limestones. The river bed here is narrowed to 6-7 m, and for up to 400 m of river water. The white ones rush swiftly and noisily, seething and foaming, among steep cliffs up to 40 m high. From this canyon the river breaks out through a bizarre gate into an expanded part of the valley, composed of rocks less resistant to erosion.
The village of Kamennomostsky is known for its logging industry and the Russian Gems factory, where figurines, ink utensils and other beautiful products are created from soft, beautiful stone.
River valley Belaya has been inhabited for a long time. Archaeologists during excavations of the Meshoko settlement, located on the p. Me* Shoko, near the village of Kamennomostsky, stone axes, arrowheads, grain grinders, and bones of domestic animals were found. It was found that the inhabitants of these places are still... 4-5 thousand years ago they were engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry.
Moving along the river valley. White from the upper reaches to the lower reaches, one can trace how the thickness of the rock layers gradually
but they change from the very ancient to the youngest, as if traveling through time from one geological era to another, younger one.
So, below Kamennomostsky the steep slopes of the river. White, up to 120-150 m high, is composed of rocks of Jurassic and Cretaceous age. Even further downstream, near the village of Abadzekhskaya, on the right bank of the river. In Belaya, in the form of picturesque steep slopes, rocks of Paleogene age, represented by calcareous clays and marls, protrude onto the day surface. In them you can find fish skeletons and foraminifera shells that once lived in the ancient sea basin that flooded this territory in the distant past.
From the working village of Tula to the city of Maykop, the valley of the river. Belaya is laid mainly in Neogene rocks through a strip of cuesta ridge overgrown with dense forests. The river valley here is terraced. A narrow floodplain composed of alluvial deposits and the first terrace above the floodplain are clearly visible. The second and third terraces are visible in places. The slopes of the terraces in a number of places are cut by ravines and gullies, and there are landslides. The terraces above the floodplain are wide and are used for agricultural land. In the Maykop region, the right bank of the river. The white one is lowered, but the left one remains elevated. When the river enters the plain, the valley immediately expands to several kilometers and remains wide throughout almost the entire section of the lower reaches. Coming out of the mountains, the river begins to meander whimsically. It makes rather sharp loops already at the village of Abadzekhskaya and the workers' village of Tulskoye, and below, between Maykop and Belorechensk, and further the river bed describes numerous bends.
(The Belaya River is fed by atmospheric precipitation in the form of rain and snow, groundwater, as well as alpine snow and glaciers. There are 29 glaciers in the river basin1. Their total area is 7.6 km2. Polovodyena r. White occurs in the warm season, but it often spills at any time of the year, with the exception of winter. The causes of spills are: in spring - melting snow, in summer - melting glaciers of the Fisht and Chugush mountains, downpours, in autumn - rain. Most low levels water in the river is observed in winter. But its tributaries - Pshekha and Kurdzhipe - have a typical flood regime.
The Belaya River is full of water. Its average annual flow in the lower reaches near the Severny farm is 108 m 3 /s. Which is about "D part of the flow of the Kuban River. The maximum flow of the Belaya River reaches 1030 m 3 / s, and the minimum drops to 9 m 3 / s, i.e. the highest flow can be more than a hundred times higher than the smallest.
Uzelaya carries an average of 3.4 billion m 3 of water per year into the Kuban. along with it about 2 million tons of sediment.
In winter, Belaya freezes, and freeze-up in the upper reaches lasts about a month: In fact, ice cover does not form at all on the rapids. In the middle and lower reaches, freeze-up lasts from one to two months. However, in mild winters it does not happen at all.
The water in the river during the low-water period is clean and transparent, not like in the Kuban / hence, perhaps, the name of the river. However, during flood periods and after rains in the mountains, its tributaries, eroding clay rocks, bring a lot of turbidity and the water turns yellowish.
In the river basin Belaya has a number of mineral springs. In its valley alone, between the village of Kamennomostsky and the city of Belorechensky, there are more than 40 mineral springs. The mineralization of their waters ranges from 330 mg/l to 24,000 mg/l, and the total flow rate is about 30 thousand cubic meters per day. In the vicinity of Maykop there are hydrogen sulfide, salt-alkaline, ferruginous, radioactive and iodine-bromine sources.
Mineral waters obtained from boreholes from a depth of 500-1200 m are usually thermal in nature. Their temperature is 60-80°C. The presence of medicinal mineral waters along with good climatic conditions makes the surroundings of Maykop very promising in terms of health resorts.
