Russian police abandons the PM pistol and switches to the Glock 44 pistol, developed to meet her requirements. First Deputy Head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Alexander Gorovoy, said: “The Makarov pistol used today has long been obsolete. It is heavy, inconvenient, has a small magazine, and has not met the requirements of the police for a long time. However, until now there has been nothing to replace it."
Indeed, back in the mid-90s it was planned that the PM would be replaced by the OTs-01 "Cobalt" revolver, developed by I.Ya. Stechkin, but its large-scale production could not be arranged due to economic reasons. The license for Cobalt was sold to Kazakhstan, where it is produced for local law enforcement. And their Russian colleagues had no alternative to Makarov.
The policeman recalls: “In 2008, they decided to switch to the Yarygin pistol, but the army pistol turned out to be difficult for the police: not everyone was able to master assembly and disassembly, some parts were constantly lost... “Rooks” did not fit into the well-established supply system from -for cartridges and holsters that did not fit into it. Police officers had to buy them with their own money. In 2013, we turned to an Austrian company with a proposal to develop a pistol to our requirements, and the Austrians met us halfway..."
Specialists participated in the development Russian company Orsis, which will become the manufacturer. Glock brand pistols are already being produced at a factory near Moscow. Since the pistol was developed jointly, and its production was established in Russia, there is no reason for it to fall under anti-Russian sanctions.
The Glock 28 was taken as the basis for the development of the pistol. The pistol uses automatic action with a blowback bolt; it is easy to handle and is similar to the PM. However, the Glock 44 looks somewhat unusual: the shape of the polymer frame follows the contours of a Makarov pistol. This was the requirement of the Ministry of Internal Affairs: this is how the Glock 44 can be carried in a standard police holster. The double-row magazine holds 12 rounds, as opposed to 9 rounds in the PM. The ammunition is similar: the Glock 44 will be the first Austrian-designed pistol to use 9*18 cartridges. The curb weight of the Glock-44 is only 685 grams, and according to this parameter it is lighter than even an unloaded Makarov pistol. This year, Russian police will receive Glock 44.
Volgograd 2015
MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
FEDERAL STATE GOVERNMENT
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION
VOLGOGRAD ACADEMY OF THE MIA OF RUSSIA
ALLOWANCE
on fire training for employees of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia Topic: “Firearms in service with the internal affairs bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia”AGREED
First Deputy Head of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (for academic work), police colonel A.A. Timofeeva “___”____________ 2015 Contents1. Federal Law “On Police”
2. Safety measures when handling weapons.
3. Fundamentals of external and internal ballistics.
4. Pistols in service with internal affairs agencies.
5. Revolvers in service with internal affairs agencies.
6. Submachine guns in service with internal affairs agencies.
7. Machine guns in service with internal affairs agencies.
8. Sniper rifles in service with the internal affairs bodies.
9. Special types of weapons: KS-23, KS-23M, RMB-93.
10. Machine guns: RPK-74M, PK.
11. Grenade launchers: RPG-7V, GP-25 “Koster”, GP-30 “Obuvka”, AGS-17.
12. Hand fragmentation grenades.
13. Standards for fire training.
14. Test pistol shooting exercises for police officers.
Article 23. Use of firearms
1. A police officer has the right personally or as part of a unit (group) to use firearms in the following cases:
1) to protect another person or oneself from an attack, if this attack involves violence dangerous to life or health;
2) to suppress an attempt to seize firearms, a police vehicle, special and military equipment in service (support) of the police;
3) to free hostages;
4) to detain a person caught committing an act containing signs of a grave or especially grave crime against life, health or property, and trying to escape, if it is not possible to detain this person by other means;
5) to detain a person offering armed resistance, as well as a person refusing to comply with a legal requirement to surrender weapons, ammunition, explosives, explosive devices, toxic or radioactive substances in his possession;
6) to repel a group or armed attack on buildings, premises, structures and other objects of state and municipal bodies, public associations, organizations and citizens;
7) to suppress the escape from places of detention of suspects and accused of committing crimes or escape from under escort of persons detained on suspicion of committing a crime, persons against whom a preventive measure in the form of detention was applied, persons sentenced to imprisonment freedom, as well as to suppress attempts to forcefully release these persons.
2. Armed resistance and armed attack, specified in paragraphs 5 and 6 of part 1 of this article, are recognized as resistance and attack committed using weapons of any kind, or objects that are structurally similar to real weapons and externally indistinguishable from them, or objects, substances and mechanisms through which serious harm to health or death can be caused.
3. A police officer also has the right to use firearms:
1) to stop a vehicle by damaging it, if the person driving it refuses to comply with the repeated demands of a police officer to stop and tries to escape, creating a threat to the life and health of citizens;
2) to neutralize an animal that threatens the life and health of citizens and (or) a police officer;
3) to destroy locking devices, elements and structures that prevent entry into residential and other premises on the grounds provided for in Article 15 of this Federal Law;
4) to fire a warning shot, sound an alarm or call for help by firing a shot upward or in another safe direction.
4. A police officer has the right to use service firearms of limited destruction in all cases provided for in parts and 3 of this article, as well as in cases provided for in paragraphs 3, 4, 7 and 8 of part 1 of article 21 of this Federal Law.
5. It is prohibited to use firearms with a lethal shot against women, persons with obvious signs of disability, minors, when their age is obvious or known to a police officer, except in cases where these persons provide armed resistance, commit an armed or group attack that threatens life and health of citizens or police officers.
6. A police officer does not have the right to use firearms in large crowds of citizens if random persons may be injured as a result of its use.
Article 24. Guarantees of personal safety of an armed police officer
1. A police officer has the right to draw a firearm and bring it to readiness if, in the current situation, grounds for its use may arise, provided for in Article 23 of this Federal Law.
2. If a person detained by a police officer with a drawn firearm attempts to approach the police officer, while reducing the distance indicated by him, or to touch his firearm, the police officer has the right to use a firearm in accordance with paragraphs 1 and 2 of part 1 of Article 23 of this Federal Law.
Safety measures when handling weapons and ammunition.
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1. If you take a weapon, check if it is loaded.
2. When handling a weapon, do not point the barrel towards people, do not aim at others, and do not allow them to aim at you.
3. Consider any weapon loaded until you check and unload it yourself.
4. If the weapon is unloaded, treat it as if it were loaded.
5. When cocking the hammer (when pulling the bolt back), point the barrel of the weapon only towards the target or up.
6. In all cases, do not place your finger on the trigger until it is necessary to open fire.
7. Before shooting practice or going out on duty, wipe the barrel bore dry, check if there are any foreign objects in the barrel, make sure the weapon and its equipment are in good working order.
Safety measures during shooting.
1. Shooting stops at the commands “Stop, cease fire” or “Hang up”, or independently:
When people, cars or animals appear on the target field, as well as low-flying aircraft over the shooting area.
When raising a white flag (lantern) on command post or dugout (shelter).
If a malfunction of the target equipment is detected.
When a signal is given by a white fire rocket.
If the shooter loses orientation (especially at night).
Uncover a weapon or remove it from a holster without the permission of the shooting director (assistant director).
Point the weapon, whether loaded or not, toward where people are or in the direction they might appear.
Load weapons with live or blank cartridges, as well as operate manual fragmentation grenade to throwing without the command of the director (assistant director) of shooting.
Open and fire (grenade throwing) without the command of the firing director (assistant director), from a faulty weapon, in dangerous directions (including outside the boundaries of the shooting range, shooting range or range), above bulletproof shafts or enclosing walls, if any, with the gun raised a white flag (lantern) at the command post of a shooting range, shooting range or training ground.
Leave weapons, ammunition or grenades at the firing line or anywhere else, as well as transfer them to other persons without the permission of the director (assistant director) of the shooting.
If employees violate the requirements of this Manual, firing will immediately stop. An employee who violates safety measures is removed from the firing line and assessed as “unsatisfactory.”
3 When performing exercises involving turns, U-turns, somersaults, jumps, movements, the weapon is put on safety until the fire is opened. The weapon must not be pointed at the shooter.
4 The shooter must not touch the trigger (including in pauses between shots when shooting for an unlimited time) except for the moments of aiming and firing. In this case, the weapon must be pointed towards the targets.
Rules for storing and saving weapons and ammunition.
