The creation of an air defense system intended to replace the S-75 air defense system began in the mid-60s on the initiative of the command of the country's air defense forces and KB-1 of the Ministry of Radio Industry. Initially, it was planned to develop a unified anti-aircraft air defense system S-500U for air defense, ground forces and navy, but later, taking into account the individual characteristics of each type of military force, it was decided to develop, according to a single technical specification, the most unified anti-aircraft and anti-missile air defense system S-300, intended for the army (version S-300V, lead developer - NII-20), Navy (S-300F, VNII Altair) and air defense forces (S-300P, NPO Almaz under the leadership of academician Boris Bunkin).
However, deep interspecies unification of systems, the creation of which was carried out in various teams under very contradictory requirements, was not achieved at that time. Thus, in the S-300P and S-300V systems, only 50% of the functional detection radar devices were unified.
Anti-aircraft rocket troops should have received the new S-300P medium-range air defense system, designed for the defense of administrative and industrial facilities, stationary control posts, headquarters and military bases from attacks by strategic and tactical aviation, as well as the Kyrgyz Republic.
The fundamental features of the new air defense system were to be high mobility and the ability to simultaneously fire at several targets, provided by a multifunctional phased array radar with digital beam position control. (Not a single foreign air defense system that existed at that time had multi-channel properties. The domestic multi-channel complex S-25, as well as the Dal air defense system that was never put into service, were made in stationary versions.) The basis of the system was missiles of the 5B55 type. The rocket was thrown out of the TPK tube using a gas catapult to a height of 20 m, while its control aerodynamic surfaces were simultaneously opened. The gas rudders, at the commands of the autopilot, turned the rocket onto a given course, and after switching on the single-stage sustainer engine, it rushed towards the target.
Testing of elements of the S-300P air defense system, developed under the leadership of the General Designer of NPO Almaz B.V. Bunkin, were carried out at the Sary-Shagan training ground (Kazakhstan) starting in the mid-70s.
In 1978, the first version of the transportable S-300PT complex (NATO code designation SA-10A Grumble) was adopted. The S-300PT battery consisted of three 5P85 launchers (4 TPK each), an on-load tap-changer illumination and guidance radar cabin (F1) and a control cabin (F2).
In 1980, the developers of the S-300PT system were awarded the State Prize. The production of the S-300PT air defense system continued until the early 80s. In the mid-80s, the complex underwent a number of modernizations, receiving the designation S-300PT-1. In 1982, a new version of the S-300P air defense system was adopted into service with the air defense forces - the self-propelled complex S-300PS (NATO code designation - SA-10B Grumble), developed at NPO Almaz under the leadership of chief designer Alexander Lemansky.
The creation of this complex was determined by an analysis of the experience of the combat use of air defense missiles in Vietnam and the Middle East, where the survival of air defense systems was greatly facilitated by their mobility, the ability to escape from an attack “in front of the very nose” of the enemy and quickly prepare for battle in a new position. The new complex had a record a short time deployment - 5 minutes, making it difficult to vulnerable to enemy aircraft.
It included an improved 5V55R missile, which was aimed according to the principle of “target tracking through a missile” and a 5V55KD missile defense system with a firing range increased to 90 km.
5N63S fire guidance and control vehicleThe S-300PS division includes 3 air defense missile batteries, each of which consists of three self-propelled launchers on the MAZ-543M chassis and one 5N63S vehicle, consisting of combined F1S on-load tap-changer cabins and F2K combat control cabins on one MAZ-543M chassis.
The launchers are divided into one main 5P85S with an F3S launch preparation and control cabin and a 5S18 autonomous power supply system, and two additional 5P85D, equipped with only one 5S19 autonomous power supply system.
The battery can fire 6 targets simultaneously, with two missiles each, to ensure a high kill ratio.
New technical equipment introduced into the S-300PT-1 and S-300PS air defense systems significantly expanded them combat capabilities. To exchange telemetric information with the air defense command post, located more than 20 km from the division, the Sosna antenna-mast device on the ZIL-131N chassis was used. When conducting autonomous air defense combat operations in isolation from the command post, the S-300PS division can be assigned an all-altitude three-dimensional radar 36D6 or 16Zh6.
three-dimensional radar 36D6In 1989, an export version of the S-300PS-S-300PMU system appeared (NATO code designation - SA-10C Grumble). In addition to minor changes in the composition of the equipment, the export version also differs in that the launchers are offered only in the version transported on semi-trailers (5P85T). For operational maintenance, the S-300PMU system can be equipped with a mobile repair station PRB-300U.
A further development of the complex was the S-300PM air defense system and its export version - the S-300PMU-1 (NATO code designation - SA-10D Grumble).
Development of an improved version of the complex began in 1985.
The S-300PMU-1 was first shown at the Mosaeroshow-92 air show in Zhukovsky, and a year later its capabilities were demonstrated during demonstration shooting at the international arms exhibition IDEX-93 (Abu Dhabi, UAE). In 1993, the S-300PM complex was put into service.
S-300PT S-300PS S-300PM S-300PMU-2
(S-300PMU) (S-300PMU-1)
Year of adoption
1978 1982 1993 1997
SAM type 5V55K 5V55K/5V55R (48N6) 48N6 (48N6E) 48N6E2
On-load tap-changer viewing sector (in azimuth), deg.
60. 90. 90. 90.
Borders of the affected area, km:
long-range (aerodynamic target)
47.47/75. (90). up to 150
near
5 . 5/5 . 3-5 . 3.
Target engagement altitude, km:
minimum (aerodynamic target)
0,025. 0,025/0,025 . 0,01. 0,01.
- minimum (ballistic target)
- - 0.006 n/a
- maximum (aerodynamic target)
25. 27. 27. 27.
- maximum (ballistic target)
- - (n/a) 25 n/a
Maximum missile speed, m/s
up to 2000 up to 2000 up to 2100 up to 2100
Speed of targets hit, m/s
1300 1300 1800 1800
- when shooting at target designation
- - up to 2800 up to 2800
Number of tracked targets up to 12
Number of targets fired
to 6 to 6 to 6 to 36
Number of simultaneously guided missiles
to 12 to 12 to 12 to 72
Rate of fire, sec
5 3-5 3 3
Expansion/collapse time, min.
up to 90 up to 90 5/5 5/5
The deep modernization was aimed at increasing the automation of combat operations, the ability to destroy modern ballistic missiles at speeds of 2800 m/s, increasing the range of radars, replacing the element base and computers, improving computer and missile software, and reducing the number of units of basic equipment.
An important advantage of the S-300PM air defense system is its high adaptability to long-term combat duty.
The S-300PM is capable of intercepting and destroying the most modern weapons with almost one hundred percent probability. combat aircraft, strategic cruise missiles, tactical and operational-tactical ballistic missiles and other air attack weapons in the entire range of their combat use, including when exposed to intense active and passive interference.
RPN 30N6 The S-300PM battery includes a 30N6 (30N6E) on-load tap-changer, up to 12 5P85S/5P85 (5P85SE/5P85TE) launchers with four 48N6 (48N6E) missiles on each, as well as transportation means, technical operation and missile storage, including the 82TS6 (82Ts6E) vehicle. To detect low-altitude targets, the battery can be equipped with an NVO 76N6, which has a high degree of protection from reflections of the earth's surface.
Up to six S-300PM batteries (air defense battalion) are coordinated by the 83M6 (83M6E) control command post, consisting of the 54K6 (54K6E) PBU and 64H6 (64N6E) target radar at medium and high altitudes.
RLO 64H6 The fully automatic 64H6 radar provides the control system with information about all-round aerodynamic targets and ballistic targets in a given sector, located at ranges of up to 300 km and flying at speeds of up to 2.78 km/s.
PBU 54K6 receives and summarizes information about the air situation from various sources, controls fire weapons, receives control commands and information about the air situation from the command post of the air defense zone, assesses the degree of danger, makes target distribution for air defense systems, issues target designations for targets intended for destruction, and also ensures the stability of the combat operation of air defense systems in conditions of electronic and fire countermeasures.
The battery is capable of conducting combat operations autonomously. The multifunctional on-load tap-changer 30N6 provides search, detection, automatic tracking of targets, and carries out all operations related to preparation and firing. At the same time, the battery can fire at up to 6 targets of various types, each of which can be fired with a single launch or a salvo of two missiles. The rate of fire is 3 s.
In 1995-1997, after testing at the Kapustin Yar training ground, another modernization of the system was carried out, which was named S-300PMU-2 “Favorite” (NATO code designation - SA-10E Grumble). Russia showed it for the first time at the MAKS-97 exhibition, and demonstration shooting abroad took place for the first time in Abu Dhabi at the IDEX-99 exhibition.
48N6E rocket and its diagram:
1. Radio direction finder (sight) 2. Autopilot 3. Radio fuse 4. Radio control equipment 5. Electric power source 6. Safety actuator 7. Warhead 8. Engine 9. Aerodynamic rudder - aileron 10. Steering gear 11. Rudder-aileron deployment device 12. Gas rudder-aileron
The S-300PMU-2 Favorit air defense system is designed for highly effective protection of the most important facilities of the state and armed forces from massive attacks by modern and advanced aircraft, strategic cruise missiles, tactical and operational tactical missiles and other means of air attack in the entire range of altitudes and speeds of their combat use, including in difficult conditions of electronic warfare.
Compared to the S-300PMU-1 in the new system:
the effectiveness of hitting ballistic targets with the 48N6E2 missile has been increased, ensuring the initiation (detonation) of the target's warhead;
the efficiency of the system against aerodynamic targets has been increased, including against stealthy targets at extremely low altitudes, in complex tactical and jamming environments;
the far limit of the aerodynamic target engagement zone has been increased to 200 km, including when firing in pursuit;
the information characteristics of the 83M6E2 control system KP for detecting and tracking ballistic targets have been expanded, while maintaining the sector for detecting aerodynamic targets;
the ability of the PBU 54K6E2 to work with the S-300PMU-2, S-300PMU-1, S-300PMU and S-200VE (S-200DE presumably) systems in any combination has been expanded;
the system's characteristics have been improved when conducting autonomous combat operations through the use of a new generation autonomous target designation device - the 96L6E radar;
the integration of the S-300PMU-2 Favorit air defense system into various air defense systems, including those operating according to NATO standards, has been ensured;
The possibility of using 48N6E missiles of the S-300PMU-1 system along with 48N6E2 missiles has been implemented.
Firing at ground targets confirmed that each missile equipped with a warhead with 36,000 “ready” fragments can hit unprotected enemy personnel and unarmored targets over an area of more than 120,000 square meters. m.
According to foreign sources, at the time of the collapse of the USSR, there were about 3000 launchers of various variants of the S-Z00 air defense system. Currently, various modifications of the S-300 air defense system, in addition to the Russian army, are available in Ukraine, the Republic of Belarus, and Kazakhstan.
