The main thing distinctive feature external view "An-94" is wide application Plastics (glass-filled, reinforced polyamide). The lodge in a classic understanding here is replaced here on a housing type of a boilers, inside the metal guide, a shooting unit is moving, consisting of a barrel connected with a bodily box. Inside the box placed a gate frame with an unusually short shutter and a trigger. The trigger is integrated with a pistol handle and, if necessary, is easily disconnected from the general working mechanism. The fact that at first glance seems like a gas tube with an unusual accommodation accommodation, is actually a guide lever that supports the trunk when it has been rollback on the principle artillery tool. This is also mounted with an adapter and a regular 40-mm grenade launcher GP-25. Attention is drawn to the fact that the bayonet knife is attached not in the lower, like an AK, position, but to the right side. This is done for considerations of ensuring simultaneous attachment and grenade launcher, and a bayonet knife. In other structures, before installing a grenade launcher, it is necessary to make sure that the bayonet knife is removed. For this in battle they can spend expensive for the life of a fighter second. In addition, the horizontal position provides greater, compared with the vertical, penetrating ability to intercostal space. In this position, the bayonet knife can be made not only by sting, but also side cutting strikes. As for the gas tube, it, as equal, and the entire shooting unit along with the box are placed inside the casing. When shooting in the machine casing, two main movements occur:
- barrel rollback connected to the box and
- reciprocating movement of the gate group.
At the same time, the shutter does not make a "run" for the store, as it happens in all types of automatic weapons. The design of the machine allows you to make an ammunition in two receptions - a preliminary retrieval from the store when the frame moves back and consistency in the cartridge when it is rolled forward to lock the cartridge with a rotation of the sliding shutter. In this case, the length of the frame of the frame with the shutter is barely exceeds the length of the cartridge used. This is another significant difference from the famous rifle systemswhere the rollback of the gate group is limited to a practically long of the receiver box. In addition, inside the casing there is a shock absorber and a buffer, which not only effectively quench the blow of a rolling firing unit about the rear wall of the box, but also set an additional accelerating impulse to return it to initial position. All this is designed to ensure a high treadmill.
And here we come to the main dignity of the sample Nikonov! The machine has three fire modes: a single, short queue with a cut-off of two shots and automatic. But this is not the main thing. And the main thing is that the machine in the short queue mode is two shots and the first two shots of fully automatic fire gives at a high pace of 1800 (!) Shots per minute. When shooting with automatic fire, weapons independently, without additional manipulations, goes into a normal pace of 600 shots per minute, i.e. The pace of fire of the Kalashnikov machine gun. And such a cycle is repeated every time at the next pressing of descent. Considering that when working the shooting unit produces a rollback, then during the rollback, the machine has time to make two cycles at a high pace and only after both bullets left the trunk, reaches its extreme rear point, hitting the buffer and the shooter feels a summable impulse of the first shots. . The displacement of the recoil pulse significantly increases the shooting accuracy and the likelihood of targeting the target.
I often have to shoot from different types of new automatic weapons, and when I first took the "Abakan" in my hands, I warned me nikonov so that I did not "sign" the weapon to the shoulder, which is sometimes used to compensate for the return. He said that from such compensation shots, though and dormitory, but lay below the goal. And he was right. Surprisingly, Nikonov has almost no impulse of returns! Arrows are well known to know the effect of "blowing" the trunk when shooting long queues. Here, this phenomenon is practically absent. And it's not just that in the design, an unusually successful two-chamber dool brake applies, which received the name "snail" among the Izhmaashev designers. As we have already noted above, in all modes of shooting, the shutter does not cross the store. This prevents the shooting unit to hit at a normal pace (600 shots per minute) about the rear wall. As a result, "Nikonov" on the factor of accuracy exceeds "Kalashnikov" in a half, and American automatic rifle M16A2 0.5 times. And this is despite the fact that, according to objective data, the cartridge of a caliber of 5.56 x 45 mm HATO has the best figures in adversity than our 5.45 x 39. Thus, nikonov created such a weapon, which is already an existing cartridge model, exclusively thanks to More advanced its design, achieved a sharp improvement in the quality of firing.