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INSTRUCTIONS
on organizing the supply, storage, accounting, issuance (reception) and ensuring the safety of weapons and ammunition in internal affairs bodies Russian Federation I. General provisions47. The weapons and ammunition specified in the report card are issued to units as a set and are assigned to employees on the basis of an order from the head of the internal affairs agency, institution, or unit.
48. The issuance of weapons to personnel can be carried out after testing knowledge of the material part, the rules for storing, handling and using weapons and practicing exercises in accordance with the requirements of the Manual on the organization of fire training in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation1, provided for by the training program, with mandatory acceptance of the test .
When issuing weapons to employees for permanent carry, the head of the internal affairs agency organizes an inspection of storage locations at their place of residence for compliance with the requirements for storing weapons.
49. Testing of knowledge of the material part, rules of storage, handling and use of weapons is carried out by a permanent commission appointed on the basis of an order from the head of the internal affairs body, institution, or unit.
Additionally, testing knowledge of the material part can
1 Manual on the organization of fire training in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation.
carried out during inspections.
50. The issuance and assignment of weapons and ammunition to employees in the unit is carried out by a weapons specialist.
The basis for assigning weapons and ammunition to an employee is an extract from the order of appointment to a position and a report (Appendix No. 13 to of this Instruction), submitted in accordance with the established procedure.
51. After receiving and assigning weapons to him during the period of wearing, the employee is responsible for its serviceability, completeness, compliance with operating rules and safety.
53. When constantly carrying weapons and ammunition, employees of internal affairs bodies must comply with the procedure and rules established by the Instructions on the procedure for issuing service combat small arms, ammunition and special equipment to employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation for permanent storage and carrying2.
54. Weapons for permanent carry are issued to employees under their personal responsibility and are stored in individual safes or metal boxes.
If the employee does not need to use a weapon issued for constant carrying, as well as when going on vacation, it must be deposited with the duty department of the internal affairs body, institution, or unit, which stores and records it in the manner prescribed by these Instructions.
55. The use of weapons and ammunition by employees of internal affairs bodies, institutions, and units who do not have the right to constantly carry weapons is prohibited during off-duty hours.
The procedure for recording and reporting on the movement of weapons and ammunition
110. For the first time appointed to positions in an internal affairs body, institution, unit, weapons and ammunition must be issued to employees in the units by an armament specialist against a signature in the book of registration and registration of weapons and ammunition in accordance with Part II of Form No. 3 (Appendix No. 28 to this Instruction) with further placement in the weapons storage room of the duty department of the internal affairs body, institution, unit.
Along with the weapon, personnel are issued a replacement card in accordance with Form No. 18 (Appendix No. 23 to these Instructions).
When issuing weapons and ammunition to an employee for duty, performing operational tasks and training, the operational duty officer
records in part I of the book of issue (reception) the rank, surname and initials of the employee, series, number of weapons, names and quantities of ammunition and signs for their receipt.
An employee who has received weapons and ammunition for service, performance of service-combat tasks and training in Part I of the issuance (reception) book certifies its receipt by affixing a signature opposite his rank, surname and initials.
112. The issuance (reception) of weapons and ammunition to employees for permanent carrying, for service and performance of operational tasks is carried out by the operational duty officer of the internal affairs body, institution, unit on the basis of an order from the head of the internal affairs body, institution, unit on a substitute card in accordance with the form No. 18 (Appendix No. 23 to these Instructions), with a mandatory entry certified by the recipient’s signature in the issuance (reception) book and simultaneous issuance (acceptance) in place of a substitute card in accordance with Form No. 18 (Appendix No. 23 to these Instructions).
The issuance of weapons and ammunition for a period of no more than one day using substitute cards without making an entry in the issuance (reception) book is allowed in emergency cases by decision of the head of the internal affairs body, institution, unit on the basis of a report submitted in the prescribed manner.
113. Upon completion of service, performance of operational tasks and training, weapons, ammunition and special equipment are immediately surrendered by employees to the operational duty officer of the internal affairs body, institution, or unit.
The operational duty officer of the internal affairs body, institution, unit, when accepting weapons, ammunition and special means, is obliged to check the serial number and year of manufacture of the weapon with the number and year of manufacture in the substitute card, check the quantity and production data of ammunition and special means (year of manufacture, manufacturer ) and return the substitute card in accordance with Form No. 18 (Appendix No. 23 to these Instructions) to the employee who handed over the weapons and ammunition.
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Brief information from internal ballistics Shot - ejection of a bullet from the bore of a weapon by the energy of gases formed during combustion powder charge.
When a small weapon is fired, the following phenomena occur. From the impact of the firing pin on the capsule live cartridge, sent into the chamber, the percussion composition of the primer explodes and a flame is formed, which penetrates through the seed holes in the bottom of the cartridge case to the powder charge and ignites it.
When a powder (combat) charge burns, it forms a large number of highly heated gases creating in the barrel bore high pressure on the bottom of the bullet, the bottom and walls of the cartridge case, as well as on the walls of the barrel and the bolt. When a powder charge is burned, approximately 25–35% of the released energy is spent on imparting forward motion to the bullet (the main work); 15 - 25% of energy - for performing secondary work (plunging in and overcoming the friction of the bullet when moving along the bore; heating the walls of the barrel, cartridge case and bullet, moving the moving parts of the weapon, gaseous and non-combustible parts of gunpowder); about 40% of the energy is not used and is lost after the bullet leaves the barrel. The shot occurs in a very short period of time (0.001 - 0.06 seconds). When firing, four successive periods are distinguished: preliminary, first (or main), second, third (or gas aftereffect period).
Rice. 1. Shot periods:
Po - boost pressure; Рм - highest (maximum) pressure;
Pk and Vk - gas pressure and bullet speed at the moment of the end of gunpowder combustion;
Pd and Vd - gas pressure and bullet speed at the moment it leaves the barrel; Vm - highest (maximum) bullet speed; Ratm - pressure equal to atmospheric pressure.
The preliminary period lasts from the beginning of the combustion of the powder charge until the bullet casing is completely inserted into the rifling of the barrel. During this period, gas pressure is created in the barrel bore, which is necessary to move the bullet from its place and overcome the resistance of its shell to cut into the rifling of the barrel.
The first or main period lasts from the beginning of the bullet’s movement until the complete combustion of the powder charge. During this period, combustion of the powder charge occurs in a rapidly changing volume.
The second period lasts from the moment the powder charge is completely burned until the bullet leaves the barrel. With the beginning of this period, the influx of powder gases stops, however, highly compressed and heated gases expand, increasing the speed of the bullet. The Makarov pistol does not have a second period, since complete combustion of the powder charge does not actually occur by the time the bullet leaves the barrel.
The third period, or the period of aftereffect of gases, lasts from the moment the bullet leaves the barrel until the action of the powder gases on the bullet ceases.
The initial speed of a bullet is the speed of the bullet at the muzzle of the barrel. The initial speed is taken to be a conditional speed, which is slightly greater than the muzzle and less than the maximum. The initial speed of a bullet is measured in m/s. For example, the initial flight speed of a PM bullet is 315 m/s, a Kalashnikov assault rifle is 900 m/s. The value of the initial velocity of the bullet is one of the most important characteristics combat properties of weapons. For the same bullet, an increase in channel speed leads to an increase in flight range, direct shot range, penetration and lethal action bullets, as well as to reduce the impact external conditions for her flight.
Recoil of a weapon is the movement of the weapon backwards during a shot. Recoil is felt in the form of a push to the shoulder, arm or ground.
Barrel survivability is the ability of a barrel to withstand a certain number of shots, after which it wears out and loses its qualities (bullet dispersion increases, initial speed and stability of bullet flight decreases). The survivability of chrome-plated small arms barrels reaches 20-30 thousand shots. An increase in barrel survivability is achieved proper care for weapons.
Barrel strength is the ability of its walls to withstand a certain pressure of powder gases in the barrel bore. The barrels are made so thick that they can withstand a pressure of 1.3
– 1.5 times the greatest. If the gas pressure for some reason exceeds the value for which the strength of the barrel is designed, then swelling or rupture of the barrel may occur. In most cases, swelling of the trunk can occur from foreign objects (sticks, rags, sand) getting into the trunk.