Google Earth satellite image: Russian S-300P air defense system, Nakhodka, Primorsky Krai
Google Earth satellite image: positions of the S-400 air defense system Zhukovsky, RussiaAnother problem of the “400” is the lack of development of its arsenal. So far, of the entire diverse (theoretically) set, the S-400 has only a modified version of the serial missile from the 300 48N6 - 48N6DM, capable of hitting targets at a distance of 250 kilometers. Neither the 9M96 medium-range "pencils" nor the 40N6 "heavy missile" with a 400-km range have yet entered production.
The situation is aggravated by the fact that thanks to the actual betrayal of our leadership, elements of the S-300P air defense system were delivered for “familiarization” to the United States. This gave our “partners” the opportunity to familiarize themselves in detail with the characteristics and develop countermeasures. From the same “opera” the delivery of S-300P to the island. Cyprus, and eventually Greece, a NATO member country, gained access to them.
However, due to opposition from Turkey, they were never stationed in Cyprus; the Greeks relocated them to the island. Crete.
Google Earth satellite image: S-300P on the island of CreteUnder pressure from the United States and especially Israel, our leadership terminated the concluded contract for the supply of S-300 to Iran. Which, undoubtedly, dealt a blow to the reputation of the Russian Federation as a reliable business partner and threatens large billion-dollar losses in the event of payment of a penalty.
Export deliveries of the S-300 were also carried out to Vietnam and China. Recently, information has been received about the supply of S-300P air defense systems to Syria, which, of course, can significantly complicate the actions of US and Israeli aviation and lead to significant losses.
Google Earth satellite image: S-300P position in Qingdao, ChinaIn China, which limited itself to purchasing a small number, the S-300P air defense system was successfully copied, and its own version was created under the designation HQ-9 (HongQi-9 from the Chinese Red Banner - 9, export designation FD-2000).
The HQ-9 was created by the China Academy of Defense Technology. The development of its early prototypes began in the 80s of the last century and continued with varying success until the mid-90s. In 1993, China purchased a small batch of S-300 PMU-1 air defense systems from Russia. A number of design features and technical solutions of this complex were largely borrowed by Chinese engineers during the further design of the HQ-9.
In the late 1990s, the People's Liberation Army of China (PLA) adopted the HQ-9 air defense system. At the same time, work to improve the complex was continued using available information on the American Patriot complex and the Russian S-300 PMU-2.
The latter was purchased by the PRC in 2003 in the amount of 16 divisions. Currently in
The HQ-9A air defense system is under development, which should be more effective, especially in the field of missile defense. It is planned to achieve a significant improvement primarily through improving electronic hardware and software.
The slant firing range of the complex ranges from 6 to 200 km, the flight altitude of the targets hit is from 500 to 30,000 meters. According to the manufacturer, the air defense system is capable of intercepting guided missiles within a radius of 1 to 18 km. cruise missiles within a radius of 7 to 15 km. and tactical ballistic missiles within a radius of 7 to 25 km. (in some sources 30 km). Time to bring the complex to combat status from the march - is 6 minutes, reaction time is 12-15 seconds.
The first information about export versions of the air defense system appeared in 1998. Currently, the complex is actively promoted on the international market under the name FD-2000. In 2008, he took part in a Turkish tender for the acquisition of 12 long-range air defense systems. According to a number of experts, the FD-2000 can be a significant competitor to Russian export versions of the S-300P system.
Using the technologies used in the S-300P air defense system, a new Chinese medium-range air defense system HQ-16 was created.
The HQ-16A is equipped with six missiles using "hot launch". The complex can be used to create an air defense system at medium and high altitudes together with the HQ-9 complex, which, judging by television footage, receive information from the same radar with phased array. In order to increase the capabilities of the complex to intercept low-flying targets, a special radar can be installed to detect targets in the “blind zone”.
The firing range of the HQ-16 is 25 km, the HQ-16A is 30 km.
The HQ-16 air defense system launcher is very similar in appearance to the long-range air defense systems of the S-300P and HQ-9 types, which may very likely mean that Chinese designers hope to introduce a modular design into the HQ-9 and HQ-16 complexes in the future.
Thus, China is actively developing its air defense systems, and if our country does not take specific steps, it has every chance in the future to reduce the gap in this area.
Based on materials:
http://military-informer.narod.ru/pvo-S-300P.html
http://russkaya-sila.rf/guide/army/pv/s300p.shtml
http://topgun.rin.ru/cgi-bin/picture_e.pl?unit=2375&page=7
http://my.mail.ru/community/voina-mir-istori/tag/%C7%D0%CA%20%D1-300
The world has been talking for a long time about the Russian S-300 anti-aircraft missile system (SAM). Responses to it are very contradictory: from “a formidable weapon for any modern enemy” to “a hopelessly outdated system of the 70s of the last century.” And now Russia is supplying these installations to Syria. Let's figure out why and why this happens.
Combat testing is still to come
Foreign media, citing sources in the United States and Israel, claim that the S-300 is already in service with the air defense of the Syrian Arab Republic (SAR). In 2010-2013 Russia allegedly supplied SAR with six S-300 air defense systems in the PMU-2 modification. And as if in recent battles it showed its complete inadequacy compared to modern aircraft and missiles.
The Russian side denies the presence of the S-300 in Syria's arsenal. According to her, the contract for the supply of these anti-aircraft missile systems was signed, and Russia received an advance payment for them. However, in 2013, at the insistence of Israel, the contract was terminated and the money received was returned to the Syrian side. Russia managed to supply only individual components of these weapons to Syria, which cannot be used.
Thus, according to statements by Russian officials, the S-300 complexes have never yet been used anywhere in the world in real combat operations.
Old, but still in demand
As for the fact that this system was created in the 70s of the last century, this is true. The development of the S-300 was carried out in the early 70s. at NPO Almaz. In 1975, its testing began, and in 1979, the first S-300s went on combat duty to protect the air borders of our Motherland.
The S-300 represents a further development of domestic mobile air defense systems, which began with the installation of the S-75 Desna in the 1950s. Does the very distant year of 1978, the year of adoption of the S-300, indicate anything? Yes and no.
First of all, this indicates that this car is in demand, which means it is good in its class. In addition to Russia, it is in service with fifteen other countries around the world, including NATO countries (discussed below). Secondly, the family of American Patriot complexes, with which the S-300 (the closest analogue) is usually compared, began to be created around the same years and has been in service with the United States and a number of other countries since the early 80s of the last century. Thirdly, and most importantly, the S-300 is not one model, but a whole family of air defense systems created by modernizing the original one.
Combat characteristics
The differences between early and late modifications of the S-300 are quite significant. When it comes to modern export deliveries of the S-300, we mean the latest models, like the S-300 PMU-2 (often called the “Favorite”). It was first introduced in 1997. Its firing range and altitude range of targets hit have been significantly increased.
The S-300 air defense system battery includes transportation and storage means, up to twelve launchers(PU) missiles, two antenna towers, a guidance radar, a command post consisting of a detection radar (SAR) and a combat control point (CCU). An important quality The Favorit complex is capable of salvo-launching missiles from a divisional PBU using radar, which simultaneously tracks up to 36 targets.
Thus, an S-300 division, which includes six batteries, can launch 72 missiles at once in a coordinated manner (one target is guaranteed to be hit by two missiles). This is extremely important during a massive launch of enemy missiles.
The complex affects aircraft and cruise missiles flying at speeds of up to 2800 meters per second (more than 8 Mach numbers, or the speed of sound) within a radius of up to 200 kilometers. No production combat aircraft yet flies at such speed. In addition, an important characteristic of the newest modification of the S-300 is the ability to hit medium-range ballistic missiles at distances of up to 40 kilometers.
Russian military experts claim that the S-300 is guaranteed to destroy from 80 to 93% of targets in its coverage area.
How many S-300s are needed in Syria?
The S-300 air defense systems are in service in many countries around the world, including Iran, China, Vietnam, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Greece, Ukraine, etc. As already mentioned, the practical results of using these systems can only be judged on the basis of tests and exercises. The closest test to a combat test is believed to have taken place shortly after the 1991 Gulf War. One of the first modifications of the S-300 was used to fire at flying targets - analogues of the Scud tactical missiles that were launched by Iraq at Israel. Almost all of these missiles were destroyed. At the same time, during that war, the American Patriot systems showed low efficiency in intercepting such missiles. This incident convinced most of our specialists of the superiority of the S-300 over American system the same class.
According to the deputy director of the Institute of Military and Strategic Analysis, Alexander Khramchikhin, the enemy can “push through” the S-300 with a massive attack. Ultimately, it all depends on the number of missiles fired by the enemy and the number of S-300s themselves. Thus, during a missile attack on Syria on April 14, 2018, ships and aircraft of NATO countries fired 105 sea- and air-based missiles. According to calculations, to simultaneously track and destroy most of them would require about 10 S-300 Favorit air defense systems.
Air defense has always been priority for the Russian Armed Forces. Today, vast experience is used in organizing the air defense structure and the material and technical base accumulated and created during the Soviet period. One of the pillars of the country’s air defense at the moment is the universal S 300 air defense system, inherited by the Russian Armed Forces from the Soviet Union.
At the moment, this air defense system in the PS, PM and PMU modifications is the main combat component of the combat capability of the Russian anti-aircraft missile forces. The weapon, created more than 40 years ago, still has quite high characteristics. The complex was created to provide cover from air attacks for army groups, aviation and naval bases, and strategic and administrative infrastructure facilities. The main targets for anti-aircraft missiles are multiple warheads of ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, and tactical and strategic aircraft.
The creation of a new air defense system is a requirement for defense sufficiency
In the mid-60s of the 20th century, the Soviet Union had one of the most powerful and developed air defense systems in the world. Surrounded by military bases of the USA and countries belonging to the NATO bloc, the USSR was forced to devote great attention protecting their strategic facilities and main administrative centers from a possible air-nuclear strike. In those days, the main means of arming the air defense forces were the S-75 missile systems, which were a rather successful design from a technical point of view. The weapon turned out to be so successful that it was produced in large series for the needs of the domestic air defense system and for delivery abroad.
May 1, 1960 over Southern Urals The S-75 anti-aircraft missile systems in service with the country's air defense shot down an American U-2 spy plane. The target was hit at an altitude of about 22 km. (The S-75 air defense system had a maximum target engagement altitude of 25 km).
However, the combat experience gained during the use of S-75 missile systems in Vietnam and during the wars in the Middle East showed the insufficient efficiency of the combat system. In modern warfare, when the approach time of jet aircraft has been reduced to a minimum, a quick transfer of anti-aircraft weapons from a traveling position to a combat position was required. The appearance in Europe, Turkey and Italy of American medium- and short range generally made the entire European part of the Soviet Union defenseless from a rapid missile strike. From the moment the signal about an air attack was received, there was practically no time left to transfer the anti-aircraft missile systems to combat mode in such conditions.