Water river Belaya in the upper reaches is weakly mineralized and contains 100-200 mg/l of dissolved salts, in the middle and lower reaches of average mineralization - 200-300 mg/l. The water of this river is soft and has good drinking and technical qualities. The predominant ions by weight in it are bicarbonate, calcium and sulfate.
According to the classification of O. A. Alekin, the waters of the river. The Belaya and its tributaries in all seasons of the year belong to the hydrocarbonate-calcium type of the second type.
The Belaya River has large reserves of hydroelectric power. Built in 1950 and 1954 Maikopskaya and Belorechenskaya hydroelectric power stations have a total capacity of 58,000 kW. But on this river it is possible to create a cascade of several more hydroelectric power stations.
Belaya is not navigable, as it is shallow, but is used for rafting timber, rich reserves of which are available in its basin and are being intensively developed.
The river valley is densely populated. The largest settlements: the city of Maykop - the center of the Adygea Autonomous Region, the city of Belorechensk, the workers' villages of Kamennomostsky and Tula.
Along the picturesque river valley There are a number of tourist routes along Belaya. At the service of vacationers are tourist centers - Maykop, Khadzhokh "Gornaya", Guzeripl, ski resort "Lagonaki". The Maikop tourist center organizes excursions around Maikop, to the local history museum, to the Maikop and Belorechensk hydroelectric power stations, large industrial enterprises of the city and a hydropathic clinic. Then tourists travel by bus or by rail to the Khadzhoheka tourist center "Gornaya", located on the high bank of the river. White. From here start two walking routes leading up the river valley. Belaya, through the passes of the Main Caucasus Range and ending at the Black Sea in the village of Dagomys.
Moving up the river valley. Belaya at the confluence of the river. Kishi, tourists enter the land of the Caucasian State Reserve, along which part of the route passes. Here tourists get acquainted with its enchanting nature and its inhabitants. The first idea of the reserve can be obtained in the village of Guzeripl, where the camp site is located and one of the management departments of the Caucasian State Reserve is located. Here, in a small museum, its fauna is well shown. The reserve spreads over an area of 266 thousand hectares in the southeastern part of the Krasnodar Territory in the pp. basin. Belaya, Malaya and Bolshaya Laba and partly the Black Sea rivers. Its nature is beautiful and varied. Dense oak groves, fir forests, colorful carpets of subalpine and alpine meadows cover the steep slopes of mighty mountains, slumbering under caps of sparkling snow and ice. The reserve is home to hundreds of bison, thousands of deer, aurochs, chamois, many wild boars, bears and other animals.
In Guzeripl you can also visit ancient burial grounds - dolmens, get acquainted with the places where soviet soldiers blocked the way fascist troops, rushing to the Black Sea coast.
Pshish River
The river originates on the western slope of Chessy. Pshish - left tributary of the river. Kuban. The length of the river is 258 km. The drainage basin area is 1850 km2. Its upper part is located in the area of mid-altitude folded
ridges composed of calcareous and clayey rocks of Jurassic age. These ridges are heavily dissected by water activity and covered with dense oak-beech forests. The middle part of the basin is located in the zone of low mountains and foothills of the Greater Caucasus, covered with oak forests, and the lower part is in the zone of foothills of the forest-steppe plain.
Directing its run to the north, Pshish crosses a strip of cuesta ridges, then enters the expanses of the foothills of the plain and flows into the Kuban (into the Krasnodar reservoir) "; below the village of Starokorsunskaya. A number of tributaries flow into Pshish. The most significant of them is the Tsitsyo River. The valley of the river. Pshish in the upper reaches has the appearance of a narrow gorge, downstream it gradually widens. In places 2-3 river terraces are observed. The river bed is very winding. The river describes especially numerous bends in the section from the village of Tverskaya to the mouth! In the upper reaches the river flow is fast. /In the channel of the upper reaches and middle part of the river there is an alternation of small riffles and rather deep reaches. The bottom on the riffles is pebbly, in the reaches it is coarse sand. In its lower reaches, the Pshish flows smoothly and lazily. The main sources of the river's nutrition are precipitation in the form of rain and snow , as well as underground waters that spring up in places in the river valley.