Using the energy of powder gases
For the operation of an automatic weapon, when firing from an automatic weapon, the design of which is based on the principle of using recoil energy, part of it is spent on imparting movement to the moving parts and on reloading the weapon. Therefore, the recoil energy when fired from such a weapon is less than when fired from a non-automatic weapon or from an automatic weapon, the design of which is based on the principle of using the energy of powder gases discharged through a hole in the barrel wall.
Brief information from external ballistics The effect of air resistance and gravity on a bullet
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Having flown out of the barrel under the influence of powder gases, the bullet moves by inertia. When flying in the air, a bullet is subject to two forces: gravity and air resistance. The force of gravity causes the bullet to gradually lower, and the force of air resistance continuously slows down the movement of the bullet and tends to knock it over. The force of air resistance is caused by three main reasons: air friction, the formation of vortices and the formation of a ballistic wave. To prevent the bullet from tipping over under the influence of air resistance, it is given a rapid rotational movement using rifling in the barrel bore. For example, when fired from an AKM, the rotation speed of the bullet at the moment it leaves the barrel is about 3000 rpm. As a result of the rotational movement of the bullet and the action of air resistance and gravity on it, the bullet deviates from the firing plane in the direction of its rotation:
to the right when the barrel is cut on the right side and to the left when the barrel is cut to the left. The deviation of a bullet from the firing plane in the direction of its rotation is called derivation.
A trajectory is a curved line described by the center of gravity of a bullet in flight.
To study the trajectory of a bullet, the following definitions are accepted:
The center of the muzzle of the barrel is called the take-off point. The departure point is the beginning of the trajectory.
The horizontal plane passing through the point of departure is called the horizon of the weapon. In drawings showing the weapon and trajectory from the side, the horizon of the weapon appears as a horizontal line. The trajectory crosses the horizon of the weapon twice: at the point of departure and at the point of impact.
The straight line, which is a continuation of the axis of the channel of the aimed weapon, is called the elevation line.
The vertical plane passing through the elevation line is called the shooting plane.
The straight line, which is a continuation of the axis of the barrel bore at the moment the bullet leaves, is called the throwing line.
The highest point is the top of the trajectory.
The shortest distance from the top of the trajectory to the horizon of the weapon is called the trajectory height.
The part of the trajectory from the departure point to the top is called the ascending branch.
The part of the trajectory from the top to the falling point is called the descending branch of the trajectory.
The point on or off the target at which the weapon is aimed is called the aiming point.
A straight line running from the shooter's eye through the middle of the sight slot (level with its edges) and the top of the front sight to the aiming point is called the aiming line.
The distance from the departure point to the intersection of the trajectory with the aiming line is called the aiming range.
The straight line connecting the departure point to the target is called the target line.
Influence meteorological conditions on the flight of a bullet and taking them into account when shooting With an increase in atmospheric air pressure, the density of 1 m of air increases, and as a result, the force of air resistance increases and the flight range of a bullet decreases. On the contrary, with a decrease in atmospheric pressure, the density and force of air resistance decreases, and the bullet’s flight range increases. When the terrain rises for every 100 m Atmosphere pressure decreases by an average of 9 mm. As the temperature rises, the air density decreases, and as a result, the force of air resistance decreases and the bullet's flight range increases.
On the contrary, as the temperature decreases, the density and air resistance increases, and the bullet’s flight range decreases. As the temperature of the warhead increases, the burning speed of the gunpowder and the muzzle velocity of the bullet increase. With an increase in the initial speed of the bullet, the time of flight of the bullet and its lowering under the throwing line decreases and, consequently, the flight range increases. With a tailwind, the speed of the bullet relative to the air decreases. For example, if the speed of the bullet is 800 m/s, and the speed of the tailwind is 10 m/s, then the speed of the bullet relative to the air will be 790-800 m/s.
The side wind puts pressure on the side surface of the bullet and deflects it away from the firing plane, depending on its direction. The wind from the right deflects the bullet to the left, the wind from the left - to right side. The wind blowing at an acute angle to the shooting plane simultaneously influences both the change in the flight range of the bullet and its lateral deviations.
Changes in air humidity during shooting are not taken into account because they have a negligible effect on air density, and, consequently, on the range of the bullet.
Factors influencing the accuracy and accuracy of shooting.
Firing accuracy is determined by the accuracy of alignment of the midpoint of impact with the intended point on the target and the amount of dispersion. At the same time, the larger the average point of impact to the intended point and the smaller the dispersion of bullets, the better the shooting accuracy. Shooting is recognized as a mark if the average point of impact deviates from the intended point on the target by no more than half a thousandth of the firing range, and the dispersion does not exceed the table standards. Firing accuracy is ensured by accurate adjustment of the weapon to normal combat, careful conservation of weapons and ammunition, and excellent training of the shooter. To improve shooting accuracy, the shooter must be able to determine the distance to the target and take into account meteorological conditions.
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The 9 mm Makarov pistol is a personal weapon of attack and defense and is designed to defeat the enemy at short distances.
Performance characteristics:
Effective range, m
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Main parts of PM:
Frame with barrel and trigger guard.
Bolt with striker, ejector and safety.
Shock trigger mechanism.
Return spring.
Shutter lag.
Handle with screw.
The frame serves to connect all parts of the pistol. The barrel serves to direct the flight of the bullet. The trigger guard serves to protect the trigger from accidental pressing.
The bolt serves to send a cartridge from the magazine into the chamber, lock the barrel bore when firing, hold the cartridge case, and cock the hammer.
The fuse is used for safe handling with weapon.
The firing pin serves to break the cartridge primer.
The ejector serves to hold the cartridge case (cartridge) in the bolt cup until it meets the reflector.
The return spring serves to return the bolt to the forward position after firing.
The bolt stop serves to hold the bolt in the rear position after the cartridges in the magazine are used up.
The handle with screw is used to conveniently hold the gun in your hand.
The magazine holds eight rounds. Consists of:
Housing for connecting all parts of the magazine Feeder for feeding cartridges upwards Feeder spring for feeding upwards the feeder with cartridges The magazine cover closes the magazine body
Trigger mechanism. Consists of:
1. The trigger is used to strike the firing pin
2. A sear with a spring, serves to hold the hammer on the combat and safety cock
3. The trigger is used to decock the hammer and cock it when firing by self-cocking
4. The trigger rod with the cocking lever is used to release the hammer from cocking and cock it when the tail of the trigger is pressed.
5. The mainspring serves to actuate the hammer, cocking lever and trigger rod
6. The mainspring bolt is used to secure the mainspring to the base of the handle.
Gun Accessory
1. The holster is used to carry and store the pistol, spare magazine and cleaning.
2. Wiping is used to disassemble, assemble, clean and lubricate the gun.
3. The pistol strap is used to attach the pistol to the waist or trouser belt.
4. Spare magazine. The store consists of:
The magazine body connects all parts of the magazine,
The feeder is used to supply cartridges,
The feeder spring serves to feed upward the feeder with cartridges,
The magazine cover covers the magazine body.
Chuck device
1. The sleeve serves to place the powder charge and connect all parts of the cartridge.
2. The charge consists of smokeless pyroxylin powder.
3. The capsule serves to ignite the powder charge.
4. The bullet consists of a bimetallic shell into which a steel core is pressed. Between the bullet and steel core there is a lead jacket.
The 9mm PPO cartridge (law enforcement cartridge) has a bullet without a steel core.
The procedure for partial disassembly of the pistol and reassembly after disassembly Incomplete disassembly performed for cleaning, lubricating and inspecting the gun.
When disassembling, follow the rules:
Disassembly and assembly should be carried out on a table or clean mat.
Place parts and mechanisms in the order of disassembly, handle them carefully, avoid unnecessary force and shock.
When assembling, pay attention to the numbering of parts.
Keep weapons in right hand in a safe direction.
Do not place your finger on the trigger.
Procedure for partial disassembly:
1. Remove the magazine from the base of the handle.
2. Check to see if there is a cartridge in the chamber.
To do this: move the safety to the “fire” position, pull the bolt back, placing it on the bolt stop and inspect the chamber. Release the shutter.
3. Separate the shutter from the frame.
To do this: pull the trigger guard down and slide it to the left, move the bolt to the rear position, lift it back and remove from the frame.
Replace the trigger guard.