In addition, it was necessary to increase performance characteristics anti-aircraft missiles. The appearance of multiple warheads on ballistic missiles forced the defending side to increase the number of anti-aircraft countermeasures. Strategic aviation flights were carried out at high altitudes, so it was necessary to increase the flight range of anti-aircraft missiles, warhead power and maximum altitude. The appearance of the new S-125 anti-aircraft missile system made it possible to solve the problem for a short period of time, strengthening the air defense of army groups and main strategic facilities. However, the problem was not solved globally. A new, mobile and powerful anti-aircraft missile system was required, capable of simultaneously tracking several targets, shooting over long distances and overtaking targets at high altitudes.
The solution to this situation was the S 300, a mobile missile system that significantly strengthened the air defense of the Soviet Union. For that time, it was the most modern anti-aircraft missile system, based on the use of the most advanced technologies and a qualitatively new approach to equipping missile systems with auxiliary means.
The birth of a new anti-aircraft missile system
The technical requirements for new missile systems were based on comments from the military. The country's air defense command and senior military leadership set the designers the task of creating a mobile anti-aircraft missile system unified for different types of troops. The main conditions of the project were mobility, a wide range of hitting targets in height, long range and a high rate of fire.
At first, the time allotted for collapsing and deploying the system was 90 minutes. Over time, this indicator will be improved tenfold.
Work on the project began back in 1969. For 5 years, long and painstaking work took place in all areas, from the creation of a new anti-aircraft missile and control systems to the development of a launch and transport base. The complex was created in conditions of close cooperation. Considering the fact that new air defense system should become universal, each modification had its own developers. Thus, the S-300V complex, designed to equip ground army units, was created at NII-20. The naval version of the air defense system was created at the Altair Research Institute. The lead developer of the S-300P missile system for the needs of the country's air defense forces is the Almaz Central Design Bureau.
Despite the fact that the general design and technological base for the complexes being created was unified, it was not possible to achieve complete unification of the missile systems. The sea and land versions of the missile system are similar only in appearance and are only half unified. The greatest differences in the systems created were in radar equipment and tracking equipment. The main highlight of the project was to be the 5V55 anti-aircraft missile of the S-300 complex, which was a powerful weapon for destroying air targets. On the first version, the mass of the warhead was 133 kg warhead. A non-contact radar fuse allows the fragmentation warhead of a missile to be activated at a given altitude. The main damaging element is steel cubes.
Subsequently, on other modifications of the 48N6 and 48N6M missiles, the warheads had a warhead mass of 143 and 180 kg. respectively. The rocket was launched from a transport and launch container as a result of the activation of a pyrotechnic charge.
The created weapon made it possible to solve the following problems:
- defense of large military and industrial facilities;
- protection of administrative settlements of the Union;
- protection of military bases of the fleet and aviation, command and control centers.
The main targets for the new air defense system were ballistic and cruise missiles, which the Soviet system could shoot down at any altitude from 250 m to 27 km and at a range from 5 to 50 km. The complex had two computers capable of processing information on target detection and tracking. The onboard radar is capable of tracking up to 100 targets, providing target designation for 6 or 12 targets for 2 missiles at once.
The anti-aircraft missile of the S 300 anti-aircraft missile system could shoot down targets whose speed reaches 2Max. Later versions of the S-300PS and S-300PMU air defense systems are already ready to destroy targets traveling at speeds 8 times the speed of sound. The rate of fire is 2 missiles within 3-4 seconds. One anti-aircraft missile division usually includes 12 launchers. A single control point can simultaneously monitor all 12 launchers, distributing target parameters and tracking the air horizon in a given sector.
The design of the missile and the technological capabilities of the entire complex made it possible to improve its combat characteristics and constantly improve its tactical and technical performance.
Combat service of the SAM S 300
Thanks to its high combat characteristics, the S-300 has become the most numerous and widespread anti-aircraft system in the world. Its new modifications, among which the most technically mastered is the S-300PS, are the main air defense missile system Russian Federation. Thanks to the saturation of the air defense forces with these missile systems, all Western and central part The country is under reliable protection.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, many anti-aircraft missile systems of various modifications went to former republics, becoming the main element of national air defense systems. These complexes are in service in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan. In the export version, weapons were supplied to China, Vietnam, Algeria and North Korea. Various modifications of the S-300 can be found equipping the air defense systems of Iran, Venezuela, Cyprus, Greece and Bulgaria. The Syrian Republic, which is currently experiencing an acute military-political crisis, also has a number of S-300PS anti-aircraft missile systems.
During subsequent work to modernize the system, firing exercises were carried out repeatedly. For the first time in the modern history of Russia, public anti-aircraft missile firing was held at the Kapustin Yar training ground in 1995, in which the S 300PS air defense system took part. The SS-17 Scad ballistic missile, which forms the main strike force of regional states in the Middle East, was shot down during flight. In comparison with the action of the American Patriot air defense systems, which covered targets in Israel and in Saudi Arabia, Russian S-300s turned out to be much more effective. To destroy an operational-tactical missile, 1-2 48N6E missiles were required, and not only the launch vehicle was destroyed, but also the warhead. American anti-aircraft missile systems were forced to spend 4-5 anti-missile missiles to destroy one Iraqi missile.
Russian new generation missiles had monstrous destructive power. A warhead equipped with heavy destructive fragments creates a high kinetic energy. The fragments scatter in a dense stream at a certain angle to the target, causing its complete destruction upon contact.
At the moment, the technological capabilities of the complex have not been fully exhausted. The latest modification of the S-300PMU-1 air defense system is, according to military experts, a completely satisfactory means of combating air targets. It is not without reason that some third world countries are showing interest in these weapons, seeking to obtain contracts for the supply of Russian anti-aircraft missile systems.
The subsequent development of the S-300 air defense system was the new S-400 missile system, which entered service with the Russian Aerospace Forces in 2007. This is completely different technical specifications anti-aircraft complex, significantly superior not only to its predecessors, but also to the best Western analogues. Nowadays, work is underway to create and launch mass production for more than new version anti-aircraft missile system. The S-500 air defense system should begin to be equipped in 2018 anti-aircraft missile divisions country's air defense systems.
If the first S-300 missile system, which entered service with the USSR air defense in 1979, was called “Favorite,” the new S-500 anti-aircraft missile system is called “Prometheus.” Its 55r6M Triumfator anti-aircraft missile is superior in all respects to all existing analogues in the world, giving an advantage to Russia's air defense for 10-15 years to come.
According to NATO classification - SA-N-6 Grumble, export name - "Reef"
A sea-based anti-aircraft missile system with a vertical launch system, designed to destroy high-speed, maneuverable and small-sized targets over the entire altitude range from ultra-low to high.
Story
It was designed on the basis of the S-300P ground air defense system, which was put into service in 1980. Intended for weapons missile cruisers projects 1144 and 1164, as well as the unrealized project 1165.
The main developer is the All-Russian Research Institute of Electronics and Electronics of SMEs (later transformed into NPO Altair), the leading designer is V. A. Bukatov. The preliminary design was completed in 1966. In 1977, a prototype air defense system was first installed on the large anti-submarine ship "Azov" (project 1134BF) in the aft part in place of the dismantled "Storm" air defense system. The prototype included a launcher of six drums (48 missiles in total) and a 3P41 control system.
In 1983, state tests of the complex were completed on the cruiser Kirov (project 1144). Official adoption occurred in 1984
Design
Vertical launch installation
Vertical launch systems for the Fort air defense system are below deck, revolving type. They were produced in two modifications: B-203 with six and B-204 with eight drums. Each drum is designed for eight missiles in transport and launch containers, which are mounted vertically on guides. One of the drums is always located under the launch hatch. After the rocket descends, the drum automatically rotates 1/8 of a full revolution and launches the next rocket onto the launch line. The provided firing interval is 3 seconds. The launcher is recharged using a special deck charger. Installations B-203 and B-204 occupy an area of 120 and 166 square meters, respectively.
To expand the capabilities of the air defense system, the B-203A installation was designed, ensuring the use of 48N6 missiles
Electronic equipment
The missile is controlled by the 3R41 control system, which is based on a multifunctional phased array radar. Guidance in elevation is electronic, in azimuth mechanical (by rotating the antenna post) and electronic (beam deflection using phased array).
Rockets
Start
The rocket is launched from a vertically placed transport and launch container. At launch, the container is inflated by a powder pressure accumulator, as a result of which the composite lid of the container, weakened by radial grooves, is destroyed. At the same time, a catapult located inside the container is activated, which throws the rocket to a height of about 20 m. The catapult consists of pneumatic cylinders with rods connected at the bottom of the rocket.
After exiting the container, the aerodynamic control surfaces deploy. At an altitude of 20 m, when the rocket’s speed decreases to zero, the main engine and gas-dynamic rudders are turned on, which orient the rocket in space and turn it towards the target.
Rocket 5V55RM
The 5V55RM SAM is a vertical launch solid-propellant rocket, designed according to a normal aerodynamic configuration with a gas-dynamic deflection system. It is aimed at the target by a combined control system - radio command in the cruising sector and radio command with tracking through a missile at the terminal. The target is hit by a high-explosive fragmentation warhead weighing 130 kg with a radar fuse.
The missiles are stored in sealed transport and launch containers (TPC) and are located in below-deck vertical launch units (UVP). The vertical launch of the rocket occurs from containers using a pneumatic ejection device. The propulsion engine is started after the rocket leaves the container at a height of 20-25 m from the deck.
The performance of the rocket in the TPK is guaranteed for 10 years without maintenance. The UVP is recharged using a deck charger.
The missile is unified with the 5V55R missile of the S-300P ground-based air defense system
Rocket 48N6
On the cruiser "Admiral Nakhimov" (the third ship of Project 1144) an improved version of the complex (S-300FM) was installed, which used a 48N6 missile with a directional warhead, unified with the S-300PM land complex. The missile is larger in size than the 5V55RM, and the B-203A launcher was created for it. The 48N6 missile has a maximum range of up to 150 km, but the control system that existed in 1993 allowed a range of only 93 km.
The export version of the missile is called 48N6E.
Solid fuel operating time rocket engine- up to 12 s. After accelerating to a speed of 1900-2100 m/s and running out of fuel, the rocket continues to fly by inertia.
The missile was created by NPO Fakel and produced by the Leningrad Northern Plant and MMZ Avangard.
Rocket 48Н6E2
On the cruiser "Peter the Great" (the fourth ship of Project 1144), in addition to the modernized stern complex with 48 48N6 missiles, a new bow complex S-300FM "Fort-M" with 48 48N6E2 missiles was installed.
The 48N6E2 missile is unified with a similar missile used in the S-300PMU2 ground-based complex. The far border of the affected area has been increased to 200 km. The effectiveness of intercepting ballistic missiles has been increased, ensuring the detonation of the target warhead.
In the future, it is possible to further modernize the Fort using anti-aircraft missiles of the 9M96 family developed by the Fakel design bureau. A standard transport and launch container of the Fort air defense system can accommodate 4 of these missiles, which quadruples the ammunition capacity of the air defense system.
Flaws
The Fort air defense system became the first ship-based missile system in the world to use a vertical launch system (VLS) for storing and launching missiles. The use of UVP made it possible to significantly increase the rate of fire (up to 3 seconds per launch) and reduce the preparation time of the air defense system for firing. But, nevertheless, the obvious advantages of the new launch system were combined with ill-conceived design solutions.
