What is international economic integration definition. Coursework: International Economic Integration

Today, two trends are evident in the economy: the strengthening of its systematic globalization and the economic convergence of countries at the regional level.

Economic integration is the unification of countries at the political and economic level through the creation and development of international relations and the division of labor of the economies of individual countries. This interaction begins with the cooperation of enterprises from neighboring countries (for example, through the creation of branches abroad). At the macro level, integration takes place in the form of creating economic associations of different states by coordinating national policies.

Economic integration of the micro and macro levels requires state regulation, and in some cases - supranational. The purpose of such regulation is to ensure the free movement of goods, money capital and labor (labor) between different countries; conducting joint economic, financial, monetary, social, scientific and technical, defensive and foreign policy. As a result, integral economic complexes are created with a single infrastructure, common financial funds and bodies between government controlled.

Economic integration develops under the influence of a combination of many factors. Among them, the most significant are the following: the globalization of farms, the development of the division of labor into international level, openness of national economies. All these factors are interrelated and interdependent.

The fastest growing economic integration is taking place at the regional level. Therefore, today the main trend in the globalization of farms is the process of formation of integration zones and megablocks around certain countries. Examples are the United States in the American continent, Japan in alliance with the United States in the Pacific region, most of the West.

Economic integration requires national economies to increase their openness. This implies their deeper involvement in the system of international relations, the weakening of restrictions on the movement of goods, labor and capital between countries, the convertibility of their currencies.

What forms of economic integration exist? The simplest form is a zone in which restrictions between the participants (countries) are removed. In relations with third countries, an independent policy is allowed. The EU began with this form, today the Latin American region is at this stage of development.

Next form- a customs union, which, along with the zone, requires the establishment of a single tariff for trade and a common foreign policy in relation to non-union countries. Often the customs union is supplemented by a payment union, which facilitates the convertibility of currencies and the circulation of a single currency.

A more complex form is a common market, which ensures the elimination of obstacles to the movement of production factors and the coordination of economic policies in order to equalize the performance of countries. With this form of integration, common (supranational) governing bodies are created and a single economic, informational and legal space is formed.

At a higher level of development, economic (single economic policy) and currency (joint circulation of national currencies, fixed exchange rates, then the creation single currency and bank) unions. These forms are characteristic only for the countries of Western Europe.

The last form is a full eco-no-mi-che-sky integration, in which the legislative base is unified, uniform standards, labor legislation, etc. are established.

Hello dear readers of the blog site. There are many terms that we insert into place and out of place in our speech, not knowing exactly what they mean.

This includes the concept of "integration". Let's figure out what this term defines and in what areas it is applied.

Integration

Translated from Latin, "integration" is " insert, join". Arguing logically, we conclude that “to integrate” means to insert some part into a single whole.

And "integrate" means to unite, merge (for example, companies), intertwine, insert, add, connect, etc.

A simple example: when assembling a puzzle, we integrate its fragments into a single picture. Development human society- this is also a series of integrations and (dividing the whole into its component parts).

You can integrate something two ways:

1. By introducing an element into an already existing system. Example: the USSR was formed in 1922 as part of 4 republics, and by 1929 there were 7 of them. That is, the new ones were integrated into the USSR.
2. By creating unified system from scattered fragments. An example is the already mentioned puzzle folding.

What principles can be used to integrate

Integration can take place, based on several principles... Let's consider the main ones in more detail.

Integration in various fields

Integration is a process that is relevant for all spheres of human life.

And there are many examples of this:

Integration in the economy

Economic integration (EI) is the convergence (or unification) of enterprises, industries and regions. If EI goes beyond one country, then we are talking about international economic integration (MEI).

This creation mutually beneficial economic relations between states. Regulated by agreements at the international level. Such cooperation gives EI participants expanded access to material, labor and financial resources, to the latest technologies and sales markets.

The forms of MEI are presented in the diagram:

What and how can be integrated into politics

Political integration (PI) is the rapprochement of the activities of political units (states, political parties), the purpose of which is mutual cooperation to achieve certain results that are close to all members of the integration community. PI is of 2 types:

1. domestic: it is integration at the level of parties, as well as political and social movements within a single country;
2. interstate: cooperation different countries in achieving certain goals, for example, for defense (NATO).

Integration in science and pedagogy

The essence of things and phenomena is an endless process. The deeper and more accurate the scientific research, the more obvious is that a full-fledged study of any object cannot be carried out within the framework of only one scientific discipline.

Biochemistry is one example symbiosis two sciences - biology and chemistry. It is impossible to understand the principles of life biological organisms without knowledge chemical processes occurring in their cells and tissues.

Let's give more examples: geophysics, biophysics, cybernetics, etc. Therefore, integration of sciences is combining knowledge accumulated within several scientific disciplines into a single whole for the possibility of a comprehensive study of objects, phenomena, processes.

The desire to understand the world in which we live dictates the need for scientific integration. And this applies not only to the exact sciences. For example, social science is a complex of disciplines that study all aspects of the activities of human society:

1. jurisprudence,
2. economy ( ?),
3. political science,
4. sociology,
5. psychology, etc.

Integration in social science is the consideration of the studied object not within the framework of any of the listed sciences, but in their totality.