If in 1974 the state was made by the cost of developing and implementing a whole complex "Cartridge + weapons", now these costs were at least twice as long as possible. This is the economic contribution of Gennady Nikonov in the treasury of the Fatherland.
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Tactical and technical characteristics |
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Mikhail Kalashnikov - Legendary Designer small armsSomehow said that the first would give the hand to someone who comes up with something better. "As long as I stand with an outstretched hand," the "father" of aka famous in the whole world. For 60 years of production of the Kalashnikov machine, more than 100 million units of this weapon were issued in various modifications. Memorial Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov We dedicate an overview of the most popular modifications of the most famous machine gun.
AK-47
In 1947, Mikhail Kalashnikov created a machine, which became the most popular weapons All times. The machine was adopted in 1949, and for the first time it was applied during the Chinese Communist Revolution. In the time of the USSR, almost every student of high school knew how to disassemble and collect AK.
AK-47 came to the Guinness Book of Records as the world's most common weapon. This automatic is a favorite weapon. somali Pirates, and its price ranges from $ 10 in Afghanistan to $ 4,000 in India. Currently, AK is in service in 106 countries of the world. Until 1956, AK remained classified.
AKM
In the period from 1949 to 1959, AK47 has undergone a lot of changes and has become different, both in its combat characteristics and according to production technology. The machine has become easier, the battle of the battle has increased significantly, almost all operational characteristics have improved, and the cost of production has become higher.
Many details in the modified model began to be manufactured by the method of stamping, stores and pistol handles from plastics appeared. Already at the beginning of the 1960s, AKM began to complete the dole compensator-brake, which made it possible to reduce the rolling of the trunk and reduced the scatter of the vertical bullets.
Manual machine gun Kalashnikov
In 1950, the USSR began to develop a new range of small arms, which was to be replaced by AK, self-charging carbine Simonov and a manual machine gun of Degtyarev. The main requirement that has been imposed on a new weapon - it was supposed to include an automatic machine and a unified machine gun. About them should be approached under the cartridge 7.62x39 m43.
Automation of the RPK operates due to the energy of powder gases, which are discharged through the side opening of the barrel. Channel locking is carried out by the shutter battle by turning to the right around the axis. From the RPK can be guided both continuous and solitary fire. Cartridges are served from a disk store with a capacity of 75 ammunition, or from 40 cartridges.
Saiga Carabiner
The story of Karabarina "Saiga" began in the 1980s. Then numerous flocks of saigas pulled out the fields of Kazakhstan than serious damage caused agriculture. Then the leadership of the CSSR appealed to the Politburo asking for permission to develop hunting weaponto control the livestock of small antelope.
We decided the task simply. For a sample of the future hunting carina They took the famous soviet weapons - Kalashnikov machine. So appeared hunting razing Carabiner Saiga - First Civil Unification Product army arms. With the collapse of the USSR, commercial demand for this carbine increased significantly.
It is worth noting that today the Karabina "Saiga" is often acquired not for hunting, but to protect private possessions, they are very similar to the legendary Akm.
AKS
Especially for Airborne troops A foldable version of AK was created. Initially, this modification was produced with a stamped trunks, and since 1951 due to a high percentage of marriage during stamping - with milled.
The automatic machine can be equipped with a drum shop on 75 ammunition from the hand-held machine gun Kalashnikov and the silencer.
In 1993, by order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Mikhail Kalashnikov, Victor developed PP-19 "Bizon", which was based on a folding and shortened version of AK-74. The 14th caliber cartridge is placed in the PP-19 screw store. Produced "Bison" and under the caliber of 7.62 mm.
Pakistani AK
In Pakistan, there is its own version of the Kalashnikov machine. In the city of Darra reached such heights in the handicraft production of weapons, which can make almost any copy of it. When the war began in nearby Afghanistan, there were whole mini-47 mini-47 production plants. You can find the Pakistan version of AK with picatinni straps designed to install additional equipment and with telescopic butt. Master's handicrafts are equipped with anterior handle, dongy and optical sight.