Instead of developing cellular-type installations (the USA, France, England and other countries followed this path), under the pretext of reducing the size and number of holes in the deck, it was decided to use revolving-type installations. In a revolving installation, the missiles are located in a rotating drum, 6-8 containers with missiles in one drum with one launch hatch for each drum, so to launch the next missile you need to turn the drum so that the next container takes a position under the launch hatch.
As a result, the mass of the launcher, compared to the Mk 41 cellular UVPs that appeared later in the United States, turned out to be 2-2.5 times larger with the same capacity, and the volume was 1.5 times larger. At the end of the 1980s, work began on the creation of domestic cellular UVP, but this work was not completed before the collapse of the USSR.
The rotating part of the antenna post of the control system 3Р41 included not only the antenna, but also a high-frequency unit, which increased the mass of the rotating parts to 30 tons and required an increase in the power of the power drives. At the same time, American designers in some shipborne radars with phased arrays (for example, AN/SPY-1) completely abandoned moving antennas, placing more of them stationary on the superstructure bulkheads.
As a result, the minimum displacement of the carrier ship of the Fort air defense system turned out to be 6500 tons, and the air defense system was located only on missile cruisers.
Installations on ships
Project 1134-BF "Fort" BOD - 6 S-300F launchers (48 missiles)
Project 1144 cruisers - 12 S-300F launchers (96 missiles). The Peter the Great has 6 S-300F launchers and 6 S-300FM launchers.
-Project 1164 cruisers - 8 S-300F launchers (64 missiles)
Type 051C destroyers - 6 S-300FM launchers (48 missiles)
Modernization
In the early 1990s, the Fort air defense system was modernized in connection with the adoption of the modernized S-300PMU-1 air defense system by the ground forces. The modernized complex (it was called S-300FM “Fort-M”) was distinguished by the use of a longer-range missile, unified with the ground complex. There was no reduction in the mass-dimensional characteristics of the complex.
TTX
Characteristic |
Rocket 5V55RM |
Rocket 48N6E |
|
| Year of adoption | 1984 | ||
| Impact area by range (missile) | 5-75 km | 5-150 km | 5-200 km |
| Defeat zone by range (SAM) | 5-75 km | 5-90 km | |
| Damage zone by height (ZRK) | 25-25,000 m | 25-25,000 m | |
| SAM flight speed | up to 2000 m/s | up to 2100 m/s | |
| Target speed | 50-1300 m/s | up to 3000 m/s | |
| Number of tracked targets | until 6 | until 6 | until 6 |
| Number of simultaneously guided missiles | up to 12 | up to 12 | up to 12 |
| Guidance on the route | radio command | radio command | radio command |
| Guidance at the terminal site | SU through a rocket | SU through a rocket | SU through a rocket |
| SAM length | 7.25 m | 7.5 m | 7.5 m |
| SAM body diameter | 0.508 m | 0.519 m | 0.519 m |
| Wingspan | 1.124 m | 1,134 m | 1,134 m |
| Weight of missiles | 1664 kg | 1900 kg 1800 kg |
1840 kg |
| Warhead weight | 130 kg | 143 kg 145 kg |
180 kg |
| Warhead type | high-explosive fragmentation | high-explosive fragmentation | high-explosive fragmentation |
| TPK length | 8.0 m | ||
| TPK diameter | 1.0 m | ||
| TPK mass | 2300 kg | 2580 kg | |
| engine's type | Solid propellant rocket engine | Solid propellant rocket engine | Solid propellant rocket engine |
| SAM weight | > 200 t | > 200 t | > 200 t |
SAM S-300 "Favorite" |
|
Anti-aircraft missile system (AAMS) |
|
USSR, Russia |
|
Service history |
|
Years of operation: |
1975-present |
Production history |
|
Constructor: |
NPO "Almaz" named after. A. A. Raspletina, NPO "Antey" (S-300V), VNII RE (S-300F), NIIP (radar), IKB "Fakel" (Missiles) |
Designed by: |
|
Manufacturer: |
VMP "AVITEK" (missiles) |
Years of production: |
S-300PT from 1975, S-300PS and S-300PM from 1978 to 2011. |
Options: |
S-300p, S-300PT, S-300PT-1, S-300PT-1A, S-300PS, S-300PM, S-300PMU, S-300PM1 (PMU-1), S-300PMU2, S-300V, S -300VM, S-300VMD, S-300B4, S-300F, S-300FM. |
Characteristics |
|
Anti-aircraft guided missile |
|
Maximum range, m: |
40-200 (300) km (for an aerodynamic target), 5-40 km (for a ballistic target) |
Problems of unification
Characteristics
Radar stations
Means of camouflage and protection
Modifications
Modifications of the S-300 system
S-300VM "Antey-2500"
S-300F (SA-N-6)
In service
Combat use
Illustrations
S-300 "Favorite"(customer index: 35Р6, 70Р6, 75Р6, 9К81, 3М-41) - a family of anti-aircraft missile systems capable of hitting various targets at altitudes: from lower than the possible flight altitude - to those exceeding the altitude ceiling for targets; at ranges: from several kilometers to 150, 200, 300 kilometers, depending on the type of elements of the S-300 family used and, in particular, interceptor missiles.
Designed for the defense of large industrial and administrative facilities, military bases and command posts from attacks by enemy aerospace attack weapons. Capable of hitting ballistic and aerodynamic targets. It became the first multi-channel anti-aircraft missile system, capable of tracking up to 6 targets with each complex (SAM) and directing up to 12 missiles at them. When creating control facilities (CS), consisting of a combat control point and a detection radar, we solved the problem of automatically linking routes to up to one hundred targets and effective management divisions located at a distance of 30-40 km from the SU. For the first time, a system with full automation of combat work was created. All tasks - detection, tracking, target distribution, target designation, target designation training, target acquisition, tracking, capture, tracking and guidance of missiles, evaluation of firing results - the system is able to solve automatically using digital computing tools. The operator's functions are to control the operation of the equipment and launch missiles. In difficult situations, manual intervention in the course of combat work is possible. None of the previous systems possessed these qualities. The vertical launch of missiles ensured the firing of targets flying from any direction without turning the launcher in the direction of fire. Modern modifications (presented publicly since 1997) with one set can hit up to 36 aerodynamic or ballistic targets by aiming up to 72 missiles at them, or (separate modifications) in various combinations, including without outside help.
The main developer is NPO Almaz named after. A. A. Raspletina (now part of the Almaz-Antey Air Defense Concern). Anti-aircraft guided missiles for the S-300 system were developed by the Fakel IKB. Serial release system (S-300PT) was launched in 1975. In 1978, testing of the system was completed; in 1979, the first S-300PT regiment went on combat duty.
The S-300 anti-aircraft missile system (SAM) consists of a command post with a detection radar (SAR), with which up to 6 5ZH15 anti-aircraft missile systems (SAM) are associated. Each of the 6 air defense systems is usually under the jurisdiction of its own military unit. The command post serves for automated distribution of targets between air defense systems and does not contain missiles. The price of the S-300PMU-1 (12PU) complex is $115 million.
A further development of the S-300 air defense system was the creation of the S-400 (40Р6) air defense system, which was put into service in 2007. In 2011, it was decided to remove modifications of the S-300PS and S-300PM complex from production.
History of creation
In the 1950s, it was decided to make the Moscow air defense system mobile.
By the end of the 1960s, the experience of using air defense systems in combat operations in Vietnam and the Middle East revealed the need to create mobile complex with a short transfer time from the marching and duty position to the combat position (and back). This was caused by the need to leave the firing position after firing before the enemy strike aviation group arrived. For example, the standard coagulation time of the S-125 complex is 1 hour 20 minutes, but it was increased to 20-25 minutes. This reduction in the standard was achieved by improvements in the design of air defense systems, training, and the coherence of combat crews, but the accelerated winding down led to losses in the cable industry, for which there was no time left for winding down.
In the USSR, the following complexes of anti-aircraft guided missiles were in service with the country's Air Defense Forces during these years: stationary multi-channel S-25 (only near Moscow), mobile single-channel target S-75 (medium-range), S-125 (low-altitude short-range) and complex long range up to 400 km S-200.
Design work on the new S-300 anti-aircraft missile system began in 1969 by decree of the USSR Council of Ministers. It was envisaged that three systems would be created for the air defense of the ground forces, the air defense of naval ships and the country's air defense forces: S-300V ("Military"), S-300F ("Navy") and S-300P ("country's air defense").
For use in the S-300P, under the leadership of V. S. Burtsev, a series of control computers (Digital Computing Complex - TsVK) 5E26 was developed. Initially, the series included only two computers - 5E261 and 5E262. With the advent of a new element base in the mid-1980s, software compatible with the first models of the 5E265 and 5E266 computer series were developed for the S-300P system, which became the most mass-produced TsVK of the USSR, in total about 1.5 thousand copies were produced. Since 1988, the TsVK 40U6, a modification of the 5E26 with increased (3.5 million op./s) performance and additional equipment redundancy, began to be produced for the S-300 air defense systems.
Problems of unification
The main developer of the systems is the Almaz Central Design Bureau, which by the mid-1960s had experience in creating air defense and missile defense missile systems, in cooperation with the Fakel Design Bureau, carried out design work to create a single medium-range complex for the Ground Forces, the country's Air Defense Forces and the Navy with unified rocket.
All requirements put forward for the version of the Ground Forces air defense system during the design work, could not be satisfied when using a single missile for all variants of the complex. Therefore, after OKB Fakel refused to develop missile variants for the Ground Forces complex, this work was entrusted in full to the design bureau of the plant named after. M.I. Kalinina.
In turn, Almaz Central Design Bureau faced significant difficulties in ensuring the creation of complexes according to a single structure. Unlike air defense and naval systems, which were supposed to be used using developed system radar reconnaissance, warning and target designation, the air defense complex of the Ground Forces had, as a rule, to work in isolation from other means. The feasibility of developing a land version of the complex (the future S-300V) by another organization and without significant unification with air defense and naval systems became obvious. The work on creating the complex was transferred to NII-20 (NPO Antey), which by that time had experience in creating army air defense systems.
At the same time, such special sea conditions as the specific reflection of the radar signal from the sea surface, pitching, water splashes, as well as the need to ensure communication and compatibility with general ship complexes and systems, led to the fact that the lead organization for the ship complex (C- 300F) was determined by the VNII RE (formerly NII-10).
As a result, only the detection radars (SARs) of the S-300P (5N84) and S-300V (9S15) systems, as well as the missiles of the air defense and navy systems, turned out to be partially unified.
Characteristics
An important quality of all complexes of the S-300 family is the ability to work in various combinations within one modification and within one complex, between modifications (to a limited extent), as well as through various mobile higher command posts to form into batteries of any composition, quantity, modifications, location and so on, including the introduction of other air defense systems into a single battery for all. The illumination and guidance radar as part of the air defense missile system division of the *P* family has a sector of 60 degrees for the S-300P, for PT and PS and the next 90 degrees.