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International economic integration is a process of economic interaction between countries, leading to the convergence of economic mechanisms, taking the form of interstate agreements and coordinatedly regulated by national or interstate bodies.
Economic integration is characterized by some essential features that together distinguish it from other forms of economic interaction between countries:
interpenetration and interweaving of national reproductive processes;
wide development of international specialization and cooperation in production, scientific and experimental-design developments on the basis of their most progressive and profound forms;
profound structural changes in the economies of the participating countries, subordinate to the strategic goals of integration;
purposeful regulation of the integration process, coordination of economic strategies and policies of the participating countries.
Prerequisites for the creation of integration groupings:
the proximity of the levels of economic development and the degree of market maturity of the integrating countries. In most cases, interstate integration develops either between industrialized countries or between developing countries;
the geographical proximity of the integrating countries, the presence in most cases of a common border and historically established economic ties;
the commonality of economic and other problems facing countries in the field of development, financing, economic regulation, political cooperation, etc .;
demo effect. In countries that have created integration associations, positive shifts usually occur (acceleration of economic growth, lower inflation, employment growth, etc.), which has a certain psychological effect on other countries. The demonstration effect was manifested, for example, in the desire of the countries of the former USSR to become EU members as soon as possible, even without having macroeconomic prerequisites for this.
"Domino effect". After most of the countries of a particular region became members of the integration association, the rest of the countries that remained outside of it are experiencing some difficulties associated with the reorientation of the economic ties of the countries belonging to the grouping. This could lead to a reduction in the trade of countries left outside of integration. As a result, they are also forced to join the integration association. For example, after Mexico joined NAFTA, many Latin American countries rushed to conclude trade agreements with Mexico.
The participation of countries in integration associations provides them with a number of advantages in the process of economic development, the most significant of which are:
wider access of business entities to various kinds of resources: financial, labor, material, new technologies, as well as the ability to manufacture products based on a larger (regional) market;
the ability to operate on a wider international (integration) market space;
creation of privileged conditions for firms of the participating countries, their protection to a certain extent from competition from firms from third countries;
joint solution by the participating countries of complex socio-economic, scientific and technical, environmental and other problems (for example, reducing unemployment, leveling the conditions for the development of individual regions, etc.).
Historically, integration evolves through several main stages, each subsequent of which gradually develops from the previous one. The main stages of the integration process in the logic of their historical development are:
1. Preferential trade agreements are concluded either on a bilateral basis between countries, or between an already existing integration group and a separate country or group of countries. In accordance with them, countries provide each other with a more favorable trade regime than third countries. Interstate government bodies at this stage, as a rule, are not created.
2. The free trade zone provides for the complete abolition of customs tariffs in mutual trade in goods (all or most) and services while maintaining national customs tariffs in relations with third countries. A free trade zone can be coordinated by a small interstate secretariat, but it often does without it, agreeing on the main parameters of its development at periodic meetings of the heads of the relevant departments.
3. The Customs Union is distinguished by the coordinated abolition of national customs tariffs between the member countries, the introduction of common customs tariffs and a system non-tariff regulation trade with third countries. Duty-free intra-integration trade in goods and services and complete freedom of movement within the region are assumed. Usually, at this stage, a system of interstate bodies is created to coordinate the implementation of an agreed foreign trade policy. Most often, they take the form of periodic meetings of ministers directing the relevant departments, which in their work rely on a permanent interstate secretariat.
4. A common market in which the integrating countries agree on the freedom of movement not only of goods and services, but also of factors of production - capital, labor and technology. Coordination is carried out at periodic meetings (usually 1-2 times a year) of the heads of state and government of the participating countries, much more frequent meetings of ministers. At the same time, a permanent interstate secretariat is created (for example, in the EU - the European Council of Heads of State and Government, the Council of Ministers and the Secretariat).
5. An economic and monetary union, at the level of which full integration takes place, which implies that the participating countries conduct a single economic, monetary, budgetary, monetary policy, the introduction of a single currency, the establishment of supranational regulation bodies within the integration group. Governments consistently relinquish part of their functions in favor of supranational bodies, which are empowered to make decisions on issues related to integration without the consent of the governments of the member states (for example, in the EU - the EU Commission).
Despite the large number and different levels of development, all the integration groupings of the world pursue approximately the same goals:
using the advantages of economies of scale on the basis of expanding the size of the market, reducing transaction costs, and an influx of foreign direct investment. Such goals are especially clearly expressed among the integration groups. Central America and Africa;
creation of a favorable foreign policy environment by strengthening mutual understanding and cooperation of the participating countries in the political, military, social and other non-economic areas; especially for countries South-East Asia and the Middle East;
solving the problems of trade policy by strengthening the negotiating positions of the participating countries in the framework of multilateral negotiations in the WTO. In addition, regional associations make it possible to create a more stable basis for mutual trade. Similar motives are present in the integration associations of North and Latin America in Southeast Asia;
assistance in restructuring the economy through the use of market experience, capital, technologies of more developed members of the group. These integration goals are most fully manifested within the EU;
support for the development of national industries due to the emergence of a wider regional market. This goal was the leading one for the integration associations of Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa.
Thus, as a result of integration, individual groups of countries create among themselves more favorable conditions for trade and for the interregional movement of factors of production than for all other countries. Such regional formations are assessed as a positive factor in the world economy, but provided that the group of integrating countries, liberalizing mutual economic ties, does not establish less favorable conditions for trade with third countries than before the start of integration.

Control questions
What are the essence and goals of international economic integration?
In what forms is the economic effect manifested from the country's participation in the integration association?
What stages stand out in the process of international economic integration?

International economic integration - characteristic feature the current stage of development of the world economy. At the end of the XX century. it has become a powerful tool for the accelerated development of regional economies and increasing competitiveness in the world market of the countries - members of the integration groupings.

Translated from Latin, integration (integratio) means splicing, combining parts into a single whole. Consequently, international economic integration is understood as a high degree of internationalization of production based on the development of deep stable relationships and division of labor between national economies, leading to a gradual merging of reproductive structures.

The term "economic integration" originated in the 30s of the XX century. in the works of German and Swedish economists, however today there are several dozen definitions of it. The "theory of large spaces" which was put forward in the 30s of the XX century became especially famous. Prominent German historian and jurist K. Schmidt. He pointed to the weakening of the role of traditional national states in connection with the process of economic development in the XX century and came up with the idea of ​​creating large geospaces as new, more perfect and full-scale subjects of international relations and international law.

International economic integration is expressed in:

▪ cooperation between national economies of different countries and their complete or partial unification;

▪ elimination of barriers to the movement of goods, services, capital, labor between these countries;

▪ convergence of the markets of each of the individual countries in order to form one single (common) market;

▪ erasing the differences between economic entities belonging to different states;

▪ absence of any form of discrimination against foreign partners in each of the national economies.

Signs of economic integration:

1. Penetration and interweaving of national production processes.

2. Deep structural changes in the economies of the participating countries.

3. Necessity and purposeful regulation of integration processes.

Integration conditions:

1) developed infrastructure;

2) the presence of political decisions of the government (creation of conditions for integration - the political and economic basis);

3) asymmetric nature of integration.

Integration benefits:

- increasing the size and capacity of the market;

- providing better conditions trade;

- distribution of advanced technology;

- development of infrastructure.

Flaws:

For countries with low rates of economic growth, integration can lead to an outflow of resources and the reallocation of these resources in favor of stronger partners;

- oligopolization or monopolization of the TNC market.

Economic integration processes can take place both bilaterally and at the regional or global level. As a characteristic feature of integration associations at the present time, one can call their development at the regional level: integral regional economic complexes with common supranational and interstate government bodies are being created.

International economic integration is a process of economic and political unification of countries based on the development of deep stable relationships and division of labor between national economies, the interaction of their reproductive structures at various levels and in various forms.