RK 62.
Finns settled the release of the Kalashnikov machine in 1960. It is worth noting that according to its technical characteristics, this machine is practically no different from its Soviet counterpart. The external differences are noticeable: the automaton has a plastic Tsevier and a metal butt. RK 62 "sharpened" under the standard 9.62x39 millimeter cartridge from AK.
Galil Ace.
On the base finnish automaton RK 62, which in turn, is derived from Kalashnikov, the Israelis developed the Galil machine. It was intended for the Columbia Military. In the line of these assault rifle The focus was paid by ergonomics of weapons, additional accessories, convenience of using it and flexibility. Galil AC can use the three most common ammunition species in the world. (5.56x45 NATO, 7.62x39 m43 and 7.62x51 NATO).
North Korean AK
Not so long ago, a photo appeared in the network, on which Kim Jong Yun, the leader of the DPRK, communicates with the people, and accompany his military, armed with unusual machines with auger shops. Experts believe that this weapon is nothing more than the North Korean variation on the topic of AK. The basis of its automaton Koreans could take Chinese copies of AK Type 88 or Type 98.
Monuments by the machine Kalashnikov
In the world there is at least 3 monuments by the Kalashnikov machine gun. One is installed on the Border Department "Nalychevo" on Kamchatka, the second - on the shore of the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt, the third - in the DPRK.
Kalashnikov machine on the coat of arms of states
The image of the Kalashnikov machine can be seen on the coat of arms of a number of countries, in particular Mozambique, Burkina Faso (until 1997), Zimbabwe, East Timor.
The article is devoted to exactly the first Automatic Kalashnikov AK-47.
Machine Kalashnikov under intermediate patron 7.62х39 mm was constructed by Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov in 1947. Adopted in 1949 and was produced until 1959, supplied for the military under the Grau-56-A-212 index. Since the machine is designed in 1947 and had prototype AK-46, then often referred to as AK-47.
Avtomat Kalashnikova It is the most massive and popular weapon in the world. For 60 years in the world more than 70 million machines Kalashnikov and its modifications. It is about 1/5 of the entire product arms produced in the world closest by the competitor. machine Kalashnikov It is an American automatic machine US-issued about 8 million pieces.
History of creation
Prerequisite for creating machine Kalashnikov The Second World War became, during which the German STG -44 automatic machine appeared under the intermediate cartridge 7.92x33 mm and the semi-automatic carbine M1 of American production under the 7.62x3x33 mm cartridge, which was supplied to the USSR on Land Lases. Military and designers were rated positive sides The automaton and rifles under the intermediate cartridges and gave the impetus in the development of domestic samples of weapons under the intermediate cartridge.
Slightly run in advance. Soviet intermediate cartridge 7.62x39 mm was developed by designers B.V. Semina and N.M. Elizarova in OKB-44 in November 1943. Initially, the cartridge caliber was 7.62x41 mm, but in the future it was shortened. The production of industrial patron was established in 1944. The new cartridge took a niche between the pistol cartridges and the rifle-machine-gun cartridges. The intermediate cartridge received many advantages with minimal TTX losses. So the new cartridge has become smaller in size, it is much easier, effective when shooting on the lively power of the enemy for a distance to 700-800 meters, less return. So the weight of the 9.62x39 mm cartridge is 16.2 grams, and the rifle-machine-gun cartridge 7, 62x54 weighs 24.7 grams. The weight difference is almost 9 grams, which is 60% easier.
Due to the emergence of a more compact and less powerful cartridge, it was the creation of new samples under this cartridge. So new weapons was initially compact and easy compared to weapons under the cartridge 7.62x4 mm. New weapons under the intermediate cartridge should have become effective for a range of 400-800 meters. Under the replacement of new weapons turned out to be a pistol - machine guns PPS, PPD-effective target range, which did not exceed 200-300 meters. It is most effective than the machine guns aiming range, which was 200-300 meters. The role of rifle cartridges was also reduced, often to the fighters, no rifles and machine guns of high power and with great return were not required.
