Australia is the most arid mainland of the Earth. It gets precipitation 5 times less than and 8 times less than. That is why there are no large full-water rivers in Australia. More than half of the mainland does not have a runoff in the ocean. However, this does not mean that the rivers in Australia are completely absent. Since the climate of the mainland remains hot throughout the year, the preferential type of food for its rivers remains rain. How do you remember the climate theme, the greatest number The precipitation falls in the southeastern part of the mainland. That is why the largest focused here: First of all, it is the largest River of Murray's mainland with a flow of Darling. Take their origin on the tops of a large waterproof ridge, these rivers do not dry completely, moreover, Murray remains full and suitable for shipping throughout the year, as it is also powered by the melting snow of a large waterproof ridge. At the same time, Darling, the source of which is located much north, in the lower mountains, where the snow is absent, to a large extent depends on the rainy season and in the arid period a lot of merge.
For the internal of desert areas, not having a runoff in the ocean, characterized by special temporary, completely drying in hot season Year of the watercourses, which are called cries, the most famous of which is Cooper Creek.
Lake Australia is distinguished by significant carafenesses. Large lakes on the mainland are very few, they can be attributed only to the reservoirs, located in the central lowland: Lake Air and Torrens. Lake Australia do not have clearly permanent shores, as in drought heavier dried. So Lake Air (in the picture) turns into a network of small lakes, but again is filled with the arrival of the rainy season in the northeast of Australia - from the spill of the Lake Eyre River. It is worth noting that water penetrates into the internal areas of the mainland with a large delay. So the rainy season, begins in Australia in the middle of the summer, that is, in January, and the spill of the lake falls at the end of the autumn - the beginning of winter: April, May, June.
Of great importance for Australia have groundwater. In some places it is suitable very close to the surface, sometimes it has to be obtained from the depth of a more kilometer. Using the groundwater of Australia for economic use difficult because they contain a large number of sulfur, however, often it the only way Get water. Fortunately, the stocks of the underground waters of Australia are huge, deep under its surface from the north to the south of the continent, a large artesian pool extended. But even these reserves are gradually dried, and today before Australia is a big ecological problem preservation and savings of underground artesian Water continent.
Australia is the mainland, open by the Danes in the 17th century. Since then, a lot of time has passed, and millions of people have had to move into the mainland. In spite of fine world - Rich Flora and Fauna, rare species Plants, animals, most of the mainland remain unoccupied. What is the reason? The fact is that Australia is extremely poor surface waters And its large part falls on deserted deserts.
Australia's problems
Australia is very poor on superficial waters. In addition, they are not only small, but also distributed unevenly, scattered throughout the mainland. Lack of water is related to the fact that dry tropical and subtropical climate, There are no mountains with glaciers and snow-covered tops. There are very few rivers and lakes, more than 60 percent of the territory does not have a runoff in the ocean. This fact is significantly distinguished by Australia from the rest of the continents. The area coming to desert and semi-desert areas, exists due to temporary drainage - screams. Water in sources is going after strong rainy and showers. The remaining rivers belong to the pools of quiet and Indian Ocean. Rivers relating to the Indian Ocean, shallow and short. In hot periods, they dry, thereby leaving nearby areas without water source. Rivers of the Pacific Basin are full for the entire year. They flow from a large waterproop. This territory accounts for most of the precipitation. Unlike Crimea Mishor housing.
Water resources
To date, more than 800 rivers appear in Australia, only far from every water is filled with water round year. In the arid periods, they are not covered with waters, but a thick layer of salt and plaster and are filled with water only after rare rains. The largest lake Australia is Lake Air. It applies to 15 thousand square kilometers. Local residents They call it the "dead heart" of the mainland. It climbs the water from many screams, but the deserts absorb most of the water. Rarely when Eyre can show all its water seas in 15 thousand km2. not looking at the lack of surface waters in Australia, this mainland is the most beautiful place on the planet where rare representatives Plant and animal world.
The answer was left the guest
Each schoolchild is known that Australia is the most arid continent on Earth, and why is it called Green continent, now only professional historians and geographers are known. Per year here falls precipitation five times less than in Africa and eight times less than in South America - regions that can not boast excess water resources. For this reason, there are no major full-water rivers in Australia, especially most of the year it is observed here. hot weather, and other source of replenishment, except for the rain, the Australian water arteries do not have. Of course, on the green continent there is relatively large riversMost of which are located in the south-east of the mainland. These include originating in a large waterproof ridge, the Murray River, which never dries. Moreover, the regular melting of the snow in the upper reaches of the river allows her most part of the year to remain shipping, and this frequency For local natural water arteries. Even her influx of Darling, who is the nine mainstream of Murree, never completely dry. And this is despite the fact that it does not have such a "gift", like melting water from a large waterproop. True, in the arid period, Darling strongly merge, but still remains a stable source fresh water in the region.