In the system of market international economic relations, a number of objective prerequisites for the transition to their higher stage - international integration, arise. They are formed both at the micro level (enterprise, firm) and at the macro level (state, region, group of countries). The obvious real incentives for the enterprise are an increase in sales, a decrease in production costs, positioning in the market, and prolongation of the most effective phases of the product's life cycle.

The effectiveness of activities at the micro level in an environment where large-scale, stable ties between market entities, the majority of which are enterprises and firms, is very much connected with overcoming negative factors of international economic relations - territorial remoteness, less mobility of factors of production and resources, national barriers, customs and currency obstacles.

Objectively, two ways arise:

Creation and development of transnational firms that will allow to get around many difficulties (transfer supplies, prices, favorable conditions for reproduction, better accounting of the market situation, application of profit);

Interstate agreed measures for the purposeful formation of the world economic market (economic, legal, informational, psychological and political) space in large regions of the world.

The combination of these two directions ensures the transition to a higher, efficient and promising stage of world economic relations - international economic integration.

The development of integration presupposes the presence of certain prerequisites.

First, the integrating countries should have approximately the same level of economic development and market economy maturity. Their economic mechanisms must be compatible. As a rule, integration is most durable and effective if developed countries are integrated.

Secondly, the presence of a common border and historically established economic relations. Usually, countries are united that are located on the same continent in close geographic proximity, for which it is easier to solve transport, linguistic and other problems.

Third, the presence of complementary structures in the economies of integrating countries (their absence is one of the reasons for the low efficiency of integration).

Fourth, the commonality of economic and other problems that the countries of this or that region actually face.

Fifth, the political will of states, the presence of countries that are leaders of integration.

Sixth, the so-called "demonstration" effect. Under the influence of the success of one or another integration association, as a rule, other states have a desire to join this organization.

Seventh, the "domino effect". Since integration leads to a reorientation of the economic ties of the member countries towards intraregional cooperation, the rest of the countries that remain outside the association are experiencing some difficulties, and sometimes even a reduction in trade with the countries that are part of the grouping. As a result, they are also forced to join the integration association.

The objective content of integration is ultimately the interweaving of interpenetration and fusion of reproductive processes proceeding in the form of “partial integrations”. The integration process covers individual links of an integral system:

1) Market circulation (due to the liberalization of trade and the growth of flows of factors of production), including the circulation of goods, services, money supply, securities, etc. - this is the so-called "superficial" (or "soft") integration;

2) production itself (deep integration);

3) the scope of decision-making (at the level of firms, business unions, national governments, international intergovernmental and national organizations).

Deep integration processes take place only in Western Europe and North America. Their depth is growing in the Asia-Pacific region. In most regions of Latin America, South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, regional cooperation has not yet yielded a significant effect.

Historically, integration evolves through several main stages, each subsequent of which gradually develops from the previous one.

At the first level, preferential trade agreements are concluded either on a bilateral basis between countries, or between an already existing integration group and an individual country or group of countries. In accordance with them, countries provide each other with a more favorable trade regime than third countries. The difference between RRT and FTZ is insignificant, usually RRT becomes an FTZ. Preferential Zones

At the second level of integration, countries are moving to the creation of a free trade zone, which provides for the complete abolition of customs tariffs in mutual trade in goods (all or most) and services while maintaining national customs tariffs in relations with third countries.

A free trade zone can be coordinated by a small interstate secretariat, but it often does without it, agreeing on the main parameters of its development at periodic meetings of the heads of the relevant departments. FTA (NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement, North American Free Trade Area - 1994 USA, Canada, Mexico - The Agreement provides for the phased elimination of customs tariffs and non-tariff barriers)

The third level of integration, the customs union, is distinguished by the coordinated abolition of national customs tariffs between the member countries, the introduction by them of common customs tariffs and a system of non-tariff trade regulation in relation to third countries. Duty-free intra-integration trade in goods and services and complete freedom of movement within the region are assumed. Usually at this stage a system of interstate bodies is created. coordinating the implementation of an agreed foreign trade policy. Most often, they take the form of periodic meetings of ministers directing the relevant departments, which in their work rely on a permanent interstate secretariat. CU (CU of Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus - 2010 - Unified customs tariff and TC. The unification of the three countries should facilitate trade between them, reduce customs barriers... And this is just the first step. V further Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan plan to join the World Trade Organization as a single bloc)

At the fourth level of the common market, the integrating countries agree on the freedom of movement not only of goods and services, but also of factors of production - capital, labor and technology. Coordination is carried out at periodic meetings (usually 1-2 times a year) of the heads of state and government of the participating countries, much more frequent meetings of ministers. At the same time, a permanent interstate secretariat is created (for example, in the EU - the European Council of Heads of State and Government. The Council of Ministers and the Secretariat). Common Market (EU - European Union (originally European Economic Community) - 1957/1992 - 27 - Austria Belgium Bulgaria Great Britain Hungary Germany Greece Denmark Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Finland France Czech Republic Sweden Estonia - international education , combining the characteristics of an international organization and a state, but formally it is neither one nor the other.)

At the fifth, highest, level, full integration takes place, which implies the implementation of a single economic, monetary, budgetary, monetary policy by the participating countries, the introduction of a single currency, the establishment of supranational regulation bodies within the integration group. Governments consistently relinquish part of their functions in favor of supranational bodies, which are empowered to make decisions on issues related to integration without the consent of the governments of the member states (for example, in the EU - the EU Commission). Economic Union (EU)

A more common variant in the economic literature:

1. FTZ

3. Common market

4. Economic and monetary union

5. Political union

Monetary Union - A form of economic union and at the same time a major component of an economic union. The characteristic features of a monetary union are: 1) coordinated (joint) floating of national currencies; 2) the establishment by agreement of fixed exchange rates, which are purposefully supported by the central banks of the participating countries; 3) creation of a single regional currency; 4) the formation of a single regional bank, which is the emission center of this international currency unit. In developing countries, a monetary union is understood as a clearing agreement. Currently, only the EU has passed the above stages of integration (in addition to the political union).

Political union - full economic integration - unified economic policy and, as a result, unification legislative framework... Conditions: general tax system; availability of uniform standards; unified labor legislation, etc. There are no examples in world practice, but to some extent the EU can be attributed to a political union, because the main innovation associated with the creation of the European Union, in comparison with other international entities, is that the members of the Union have abandoned a certain part of the national sovereignty for the sake of creating a political association with a single structure (there is also the European Parliament, the European Council - the highest political body of the EU, consisting of the heads of state and government of the member states and their deputies - foreign ministers). In 2009, a unified status of the European Union was established as a subject of international law (Euratom continues to exist in a subordinate form to the EU).