As a result, the light under the intermediate cartridge appeared kalashnikov-Ak, manual machine gun Degtyarev-RPD and self-loading Carabinity Simonov-SCS. In the future, in the USSR, the Kalashnikov automaton displaced the Karabin SCS for 10-15 years, since AK had a higher density of fire, modern military conflicts have shown that the semi-automatic rifles with a sight distance of 600-800 meters is not as effective as automata. The RPD machine gun within 10-15 years has not fairly supplanted the Kalashnikov machine gun under the cartridge 7.62x54 mm due to the unification of machine guns.
Alexey Ivanovich Sudarev (Creator of the Sudaeva Pistol) was created by the first Soviet AC-44 Supreme Cartridge. The machine gun was released a small batch for military tests, but it was not adopted on weapons, despite the pros and cons of the military wanted to get an automatic for themselves after the improvements, but the death of A.I. Sudaeva stopped further work on the revision of the AC-44 automaton. After the death of A.I. Sudavev was appointed new contest on the development of machine gun, rifles and automaton for intermediate cartridge. In November 1946, M.T. Kalashnikova presented his automatic. Competitors Kalashnikov became the machine gun of Bulkina and Dementeyev.
The first sample AK-46 visually differed from AK-47-Related flag fuse and fire translator, the rod handle was on the left side. The Military Commission was required to transfer the rolling handle on the right side, to combine the fire translator with the fuse and place it on right side Machine to get rid of the left side of the automation protrusions. After refinement in the second competition avtomat Kalashnikova Recognized not suitable. Despite the verdict of the Kalashnikov together with the Zaitsev designer, the automatic was modified at the Kovrovsky factory, during the revision, part of the mechanisms was borrowed from other automata, participating in competitions as AB-46 / TKB-415 and early weapons. Ethical norms There was no borrowing of technical solutions from other samples, but even encouraged, since the military wanted to see a successful sample weapon in which all these technical solutions were counted. Despite the fact that Ak-46 was rejected, Kalashnikov turned for help to the military with whom he fought during the Second World War, which would give him an opportunity to present military Commission new sample Its machine. In the winter of 1946-1947, the Commission was presented by Dementieva CBP-520, Bulkina TKB-415, Kalashnikov KBP-580. Commission again All the machines rejected again, but noted that Kalashnikov's automaton is the most reliable, but it has a bad part, while the TKB-415 bouquer automaton has good accuracy, but low reliability. Despite the negative assessment, the automatic machines were decided to adopt avtomat KalashnikovaAnd to postpone the problem with adolescence until other times, thereby arm an army with automatic machines.
Production kalashnikov machine guns It was decided to establish at the Izhevsk Plant in 1947 (later on the Tula Armory). After the military and polygon tests in 1948 by arms soviet army Two modifications of AK under the designation were adopted "7.62 mm Kalashnikova automaton" -Ak and "7,62 Kalashnikov machine gun with folding butt" -Ax. In 1949 M.T. Kalashnikov for the creation AK was honored Stalinist Prize first degree.
The machine was "semidious", since there were complaints of adversity and work in different climatic conditionsThe design and production began to make changes. In the early 1950s, AK-47 There was a "competitor" design of Hermann Korobov-automatic TKB-417. Machine Korobov had the best accuracy, a smaller mass and was cheaper in production. Despite this, Kalashnikov corrected the shortcomings of their automaton and presented an upgraded version of AK, which in 1959 was adopted as " 7,62-mm Kalashnikov Machine Modernized "-Am.
Automatic machine Kalashnikov
Avtomat Kalashnikova It consists of about 95 parts. Automation AK-47 It works through the removal of part of powder gases from the barrel channel during a shot. Gases entering the barrel channel pushed the gas piston, which gives the pulse to the gate group to perform a new cycle. During the rollback, the scrolling of the larva, locking the cartridge in the chamber with the further extraction of the sleeve from the machine. The lack of such a gate group is big weight (520 grams), which during shooting leads to a noticeable return of the worsening battleship. Return of the shutter in a combat position occurs with the help of a return spring. When spending the cartridges in the store, the gate is not to become a shutter delay, which is a minus.