4. Separate the return spring from the barrel.
Assembly is carried out in reverse order.
To prevent delays you must:
Properly prepare a pistol for shooting.
Inspect, clean and lubricate the gun in a timely manner and in compliance with all rules.
Repair the pistol in a timely manner.
Before shooting, inspect the cartridges; Do not use defective, dirty or rusty ones.
During shooting and when moving, protect the pistol from contamination and impacts.
If the pistol was on the severe frost, then before loading, vigorously pull the bolt back with your hand several times and release it, each time releasing the trigger.
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Modernized Makarov pistol (PMM) - the purpose of modernizing the Makarov PM pistol (Fig. 1) was to increase the magazine capacity and increase the lethality of manpower using personal protective equipment. To solve these problems, a higher-power cartridge with a new bullet was developed, based on a standard 18 mm long pistol casing.
Rice. 1. Modernized Makarov pistol
Chambered for 9x18 mm increased power in the early 90s, a version of the Makarov pistol was developed with a magazine for 12 rounds and an initial bullet speed of 425 m/s instead of 315 m/s for the PM.
Two other versions of the pistol were developed. The first - the modernized PMM-12 with a 12-round magazine - was intended only for firing standard PM cartridges. It retains the PM mechanisms, changes the frame and trim for a larger capacity magazine; the lower half of the magazine contains double-stack cartridges (Table 1). The shape of the pistol grip has been made more comfortable to hold in the hand. The second option - OTs-35 - had a muzzle brake, allowing shooting as
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Silent pistol PB - an earlier modernization of the PM pistol was adopted for service in 1967 as a personal weapon for units special purpose PB pistol. It was developed by the designer of TsNIITOCHMASH A.A. Deryagin (Fig. 2).
The PB is designed to engage targets in conditions requiring silent and flameless shooting(Table 2). The reduction of sound and flame levels in it is ensured by an integrated two-chamber muffler. It consists of a casing placed on the barrel, inside of which a roll of stainless mesh is placed around the barrel, and a nozzle with a separator screwed to the front of the casing. The attachments can be placed in a special compartment of the holster.
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Pistol GSh-18 (Gryazev Shipunov) - developed in the late 1990s in the Tula Instrument Design Bureau under the leadership of famous weapons designers Gryazev and Shipunov (Fig. 4). The number 18 in the name indicates the magazine capacity. KBP began developing a new army pistol in the mid-1990s with the creation of its own version of the 9x19mm Parabellum cartridge with increased armor-piercing power. The 9x19mm PBP cartridge has a light bullet with a high muzzle velocity (Table 3).
Rice. 3 Self-loading pistol Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-18
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Yarygin pistol - the creation of the pistol began in 1993.
The development was led by designer Vladimir Aleksandrovich Yarygin, who had previously been involved in the creation of sports pistols. In 2000, it was announced that the Izhevsk pistol won the competition for a new army pistol, and it received the official designation PY (Fig. 4). It uses a recoil pattern for a barrel coupled to the bolt with a short stroke. The pistol is fed from detachable double-row box magazines with a capacity of 17 rounds (Table 4). The magazine release latch is located at the base of the trigger guard, and the shooter can move it to any side of the weapon if he wishes.
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Self-loading pistol PSA (OTs-27) “BERDYSH” - originally developed to replace the PM (Fig. 5). However, for a number of reasons it was withdrawn from the competition for a new army pistol. Subsequently, its modified version called OTs-27 PSA (Stechkin, Avramov pistol) “Berdysh”
adopted by some units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The pistol is designed for close combat. The design provides for the possibility of installing a barrel and magazine to use the 9x18 PMM, PM cartridge, or a barrel and magazine chambered for the 9x19 Parabellum cartridge (Table 5).
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Automatic pistol SBZ-2 (OTs-33) “PERNACH” - the pistol is designed for close combat with both single and automatic fire (Fig. 6). It was developed on the basis of the 5.45 mm SBZ “Dart” pistol to replace the APS pistol by a group of designers from the Tula TsKIB SOO headed by I.Ya. Stechkin (SBZ – Stechkin, Baltser, Zinchenko). Compared to the APS, the new automatic pistol has a simpler design and superior combat and operational qualities (Table 6).
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Pistol Glock 17 (Glock - 17). It was developed by the Austrian company Glock for the Austrian army, and this was the first experience in creating pistols for this company (Fig. 7). Nevertheless, the pistol turned out to be extremely successful, reliable and convenient, and was adopted by the Austrian army under the designation P80 (Table 7).
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Pistol Glock 18 (Glock - 18). It was created specifically for the needs of special forces of the army and police. Glock has created a version of the Model 17 that has automatic fire capability, called the Model 18 (Fig. 8). The fire mode translator is located on the bolt, the theoretical rate of fire is about 1200 rounds per minute (Table 8). It is possible to produce variants that fire both in bursts of 3 shots and with fully automatic fire, but not in one model. The Glock 18 can be equipped with increased-capacity magazines (31 rounds). A number of companies produce for it additional accessories, such as a folding stock or a special mount that allows you to use a spare magazine as a front grip for holding.
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"Revolvers in service with internal affairs agencies."
OTs-20 "Gnome". Designed for close combat (Fig. 9).
The OTs-20 "Gnome" revolver was developed in the early 1990s in the Tula TsKIB SOO as part of the "Udar" program initiated by the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, which envisaged the creation short-barreled weapon close combat with ammunition increased efficiency. The revolver uses special 12.5x40 mm cartridges made on the basis of a cartridge case hunting cartridge 32 caliber with steel, lead bullets and a shotgun shell.
The OTs-20 "Gnome" revolver was distinguished by its very impressive dimensions and weight with a small drum capacity and short effective range (Table 9).
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Revolver R-92. Designed for constant wear and use in critical situations, adopted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Fig. 10). Unlike conventional layouts, the R-92 revolver has a handle and trigger shifted forward, which made it possible to reduce the length of the weapon. The trigger mechanism is self-cocking, the magazine capacity is 5 rounds (Table 10). Due to the relatively small trigger force and translational movement of the trigger, high accuracy and accuracy of fire.
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Service revolver TKB-0216 (OTs-01) RSA "COBALT". Developed by Tula gunsmiths I.Ya. Stechkin and B.A. Avraamov in the early 90s.
(Fig. 11). Designed for close combat and adopted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The trigger mechanism allows firing with both pre-cocking and self-cocking. The 6-round drum is loaded with 9x18 mm PM pistol cartridges in a special clip (Table 11).
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“Machine guns and pistols in service with the internal affairs bodies.”
PP-91 Kedr. The Kedr submachine gun was developed by Evgeny Dragunov in the early 1990s based on the earlier PP-71, created in the 1970s for the Soviet Army (Fig. 13). "Kedr" was intended to arm the forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR and Russia. The submachine gun is widely used in the structures of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Russian police. The layout of its components and mechanisms is traditional for weapons of this class. Automation works due to the recoil of the free shutter; the magazine is located in front of the trigger guard: the receiver is stamped and welded; folding stock. Unlike most military-generation submachine guns, fire is fired from the rear sear with a firing pin rigidly connected to the bolt. Dragunov introduced a trigger mechanism into his design. This increased the accuracy of firing single shots. Small-sized PM cartridge with a length of 25 mm, good design and the use of advanced technologies in production made it possible to obtain a submachine gun weighing only 1.5 kg - at the level of the best world samples (Table 13).
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OTs -02 Cypress. The OTs-02 “Cypress” submachine gun was developed in the early 1990s in Tula to arm the police forces and the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Fig. 14).
Widely used by law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation.
The OTs-02 submachine gun is built on the basis of automatic blowback action. Has a trigger firing mechanism, providing both automatic fire and single-shot fire. The receiver is made of stamped steel. OTs-02 is equipped with a shoulder rest that folds up and forward, and can also be equipped with a laser target designator and a removable shot silencer (Table 14).
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submachine gun PP-19 "Bison-2-01". The 9-mm Bison submachine gun was developed at the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant in the early 1990s to arm the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Fig. 15). The PP-19 is built with extensive use of components and parts from the Kalashnikov AK-74 assault rifle, in particular, a shortened receiver from the AK-74 with a trigger mechanism and a pistol grip, and a folding stock from the AKS-74 are used.