Russia in international economic integration.

The most serious approach to integration is the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC), created on the initiative of the President of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev. The Treaty on the formation of the Eurasian Economic Community, signed in 2000 by the presidents of five countries (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan), turned out to be (at least at first) more successful than previous integration experiences.

Russia became a member of APEC in 1997.

Not the last place in the integration system of Russia is occupied by the European Union. In many respects, our territorial proximity, as well as foreign economic and political orientation towards Europe, accompanies the impulses for rapprochement from our side. The interest of the European Union in Russia is dictated, on the one hand, by ensuring security in Europe, on the other hand, the development of such a capacious market as the Russian one can stimulate the acceleration of the economic development of the EU countries.

So far there is no definite clarity in the system of relations between the European Union and Russia. Everything will depend on further processes taking place in the European Union and Russia.

At the present stage, the "Agreement on Partnership and Cooperation" has already been created, which is a program of long-term cooperation in various spheres of life. Although the preconditions for unification at the macro level are already being created, which is undoubtedly important, this is by no means enough. It is necessary to take steps to integrate at the micro level, which is the basis of the integration process. The customs union of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus was created.

Russia is a Eurasian state. Therefore, it not only maintains ties with other European countries, but also cooperates with them, being an equal member of many European organizations. In the past, this was often hindered by political and military conflicts between our state and European powers, as well as biased ideas about each other.

Introduction ................................................. ................ 3

1. The essence and forms of economic integration ........... 6

1.1. Signs of international integration ................... 6

1.2. Forms of international integration .................... 6

1.3. The main types of integration associations ... 9

2. Financial and industrial groups as a factor in the development of economic integration .... 11

2.1. FIG as a form of association of independent enterprises ... 11

2.2. Preconditions for the formation of FIGs in Belarus .............. 11

2.3. Strategy for the creation of FIGs in Belarus ........................... 13

2.4. The main directions of FIGs in Belarus ...................... 14

2.5. Features of the creation of FIGs in Belarus ..................... 17

2.6. FIG in Belarus ............................................... ..... nineteen

3. Prerequisites and real opportunities for the entry of the Republic of Belarus into

international integration associations ................. 20

3.1. Preliminary activities required for entry

RB into international integration associations ........ 20

3.2. Prospects for Belarus' accession to the WTO ......................... 22

4. Stages of integration processes during creation

common economic space with the CIS countries .. 24

4.1. The goals of creating the CIS ............................................... .24

4.2. Trends in the development of economic integration of the CIS countries ... 25

4.3. Stages of cooperation between the CIS countries ............................... 27

Conclusion................................................. ............... 28

List of used literature ............................ 29

Introduction

International economic integration is a characteristic feature of the current stage of development of the world economy. At the end of the XX century. it has become a powerful tool for the accelerated development of regional economies and increasing competitiveness in the world market of the countries - members of the integration groupings. The word "integration" comes from the Latin integratio - completion or integer - whole. International economic integration is a process of merging economies neighboring countries into a single economic complex based on stable economic ties between their companies. The most widespread regional economic integration may in the future become the initial stage of global integration, i.e. merger of regional integration associations.

New quantitative and qualitative characteristics are inherent in today's international economic relations. The main forms of world economic relations, international trade, capital movement, migration of population and labor resources, transnational activities, actions of international organizations, and finally, integration processes in the world have reached unprecedented proportions. Their place and role in development has changed modern society... Let us dwell only on the main sections of modern international economic relations.

First, the international movement of capital has acquired a decisive importance to the detriment of world trade. The accumulated amount of capital exports over the past decade has approached the size of the annual world export of goods and services. The results of such external investments for the economies of most countries are more than significant: the structures of national economies are changing, their economic and technical level is growing, foreign trade exchange is stimulated, etc.

Secondly, international foreign trade is becoming a real and increasingly tangible factor in the reproduced process, meeting the needs of the population and any economic activity. In 2004, international trade in goods and services reached the milestone of 11 trillion. US dollars, and the rate of its annual growth - 6-8%, significantly outstripping the growth of production (2-2.5%). Foreign trade exchange of goods and services is currently more than 1/3 of the total GDP of the countries of the world - more than 27 trillion. dollars. Thus, every sixth product or service reaches the consumer through world trade. Without foreign trade, it is now impossible to satisfy the various daily needs of the population, not only of small countries, which is obvious, but also of medium and large ones (like the USA, China, India, Russia, etc.), where the share of imported consumer goods on average reaches 12-20 % of all purchases by the population. There are also other new features of modern international trade: the exchange of services is increasing, and their share now accounts for almost a third of world exports (about $ 1.6 trillion). At the same time, the main part falls on new types - engineering, consulting, leasing, informational, etc. In the commodity structure international exchange the share of finished products increased sharply - about 2/3, including supplies of a cooperative nature (assemblies, parts, assemblies) - more than half. This reflects the growing importance of international production, scientific and technical specialization. Therefore, the fundamentally different role in international economic relations of intrafirm cooperation within the framework of TNCs, which accounts for the overwhelming part of international cooperative exchange, which creates stable prerequisites for the steady expansion of the international market, is not accidental. At the same time, this is a real factor in the development of an integration type of world economic relations. All this predetermines shifts in the geographic, country structure of international trade: the center of gravity in it is shifting to mutual relations between economically developed countries and groups of countries (60-70% of world trade). Thus, favorable conditions are being prepared for the international economic integration of participants with more or less similar levels of development in certain regions of the world.

A sign of the times is a sharp increase in the dynamics and scale of migration of the population, labor resources, leading to the international movement of such an important factor of production as labor. Tens of millions of people are involved in this process. The regions of application of immigrants' resources, their quality, qualified composition, have diversified. In turn, the integration option of development facilitates the movement of labor, removing official boundaries and abolishing many formalities. And in this part, international economic integration creates certain advantages.

The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of modern international economic organizations show the strengthening of the interconnection and interdependence of national economies, the increase in the importance of foreign economic growth, predetermining the advantages of international integration development.

1. The essence and forms of economic integration.

1.1. Signs of international integration

Economic integration is the highest level of the international division of labor; the process of developing deep and sustainable relationships between groups of countries, based on the conduct or coordinated interstate economics and policies.

Integration features are:

• interpenetration and interweaving of national production processes;
• on this basis, profound structural changes are taking place in the economies of the participating countries;
• necessity and purposeful regulation of integration processes; the emergence of interstate (supranational or supranational) structures (institutional structures).