The shock-trigger mechanism of the USM is mounted inside the case is not a separate node. Allows you to automatically (shooting queues-provides self-timer) and semi-automatic (single) fire. The USM is united into a single integer with a fuse, which locks the shutter and the trigger, which excludes the random shot even with the charged cartridge in the chamber. The USM works at the expense, twisted wire, which is located P-shaped inside the machine housing. USM
The boron serves the body of the entire automatic machine, which combines all parts into a single whole. There are four rails for sliding the gate group inside the trunks. First aK-47 automata They had a stamped trunks, which was strongly reflected on the quality and reliability of the machine. Later in production AKM They began to manufacture a milling way, which hung reliability, but also the mass of the automaton has grown. A sectoral sight with a sighting range of 800 meters is located on the trunnory box.
First AK-47 did not have compensators on the barrel brakes. On the trunk AK It is provided for a fastening for a knife bayonet that could be used during hand-to-hand fight. AKS It did not provide for the fastening of the knife bayonet. Wooden applied automatus has a macker cleaning and maintenance.
Ammunition:
For shooting out automatic machine You can use cartridges 7.62x39 mm:
- ordinary bullet cartridges has a steel shirt, with steel coreThe lead shirt is located between the plaelated steel shirt and core. The first cartridges had a soft steel core, which did not significantly increase the effect of the effect. The cartridge is designed for firing by the vibrant enemy. The bullet has no distinctive marking On the spout of the bullet.
- the armor-pierced-incendiary cartridge is designed for firing for the lively enemy and not easily organized technique at a distance of up to 300 meters. The cartridge is effective for shooting in tanks with flammable, gas tanks of vehicles. The bullet has a plated Tompac shirt, inside which the steel core of high carbon steel, between the shirt and the lead core. In the bottom of the bullet is the pallet with incendiary composition. The tip of the incendiary cartridge bullet is marked with black with red bel.
- the tracer is designed for firing for the lively enemy in day and night at a distance of up to 800 meters, when shooting helps to designate the enemy. It has a plaelated tompac shirt with a steel core placed in lead. On the bottom part there is nozzles for with a burning. The bullet is marked green at the end.
- -The iron cartridge is reassigned for firing by the vibrant enemy, the enemy technique or by easily turning materials at a distance of up to 700 meters to create fire foci. The cartridge consists of a copper shirt inside which there is a flammable composition in the air. The bullet tip is marked in red.
- hunting, shells are designed for fishing hunt and training shooting. Inside a steel plated, the bullet is a lead core.
- there are also idle, armor-piercing-tracing cartridges, etc.
The nutrition of the automaton takes place with the help of a removable boxed two-row store for 30 ammunition. Since the intermediate cartridge has a conical appearance, then it was necessary to create a store with recognizable bending to accommodate them. Stores for AK and AKM were made from Metal, in the future for AK-74 Stores began to make from solid polymers. In addition to the store for 30 cartridges for AK and AKM, sectoral stores have been created on 40 ammunition and a drum shop for 75 ammunition. Fastening the store to the machine is taking place in the neck in the neck of the receiver and fixing it with the help of the latch.
Accuracy automatic machine The first issues were not important that it was noted when taking it into armaments, but the reliability of the machine outweighs this flaw. With each modernization with the help of dual cuts and donu-brakes of compensators, the car accident grew. The distance of the direct shot in a growth figure of the enemy is 350 meters.
Standards for the disassembly assembly of the Kalashnikov automaton in the Ozhzh lessons is:
- On "excellent" - 18 and 30 seconds
- On "good" -30 and 35 seconds
- On "satisfactory" 35-40 seconds
- The norm for the military is 15 and 25 seconds
Combat application AK-47
Soviet public AK-47 It was presented in the film "Maxim Perepelitsa" in 1955.