The original high-capacity magazine was designed under the influence of American Calico submachine guns, but on the PP-19 the magazine is located more conveniently and simultaneously serves as a handguard. In general, the “Bison” is quite convenient to hold and aim, largely due to the full-fledged side-folding butt and the massive, grippy forend – the magazine. The PP-19 automatic system is built on the basis of the recoil of a free shutter; the trigger mechanism, together with the safety lock, are borrowed from the AK-74 assault rifle. Fire is fired from a closed bolt, which increases the accuracy of single shots. PP-19 is offered in versions for various 9mm caliber cartridges - 9x17mm Browning Short, 9x18mm PM and PMM, 9x19mm Parabellum. A version of the “Bison” has also been developed for the old 7.62x25mm TT cartridge. Sights The design is similar to the AKS-74U, but re-calibrated for a pistol cartridge. The large capacity magazine is distinctive feature PP-19. It is made in the form of a long cylinder, which has spiral guides for cartridges (“auger”) inside, ensuring the direction of the cartridges to the exit window.
The cartridges in the magazine are located parallel to its axis, in a spiral, with bullets forward, and are fed by a separately cocked spring, which makes it possible to store magazines loaded with cartridges, but with an uncocked spring.
(Table 15).
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9x19 mm Heckler&Koch MP-5 submachine gun. The development of a new submachine gun (PP) was started by the German company Heckler und Koch around 1964. The first prototypes, designated as NK MP-54, appeared at the same time, and already in 1966, the police and border guards of the Federal Republic of Germany adopted this software under the designation MP-5 in two versions:
MP-5 - with a fixed butt, and MP-5A1 - with a sliding telescopic butt (Fig. 16). MP-5s became especially popular after the whole world saw them in the hands of British special forces from the SAS during anti-terrorist operations to liberate the Iranian embassy in England in the 1970s and in a number of others. Currently, the MP-5 in various modifications is in service with the police forces of many European countries, including Spain, Great Britain, and Germany. The MP-5 is in the US police, the Navy and Marine Corps USA, and many more places. In addition to Germany itself, MP-5 is produced under license in Greece, Mexico, Pakistan, and Turkey (Table 16).
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“Assault rifles in service with internal affairs bodies.”
Kalashnikov assault rifle. The first changes to the AK were made in the late 50s, when the 7.62 mm was adopted modernized machine gun, called AKM. A trigger retarder was added to its firing mechanism, which increased the time between the moment the bolt frame came to the forward position and the moment the trigger hit the firing pin. As a result, the accuracy of burst fire has increased. In addition, some technological changes into the production of the machine gun.
Later, plastic magazines were adopted for the AKM, and the technology for producing the barrel and some mechanisms was improved (Fig. 17).
In 1974, based on the results of a competition for an assault rifle chambered for the new 5.45 mm cartridge, the Kalashnikov AK74 assault rifle was adopted - repeating the general device AKM, but with the necessary changes due to the use of a low-pulse 5.45 mm cartridge. The new cartridge required changes in the design of all components and mechanisms of the weapon, but at the same time, design solutions that had proven themselves well in the AKM were used to the maximum (Table 17).
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The AK 74 can be called a new model, but it can also be considered a deep modernization of the 7.62 mm AKM assault rifle. Several modifications of the 5.45 mm machine gun were adopted - with a permanent wooden stock and a folding metal stock, with a rail for installing a night sight.
5.45 mm. Nikonov assault rifle. The presented machine gun aroused the interest of foreign intelligence services, which is due to the development of foreign ones, incl. and American, gunsmiths of modern automatic weapons (Fig. 18).
One of the reasons is the use of a new principle of a time-shifted recoil impulse in the AN-94. However, according to the designer, the machine can be disassembled and copied, but this principle will not be solved for many years.
What is this principle? When firing in fixed bursts at a high rate (1800–2000 rpm), it ensures a very high accuracy of bullets in the burst due to the fact that subsequent shots in the burst are fired while the barrel is moving backward due to the recoil from the first and subsequent shots. The burst ends before the moving parts reach the rearmost position, so the barrel receives virtually no disturbing impulses and maintains its position in space during the firing of all burst shots (Table 18).
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The AS "Val" assault rifle is an individual weapon of attack and defense. It is designed to engage targets during the day at ranges up to 400 m and at night up to 300 m in conditions requiring silent and flameless shooting (Fig. 19). It is in service with special units of power ministries and departments of Russia. The Val assault rifle is superior to the VSS rifle in terms of maneuverability: it can fire with the butt folded. This makes the machine gun convenient when operating in buildings, underground passages, trenches, in thickets, etc., when moving on various vehicles or landing. Firing from a machine gun at targets protected by body armor at ranges up to 200 m is advisable with the SP-6 (PAB-9) cartridge, in bursts of 2–4 shots, and at unprotected targets with the SP-5 cartridge, in tense moments of combat at short distances - bursts of 5–8 shots, and if necessary, continuous fire until the magazine is empty. For individual targets, single-fire shooting is more effective and economical. In all cases, the sound of the shot and the flame are significantly reduced by the silencer, making it difficult for the enemy to determine the position of the shooter (Table 19).
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Automatic 9A-91. Is compact automatic weapons(Fig. 20). Having a smaller weight and dimensions than most modern submachine guns, the 9A-91 assault rifle significantly exceeds them in terms of effective firing range and damaging effect bullets, ensuring penetration of an 8 mm thick steel plate at a distance of 100 meters. For firing, cartridges with the subsonic speed of a heavy bullet are used, allowing the effective use of a silencer. The design of the bullets for the 9A91 assault rifle provides significantly less ricochet compared to other domestic and foreign ammunition for assault rifles, which is especially important when using weapons in populated areas.
Small dimensions, a folding cocking handle, and a stock that does not increase the dimensions of the machine when folded provide ease of transportation and the possibility of concealed carry. Can be equipped with a muffler, disposable collimator sight PK-01, the use of which reduces aiming time by 3 - 4 times while increasing shooting accuracy (Table 20).
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9-mm small-sized assault rifle SR-3 “VIKHR”. Unified new small weapons on the main parts and assemblies with an AC automatic machine (Fig. 21), but managed to make it more compact. This was achieved by eliminating the muffler, reducing the length and changing the design of the barrel. As a result, naturally, the weapon lost its noiselessness, its effective fire range decreased, but in terms of size and maneuverability it came close to the class of submachine guns, significantly exceeding them in fire power due to the use of 9-mm special cartridges. This made the small-sized Whirlwind assault rifle a powerful, convenient means of hitting targets protected by body armor at short distances in conditions that do not require silent and flameless shooting.
Automation with removal of powder gases, locking the barrel by rotating the bolt, trigger mechanism, fire mode selector, magazines for 10 and 20 rounds of the Vikhr assault rifle repeat the designs of the VSS Vintorez and AS Val.
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Despite the time-tested characteristics of the Makarov pistol, it is already outdated. The need to replace the standard weapons of security forces arose in the early 90s of the last century. Life figured out what might soon end up in the holsters of police and military personnel.
In 2008, the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs announced the need to re-equip its employees. The good old Makarov pistol (PM) reliably served not only our law enforcement agencies, but also the armed forces for more than half a century. However, new challenges require new capabilities from standard pistols, which the PM will never be able to provide. However, the arsenals are still filled with old Soviet weapons. A similar problem is observed in the army.
There are several candidates vying for the PM position domestic pistols, and there is a serious struggle between them. At the same time, some experts propose to adopt the experience of some European countries and purchase Western weapons. For example, the Austrian Glock. Life figured out what kind of weapons might end up in the holsters of Russian police and military personnel in the near future.
From versatility to special tasks
The Makarov pistol is undoubtedly a unique weapon, and it gained its fame for a reason. It was developed after the Great Patriotic War, and the main requirement that was then put before the developers was the reliability of the weapon.
Sometimes this was to the detriment of accuracy and firing range or rate of fire. But the customers, represented by the Soviet law enforcement agencies and the army, used the experience of the war, which showed that in combat conditions the pistol was used infrequently, rather as a weapon of last resort when it was not possible to use other weapons. It is important to clarify that we are talking about combat use, and for law enforcement agencies and intelligence agencies the pistol remained indispensable and often the only weapon.