One of the standard modes of combat operation is the next stage, the missiles are guided (in particular) by the RPN 5N63 or the 3R41 Volna naval radar using an active illumination and guidance radar. The RPN 5N63 can have six target and twelve missile channels, that is, it can simultaneously fire at six targets, aiming up to two missiles at each. Targets flying at speeds of up to 4 speeds of sound (S-300PT, PS), as well as up to 8.5 speeds of sound for later modifications (S-300PM/S-300PMU-1) can be successfully fired at. The minimum interval between missile launches is 3 seconds. The division's command post is capable of managing up to 12 launchers simultaneously. A similar sequence, surveillance radar - KP - SAM - RPN, is also used in the S-300V.
The fragmentation warhead has a mass of 133 kg for 5V55 series missiles, 143 kg for 48N6 missiles and 180 kg for 48N6M missiles. The missiles have non-contact radar fuses. The warhead is filled with ready-made damaging elements in the form of cubes. Depending on the type of missile launcher, the launch weight is from 1450 to 1800 kg. The rocket is launched “mortar-style” directly from the transport and launch container, the container lid is knocked out by excess pressure created by the gas generator located in the TPK (contrary to popular misconception, the rocket does not pierce the lid, which could damage the fairing of the guidance head). On the S300B complex, the TPK cover is fired off using pyrobolts and then folded back using a spring mechanism. After shooting off the container lid, the rocket is thrown vertically upward to a height of 50 m, and already in the air the starting engine is started and tilted towards the target (by means of gas-dynamic aileron rudders), thereby eliminating the need to rotate the launcher. The launch scheme allows: 1) placing the launcher on any suitable “patch”, between buildings, in narrow gorges and hollows, tall and dense forests, protected from weapons of destruction and detection of the enemy, which does not prevent the use of even remotely located launchers through command means, even those that are equipped with their own on-load tap-changer. 2) a) shoot in any direction. for ballistic targets and low altitude even with a very limited number of launchers and missiles on launchers and attacking with different heights and directions without turning the entire launcher both *vertically* and *horizontally* to any required value (up to *in the opposite* direction), b) without losing flight time for the pre-launch deployment of missiles towards the target that can from low altitudes or through interference or through target separation (for example, an aircraft launching a number of missiles) - appear unexpectedly and not where the launcher is looking.
The S-300 has serious capabilities for adapting to a jamming environment and suppressing “leading interference.” Noise-resistant communication lines with automatic frequency tuning are used; there are modes of “collective” operation; data received from different radars flows to a single command post. The command post, summarizing fragmentary information from several radars, constantly has a complete picture of what is happening. It can also remove elements of the system from combat and introduce new ones so as to limit the enemy’s ability to get away from the fire or suppress it with fire (since the newly introduced element is closer and in a different direction, and the anti-missiles have already been spent on the withdrawn element, which will also be very difficult to hit because he can *leave* (in particular for the S-300V, PS simply lower/fold the on-load tap-changer tower and thereby end up behind cover (mountain/forest/building)) and/or be out of reach in range (adjusted for the fact that he and so it was out of reach, but to complete the interception, a closer element is used in order to deceive interference (both passive and active guidance))). It is possible to work in triangulation mode - simultaneous illumination of the target by two radars; Knowing the exact distance (base) between the radars and the angles/azimuths at which they observe the target, you can construct a triangle, at the base of which is the base, at the vertex is the target. In a moment, the computer will accurately determine the coordinates of the target, for example, the location of the jammer. It is possible (S-300B family) simultaneous active and passive detection in standard mode. A universal tower 40V6M or 40V6MD with a height of up to 39 meters is optionally available. This allows you to detect, using a low-altitude detector 76N6, a target with an ESR of 0.02 m2 and a flight altitude of 500 m at a distance of 90 km with a tower, you can use most S-300 radars (P family), for example, a low-altitude detector 5N66M or a surveillance radar 96L6E. This equipment is unique and allows the 36D6 radar to detect a target at an altitude of 60 m at a distance of 40 km versus 27 km without a tower. This reduces the capabilities of the attacking side, since both speed and range at low altitudes are significantly reduced relative to even medium altitudes (in particular, according to analytical data, the launch range of the Kh-58 anti-radar missile at low altitudes is 36 km and 120 km when launched from an altitude of 10 km, the maximum a range of 160 km is achieved from an altitude of 15 km).
Systems
System parameters |
||||||||
System and missiles used |
Aircraft affected area, by range, km |
Aircraft affected area, height, km |
Probability of aircraft being hit |
Maximum target speed, m/s |
Ammunition, missiles |
Rate of fire, s |
Folding and unfolding time, min |
|
S-300PT, S-300PT-1 with 5V55K (V-500K) missiles |
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S-300PT, S-300PT-1 with 5V55R (V-500R) missiles |
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S-300PS, S-300PMU with 5V55R (V-500R) missiles |
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S-300PMU1 with 48N6E missiles |
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Radar stations
RPN 30N6 (targeting illumination radar, English. FLAP LID A according to NATO classification) is installed on a truck. RLO 64N6 (surveillance radar, English. BIG BIRD according to NATO classification) is installed on a large trailer along the generator and is usually attached to an 8-wheel MAZ. HBO 76N6 (low-altitude detector, English. CLAM SHELL according to NATO classification) is installed on a large trailer with a tower that can rise from 24 to 39 m.
The original S-300P uses a combination of an NVO 76N6 Doppler radar for target acquisition and a 30N6 phased array RPN for tracking and targeting. There is also a command post on a separate truck and 12 launchers on trailers with 4 missiles each. The S-300PS/PM is similar in elements, but uses a modernized 30N6, combined with a command post and launchers on trucks.
If the system is used to destroy ballistic or cruise missiles, the 64N6 radar is used. It is capable of detecting ballistic missiles at a distance of up to 1,000 km and moving at speeds of up to 10,000 km/h, as well as cruise missiles at a distance of up to 300 km.
36D6 can also be used to provide early target detection data to the complex. It can detect missile-type targets flying at an altitude of 60 m at a distance of at least 20 km, at an altitude of 100 m at a distance of 30 km, and at high altitude at a distance of up to 175 km. In addition to it, the 64N6 can be used, which can detect a target at a distance of up to 300 km.
Surveillance radars |
|||||||
GRAU index |
NATO designation |
Purpose |
Detection range, km |
First used |
Note |
||
35D6 (ST-68UM) |
detection, identification and tracking of air targets |
signal intensity from 350 kW to 1.23 MW |
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Low altitude detector |
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Low altitude detector |
2.4 kW frequency modulation monochromatic wave |
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All-altitude detector |
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All-round view |
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Sector overview |
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MP-800 Voskhod |
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Target tracking and illumination stations |
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GRAU index |
NATO designation |
Frequency range according to NATO classification |
Tracking range, km |
Simultaneously supported goals |
Simultaneously fired targets |
First used |
Note |
multi-frequency |
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3Р41 Wave |
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Rockets
Rocket parameters |
|||||||||
GRAU index |
Range, km |
Maximum speed, m/s |
Diameter, mm |
Weight, kg |
Weight of warhead, kg |
Control |
First used with |
||
5V55K (V-500K) /5V55KD |
Radio command guidance with illumination/guidance radar |
||||||||
5V55R (V-500K) /5V55RM |
Semi-active guidance; Target illumination is provided by an external radar |
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unknown |
unknown |
Same as 5V55R, but with a “special” (nuclear) warhead |
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Same as 5V55R, but with “increased coverage area” |
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Radio command + semi-active |
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same as 48N6E |
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Command-inertial + Semi-active homing |
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Semi-active guidance |
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Active guidance |
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Active guidance |
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Means of camouflage and protection
- Disguise. To camouflage the components of the S-300 system, unmasking full-scale inflatable dummies are used, equipped with additional devices for simulating electromagnetic radiation in the infrared and radio ranges.
All kinds of camouflage means can also be used, such as camouflage nets and placement of S-300 components in trenches, which will significantly complicate detection from long distances. Jamming stations for enemy radars, SPN-30, Pelena-1.
- Protection. Additional elements of protection are the placement of S-300 components in trenches (practice as placement on hills for better review and faster departure beyond the horizon, as well as placement in trenches for secrecy and protection from fragments of explosions).
An integral element for countering anti-radar missiles is the Gazetchik-E system for the S-300; the probability of intercepting a HARM-type PRR missile is 0.85; for missiles with active radar guidance, thermal or remote-controlled guidance systems, the probability of interception is 0.85-0.99. In this case, interception refers to the inability of an object to cause harm due to it missing the target.
Comparison between systems |
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Official name |
|||||||
Range, km |
aerodynamic purposes |
||||||
ballistic targets |
|||||||
Altitude, km |
aerodynamic purposes |
||||||
ballistic targets |
|||||||
Maximum target speed m/s |
4500 for ballistic purposes |
||||||
Maximum speed of missiles of the system m/s |
|||||||
number of guided interceptor missiles in a salvo |
|||||||
Number of simultaneously fired targets |
|||||||
Rocket weight, kg |
from 330 to 1900 |
||||||
Warhead weight, kg |
180 (for the heaviest) |
||||||
Seconds between shots of the complex |
3 (0 when starting from different media) |
1.5 (0 when starting from different media) |
3-4 (1 when starting from different media) |
||||
Minutes to minimize/expand the system |
|||||||
Mobility |
wheeled self-propelled gun |
wheeled self-propelled gun |
wheeled self-propelled gun |
tracked self-propelled vehicle |
wheeled semi-trailer |
wheeled semi-trailer |
|
Modifications
The S-300 system has a large number of modifications, distinguished by various missiles, radars, and the ability to protect against weapons electronic warfare, greater range and the ability to combat short-range ballistic missiles or targets flying at low altitude. But the following main modifications can be distinguished.
Modifications of the S-300 system
System Modifications |
|||||||
Name |
S-300P ( Air defense of the country) |
S-300V ( Military) |
S-300F ( Navy) |
||||
S-300PT, S-300PT-1, S-300PT-1A, ( Transportable) |
S-300PS, S-300PMU, ( Self-propelled) |
S-300PM, S-300PMU1 |
S-300PMU2 “Favorite” |
S-300F "Fort" |
S-300FM "Fort-M" |
||
Designation, NATO |
|||||||
5V55K (V-500K), 5V55R (V-500R) |
5V55K (V-500K), 5V55R (V-500R), 5V55KD |
48N6, 9M96E1, 9M96E2 |
48N6, 48N6E2, 9M96E1, 9M96E2 |
||||
Vehicle |
Semitrailer |
Kolesnoe |
Kolesnoe |
Kolesnoe |
Crawler |
Korabelnoe |
Korabelnoe |
USSR, Russia |
|
Service history |
|
Years of operation: |
1978-present |
Production history |
|
Constructor: |
|
Designed by: |
1978 (S-300PT), 1982 (S-300PS) |
Options: |
S-300PT, S-300PT-1, S-300PT-1A, S-300PS (PMU) |
Characteristics |
|
Anti-aircraft guided missile 5V55K (V-500K), 5V55R (V-500R), 5V55KD (S-300PS) |
|
Maximum range, m: |
47 km (5V55K rocket), 90 km (5V55R rocket) |
S-300PT(UV air defense index - 70Р6) (English) SA -10 A Grumble according to NATO classification; the letter T in the name means “transportable”), was produced since 1975, tests of which were completed in 1978, and then put into service, intended for air defense forces of objects and military groups. It replaced the older S-25 air defense systems and S-75 and S-125 air defense systems. The system included a command post (consisting of a 5N64 detection radar and a 5K56 combat control post) and up to 6 5ZH15 anti-aircraft missile systems. The system used 5V55K missiles (V-500K, without an on-board direction finder) with a range of destruction of aerodynamic targets up to 47 km (launch thrust DU 25 tf, operating time DU - 9 s). Later they were replaced by longer-range 5V55R missiles (V-500R, with an on-board radio direction finder) with a range of hitting targets up to 75 km.