Water regime of the river Pshish - flood. Water levels and its flow rates vary greatly by season. The average annual flow rate in the lower reaches, near the village of Teuchezhkhabl, is 22.6 m 3 /s, and the maximum, recorded during a rain flood near the city of Khadyzhensk, reached 753 m 3 /s. Pshish carries about 712 million m3 of water into Kuban per year.
The greatest rises in water levels are observed in the spring after snow melts and in the fall - from rains. The greatest drops in levels occur in the period from July to September inclusive?) At the same time, the amplitude of level fluctuations in some places can exceed 7 m.
The poison cover of this river is unstable. The usual average duration is 1-2 months, but in other warm years There is no freezing at all.
Water river Pshish in the upper reaches has low (120-200 mg/l), and in the middle and lower reaches medium mineralization (200-400 mg/l). The predominant ions in water (by weight) are hydrocarbonate, calcium and sulfate.
According to the classification of O. A. Alekin, the waters of the river. Pshish are hydrocarbonate calcium of the second type.
River valley Przysz is rich in mineral water reserves. The Khadyzhenskys have already gained considerable fame
mineral water. The most valuable here are sodium chloride waters with an admixture of iodine and bromine (mineralization from 7 to 66 g/l, and iodine content up to 10-75 mg/l, bromine from 60 to 140 mg/l), sodium chloride hydrocarbonate (with mineralization from 3 to 24 g/l and also with a high content of iodine and bromine), the reserves of these waters are enormous. There are significant reserves of hydrocarbonate-chloride-sodium waters of the "Essentuki" type (with mineralization from 3 to 20 g/l), hydrocarbonate-sodium waters of the "Borjomi" type (with mineralization from 1.4 to 17 g/l). On the basis of all these waters, a hydropathic clinic and a sanatorium operate in Khadyzhensk. Large reserves of iodine-bromine waters and good climatic conditions are favorable for the development of a large resort of Union significance here.
River valley Przysz is picturesque and densely populated. The city of Khadyzhensk, the villages of Kabardinskaya, Lesogorskaya, Tverskaya, Guriyskaya, Chernigovskaya, Bzhedukhovskaya and other settlements are located here. In Khadyzhensk there is a tourist excursion base, from where excursions and tourist trips to historical and other places of interest, to the mountains, to passes and to the Black Sea are conducted.
Psekups River
(Psekups originates on the northwestern slope of Mount Agoy. It collects water from an area of 1430 km 2 and, having traveled 146 km, flows from the left into the Kuban River (into the Krasnodar Reservoir), opposite the eastern outskirts of Krasnodar.
The Psekups Valley in the mountainous part of the basin is quite narrow and covered with dense forests.
The river flow is fast. Before reaching the city of Goryachiy Klyuch, in a number of places the river valley widens, forming clearings.,
Having broken through the Wolf Gate between the cuesta ridges of Kotkh and Pshaf, Psekups expands its valley and flows smoothly, leisurely past low hills covered with oak forest and tobacco plantations.
Psekups receives numerous left-bank and right-bank tributaries in the form of small mountain rivers. Its most significant tributaries are pp. Chepsi and Kawerze. The latter is interesting for its waterfalls.iL
The bed of this river in many places is littered with large
boulders and trunks of dead trees that had fallen into the river. These rugged areas are interspersed with loose, smooth stone chutes and almost flat rocky, water-polished areas along which a small stream gurgles peacefully. In some places they end in ledges from which sparkling streams of clean, clear water fall. There is a whole cascade of such waterfalls, with a height of 0.5 to 10 m, on the river. Kaverze.
After torrential rains this peaceful river rises violently, and then a mad stream of muddy, foamy water noisily rushes from ledge to ledge, rolling over boulders and dragging tree trunks. There are a number of small waterfalls on the tributaries of the river. Kaverze.
The Psekups River is fed mainly by precipitation and groundwater. Its regime is flood. Water levels in the river and its flow rates vary greatly throughout the year: Thus, near the city of Goryachiy Klyuch the river flows through the bed from 0.01 m 3 / s to 850 m 3 / s, i.e. the maximum flow is thousands of times greater than the minimum . The average annual flow here is 15 m 3 /s. Psekups carries about 0.5 billion m3 of water and approximately 90 thousand tons of suspended sediment into the Kuban annually. The highest water levels in the river are observed in spring and autumn. The period of low standing waters occurs from July to September.
The ice cover of Psekups is unstable. In other warm years, there is no freeze-up at all, but the usual average duration is 1-2 months.