In addition, war experience showed that pistols were used only at short distances - no more than 50 meters. But most often literally point blank - up to 10–15 meters.
Considering these facts, the opinion of the military and security forces of that time regarding the main requirement for a pistol was as follows: let better gun will not be so accurate, but it will definitely shoot under any conditions if the need arises.
We also added one more condition - a strong stopping effect. The Tokarev pistol used during the war, also known as the legendary TT, had a powerful 7.62 caliber cartridge. It was repeatedly observed that due to the high penetrating ability, the enemy received a through wound and remained combat-ready. A new cartridge was needed that would be guaranteed to incapacitate the enemy even with a non-fatal wound. The 9x18 mm PM ammunition became such a cartridge.
Taking into account all these requirements, the Makarov pistol was created in 1948. It was lighter than the TT, smaller in size, quickly brought into combat position and, of course, was incredibly reliable, becoming the main standard pistol three years later. Soviet army and law enforcement agencies.
But nowadays the requirements for pistols have changed dramatically. From modern weapons high accuracy of fire and a larger magazine are required (the standard PM only has eight rounds. - Note ed.), the ability to install accessories (tactical flashlight, laser target designator) and so on.
And most importantly, one pistol can no longer cover the needs of the army, police, and special forces, since the specifics of their work have become increasingly different. In particular, for operational carrying and use (this applies primarily to police officers), a small-sized and lightweight pistol is needed, while for the military, a weapon that is as easy to use, reliable and with large ammunition is needed, which in turn will increase the weight of the pistol. For special forces officers, perhaps the most important criterion remains shooting accuracy.
The requirements for pistols were also influenced modern threats, which have also changed. For example, modern criminals, especially terrorists, have begun to use protective equipment - body armor.
And if we are talking about soldiers probable enemy, then in addition to body armor they also have unloading systems with various equipment. The power of the nine-millimeter Makarov pistol cartridge is clearly not enough to stop the enemy, let alone penetrate his defense.
There have been many attempts to create a replacement for PM. Moreover, some of the weapons created turned out to be excellent pistols and were adopted for service Russian army, law enforcement agencies and intelligence agencies. However, none of them have so far been able to shake the glory of PM.
Faster, more dangerous, more accurate
replacement" for the Makarov pistol, it is worth dwelling on this point: where do we even get new weapons?
There is an opinion that it is necessary to turn to the experience of some European countries and purchase proven samples of pistols. For example, the police in Estonia, Holland, Poland, and Finland are armed with German Walther P99 pistols. And the Austrian Glock 17 is one of the most popular pistols in the world - and absolutely rightfully so.
However, you need to understand, given the political instability in the world: today they are ready to sell you weapons, but tomorrow they are not. And then what?
In addition, the purchase of foreign weapons on the scale of rearmament of the Russian army and law enforcement agencies is not such an economically profitable thing compared to the organization own production weapons.
Because, for example, the Americans acted more cunningly. Even having your own weapons companies, they, in cooperation with the Italian arms company Beretta, created the Beretta 92F pistol based on theirs own weapon- Beretta M9. As a result, this pistol became the standard weapon of soldiers and officers of the US Army.
bicycles" and the main replacement for the PM was and is still considered the Yarygin pistol, the more common names being "Rook" and MP-443. It began to be developed in the early 90s of the last century, when the USSR Ministry of Defense announced a competition to replace the pistol in the army Makarova Yaryginsky "Rook" has good accuracy, fits comfortably in the hand, and has a magazine for 18 rounds.
The developers abandoned the PEM cartridge in favor of the unified 9x19 mm Parabellum. It is one of the most common rounds of ammunition in the world and is used by most pistols and submachine guns. Specially for "Rook" was developed and Russian version This cartridge is 9x19 7N21, which allows you to more effectively hit even protected targets.
Rook" was adopted by our army in 2003, mass release started in 2011. Such a significant period between stages is associated with main problem pistol - it is not as reliable as the old PM. It took all this time to eliminate all the shortcomings. But whether it can completely replace the Makarov pistol is not yet clear.
Another contender for the Makarov pistol is the GSh-18. Weapons developed by engineers Gryazev and Shipunov. Its main advantages are its small dimensions, a light weight(PM, for example, is heavier, although slightly smaller in size) and destructive force. The GSh-18 uses a 9x19 mm caliber cartridge with a 7N31 armor-piercing bullet. Even the plates of a standard third-class body armor will not save the enemy from defeat.
It would seem that this is a good application. But design features The GSh-18 makes it not very convenient for the shooter, primarily due to the heavy trigger. The low weight of the weapon and the powerful cartridge cause strong recoil. Accordingly, accuracy also decreases. In addition, the pistol was conceived as a mass product, but mass production has not yet begun, which is why the cost of the pistol turned out to be significantly higher than that of the same "Rook".
But in the production of the Serdyukov self-loading pistol (other names: SPS, SR-1, “Gyurza”) there was initially no talk of any mass production. Because in fact this is a “weapon-cartridge” complex, and it was created for special forces. Its main advantages were increased sighting range shooting - up to 100 meters and high-efficiency 9x21 mm cartridges, which ensured not only the possibility of defeating an enemy wearing body armor, but also defeating unarmored vehicles.
Kalashnikov" and was originally conceived as a replacement for the PM for Russian security forces. Despite the fact that the pistol itself turned out to be oversized, the creators provided for its compact version for everyday operational carry.
The concept of this weapon was developed jointly with instructors from the FSB special forces training center and leading sports shooters. Therefore, perhaps, the main advantages of the weapon were its ergonomics and balance. The low location of the barrel axis reduced its toss when fired, which ensures good accuracy and rate of fire. In addition, it is equally convenient for both right-handers and left-handers.
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Thus, at the moment, not a single pistol can unambiguously replace the PM in the army, police and other law enforcement agencies, while maintaining its versatility. Be it domestic or foreign. But there is nothing wrong with this, since in the modern world each department has its own specific tasks.
For a long time there has been talk about the need to replace the obsolete PM pistol. Back in the 80s, the development of a promising pistol based on the theme “Rook” began. Samples were created that met the requirements of the military. These were the SPS, GSh-18, PYa pistols and the modernized Makarov PMM pistol. The PMM pistol used 9x18 mm PMM cartridges with a lightweight conical bullet and an increased powder charge, the SPS pistol used powerful cartridges with a 9x21 mm armor-piercing bullet (the cartridge was made on the basis of the standard 9x18 mm cartridge case), the GSh-18 and PYa used 9x19 mm Para cartridges, more precisely, their Russian analogues 7N21 and 7N31 with increased bullet penetration. Let's delve into to understand the tasks assigned to Russian gunsmiths.
First, let's return to the post-war competition for a new pistol for the army and police of the USSR.
The Nagan revolver was adopted for service in Tsarist Russia and by the beginning of the Second World War it was considered an obsolete model. The Nagan used cartridges with a cylindrical bullet recessed into the sleeve with low penetration and stopping effect. The advantages of the revolver were the simplicity and reliability of the design, subsonic bullet speed and the ability to use a silencer, the absence of breakthrough of powder gases between the drum and the barrel due to pushing the drum onto the barrel, fairly high accuracy and accuracy of fire at a distance of up to 50 m. The disadvantages include a weak cartridge and inconvenience of reloading a 7-charge drum.
The TT pistol was created in 1930 by the famous gunsmith Fedor Tokarev and adopted for service under the name TT-33. The weapon uses an automatic recoil system with a barrel coupled to the bolt. The design is reminiscent of the Colt M1911 and Browning 1903 pistols. For firing, 7.62x25 mm cartridges are used, based on the German Mauser cartridge. A 7.62 mm caliber bullet carries an energy of about 500 J and has a high penetration effect (capable of penetrating a Kevlar body armor without rigid elements). The pistol has a single-action trigger trigger in the form of a single block; instead of a safety lock, the hammer is set to safety cock; the pistol uses a single-row magazine with 8 rounds. The advantages of the TT include high accuracy and shooting accuracy at a distance of up to 50 m, a powerful cartridge with high bullet penetration, simplicity of design and the possibility of minor repairs. The disadvantages include insufficient stopping power of the bullet, rather low survivability of the structure, danger in handling due to the lack of a full-fledged fuse, the possibility of the magazine spontaneously falling out when the latch tooth is worn, the inability to effectively use a silencer due to the supersonic speed of the bullet, and the lack of self-cocking.