The 5Zh15 complex consisted of a 5N66 radar for detecting air targets at low and extremely low altitudes. TIN SHIELD according to NATO classification), control systems with 5N63 guidance illumination radar (eng. FLAP LID according to NATO classification) and 5P85-1 launchers. The launchers were located on a semi-trailer. The 5N66 low-altitude detector was an attached means, i.e. the complex could function without this radar. The missiles were initially planned to use a command guidance system with an illumination/guidance radar using information from the missile's passive radar. But due to problems with targeting targets below 500 m, the developers decided that the ability to fire at low-altitude targets was more important, and initially only guidance was implemented by command from a ground-based radar. Later, a missile with its own guidance system was developed, which made it possible to achieve a minimum target height of 25 m.
Based on improvements in the S-300PT system, several important modifications were created for the domestic and export markets. S-300PT-1 And S-300PT-1A(UV air defense index - 70Р6-1) (English) SA-10 b/c according to NATO classification) are direct improvements to the original S-300PT. With them came the 5V55KD rocket with cold launch capabilities. The readiness time was reduced to 30 minutes, optimization of the trajectory of the 5V55KD missile made it possible to achieve a range of 75 km.
Anti-aircraft missile system S-300PS(UV air defense index - 75Р6) (the letter C in the name stands for “self-propelled”, designation SA-10d according to NATO classification) began entering service in 1982, and was then adopted. The warranty period expires in 2012-2013. The creation of this system was determined by the analysis of the experience of combat use of air defense systems in Vietnam and the Middle East, where the survival of units was greatly facilitated by their mobility. New system had a record short deployment time - 5 minutes, making it difficult to vulnerable to enemy aircraft. The S-300PS air defense system includes a 5N83S command post and up to 6 5ZH15S anti-aircraft missile systems.
The command post includes a 5N64S detection radar on the MAZ-7410 chassis and the 9988 semi-trailer and a 5K56S combat control point on the MAZ-543 chassis. The 5Zh15S complex includes a 5N63S illumination and guidance radar (RPN) and up to 4 launch complexes (each launch complex includes the main 5P85S launcher, to which 2 additional 5P85D are connected). Each launcher carries 4 missiles. The full ammunition load of the complex is 48 missiles. The complex's combat assets are also placed on the MAZ-543 chassis. To increase the system's capabilities for detecting and destroying low-altitude targets, the complex is equipped with a 5N66M low-altitude detector.
The NVO antenna post is installed on a 40V6M(D) tower, which is unified and can also be used to place an on-load tap-changer antenna post to reduce closing angles at a specific position. Autonomous power supply means - gas turbine power units GAP-65 - are installed on the chassis of combat vehicles. The Sosna antenna-mast device based on the ZIL-131N ensured the exchange of information with the command post at a distance of about 20 km from the division, and the 40V6M universal mobile tower with a height of 25 m on the MAZ-537 vehicle expanded the capabilities of the fire control radar in range. Subsequently, on the basis of the latter, a two-section 40V6MD tower with a height of 39 m was created, which was installed in an unequipped position within 2 hours. The all-altitude three-coordinate radar 36D6 (about 100 targets) or 16Zh6 (16 targets) and the 1T12-2M topographic surveyor on the GAZ-66 chassis were assigned to the S-300PS division in order to increase its autonomy, the accuracy of determining coordinates and ensuring the conduct of combat operations in isolation from the air defense command post. When using the division in a sparsely populated area, it could be equipped with a combat duty support module consisting of four blocks (canteen, dormitory, guardhouse with a machine gun mount, power unit) on the chassis of a MAZ-543 vehicle. The means of providing the S-300PS air defense system include means of external power supply (diesel power plants 5I57, distribution and converting devices 63T6, transportable transformer substations 83(2)X6, cable sets), means of increasing the range of voice and telecode communication - antenna-mast devices AMU FL- 95M on the ZIL-131 chassis, 1T12 topographic surveyors on the GAZ-66 chassis, 12Yu6 missile systems laboratory (tool for repairing digital computer systems 5E265(6), sets of individual and group spare parts on the chassis of semi-trailers of the OdAZ type. Transportability of non-self-propelled elements is ensured by KrAZ onboard and truck tractors -260. Designation of a unified transport vehicle-semi-trailer 5T58.
S-300PMU. Appeared in the mid-80s, the main difference is the ammunition load increased to 96-288 missiles. In 1989, an export version of the S-300PS-S-300PMU system appeared (NATO code designation - SA-10C Grumble). In addition to minor changes in the composition of the equipment, the export version also differs in that the launchers are offered only in the version transported on semi-trailers (5P85T). For operational maintenance, the S-300PMU system can be equipped with a mobile repair station PRB-300U.
S-300PMU1/S-300PMU2 (SA-20 Gargoyle)
S-300PMU1/S-300PMU2 (SA-20 Gargoyle) |
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Medium-range anti-aircraft missile system (AMS) |
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USSR, Russia |
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Service history |
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Years of operation: |
1993-present |
Production history |
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Constructor: |
NPO "Almaz" named after. A. A. Raspletina, NIIP (radar), IKB "Fakel" (Missiles) |
Designed by: |
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Options: |
S-300PM (PMU-1), S-300PMU2 “Favorite” |
Characteristics |
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Anti-aircraft guided missile 48N6, 48N6E2 (“Favorite”), 9M96E1, 9M96E2 |
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Maximum range, m: |
150 km (48N6 rocket), 200 km (48N6E2 rocket), 40 km (9M96E1 rocket), 120 km (9M96E2 rocket) |
Anti-aircraft missile system S-300PM(UV air defense index - 35Р6) (the letter M in the name means “modernized”), the S-300PM air defense system, despite its external similarity, is fundamentally different from previous versions. It began to be developed simultaneously with the adoption of the S-300PS into service in 1983. The use of the new element base made it possible to ensure its high noise immunity and double the range. After successful tests in 1989, it was adopted by the country's Air Defense Forces. Export version S-300PMU1, became a further development of the complex and became the S-300PM air defense system (NATO code designation - SA-10D Grumble). Development of an improved version of the complex began in 1985. The S-300PMU was adopted for service in 1993. The S-300PMU1 was first shown at the Mosaeroshow-92 air show in Zhukovsky, and a year later its capabilities were demonstrated during demonstration shooting at the international arms exhibition IDEX-93 (Abu Dhabi, UAE). NATO designation SA-20a Gargoyle). The main improvement of the S-300PM is new rocket 48N6, which took big number improvements from the naval version of the S-300FM missiles, but with a slightly smaller warhead than in the naval version - 143 kg. The missile has improved hardware and is capable of hitting air targets flying at speeds of up to 6,450 km/h; the range of destruction of enemy aircraft is 150 km. Ballistic targets up to 40 km. The radars were also modernized; the 64N6 detection radar was included in the system. BIG BIRD according to NATO classification) and a 30N6E1 illumination and guidance radar. Latest systems were produced until 1994. The warranty period is 25 years.
air defense missile system S-300PMU1 designed to combat massively used modern aircraft, cruise and aeroballistic missiles, TBRs, TBRs day and night in any weather, climatic and physical-geographical conditions with intense electronic countermeasures. This automated noise-resistant air defense system can be used autonomously and as part of a group various complexes Air defense controlled by a set of control equipment (SU) 83M6E or automated control system (Baikal-1E, Senezh-M1E). The first production prototype of the system was presented at the Moscow Aviation and Space Salon in 1995 (MAKS-95). EPR minimum 0.02 m2.
In 1999, several types of missiles were introduced for the first time; in addition to the 5V55R (V-500R), 48N6 and 48N6E2 missiles, the S-300PMU1 could use two new missiles: 9M96E1 and 9M96E2. Both are significantly smaller than previous missiles, weighing 330 and 420 kg respectively, while carrying smaller (24 kg) warheads. 9M96E1 has a damage radius of 1-40 km and 9M96E2 1-120 km. For maneuvering, they do not use an aerodynamic tail, but rather a gas-dynamic system, which allows them to have a very high probability of destruction, despite a much smaller warhead. The probability of hitting a ballistic target with a single missile is 0.8-0.9/0.8-0.97, depending on the type of missile. S-300PMU1 uses the 83M6E control system, although it is also compatible with old system management of Baikal-1E and Senezh-M1E. 83M6E includes the 64N6E surveillance radar. The on-load tap-changer uses the 30N6E1 and can additionally use the low-altitude detector 76N6 and all high-altitude detectors 96L6E. The 83M6E can control up to 12 launchers, both self-propelled 5P85SE and trailed 5P85TE. Usually, support vehicles are also included, such as the 40V6M tower, designed to raise the antenna post. All S-300PM air defense systems in service with the Aerospace Defense Forces have undergone modernization under the Favorit-S program. The second stage of improvement will increase the probability of hitting ballistic targets, replace outdated workstations and computing facilities with modern models (Elbrus, Baguette, RAMEC), introduce autonomous detection and target designation equipment into the system, as well as upgraded communication equipment and modern topographic reference tools. The effectiveness of the upgraded S-300PM air defense system to the PM2 level, when repelling combined attacks from aerodynamic and ballistic targets, increases by an average of 15-20%.
S-300PMU2 Favorite(UV air defense index - 35Р6-2) (NATO designation SA-20b Gargoyle) was introduced in 1997, in the same year it was put into service as an update to the S-300PMU1 with an increased range of up to 195 km. EPR minimum 0.02 m2. A new 48N6E2 rocket was developed for it. This system can combat not only short-range ballistic missiles, but medium-range tactical ballistic missiles. The system uses the 83M6E2 control system, consisting of a 54K6E2 command post and a 64N6E2 detection radar with two-way phased array. Up to 6 98Zh6E air defense systems as part of the 30N6E2 illumination and guidance radar and up to 12 launchers (4 missiles each) from the s-300 Favorit and/or s-300PMU1. Optionally, all-altitude radar 96L6E, low-altitude radar 76N6, mobile tower(s) for 30N6E2 can be attached. The previously released S-300PM and S-300PMU1 can be upgraded to the level of the S-300PMU2. Provides: autonomous solution of combat missions when notified of an air attack, destruction of air targets at ranges of up to 200 km, destruction of non-strategic ballistic missiles at ranges of up to 40 km, increased efficiency of destruction of all types of targets due to the modernization of system equipment, new missile guidance algorithms and the use of 48N6E2 missiles with modernized combat equipment, high noise immunity, the ability to use 48N6E missiles from the S-ZOPMU1 air defense system, the possibility of integration into air defense groups. So far, only one division of the Russian army is armed with the Favorit complex (2013).