Integration is not possible without meeting the following conditions:

• developed infrastructure;
• the presence of political decisions of the government (creating conditions for integration - the political and economic basis).

Integration takes place on two levels:

1. macroeconomic (state level);
2. microeconomic (intercompany - TNC).

In the course of economic integration, the processes of reproduction are spliced, scientific cooperation, the formation of close economic, scientific, production and trade ties.

1.2 Forms of international integration

Modern world social development is characterized by the strengthening of ties and interaction between countries. The trend towards unification is caused by the need to solve global problems facing humanity, such as the threat nuclear disaster, environmental problem, health care and space. But the deepest basis for strengthening the integrity of the world is the growing interdependence of states in the economic sphere. Not a single country in the world can claim full-fledged development if it is not drawn into the orbit of world economic ties.

The international community unites states that have their own national and economic identity. The main criteria that distinguish various economic systems are the possibilities of using advanced technology and production technology, as well as the degree of mastery of the principles of the market structure of the economy.

The current stage in the development of world economic relations is characterized by an increase in dependence due to the transfer of production in developed economic systems to a new technological base, with a predominance of information technologies. The new qualitative state of the productive forces stimulated the internationalization of reproduction processes, which manifested itself in two main forms: integration (convergence, mutual adaptation of national economies) and transnationalization (creation of international production complexes).

Integration means the interpenetration of individual national economies, coordination of the actions of governments in developing an economic policy that meets the interests of all parties involved in the integration process, as well as in relation to third countries. Integration is ensured by concentration and interweaving of capitals.

Integration processes are regional in nature, taking the form of associations aimed at achieving common economic goals. Initially, integration associations were created to abolish customs barriers in mutual trade between the participating countries, that is, the so-called "free zones" arose. More complex forms were aimed at organizing customs unions, which imply the free movement of goods and services within the group and the use of the customs tariff (tax on the import of goods) in relation to third countries. The creation of a common market is associated with the elimination of barriers between countries, not only in trade, but also in the movement of labor and capital. The highest form of manifestation of an integration association is an economic union, which involves the implementation by the participating states of a system of measures for interstate regulation of socio-economic processes taking place in the region.

It should be noted that the development of trade between countries, the formation of the world market based on the deepening of the international division of labor, the intensification of world economic ties, due to the integration of economies, contributed to the strengthening of the world economy, increasing the dependence of the growth of national production on the stability of the world economy.

Currently, international economic integration has taken hold and is being implemented in the following main forms:

• international trade in goods and services;
• interstate production cooperation;
• exchange in the field of science and technology;
• movement of capital and foreign investment;
• labor migration;
• monetary and credit relations.

All over the world, international trade is a part of everyday life. We are all dependent on goods and services created in other countries.

The steady trend of rapid growth in the export of capital and labor migration reflect the objective requirement for the development of productive forces in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution. The production of technologically complex science-intensive products of advanced industries requires efforts and the pooling of capitals and industries different countries... Domestic markets are becoming narrower. The need for efficient production requires international industrial cooperation and scientific and technical exchange.

Each country has its own national monetary system: that part of it, within which international payments are made, is called the national monetary system. On its basis, the world monetary system is based - a form of organization of international monetary relations. It is built on the principle of combining long-term flexibility of exchange rates and their short-term stability. The exchange rate is the price of a monetary unit foreign currency, expressed in a certain number of units of the national currency.

The deepening of the international division of labor is based on competitive struggle... The main argument for rivalry between the parties involved is to compare the scientific potential and technological capabilities that countries have. Characteristic feature modern world economy is a division of technological power. The consequence of this is specialization developed countries on the export of science-intensive and techno-intensive products (electronics, instrument making). Developing countries, on the other hand, account for the export of resource-intensive and labor-intensive products, the production of which often leads to a violation of the ecological balance. Some countries continue to follow a monocultural raw material specialization.

1.3. The main types of integration associations

Conventionally, five main types of integration associations can be distinguished, differing in varying degrees of intensity, scale and specificity, which manifests itself in certain regions:

1. a free trade zone is the simplest form of economic integration: the participating countries abolish customs barriers in mutual trade;
2. the customs union assumes the free movement of goods and services within the group, a single customs tariff in relation to third countries;
3. a common market is a more complex type of integration associations, when barriers between countries are eliminated not only in mutual trade, but also for the movement of labor, services and capital, and economic policy is coordinated;
4. an economic union is the most complex form of interstate economic integration, which involves the implementation of a single economic and monetary policy, the creation of a system for regulating socio-political processes, the coordination of national tax, anti-inflationary, currency and other measures;
5. political union - the highest stage of regional integration - presupposes the transformation of a single market space into an integral economic and political entity; in the most general terms, we can talk about the emergence of a new multinational entity of the world economic and international political relations, who speaks on behalf of all members of this union.

A characteristic feature of integration associations today is their development at the regional level. Regional integration goes through a number of stages, each of which has its own specific features... Moreover, at each stage, certain barriers are eliminated and prerequisites are created for more efficient production and foreign economic relations between countries. As a result, there is a process of creating integral regional economic complexes with common national and interstate governing bodies.

2. Financial and industrial groups as a factor in the development of economic integration

2.1. FIG as a form of association of independent enterprises

To date, the most effective form association of enterprises is a financial and industrial group - several legally independent enterprises, financial and investment institutions, functioning as the main and subsidiaries either fully or partially pooled their resources and capital on the basis of an agreement on the creation of FIGs for technological or economic integration, implementation of investment or other projects and programs aimed at increasing profitability, competitiveness, expanding markets for goods and services, increasing production efficiency, creating new workers places.

2.2. Preconditions for the formation of FIGs in Belarus

The Republic of Belarus possessed a rather powerful industrial complex in terms of gross production volumes and technical capabilities. However, already in the period of transition to a market economy, it became obvious that this complex cannot sufficiently satisfy the needs of society and compete in the world market. The state of the industrial complex was aggravated by the lack of relevant elements of the market infrastructure, unwillingness to open economic borders, the loss of a part of the internal market and markets of the Commonwealth countries, a sharp reduction in effective demand, inflation, insufficiently rapid formation of effective financial and credit institutions, aggravation of the problem of mutual debt of the enterprise, external debts.