The Makarov pistol was developed in accordance with the requirements of the military in the 1947-1948 competition to replace the TT pistol and Nagan revolver.
Pistol PM
The weapon was adopted as a pistol-cartridge complex. For shooting, 9x18 mm cartridges are used with a round-nosed bullet of 9.25 mm caliber, which is slightly more powerful than the foreign 9x17 K cartridge. A bullet weighing 6.1 grams leaves the PM barrel at a speed of 315 m/s and carries an energy of about 300 J. Standard army ammunition has a bullet with a mushroom-shaped steel core to increase penetration on non-solid objects. The stopping effect of a blunt-nosed bullet is quite high on an unprotected target, but its penetrating effect leaves much to be desired. In the 2000s, a 9x18 mm PBM cartridge was created with an armor-piercing bullet weighing only 3.7 g and a speed of 519 m/s. The armor penetration of the new cartridge is 5 mm at a distance of 10 m, while the recoil impulse has increased by only 4%. A slight increase in the recoil impulse allows the use of new ammunition in old PM pistols.
9x18mm PBM cartridges
The pistol looks like a Walter PP, but this is only a superficial resemblance. The internal structure is significantly different from the German one. There are 32 parts in the pistol, many of the design elements perform multiple functions. The PM has a double-action trigger trigger with a convenient and reliable safety (blocks the trigger, hammer and bolt), uses a simple automatic operation scheme with a blowback bolt, and the pistol uses a single-row magazine with 8 rounds. This is one of the most powerful pistols with a similar automatic operating principle. The accuracy of fire for a pistol of this class is quite normal and is not inferior to other compact models. On the basis of the PM, a silent pistol was created for the special forces of the PB.
The advantages of the pistol include: the highest operational reliability and long service life, simplicity of design, self-cocking, compactness and absence of sharp corners, sufficient stopping effect of a bullet on an unprotected target. The disadvantages include: low penetrating power of the bullet, inconvenient trigger (a matter of skill), inconvenient location of the magazine latch, insufficiently high accuracy of fire compared to full-size military pistols, insufficient magazine capacity by modern standards.
Despite the obsolescence of the design, the PM will be in service with many CIS countries and satellite states of the USSR for many years to come. The pistol was produced under license in the GDR, China, Bulgaria, Poland and a number of other countries.
To eliminate the shortcomings of the PM, a modernized pistol was created within the framework of the Grach program, called the PMM.
PMM pistol
In terms of design, the unification with the PM is about 70%. The pistol has modifications with a magazine for 8 or 12 rounds (double-row with rearrangement into one row). The design difference from the PM is the presence of Revelli grooves in the chamber to slow down the opening of the bolt when fired. For firing, high-impulse 9x18 mm PMM cartridges are used with an initial conical bullet speed of about 420 m/s and a recoil impulse 15% greater than the standard one. It is prohibited to use new cartridges in a conventional PM due to the risk of structural destruction during prolonged firing with more powerful ammunition.
9x18mm PMM cartridge with a conical bullet weighing 5.8 g.
Although one of the PM's shortcomings was eliminated - the insufficient penetrating effect of the bullet, the modernization was not able to correct all the shortcomings of the old design. The issue of increasing the accuracy of fire was not resolved, the magazine capacity was still inferior to foreign analogues of similar dimensions and weight, the magazine spring worked with overvoltage. In addition to all this, the quality of weapons manufacturing dropped sharply after the collapse of the USSR. Formally, the pistol was adopted by some services. The task of completely replacing PM in the army and police has not been solved.
Another pistol developed as part of the Grach program was the Yarygin PYa pistol. Adopted by the army in 2003.
Yarygin pistol
The pistol uses a widely used automatic mechanism with a locked bolt. The frame of the pistol is made of steel, although a version with a polymer frame was also created. The trigger trigger of the pistol is double action, the double-row magazine holds 18 rounds. For firing, 9x19 mm 7N21 cartridges are used with a bullet speed of 5.4 g and about 450 m/s. These cartridges are somewhat more powerful than their Western counterparts and have an increased penetrating effect of a bullet with an exposed armor-piercing core.
The advantages of the pistol include: high accuracy of fire, good stopping and penetrating effect of the bullet, good balance, large magazine capacity. The disadvantages include: poor workmanship (especially the first batches), low service life when firing 7N21 cartridges, insufficient reliability of automatic operation, angular design and the presence of sharp corners, a very tight magazine spring with sharp jaws.
Despite all its advantages, the PM turned out to be crude and could not fully replace the outdated PM. Many law enforcement officers preferred the old, reliable PM. According to some experts, the level of technology of the Yarygin pistol is in the mid-70s and at the moment the pistol is inferior in many respects to foreign analogues. Based on the PYa, a sports pistol with a polymer frame "Viking" is produced, which has a weakened design and a magazine for 10 rounds.
The next candidate for an army pistol was the Tula GSh-18. The pistol was created at KBP under the supervision of two outstanding missile and gun designers Vasily Gryazev and Arkady Shipunov. Entered service in 2003. Produced in limited quantities since 2001.
Pistol GSh-18
The pistol has an automatic mechanism based on a linked bolt with barrel rotation, a striker-type trigger with two automatic safeties, and a magazine capacity of 18 rounds. The pistol frame is made of polymer, the bolt-casing is stamped from 3-mm steel using welding, the barrel has polygonal rifling. The weapon turned out to be compact and light. For shooting, very powerful 9x19 mm PBP cartridges (index 7N31) are used with a bullet weighing 4.1 g, a speed of 600 m/s and a muzzle energy of about 800 J. The bullet is capable of penetrating a sheet of steel 8 mm thick at a distance of 15 m or a bulletproof vest 3- th protection class.
Cartridges from left to right: regular 9x19 mm, 7N21, 7N31
Advantages of the pistol: small dimensions and weight, good grip, high accuracy of fire, powerful cartridge with high penetration and stopping effect, large magazine capacity, high safety in handling. Disadvantages: strong recoil due to the powerful cartridge and the low mass of the weapon itself, the front part of the bolt casing open to dust and dirt, a tight magazine spring, low quality workmanship and finishing.
The pistol has been adopted by the prosecutor's office and is a reward weapon. Based on the GSh-18, sports pistols "Sport-1" and "Sport-2" are produced, which have minor differences from the combat model.
The SPS pistol was developed in Klimovsk by Pyotr Serdyukov in 1996. It is in service with the FSO and FSB.
Pistol SR-1MP
The weapon was created for shooting at an enemy protected by body armor or an enemy in transport. The pistol has an automatic mechanism with a locked bolt and a swinging cylinder (like the Beretta 92). Thanks to this, the barrel always moves parallel to the bolt-casing when fired, which increases the accuracy of fire. The frame is made of polymer, the trigger trigger is double-action with two automatic fuses, the magazine has a capacity of 18 rounds, sights are designed for a range of 100 m. Powerful 9x21 mm cartridges are used for shooting. Ammunition SP-10 (armor-piercing), SP-11 (low-ricochet), SP-12 (expansive) and SP-13 (armor-piercing tracer) were created. The SP-10 cartridge has a bullet weighing 6.7 g with an initial speed of 410 m/s. The bullet has an exposed armor-piercing core and is capable of penetrating 5mm steel plate at a distance of 50m or standard US police body armor.
Armor-piercing cartridges 9x21 mm SP-10
The disadvantages of the pistol include its large dimensions and weight, the use of rare ammunition, and the inconvenience of the automatic safety on the handle for people with short fingers.
Based on the SPS, the SR-1MP pistol was created with an enlarged safety button, a Picatinny rail, a mount for a silencer and an improved bolt stop. Currently, a “Boa constrictor” pistol has been created and is being tested on the basis of the SPS.
There were attempts to adopt foreign-made weapons, for example, the Austrian Glock or the Russian-Italian Swift. But these pistols did not pass Russian state tests for reliability in harsh conditions. The developers of the Strizh pistol announced the possibility of using Russian armor-piercing cartridges 9x19 mm 7N21 and 7N31 in their pistol.