S-300V (SA-12 Gladiator/Giant)
Anti-aircraft missile system S-300V Antey-300(GRAU MO index - 9K81) is not included in the S-300 PT/PS/PMU/F family of air defense systems. In fact, it is a separate development of another design bureau. Designed for anti-aircraft missile units of the Ground Forces of the Soviet Army. It was in service with anti-aircraft missile brigades of district subordination. Partially adopted in 1983. EPR from 0.05 sq.m.
- Designed to directly cover troops located close to the enemy, primarily from ballistic missiles and aircraft and also various other targets.
- The S-300V air defense system is the first mobile universal anti-missile and anti-aircraft defense system.
Organizationally, it is a separate anti-aircraft missile division, including a combat control point 9S457, one all-round radar 9S15MT(B), one sector-view radar 9S19M2 (in the modification S-300V2, to increase the capabilities of detecting ballistic targets, instead of the all-round radar 9S15M, fiber-synchronized radars are used optical cable two 9S19M2 radars), four multi-channel missile guidance stations MSNR 9S32, 8 self-propelled launchers 9A82 (for 9M82 missiles), 16 self-propelled launchers 9A83 (for 9M83 missiles), 4 self-propelled launching and loading installations 9A84 (for maneuvering 9M82 missiles) and 8 self-propelled launcher-loaders 9A85 (for maneuvering 9M83 missiles). (The actual number of launchers and ROMs in batteries, as well as the number of batteries in divisions varies and differs from what was planned). Anti-jamming modes differ between radars, which obliges the enemy to use them all at once; at the same time, part of the radar also operates in passive mode (guidance based on interference). Additional equipment included in the system include maintenance vehicles 9V878, 9V879, 1P15, and a training complex 9F88. The S-300V group assets (as part of an anti-aircraft missile brigade) include 9T82 missile transport vehicles, rigging equipment sets, 1P14, 1P16, 9V898 maintenance and repair vehicles, and a 9T447 group spare parts kit. The S-300V anti-aircraft missile system provides detection at a range of up to 300 km and simultaneous firing of up to 24 (according to the number of launchers) air targets (airplanes, helicopters, cruise and ballistic missiles) at a range of up to 100 km with 9M82 missiles and up to 75 km with 9M83 missiles. Guidance of up to 48 missiles is provided, up to 4 to 1 target from two launchers. The maximum firing range of the target ballistic missiles is 1100 km, the maximum target speed is 3 km/s. The performance of divisions within the S-300B for aerodynamic or ballistic targets will be determined by the applied mode when the division is turned on. The mode change occurs in less time than folding/unfolding the complex (5 minutes). Since 1988, the S-300B complex has been put into service in its entirety. The command post (CP) 9S457 was designed to control the combat operations of the air defense systems (anti-aircraft missile divisions) of the S-300B system, both during autonomous operation of the system and when controlled from a higher command post (from the command post of an anti-aircraft missile brigade) in missile defense and anti-aircraft defense modes.
In the missile defense mode, the command post ensured the operation of the air defense system to repel the attack of Pershing-type ballistic missiles and SRAM-type aircraft ballistic missiles detected using the "Ginger" program survey radar, received radar information, controlled the combat operating modes of the "Ginger" radar and multi-channel missile guidance station, and recognized and selection of true targets based on trajectory characteristics, automatic distribution of targets among air defense systems, as well as issuance of sectors of operation of the "Ginger" radar for detecting ballistic and aeroballistic targets, jamming directions for determining the coordinates of jammers. The KP took measures to maximize automation of the management process. In the anti-aircraft defense mode, the command post ensured the operation of up to four air defense systems (batteries) with 6 target channels in each, that is, up to 24 targets simultaneously, for repelling a raid, targets detected by the all-round radar "Obzor-3" aerodynamic targets (up to 200), in including in conditions of interference, it initiated and tracked target tracks (up to 70), received information about targets from a multi-channel missile guidance station and a higher command post, recognized target classes (aerodynamic or ballistic), and selected the most dangerous targets to destroy air defense systems. The command post provided for the issuance of up to 24 target designations (TC) of the air defense system during the target distribution cycle (three seconds). The average working time of the command post from receiving marks from targets to issuing a control center when working with an all-round radar (with a viewing period of 6 seconds) was 17 seconds. When working on the Lance-type ballistic missile, the control point issuance boundaries were 80-90 km. The average operating time of the control panel in missile defense mode did not exceed 3 seconds. The radar implemented two modes of a circular regular view of the airspace, used in detecting aerodynamic targets, as well as ballistic missiles of the Scud and Lance types. All S-300V air defense systems are equipped with means of protection against the damaging factors of weapons of mass destruction. March speed up to 60 km/h.
In the centralized control mode, the brigade (3-4 air defense systems) of the S-300V air defense system worked according to commands, target distribution and target designation from: 1) an automated command post (Polyana-D4 automated control system) 2) a radar post (which included a 9S15M all-round radar, program review 9S19M2, standby radar 1L13 and radar information processing station PORI-P1).
An important difference between the S-300B and the “parallel” system is: 1) the presence of two types of anti-aircraft guided missiles, of which one type 9M83 is used to destroy aerodynamic targets at a distance of up to 75 km, and the second 9M82 can hit ballistic targets of the ground-to-surface class - operational-tactical missiles of the "R-11" type ( Scud according to NATO codification), Lance, Pershing-1A, as well as aircraft of all types with speeds of up to 3000 m/s at a range of up to 100 km. All elements of the system are mounted on tracked chassis of the Object 830 family. 2) Each air defense system (battery) as part of the air defense system (division) can conduct independent combat work and at the same time, each launcher is equipped (this is another level of radar that is not present in the S-300 family P) with a target illumination and missile guidance radar.
S-300VM "Antey-2500"
The continuation of the line is the S-300VM air defense system "Antey-2500". The Antey-2500 complex is an export modification developed separately from the S-300 family but fully consistent with it, supplied to Venezuela, approximate export price of 1 billion dollars, the system has 1 type of missiles in 2 versions, the main one and supplemented by a sustainer stage doubling the firing range ( up to 200 km, according to other sources up to 250 km), can simultaneously hit up to 24 air or 16 ballistic targets in various combinations, being practically the only system capable of simultaneously hitting both aerodynamic and ballistic targets as part of 1 complex. It also contains its own sector radar for revealing areas affected by interference (rather than using external elements of the RTV troop system). The maximum firing range of target medium-range ballistic missiles is 2500 km. Maximum speed of hit ballistic targets, 4500 m/s. The minimum effective dispersion surface of destroyed targets is 0.02 m2, the range of developed target overloads is up to 30 units. Maximum height destruction, aerodynamic targets up to 30 km, ballistic targets up to 24 km, Number of missiles aimed at one target, pcs.: when firing from one launcher up to 2, when firing from different launchers up to 4. Interval between missile launches, sec: from one launcher 1.5, from different launchers 0. Maneuverability and additional characteristics: expansion/collapse time, no more than 6 minutes. The maximum speed of movement under its own power is 50 km/h. The cruising range of combat vehicles without refueling, with subsequent operation of the gas turbine power unit for 2 hours, is 250 km. Climatic operating conditions: temperature, ±50°С. Humidity at a temperature of +30°C, 98%. Altitude above sea level, up to 3000 m. Wind speed with deployed assets, up to 30 m/s.
Compound. Detection and target designation unit consisting of: all-round radar; command post; Sector-view radar. Up to 4 air defense systems, each consisting of: a multi-channel missile guidance station; launcher with 4 9M83ME missiles (with illumination and guidance radar); launch-loading installation with 2 9M82ME missiles (on-load tap-changer replaced by loading equipment). Technical means. Missile support means: transport vehicle; set of rigging equipment; control and testing station. Means for the maintenance and repair of military equipment in the field: maintenance vehicles; a set of maintenance and repair machines; group kit. Training equipment for combat crew operators: operational training samples of missile defense systems; overall weight models of missile defense systems; computer simulator 9F681ME. The speed of the 9M82M missile is Mach 7.85.
air defense missile system C-300B4 is a further modernization of the S-300V and S-300VM air defense systems. It is a priority air defense weapon and ensures the destruction of ballistic missiles and aerodynamic targets at ranges of more than 300 kilometers. The S-300V4 air defense system has increased combat capabilities, achieved through the introduction of new components, the introduction of modern elemental base and computing facilities, which made it possible to improve the technical and operational characteristics of the air defense system, including the working conditions of combat crews. The speed of the S-300V4 air defense missiles is 9M, and the warhead is detonated by radio command.
- In 2012, the modernization of all S-300V systems to the S-300V4 level was completed; also in 2013, 3 new S-300V4 divisions were delivered and a contract was signed for the supply of more new divisions until 2015. The effectiveness of the new B4 complex is 1.5-2.3 times greater than the previous B3.
S-300F (SA-N-6)
S-300F (SA-N-6) |
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Medium-range anti-aircraft missile system (AMS) |
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USSR, Russia |
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Service history |
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Years of operation: |
1983-present |
Production history |
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Constructor: |
VNII RE, NIIP (radar), MKB "Fakel" (Missiles) |
Designed by: |
1993 (S-300PMU1) 1997 (S-300PMU2 “Favorite”) |
Designed by: |
1983 (S-300F “Fort”), 1990 (S-300FM “Fort-M”) |
Options: |
S-300F "Fort", S-300FM "Fort-M" |
Characteristics |
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Anti-aircraft guided missile 5V55RM, 48N6 |
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Maximum range, m: |
75 km (5V55RM rocket), 150 km (48N6 rocket) |
S-300F Fort(URAV Navy Index - ZM-41) - long-range ship-type air defense system, created on the basis of the S-300P air defense system with new 5V55РМ missiles with a range extended to 5-75 km, and a maximum speed of targets hit up to 1300 m/s, while the altitude range was reduced to 25 m - 25 km, intended for naval forces.
Entered service in 1983. The ship version uses a homing system using the missile's semi-active radar. The first prototype was installed in 1977 and was tested on the Azov BOD of Project 1134B Berkut B (eng. Kara class according to NATO classification). The prototype air defense system included two revolving launchers for 48 missiles and a Fort control system, which were placed in place of the removed Shtorm aft air defense system. It was also installed on the cruisers of project 1164 “Atlant” (Slava class according to NATO classification, 8 launch silos) and 1144 “Orlan” (eng. Kirov class according to NATO classification, 12 launch silos), the launcher is rotating and can accommodate 8 missiles. The rocket is launched from a container under the launch hatch. The main engine starts after the rocket exits, which ensures fire and explosion safety of the cellar. After the rocket descends, the drum rotates, bringing the next rocket to the launch line. The export version of this system is known as "Reef".