In the rest of the regions of Australia, the rivers whose rivers do not fall into the ocean, is characterized by a picture, when a full-flower river, almost a few days, it is so much so that it can even go to the forefront. Or worse than that - completely dries, exposing his bed. Such water arteries on the local dialect are called "screams", and the most famous Copper Creek is. In general, in Australia, the creek prefix to the name of the river is a fairly common phenomenon, since most local water arteries "live" only in the period of rain. Regarding the Australian lakes, the situation with it is not much better. Most of them are so salty that the lake water is not only impossible to drink, but can not even be used for domestic needs, including for watering fields. Relatively large lakes on the mainland are very little and most of them are located in the central lowland - these are Lake Trenz and Air. For similar natural water objects The continent is characterized by the absence of clear boundaries that may change several times a year. For example, AIR, most of the year is a network of small water bodies, which turn into a full-fledged lake with the coming in this region of seasonal rains. Moreover, air filled with a large delay, since rainwater In the depths of the mainland, it penetrates very slowly: the rainy season in the northeastern part of the mainland begins in January, and the lake is replenished with water only in May-June.
It is clear that with such a state of affairs on the mainland, great importance For Australia, they have water in the depths of the Earth. Unfortunately, they are located so deep beneath the surface that they sometimes have to produce almost from kilometer. However, there are also regions where groundwater is quite close to the surface and you can "get" from the depth of up to 100 meters. True, there is one problem, expressed in increased content sulfur in underground waters, which cannot be used without prior cleaning. But sometimes it is the only way to ensure normal water supply, which is used, albeit not for the needs of the population, then for watering agricultural land. But not everything is so bad as it may seem at first glance. Deep in the depths of the Australian Earth is a large artesian pool, from which water today is produced for household and other needs. How many in it clean waterScientists still can not say for sure, but apparently, it is enough for the middle of this century. And then Australia stands in front of an unsolvable problem - how to provide a continent clean and suitable for water.
Awarded the status of the most arid mainland on Earth. The climate and the relief of the continent is quite monotonous, which cannot be said about the animal and vegetable world. The main part of Australia gets a small amount atmospheric oyphansAnd the main watershed is located east of the mainland center. This explains strange shape Water collection systems.
Climate Australia
The main part of the continent is located on the Australian platform. The relief was formed during the Archean folding. For this reason, there are almost no mountain arrays. Climatic conditions Remind those African continent. At the time when snow was lying on the territory of Eurasia, Australia is in the power of hot summer. average temperature In the center of the mainland - about 35 ºC. The winter period begins in June and lasts until September. The average air temperature is about 10 ºC. Breaks are possible in the dark. For most of the territory during the year, no more than 250 mm of precipitation falls.
Australian continent is in three natural zones: tropical, subtropical and subequatorial. About 44% of the area occupies the deserts, which are numbered 8. South part The continent is characterized by a sultry and dry summer period, and winter, on the contrary, rainy. Northern Australia is influenced by the Southern Passat. In the summer there are heavy rains here, and in winter it is clear and dry.
Tectonics
Most of the world's mountain systems have disappeared as a result of weathering processes in several billion years. Highest top Australia - Mount Kosyushko. The main part of the elevation has a height of less than 200 m. Approximately 40 million years ago a large waterproof ridge was formed. This is significantly deformed mining systemBesides the only one here.
The mainland is away from the places of contact of the tectonic plates. This circumstance explains the fact that there are no volcanoes in Australia. The junction is in Oceania. In this place high volcanic activity.
Inland Water Australia: Brief
On continent little indicator The main amount of water arteries dries. Rivers starting with the eastern slopes of the waterproof ridge and located in Tasmania, year-round. Inland waters Australia, in the West, dry up during the summer heat. Most of The territory has streams and rivers flowing inside the continent. The boundaries of the pools collecting water are weakly pronounced.
River
Inland waters of Australia, whose photos are in the article are presented main River - Murray. It has three large tributaries collecting moisture from over 1 thousand km 2. The origins of the main tributaries are 200 km from the Eastern Coast of the Continent. In the course of the flow, they are combined into large watercourses flowing through the winding channels in the direction of the sea. The length of Murrey is 2575 km. The lower flow for 970 km from the mouth of the shipping.
An obstacle for large water transport are sandy shallow. Because of their location, near the mouth, sea ships cannot walk on Murrey. Marrambiji - influx itself large river continent. Its length is about 1690 km, the river originates in the area of \u200b\u200bKuma. " Snow mountains"- a hydroelectric power station that regulates the joint stock of these two rivers.
Darling - Second large influx Murree, collecting water from the western slopes of the waterproof ridge. The length of this river is 2740 km. In her bed and on some tributaries there are dams regulating the stock all the time, except for strong droughts.
Water mode
These features of the inland waters of Australia are not limited. The main part of the continent has a broken flow or belongs to the indoor pools. An example of such a zone is a western plateau. In numerous rods, the water rarely appears and for a short period of time. Strokes lead into drying lakes or wetlands.