At the Army-2015 forum, a prototype of the Kalashnikov concern pistol designed by Lebedev PL-14 was presented. The pistol has an automatic mechanism with a locked bolt, a striker-type trigger, an aluminum frame and a 15-round magazine. The ergonomics of the pistol were created taking into account human anatomy; the pistol is very practical and easy to handle. When creating it, the developers consulted with IPSC athletes. When shooting, 9x19 mm cartridges, widely used in the world, are used. In the future, it is planned to produce a version of the PL-14 with a polymer frame and barrels of various lengths.
Prototype of the Kalashnikov concern pistol PL-14
The most promising, it seems to me, is the development from scratch of a completely new pistol-cartridge complex for a small-caliber pistol cartridge. An example of the successful introduction of pistols chambered for a powerful small-caliber cartridge into law enforcement agencies is the Belgian FN Five-Seven pistol of 5.7 mm caliber and the Chinese QSZ-92 of 5.8 mm caliber. The Belgian uses a 5.7x28 mm cartridge with an SS190 armor-piercing bullet. A powder charge accelerates a light bullet weighing 2 g to a speed of 650 m/s. The bullet is capable of penetrating a body armor with a titanium plate 1.6 mm thick and a package of 20 layers of Kevlar fabric. Cartridges with hollow-point and tracer bullets were created. The pistol's automatic system uses the semi-blowback principle, the trigger is double-action only, and the magazine capacity is 20 rounds. The pistol frame is made of polymer, and the steel casing-bolt is covered with a polymer shell.
The gun was widely used among Mexican drug cartels for its ability to penetrate standard police vests, and is also used by the US Secret Service.
FN Five-Seven pistol
Not much is known about the Chinese pistol. It uses 5.8x21 mm cartridges with a bullet weighing 3 g and an initial speed of 500 m/s. The bullet is capable of penetrating body armor that protects against standard military 9x19 mm NATO. There is a version chambered for 9x19 mm. Otherwise, the pistol is unremarkable and is inferior to its Belgian competitor in cartridge power and magazine capacity.
Chinese pistol QSZ-92
The USSR had already created a PSM pistol chambered for a small-caliber 5.45 mm cartridge. The pistol was created for concealed carry by the leadership of the KGB and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The bullet weighing 2.6 g had an energy of about 130 J, but due to its shape it pierced dozens of layers of Kevlar.
As you can see, pistols chambered for a powerful small-caliber cartridge have enormous advantages over their larger-caliber counterparts. The argument of critics of small-caliber weapons is the supposedly low stopping effect, but there are hollow-point bullets. And besides, even an ordinary high-velocity bullet creates a vast pulsating cavity around itself. The main advantages seem to be a large BC, high trajectory flatness due to the high initial velocity of the bullet, low recoil and barrel kick, good armor penetration and high lethality. So what prevents Russian gunsmiths from creating a worthy analogue, using, for example, a standard 5.45x39 mm low-impulse ammunition bullet as a basis?
The collapse of the Soviet Union was accompanied by a widespread surge in violence that engulfed most regions of the once united country. During this period, cases of terrorism and hostage-taking increased sharply, and interethnic conflicts arose.
The trigger mechanism allows firing in single shots and bursts. The firing mode translator, which also serves as a fuse, is located on the left side of the receiver above the trigger guard.
The PP-90 Ml submachine gun was developed by the KBP enterprise and is intended for arming police units and internal troops of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, army units not directly participating in hostilities, crews of armored vehicles and helicopters, as well as crews of heavy infantry weapons.
The PP-90 Ml largely meets the basic requirements for modern personal defense weapons, which are being developed in many countries around the world in accordance with the PDW (Personal Defense Weapon) concept. As is known, such weapons must always be with a serviceman, without interfering with the performance of his duties, i.e. be as light and compact as possible. At the same time, it must ensure sufficient fire efficiency to deter an enemy armed with combined arms small arms.
Since 2008, police departments and units of internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia have been receiving PP-19 -02 submachine guns. 20 "Vityaz-SN". This submachine gun was developed and manufactured at Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant OJSC. The tactical and technical assignment for its development was issued by the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs in 2003, and the name of the topic of development work, which was subsequently assigned to the submachine gun, is directly related to the special unit of the Ministry of Internal Affairs "Vityaz", whose commander S.I. Lysyuk became the initiator this development.
It should be noted that another prototype during the development of the “Vityaz” was the PP-19 “Bison” submachine gun, from which the automation system was borrowed, working by using the recoil energy of the free shutter. At the same time, however, it was necessary to change the design of the rammer, since, unlike the Bison magazine with a single-row cartridge output, the Vityaz magazine was made double-row with a staggered arrangement of cartridges. Compared to the Bison, the position of the reloading handle has also been changed. It is moved forward, and the cutout for it in the receiver cover is completely covered by the firing mode translator shield (when the latter is in the “safety” position). This prevents dirt from getting inside the receiver.
The main ammunition for both versions of the Vityaz submachine gun is the new 9x19 mm PRS cartridge (PRS - reduced ricocheting ability). It has a lead-core jacketed bullet with a muzzle velocity of 360 m/s.
In 1991, the American company Calico began production of a submachine gun with an original auger magazine, the capacity of which was 50-100 rounds. Although the cost of this weapon was almost twice the cost of other similar submachine guns, the very next year the first 1000 Calico submachine guns entered service with the US Drug Enforcement Administration, orders for the submachine gun came from Special Operations Forces and the Corps. US Marine Corps. By mid-1996, exports were made to 27 countries.
Similar weapons were created in Russia. At the end of 1993, a photograph of the President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin with an original-looking weapon in his hands appeared on the pages of Russian and foreign publications - this was how the latest development of the designers of the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant, the PP-19 “Bison-2” submachine gun, was demonstrated "
The PP-91 Kedr submachine gun is in service with many law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation. They are armed with special units of police and internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Federal Penitentiary Service, the Federal Drug Control Service, departmental security officers, the Courier Service and collectors. The first 40 pre-production samples of PP-91 “Kedr” were manufactured in 1992 at the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant, and subsequently serial production was organized at the Zlatoust Machine-Building Plant.
The simple and technologically advanced design of PP-91 “Kedr” is
further development of the pistol - machine gun PP-71, developed by E.F. Dragu new in the late 1960s. according to the tactical and technical specifications of the GRAU of the USSR Ministry of Defense within the framework of the “Bouquet” experimental design program. Work on the creation of the PP-92 was also carried out under the leadership of E. F. Dragunov, so the weapon was called “Cedar” - designed by Evgeny Dragunov.
Adopted in the early 1990s. The PP-91 Kedr submachine gun, which is used by units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and other law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation, has one, but very significant drawback - its ammunition is a 9x18 mm PM pistol cartridge, which is not powerful enough to hit targets wearing personal armor protection. The effective firing range of this submachine gun does not exceed 50 m. For this reason, in the early 1990s. An attempt was made to increase the combat characteristics of the submachine gun of this system by developing its version for a more powerful 9x18 mm PMM cartridge, made in the dimensions of the 9x18 mm PM cartridge, but having a larger powder charge and a lighter bullet with a pointed head.
The bullet of the 9x18 mm PMM cartridge has an initial speed of 425 m/s and at a distance of 20 m pierces a steel sheet 3 mm thick or the body of a passenger car, and at a distance of 10 m it ensures the defeat of a living target protected by army body armor.
In 1997, at an arms exhibition in Moscow, the Gepard submachine gun, developed on an initiative basis by the designers of military unit 33491 and JSC ROKS, was demonstrated for the first time. The creation of this submachine gun was due to the fact that, due to the use of insufficiently effective ammunition, many modern Russian pistols machine guns do not ensure reliable destruction of targets wearing personal protective equipment.
« Cheetah"is a system on the basis of which it is possible to create a family of submachine guns that optimally meet the requirements of various law enforcement agencies.
A shortened assault rifle was used as a basis for the development of the Cheetah. AKS-74U, from which the wooden forend and linings, the firing mode translator, sighting devices and a shortened receiver were borrowed. Moreover, in contrast to the OTs-39 P version, chambered for a powerful 9×19 mm cartridge, the 7 N21 pistol is one of the significant features OTs-22"Buk" are small in size and weight. This was achieved through the use of a “pistol” layout with the magazine placed in the fire control handle. Gun- machine gun equipped with mechanism
mi automation, working by using the recoil energy of the free shutter.
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