The mineralization of water in the river varies downstream from low to medium. Hydrocarbonate, calcium and sulfate ions predominate in water by weight.
Water river The Psekupsa and its tributaries belong to the hydrocarbonate-calcium type of the second type; only during low water periods with increased mineralization can it turn into the hydrocarbonate-sodium type of the first type.
In the river basin Psekupsa has many mineral springs of varied chemical composition: hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric-alkaline, iodine-bromine, etc. Psekupsky hot springs near Goryachy Klyuch are apparently of deep origin. They have a mineralization from 340 to 33,000 mg/l. Their total flow rate is about 300 thousand liters per day.
Water river Psekupsa near the outlets of sulfurous springs has a characteristic muddy green color and odor for some distance, due to its enrichment with hydrogen sulfide and the precipitation of sulfur. On the basis of mineral waters in Goryachy Klyuch there is a resort of all-Union significance, where diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, movement organs and others are treated.
In the Goryachiy Klyuch area on the river. Psekupse operates a fish hatchery. Grass carp, Chinese silver carp, and such newcomers imported from the United States as buffalo and a representative of the sturgeon, the paddlefish, settle in and breed here. In 1976, 50 million buffalo larvae were sent from here to different regions of the country.
In the river valley Psekups, in addition to Goryachiy Klyuch, is home to a number of settlements, such as the villages of Saratovskaya, Baku, the village of Pchegatlukai, etc. The valley of Psekups and its tributaries is one of favorite places weekend tourism for Krasnodar residents.
The surroundings of Goryachiy Klyuch are exceptionally picturesque. Here you can go to Dante's Gorge, located behind the resort's bath buildings. Climb the gorge to Mount Abadzekh and to the river hanging over. Psekupsom rock
Kawerze River in the upper reaches.
"Cockerel." It is named so for its bizarre shape, reminiscent of a cockscomb. From the top of the rock there is a charming view of the river. Psekups, its green valley and the spurs of the Pshaf ridge. From Goryachiy Klyuch you can hike to the waterfalls of the river. Kaverze, to the Bogatyrsky caves and to the Phanagorian stalactite cave, located almost at the very sources of the river. Ayuk.
Afips River
The sources of Afips begin on the northeastern slope of the wooded Mount Afips, 738 m high, composed of limestones, sandstones, shales, and marls of the Cretaceous system. Directing its run to the north, Afips crosses the cuesta ridge and, entering the expanses of the piedmont fluvioglacial plain, pours its waters through the Shapsug reservoir into the river. Kuban near the village of Afipsip, having traveled 96 km. The Afips River receives a number of small mountain rivers. Its largest tributaries are pp. Shebsh is 100 km long and Ubin is 63 km long. The area of the Afips drainage basin is 1380 km 2. The valley of the Afips and its tributaries Shebsha and Ubin looks like narrow gorges in the upper reaches. Downstream they gradually widen.
The Afips in its upper and middle reaches is very shallow, but below the river’s confluence with it. Shebsha there are also deep places 1. The river carries its clear waters quite calmly along the pebble bed, but during the flood period it becomes stormy and full of water. Not far from its confluence with the Kuban, for the purpose of regulating the latter and for irrigating the land, the Shapsug reservoir with a capacity of 150 million m 3 was built.
"The sources of nutrition of the Afipsa River are precipitation and groundwater. The water regime of the river is flood. The greatest rises in water are observed in the spring, the minimum level is from July to September inclusive. In winter, the river freezes, and freeze-up lasts for about a month. Water flows in the river near the village Smolenskaya can vary from 0.005 to 272 m 3 / s. The average annual flow here is small and is about 4 m 3 / s. Afips carries about 130 million m 3 of water and approximately 50 thousand tons of sediment to the Kuban per year.
The mineralization of the river waters is from average to high (300-600 mg/l), hydrocar ions predominate in them by weight. bonate, calcium and sulfate. Waters of the river Afipsa in its composition is hydrocarbonate-calcium of the second type. There are mineral springs in the Afipsa basin. The most famous of them are the Zaporozhye springs in the valley of the river. U"bin. There are 14 outlets of salt and saline-alkaline waters of the Essentuki type with varying mineralization from 630 mg/l to 5660 mg/l. Unfortunately, these sources are almost never used.
On the banks of the Afips there are the villages of Krepostnaya, Smolenskaya and the working village of Afipsky.
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