Along with the well-known prerequisites for the formation of FIGs in the priority areas of industry for Belarus, there are more specific ones. These include:

• an urgent need to create a new investment system for industrial development, in the formation of integrated structures capable of self-development in market conditions;
• an increase in the financial assets of commercial banks and trading firms that are potential investors in the industry;
• the presence of a serious structural and financial and investment crisis in industry, especially in the field of R&D and high technologies;
• the need to strengthen the already established technological and cooperative ties for the production of competitive products, as well as to update them on a different basis;
• the complexity and lack of experience of independent entry of domestic enterprises to foreign markets;
• loss of a significant share of the domestic commodity market of Belarus due to the appearance on it of the products of large foreign, including transnational companies.

The creation of financial and industrial groups in industries tending to the concentration of production factors seems to be one of the most effective ways to solve these problems.

The formation of FIGs will help to realize the existing advantages and potentials of the Belarusian industry and overcome its disadvantages.

State industrial policy should be aimed at protecting industrial enterprises in areas of production with a high level of risk and uncertainty of economic activity, and, conversely, at expanding competition and incentives where it contributes to improving production.

An important distinguishing characteristic of many Belarusian enterprises is the extensive development of export and import. Internationalization of markets, adaptation to new methods of organization, knowledge of projects and the costs of competitors are becoming as important as the introduction of new technologies and improvement of production through restructuring.

A number of enterprises could form the core of an international group based on metallurgy, chemical industry, mechanical engineering and electromechanical component production.

The attitude to the program of assistance in the formation of financial and industrial groups is determined by the fact that they are viewed in two ways: as one of the measures to overcome the crisis in industry and as a "supporting structure" of a modern developed economic system.

2.3. The strategy of creating FIGs in Belarus

The creation of FIGs in the Republic of Belarus can be carried out within the framework of the general program for the economy's recovery from the crisis, its recovery and further economic growth. The strategy for the formation of financial and industrial groups is based on the economic realities existing in the republic, analysis of supply and sales markets, established ties of enterprises within the country and with other regions, and national priorities. This strategy is consistent with other programs - structural adjustment, antitrust policy, small and medium business development, conversion, etc.

For the accelerated formation of FIGs in the Belarusian economy, it is advisable to implement the following measures:

• to develop appropriate legislation regulating the procedure for the creation and functioning of financial and industrial groups;
• to strengthen the motivation of banking structures in financing industrial projects of a medium and long term nature;
• establish a unified procedure for providing state support FIG, which doses it in accordance with the objectives of industrial policy and according to clearly defined criteria;
• to coordinate this support from various ministries, other government agencies;
• to develop recommendations that would make it easier for the initiators of the creation of FIGs to solve the problems they face.

A program to assist in the formation of financial-industrial groups could provide a change in the current situation, “moreover, the solution of structural problems may turn out to be a matter of the distant future and result in hard-to-recover losses.

At the same time, an analysis of the state of affairs in the economy of the Republic of Belarus indicates that for some subsectors the organization of several FIGs is not advisable.

The processes of creating financial and industrial groups in the Republic of Belarus, as a tool for implementing the priorities of structural policy and concentration of investment resources, should be based on an individual study and thorough examination of projects for organizing the joint use of industrial potential and bank capital, aimed at stimulating development in areas that are critical for overcoming crisis phenomena in the economy and social sphere.

2.4. The main directions of FIGs in Belarus

The following are expedient as priority directions for the design of financial and industrial groups:

• implementation of investment programs (projects) focused on the creation and production of products that are competitive in the world market, primarily through the implementation of the accumulated scientific and technical potential of high-tech industries, increasing the production of primary processing of fuel and energy and raw materials, increasing the export orientation of products of defense enterprises , creating the necessary organizational and economic prerequisites for gaining a foothold in specific markets;
• the creation of new technological chains and organizational and economic ties, contributing to the accelerated and rational re-profiling of the existing scientific and production activities in areas that ensure the reorientation of resources from ineffective industries to the production of competitive products, as well as the possibility of creating and producing products that contribute to overcoming the country's lag in the advanced fields of science and technology;
• realization investment projects corresponding to the priorities in the spheres of the economy, defined as priority ones for the state structural policy;
• development and implementation of commercially effective investment programs (projects) attractive to private investors (non-state financial, credit and investment institutions);
• organization of mutually beneficial cooperation ties and implementation of joint investment projects with enterprises in Russia and the CIS member states.

When creating financial and industrial groups with the participation of Western firms, it is advisable to focus on their high technologies with the further sale of finished goods, initially in the markets of the Commonwealth countries. The participants in such FIGs should include the enterprises of the republic that are most ready to introduce advanced technologies. Such enterprises are characterized by the smallest lag in organization and production technology from Western firms. With insignificant investments, the introduction of modern technologies is possible. These are enterprises of the radio-electronic and electrical engineering industries that do not require large expenditures of energy resources ("Integral", BelOMO, etc.).

When forming FIGs with the participation of enterprises from the CIS countries, primarily Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan, one should focus on their raw materials in the processing and production of final products at enterprises in Belarus. These enterprises include enterprises of the chemical and petrochemical industries, mechanical engineering and agricultural engineering, which require large expenditures of energy raw materials.

In the formation of national FIGs, the main task is to increase the competitiveness of Belarusian goods in the world market and the sustainability of enterprises.

For the successful implementation of this concept, systematic organizational and practical work of enterprises and management bodies is required. Since the main partners in FIGs are, as a rule, abroad, it is necessary to ensure the coordinated activities of numerous organizations and state institutions, create interstate and mixed commissions, groups, etc.

Enterprises, research institutes and design bureaus of the defense complex should play a significant role in the formation of FIGs. A prerequisite their wide participation in FIGs should be a clear regulation of the peculiarities of the unification of non-privatized enterprises, their relationship with general customers and the state budget.

The desire of bank capital to go beyond the framework of deposit and loan services for industrial enterprises, to join operations for the mobilization, redistribution and management of capital flows will be widely spread to other industries with high export potential. Thus, the formation of financial and industrial groups in the fuel and energy complex is accompanied by increased competition from commercial banks. investment companies.

Among the diversified groups that unite enterprises in industries at different stages of the life cycle, financial and industrial groups will have great opportunities to redistribute resources from the phased out production to the newest ones.

When the shares of enterprises repay part of their debts to suppliers from other states of the Commonwealth, the formation of FIGs from enterprises of these countries will accelerate. Integration processes of this kind will most likely cover the industry of Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus - as states with the highest level of integration.