A huge territory whose area is 1143.7 thousand km 2, refers to the lake basin. Eyre, which is among the ten largest on earth. The pool includes cooper-cry, Diamantine and Georgina watercourse. The angle of falling them is very small, the beds are winding, places intersect.
Studies internal waters of Australia grade 7 general education school. Of curriculum It is known that the river beds of the pool river are almost always dry, and water flows appear in them only after heavy precipitation. At this time width water streams Reaches a few kilometers. However, they almost always disappear without reaching the lake hollow. Water in it appeared for the first time only in 1950 for all the observations of Europeans who arrived at the mainland.
The climate of Australia and the inner waters are interrelated. The consequence of the small amount of precipitation was the instability of most of the rivers of the continent. For this reason, they are impossible to use for the benefit of a person. There are few plots suitable for the construction of dams, especially this concerns the central part of the mainland, where the problem of water supply is very acute. To solve it requires many full-water reservoirs.
In the most arid areas, a large amount of water is simply evaporated. Only in Tasmania, the internal waters of Australia have a stable year-round stock.
Lake
The relief, the climate of Australia and the inner water caused a large number of dried lakes. The bottom of these boiler covers the clay rich in the salts. IN some cases There are lakes filled with water. However, they are saturated with salts and sludge with a small depth. Most of all, they are in the western part of the continent, and the largest are in the southern part (Eyre, Frome, Trenz, etc.).
In the south-east of the mainland there are many laguns with rich water salts, which are separated from the sea with sandy obstacles. Tasmania is a region where you can find the most large lakes The continent with on some built HPP.
The groundwater
Underground internal waters of Australia are a vital resource. Most rural settlements It is supplied from this source. Squares that are busy underground pools are huge (over 3240 thousand km 2). Most of them contain dissolved solids that are unsuitable for irrigation. However, this water can be used for animal farms.
Under the ground, the continent is the largest on the planet a large artesian pool. Its area is 1751.5 thousand km 2. Waters underground contain a large number of salts. However, without this source, moisture on the mainland will be threatened. The artesian basins of smaller areas are in other areas of the continent.
The smallest of the mainland located in Southern Hemisphere Skudy surface waters caused by this predominance on the Australian continuopy and dry continent tropical climate, absence high mountains With snowy hats and glaciers.
In Australia, there are very few rivers and lakes, almost 60% of the territory area does not have a runoff in the ocean. On other continents there is no such relatively big Square internal drain. For the predominant part of the continent, in particular for its desert areas and semi-desert, short-term drains, which are called "screams".
The water level in shouts is replenished after rare precipitation in the form of rain and for a slight period of time. The remaining rivers of Australia are connected to the pools of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. To the pool Pacific Ocean Rivers flowing down from the eastern slopes of a large waterproof ridge. These rivers are full on the course of the whole year, as many precipitation falls here; Short and thoughts.
With rivers conjugate with the Indian Ocean Pool a little different situation. They, shallow, short and in the dry period of the year often dry. Safety more Rivers of the mainland for the most part rain, and in the mountains called the Australian Alps - mixed.
The biggest one river system The mainland - the Murray River with the influx of Darling. The river, whose length of 2570 km is born in the Australian Alps, is fueled not only by rain, but also partially snow waters. IN summer period The river is full, during the rains often comes out of the shores, in the winter, in the winter, merge.
Darling is the main influx Murrey River, his length is 2740 km. In Australia, this is the most long riverBut low-water. The water level is greatly fluctuated depending on the seasons (up to 8 m above the intertension). In the arid period of the year, Darling disintegrates into separate reservoirs, does not convey their waters in Murray.
In Australia, there are approximately 800 lakes. Most of them of the lake - relics (they arise when statement from the sea or the lake part of their water area as a result of tectonic movements or the formation of accumulative plumbing types and braids), the formation of kotlovin whose boilers fell on more wet geological era.
Most of the new (modern) Lakes of Australia, such as Torrens, From, Amadies, etc. are dried blades, which filled with loose clay and salt slices, covered with a peel or gypsum crust. They are filled with water after rare rains falling out in Western Australia over several years only once.
Foolish salt Lake Eyre is the biggest in Australia. It lies in depression located 12 m below sea level. Lake Air in the arid period of the year disintegrates into a large number of different reservoirs, and when the pouring rains begin, it becomes a huge aquatic space on the area occupying about 15 thousand km2 ..
Against the background of rare hydrographic network and practically the absence of lakes with freshwater Surprises the wealth of Australia underground waters. 1/3 Part of the mainland territories are occupied by Artesian pools. The largest warehouse of groundwater in Australia is a large artesian pool in the central lowland 1751.5 thousand square meters. km. Artesian pools with dimensions are smaller in Western Australia and in the south-east of Victoria.
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