S-300FM Fort-M an updated version of the system, installed only on 1144 Orlan class cruisers. Kirov class according to NATO classification) and uses 48N6 missiles, which were introduced in 1990. The maximum speed of targets hit was increased to 1800 m/s. The warhead weight was increased to 150 kg. The destruction radius was increased to 5-93 km (the 48N6 missile has a maximum destruction range of up to 150 km, but the control system that existed in 1993 allowed a range of only 93 km), and the altitude range of up to 25 m was 25 km. The new missiles use a guidance system through the missile's radar and can intercept short-range ballistic missiles. The export version is called "Rif-M". Chinese Type 051C destroyers are armed with this system.
Both ship systems can include an infrared guidance system to reduce vulnerability to interference. The missile is also allowed to destroy targets beyond radar range, such as warships or anti-ship missiles.
On the cruiser "Peter the Great", in addition to the modernized aft complex for the use of 48N6 missiles, a new bow complex S-300FM "Fort-M" with a new antenna post was installed. In the process of modernizing the Fort-M complex on the Peter the Great, 48N6 missiles were replaced with more modern 48N6E2 with maximum range launch range of 200 km and improved characteristics of hitting ballistic targets (the missiles are unified with the S-300PMU2 land complex). Due to the design features of the new version, the ammunition load of missiles was reduced by 2 to 46. Thus, the cruiser "Peter the Great" is armed with one S-300F complex with 48 48N6 missiles and one S-300FM complex with 46 48N6E2 missiles.
In service
The S-300 is used primarily in Eastern Europe and Asia, although sources are conflicting about which specific countries have the system.
- Azerbaijan: 2 divisions of S-300PMU-2 air defense systems, 8 launchers in each division, also 200 SAM48N6E2 were delivered from Russia in 2011;
- Algeria acquired 8 S-300PMU2 in 2006;
- Armenia: 5 S-300pt battalions (according to other sources, 3 S-300PS battalions) with 12 systems each;
- Belarus has one S-300B brigade, one brigade and two S-300PS regiments. In 2005-2006, 4 divisions (48 launchers) of the S-300PS were delivered from the RF Armed Forces; payment by barter for eight-axle MZKT-79221 chassis for the RS-12M1 Topol-M missile systems; 4 divisions will be delivered in 2014.
- Bulgaria - a number of S-300P as of 2013;
- Venezuela - the exact number is unknown. Launchers of the S-300VM Antey-2500 air defense system were demonstrated at the parade on April 19, 2013 in honor of the 203rd anniversary of the declaration of independence;
- Vietnam - 12 S-300PMU1 launchers as of 2013, purchase cost about $300 million;
- Iran: the presence of the S-300 in the country remains controversial. A number of S-300s were probably purchased in 1993; a denial was issued. He tried to purchase a certain amount from Russia in 2010, but the contract was blocked by decree of the Russian President, and the advance was returned. Tehran filed a lawsuit international Court, demanding to recognize the failure of the contract and pay a penalty or supply the systems, Tehran refused Moscow’s offer to supply the Tor-M2ET instead of the S-300. However, according to some reports, the delivery of the S-300 VM Antey-2500 air defense system is being prepared; a refutation appeared in 2014.
- Kazakhstan has a small number of S-300s, which are concentrated around Astana. In February 2009, a contract was signed for the supply of 10 S-300PMU-1 divisions from the reserve armed forces RF. The end of deliveries is planned for 2011; 5 divisions of S-300PS will be delivered in 2014.
- China: 32 S-300PMU, 64 S-300PMU1, 64 S-300PMU2 for 2013. We purchased the S-300PMU1 and a production license under the name Hongqi-10(HQ-10). China is also the first buyer of the S-300PMU2 and may likely use the S-300V under the name Hongqi HQ-18. They also created an upgraded version of the HQ-10, calling it the HQ-15, with the maximum range increased from 150 km to 200 km. There are unconfirmed reports that this version is the Chinese-made S-300PMU2. In total, from 1993 to 2008, 4 S-300PMU divisions, 8 S-300PMU1 divisions and 8 S-300PMU2 divisions were delivered (total 20 S-300 divisions, each division - 4 launchers);
- Cyprus/Greece: 2 S-300PMU1(12PU) complexes for 2013. Cyprus signed an agreement to purchase the S-300 (2 divisions + KP-RLO) in 1996. Eventually acquired the S-300PMU1 variant, but due to political differences between Cyprus and Turkey and intense Anglo-American pressure, the S-300 was moved to the Greek island of Crete. Cyprus later acquired the Tor-M1 complex;
- DPRK: The KN-06 air defense system is, according to some assumptions, a copy of the C-300, according to others, a modification of the KN-02 (a copy of the Tochka OTRK). The system was demonstrated at the 2012 parade in Pyongyang and tested in February 2013;
- Republic of Korea: Since 2007, a modified version of the S-300, called Cheolmae-2, modified to NATO standards, has been developed and produced. The system consists of a multifunctional radar (NATO classification I-band) developed at Almaz Design Bureau, a command post and several launchers for the Korean version of the 9M96 missiles. Currently, the main customer is Samsung Thales - a joint company between the Korean Samsung Electronics and the French Thales;
- Russia: 1900 S-300PT/PS/PMU launchers, 200 S-300V (presumably all upgraded to B4 by 2012) as of 2013;
- Syria showed interest in purchasing the S-300P in 1991; in 2010, a contract was signed for the supply of S-300 air defense systems; according to US and Israeli intelligence estimates, 6 S-300 air defense systems should be supplied from Russia. According to Putin's statement in an interview on September 4, 2013, individual components were delivered and the delivery has been suspended due to the situation in Syria;
- Slovakia - some S-300PT-1 as of 2013
- USSR - passed to the states formed after the collapse;
- The USA has dismantled 1 on-load tap-changer and 5P85 launcher purchased from Belarus; an attempt to purchase 2 on-load tap changers and spare parts for them through Kazakhstan from Russia ended in failure. We officially purchased the S-300V, without the MSNR 9S32;
- Ukraine - The exact number is unknown, 6 S-300 air defense systems passed major renovation. According to the Ukrainian specialized press, as of April 2013, 60 divisions of the S-200V, S-300V1, S-300PT/PS and Buk-M1 air defense systems were on combat duty. It is reported that the S-200V, S-300PT and S-300V1 air defense systems will be removed from service and transferred to storage bases. In 2012, 1 S-300 PT complex was repaired, the service life was extended for 5 years. In April 2013, in Sevastopol, the division took up combat duty to protect airspace, which at the end of 2012 received the modernized S-300PS anti-aircraft missile system;
- Croatia - some S-300P as of 2013.
Combat use
The S-300 has never taken part in real combat. Operating countries often conduct training firings of the S-300, based on the analysis of which various experts recognize it as a very combat-ready air defense system.
During combat training and demonstration firing, the system has repeatedly confirmed its high capabilities in combating various types air targets.
After the first war (1991) in the Persian Gulf, several S-300PMU air defense systems were fired at targets similar to Lance-type ballistic missiles, all targets were hit. In 1993, during demonstration shooting at an international exhibition modern weapons in Abu Dhabi (February 1-7), the S-ZOPMU1 system was shot down learning goal. The high combat capabilities and mobility of the S-300V anti-aircraft missile systems have been repeatedly confirmed by combat training and special exercises. Thus, during the Oborona-92 exercises, the system ensured that aircraft were destroyed by the first missile, and ballistic missiles were destroyed by it with the consumption of no more than two missiles.
In 1995, at the Kapustin Yar test site, when testing the S-300 system, for the first time in the world, it was possible to achieve the destruction of an operational-tactical missile of the R-17 type in the air: at the interception point, the detonation of the combat equipment of the S-300 anti-aircraft missiles caused the initiation of the warhead of the ballistic missile " R-17". For comparison, four years earlier, during the Gulf War, the Patriot complexes were unable to show high efficiency, since they mainly hit the body of missiles of this type, without destroying the warhead of the target missile, but only deflecting it. However, given the low inherent accuracy of missiles of the R-17 type, the criterion for classifying affected missiles as “downed” is subjective and the real effectiveness of the main rival S-300 can hardly be assessed reliably. Later modifications of the Patriot air defense system, characterized by greater guidance accuracy, more advanced software and the presence of a new fuse that ensures detonation of the warhead when sufficiently close to the enemy missile, in 2003 in the war with Iraq already gave different results - all 9 launched by Iraq “ Scadov" were shot down. Delegations from 11 countries were present. At the same time, the La-17M targets, the 8K14 (5S1Yu) ballistic missile launched from a distance of 70 km from the air defense system, and the Kaban target missile based on the MP-10 meteorological missile, simulating a small ballistic missile, were destroyed with 100% effectiveness.
In April 2005, NATO conducted an exercise in France and Germany called Trial Hammer 05, the purpose of which was to practice techniques for suppressing enemy air defenses. The participating countries were pleased that the Slovak air force provided the S-300PMU because it gave NATO a unique opportunity to familiarize itself with the system.
During testing of the S-300PMU2 air defense system in China, firing was carried out at 4 types of targets, while: simulators of an operational-tactical missile were shot down at ranges of 34 and 30.7 km at altitudes of 17.7 km and 4.9 km, respectively, a simulator of a strategic aircraft aviation was hit at a range of 184.6 km, a small-sized UAV-type target was destroyed at a range of 4.6 km, and a small-sized ballistic target was also destroyed. In general, the entire range of tests ended in success, confirming the high performance of the S-300PMU2 anti-aircraft missile system.
In November 2010, calculations S-300V OTR simulators were shot down for the first time. 2 S-300B divisions took part in the shooting; the targets were Kaban analogue missiles. A year earlier, anti-aircraft missile units of the Northwestern Air Force and Air Defense Association took part in the Air Force Air Fire Conference at the Ashuluk training ground. The strike density reached six targets per minute, and in just two minutes of battle, 14 target missiles were destroyed - analogues of promising air attack weapons of a potential enemy.
Having studied the S-300PMU1 complex purchased by Cyprus in 1996, during joint Israeli-Greek air exercises, Israeli experts stated that they had identified the weaknesses of this version of the complex. Israel, concerned about the possibility of supplying S-300 systems to Iran and Syria, devoted significant efforts to creating electronic countermeasures systems specifically for this missile system (2008).
In September 2013, Russia lost the tender for the supply of S-300 systems to Turkey. Initially, participation in the tender of the S-400 complex was announced, but subsequently the Russian side refused to sell the S-400 abroad until the needs of its own army were satisfied. Together with Russia, the United States participated in the tender, offering the Patriot anti-aircraft missile system, China, as well as European manufacturers. Turkey preferred the cheaper Chinese analogue of the S-300, which is essentially an unlicensed copy of the S-300 missile system. Moreover, during the negotiations, China agreed to reduce the cost of missile systems supplied to Turkey from 4 to 3 billion US dollars.
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