2.5. Features of the creation of FIGs in Belarus

At the same time, through the carefully thought-out creation of specific financial and industrial groups, the potential for the emergence of negative trends should be eliminated, which should be facilitated by an objective examination of FIG projects, a systematic analysis of their activities and the introduction of special regulated measures (contractual agreements between group members, the presence of representatives of state management in supervisory boards). Like any new phenomenon, financial and industrial groups, although they have a number of objective prerequisites for their creation, are a foreign entity in the economy of the republic. For the formation of such a new class of structures as FIGs, it is necessary to carry out a number of measures that create a favorable environment (legal, economic, informational, etc.) for the formation and functioning of these groups.

Taking into account the pace of economic reform in the republic, the creation of financial and industrial groups must be transferred to the level of state policy. State bodies the departments should accelerate the generalization of the experience available in other countries and take it into account in the preparation of regulatory and legal documents.

In this case, the main efforts should be focused on the development of a system of regulatory and methodological documents that determine the main provisions of scientific and technical, financial and investment, foreign economic activity of FIGs, focused primarily on the use of government bodies and business entities.

For enterprises, organizations and institutions, it is necessary to develop teaching materials that reflect practical issues creation and functioning of FIGs, such as normative and legislative acts regulating the procedure for the creation and functioning of financial and industrial groups; group project requirements; recommendations for creating a project; the procedure for passing the project appraisal and registration of the group.

It should provide for a number of works at enterprises in order to create conditions that meet the requirements set out in regulatory documents regulating the creation and operation of FIGs, as well as the requirements of foreign partners and investors, if they are supposed to be attracted.

It is necessary to organize training of personnel of government bodies, training of top and middle managers of enterprises, selection of specialists. For this, seminars, consultations, the release of information and methodological materials, the publication of thematic collections, etc. can be used. Education and training of personnel should be the primary stage of work at enterprises in the framework of the creation of FIG.

It will be necessary to create a comprehensive information and reference system of the financial and industrial group, providing all participants with the necessary information about the supply and sales markets, securities and loan capital markets, operational information about the performance of FIGs and other data. It is also necessary to create and enter the Register of financial and industrial groups, a database on the main technical and economic parameters of the work of FIG. The relatively easy access of business entities to the information necessary for making business decisions will become the basis for a civilized and efficient market.

2.6. FIG in Belarus

The priority direction of the formation of FIGs in Belarus today is the organization of the production of microelectronic products, diesel engineering, chemical products, complex agricultural equipment. Already in 1997, the formation of three financial industrial groups - "Format", "Granit" and "BelRusAvto" was completed. The next stage is the creation of four more FIGs - "Belarusian Bus", "Radio Navigation", "Development of Electronic Industries", "Mezhgosmetiz". The experience of creating FIGs predetermined the need to harmonize the regulatory framework in this area.

In conclusion of this topic, it can be noted that the first agrarian-financial-industrial group in Belarus - Agrarian financial-industrial company Zhlobin meat-packing plant JSC - was established in the Gomel region. "Stepskoe".

3. Prerequisites and real opportunities for Belarus to enter international integration associations

3.1. Preliminary measures required for the entry of the Republic of Belarus into international integration associations

Even today, when planning and implementing the development strategy of the Republic of Belarus, government bodies are faced with the need to take into account specific aspects of globalization. The most relevant at the moment are the following aspects:

• transnationalization of capital and, as a consequence, a change in the concept of a country's comparative advantage in international trade;
• internationalization of production and competition and, as a consequence, changes in the mechanisms of export competitiveness of the national producer;
• internationalization of the infrastructure of the world economy (industrial infrastructure, financial infrastructure, management infrastructure, infrastructure of world markets);
• development of a system of supranational regulation of international economic relations, and primarily the formation and expansion of the World Trade Organization.

Let's take a closer look at each of these aspects.

Capital transnationalization. Until recently, in the world economics it was customary to explain the structure of international trade by the endowment of countries with factors of production - separate types labor and capital. In the modern world economy, in the context of globalization, this approach is outdated, since the concept of a country's endowment with capital is losing its meaning. Capital becomes international and can enter and leave a single country, depending on the investment climate of that country.

Internationalization of production and competition. At the present stage, a number of sectors of the world economy, in particular mechanical engineering, the chemical and petrochemical industry, the pharmaceutical industry, financial services, telecommunications services, etc., are characterized by the fact that the concept of “national producer” loses its meaning in these sectors. Enterprises of these industries through property relations or contractual relations of industrial cooperation are included in the structure of one of the large multinational corporations. Accordingly, international competition in such industries is not competition between national producers in individual countries, but competition between several multinational corporations (MNCs) operating in a given industry. As a result, national producers of countries not included in the structure of one of the MNCs cannot remain competitive in such markets. For the Republic of Belarus, this means that a number of its industries, primarily high-tech ones, will not be able to work effectively with an export orientation without establishing long-term relations between domestic enterprises and MNCs of developed countries.

Internationalization of the infrastructure of the economy. The current changes in the field of communications, first of all, the development of the global computer network Internet, lead to the formation of a qualitatively new infrastructure of the world economy. These changes affect all the most important components of the infrastructure: production, finance, management, market.

For Belarus, all of the above means that the development of the national economy and its competitiveness are key to how effectively the country will be included in the processes of informatization of the world economy.

3.2. Prospects for Belarus joining the WTO

The development of a system of supranational regulation of international economic relations is the next most important aspect of globalization. First of all, here we are talking about the creation and expansion of the World Trade Organization.

The accession of the Republic of Belarus to the WTO is in a sense inevitable, if we take into account that today its members are the majority of developed and developing countries of the world, including almost all of our trading partners, with the exception of the EurAsEC countries.

In 2004, the Institute of Economics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus developed a Comprehensive Forecast of the consequences of the accession of the Republic of Belarus to the WTO, covering the consequences for the industrial sector, Agriculture, the service sector, as well as the consequences in the social and labor sphere. Unlike similar studies devoted to the consequences of individual countries (in particular, Russian) accession to the WTO, the developers did not set themselves the goal of creating a single “large” general equilibrium model for the Belarusian economy, so that then using this model to work out all aspects related to predicting the consequences of joining the WTO. Instead, a partial equilibrium approach was used, or rather, the method of searching for and separately studying "sensitive points", that is, specific elements of the economic system (up to the enterprise level), for which accession to the WTO would entail tangible consequences. In our opinion, this approach is most adequate to the subject of the study. The country's accession to the WTO is accompanied by diverse changes in the regulation of foreign trade, the impact of which on individual industries and production can be very different. Even within the same industry, some enterprises can generally win, others lose, as a result of which the average effect of joining the WTO (which is given by the general equilibrium model) will be equal to zero. Obviously, on the basis of such an average forecast, it is impossible to develop recommendations for preparing the industry for accession to the WTO.

In conclusion, we can say that accession to the WTO will accelerate the process of restructuring the national economy and bringing the sectoral proportions of the production of goods and services in line with the requirements of domestic and external demand. This means a clearer division of industries and individual industries in the economy into growing and shrinking, which will be accompanied by a redistribution of labor resources from shrinking industries to growing ones. It is predicted that the main part of the process of redistribution of labor resources will take place within the industrial sector - between individual industries. Preliminary calculations, taking into account the growth in production volumes after accession to the WTO and the trends in the growth of output per employee that have developed in certain industries, showed that the growth in demand for labor resources in 2006-2010. will be sufficient to maintain employment levels. The creation of new jobs in the growing export sectors of the economy forms the mechanism through which the the main objective accession of the Republic of Belarus to the WTO - acceleration of long-term economic growth on an export-oriented basis.

4. Stages of integration processes in the creation of a common economic space with the CIS countries

4.1. The goals of the creation of the CIS

December 8, 1991 in Viskuli - the seat of the Belarusian government in Belovezhskaya Pushcha - the leaders of the Republic of Belarus, Russian Federation and Ukraine signed the Agreement establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

December 21, 1991 in Alma-Ata chapter eleven sovereign states(Besides Baltic states and Georgia) signed the Protocol to this Agreement, in which they stressed that the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, the Republic of Uzbekistan and Ukraine, on an equal footing, form the Commonwealth of Independent States. The participants in the meeting unanimously adopted the Alma-Ata Declaration, which reaffirmed the commitment of the former Soviet republics to cooperation in various fields of foreign and domestic policy, and proclaimed guarantees of the fulfillment of the international obligations of the former USSR. Later, in December 1993, Georgia joined the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth of Independent States operates on the basis of the Charter adopted by the Council of Heads of State on January 22, 1993.

The Commonwealth of Independent States is not a state and does not have supranational powers. In September 1993, the heads of state of the Commonwealth of Independent States signed the Treaty establishing Economic Union, which contains the concept of transforming economic interaction within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States, taking into account the realities that have developed in it. The Treaty is based on the understanding by its participants of the need to form a common economic space based on the free movement of goods, services, labor, capital; development of an agreed monetary, tax, price, customs, foreign economic policy; approximation of methods of regulation of economic activity, creation favorable conditions for the development of direct industrial ties.

4.2. Trends in the development of economic integration of the CIS countries

The trends in the development of economic integration of the CIS countries seem to be very promising. At a meeting in Bishkek in 1998, the heads of government approved a program of priority actions for the formation of a single economic space, which stipulates actions to approximate legislation, customs and transport tariffs, and interaction between industries and enterprises of the three republics. And in April 2001, the CIS week took place, during which the most acute problems were discussed. Conferences and sessions were held on the following topics:

1) "Transport support of foreign economic activity and transit in the CIS";

2) Meeting of the Board of the Leasing Confederation "CIS LEASING";

3) Meeting of the Interstate Monetary Committee;

4) Meeting with representatives of the Ministry of Industry and Science of the Russian Federation to discuss areas of joint work to develop cooperation in light industry and the consumer market of the CIS;

5) International seminar (conference) on economic issues with the agenda: "Problems of investments and ways to increase the competitiveness of products of manufacturers of Belarus, Russia and other CIS countries."

Today the member countries of the Commonwealth independent states are considering the possibility of creating a monetary union in the distant future and introducing a single means of payment. This became known after the meeting held in Minsk on February 24-25, 2005 working group representatives of the central banks of the Commonwealth countries, which finalized the draft program for the implementation of the concept of cooperation and coordination of the activities of the CIS member states in the currency sphere.

The possibility of creating in the future a currency union within the framework of the CIS is already envisaged, but this can still be considered purely theoretically and without any obligations. At the same time, there are strategic prerequisites for the return of the common currency within the CIS, and this corresponds to the international trend of creating currency zones and currency unions.

Noting the different levels of integration of the CIS countries, experts are sure that the closest thing is to the transition to a single currency within the framework of the Union State of Belarus and Russia. According to their forecasts, the next stage of currency integration may be the introduction of a single currency in the territory of the Common Economic Space (CES) countries of Belarus, Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan, or within the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) of Belarus, Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan.

In matters of exchange rate and monetary policy, even life itself forces the CIS countries to go approximately in the same direction. During the years of independence, various economic systems, but in terms of monetary policy, there is an optimal direction to which the CIS countries are approaching to one degree or another. In particular, all CIS countries are characterized by a "floating" exchange rate of the national currency and a significant decrease in the rate of devaluation. Thus, there is a spontaneous convergence of the mechanisms of monetary and exchange rate policy, and their introduction into a certain unified channel will bring a much greater effect.

Speaking about the specific activities of the program discussed at the meeting, it should be noted that, given their diversity, on the whole, a gradual transition to a single exchange rate policy and optimization of exchange rate regimes is envisaged. It is also planned to converge payment systems, increase the share of using national currencies in settlements, and de-dollarize national economies.

4.3. Stages of cooperation between the CIS countries

The concept of cooperation and coordination of activities of the CIS member states in the currency sphere was approved by the heads of government of the CIS countries on September 15, 2004 in Astana. In accordance with it, at the first stage (2004-2006), it is mainly planned to study and converge the mechanisms of foreign economic activity and foreign exchange regulation. At the second stage (2006-2010), it is planned to formalize a coordinated monetary policy in the form of an interstate document, to ensure freedom of capital movement. The third stage (2010-2017) provides for the development and implementation of a mechanism for coordinating monetary policy based on the establishment of optimal exchange rate regimes, a transition to collective decision-making in terms of monetary and financial and economic, including price, policies of the CIS member states, coordination of budgetary policy , as well as reaching an agreement on a currency for collective use, which in the future will become both an international means of payment and a reserve currency.

Conclusion

The Belarusian model of socio-economic development is, first of all, a highly efficient economy with developed entrepreneurship and market infrastructure, effective government regulation, which motivates entrepreneurs to expand and improve production, and hired workers to highly productive work. She guarantees, firstly, high level welfare of conscientiously working members of society, decent social security for the disabled, the elderly and disabled, is based on the principles of constitutional guarantees of the rights and freedoms of citizens, freedom of entrepreneurship and fair competition, choice of profession and place of work, equality of ownership, guarantees of its inviolability and use in the interests of the individual and society, ensuring the interconnection of the welfare of the employee and the results of his work. Secondly, it is healthy ecological environment characterized by rational use natural resources and the preservation of nature not only for present, but also for future generations.

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