For the first time, the combat use of AK occurred during the operation of the "whirlwind" when suppressing an uprising in Hungary on November 1, 1956. Then followed the War in Vietnam, where avtomat Kalashnikova I surpassed the head of my competitor-machine M16, the reliability of which in the jungle of Vietnam "tumbled". After Vietnam, the Kalashnikov machine appeared in each armed conflictwhich happened in the world.
Conclusion.
Kalashnikov AK-47 Initially, it turned out not perfect, but over time, many disadvantages were eliminated, and he became a standard of reliability in the weapons world. Machine Clashnikova He became synonymous with the word "reliability". The subsequent adoption of the ACM approved the positions of the machine in the weapon world.
| Number of shots | 30 in the store |
| Caliber barrel | 7,62х39 mm, 8 cut |
| Boat rapidity | 120 shots per minute |
| Maximum rapidity | 540-600 shots per minute |
| Aiming distance | 3200-3500 meters |
| Effective sighting distance | 800 meters |
| Maximum flight range bullet | 3000 meters |
| The initial speed of the departure | 715 m / s |
| Automation | Gaipetal |
| Weight | 4.3 kg empty, 4.8 kg equipped |
| Dimensions | 870 mm AK, 645 mm AKS |
The Kalashnikov Automatic Pistol was designed in 1950, as an assault weapon that can be used as a machine gun's pistol.
The trigger mechanism of the experimental automatic gun Kalashnikov provided maintaining both continuous and solitary fire.
The gun had a shock mechanism of curricular type with a swivel chicken.
Experienced car Kalashnikov
Experienced Kalashnikov Obv. 1964 with a balanced automation system. Most automation systems with a gas engine features a complex pulse diagram, which is especially sensitive in individual weapons. When shooting arrows, a series of multidirectional pulses is sequentially: recoils of a shot, a gas chamber reaction, the blow of the movable parts in the extreme rear position, and their shock in the extreme front position. In general, such "concussions" increase dispersion when shooting queues. Therefore, the struggle for improving the adhesion of the shooting of the automaton was accompanied by attempts to use new schemes to eliminate these shortcomings. One of them is "balanced automation".
In the experimental automatic machine Kalashnikov, 1964, two rotating inertial elements connected by rims with a gate frame were installed over the vertical axis. The gas chamber has two nozzles to which the ends of rotating elements are adjacent. Under the action of powder gases formed when shot, elements rotate in opposite sides, Following the extreme points and thereby, excluding the shutdown frames in the trunk box in the extreme rear and extreme front positions. This increases the stability of weapons during shooting - and therefore the accuracy of firing. At the same time, the reduction in the length of the switching frame has increased the shooting pace.
Kalashnikov, 1964, remained an experienced search engine.
Tactical and technical characteristics of the Kalashnikov machinery 1964
Cartridge - 7,62x39
Mass without cartridges - 3.3 kg
Length shared without a bayonet - 860 mm
Stem length - 415 mm
Victory range - 1000 m
TEMP Footing - 880 SECURITY / MIN
Shop capacity - 30 cartridges
Experienced sniper rifle Kalashnikova 1959 (Russia)
Attempts to replace the shop sniper rifle Self-loaded was made in the USSR and on the eve of the Great Patriotic War (Sniper version of SVT-40, which was removed from production in October 1942) and soon after her, but the store rifle was maintained in service, again work on the replacement of its self-loading under the chuck 7,62x54r began in 1958 G. In Tott Year The main rocket-artillery management (graving) of the Ministry of Defense announced a competition for creating self-loading sniper rifle. Several designers presented their own options, including E.F. Kraunov, A.S. Konstantinova, S.G. Simonova. An experienced version of the self-loading sniper rifle was presented in 1959 and the design team M.T. Kalashnikov.
Kalashnikov rifles in 1959 did not satisfy the requirements for the adhesion of firing and remained experienced. The main challengers were the rifles of the Izhevsk designer E.F. Krahnov (previously participating in the production of the production of AK automat on the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant) and Kovrovsky designer A.C. Konstantinova. After long trials and adjustment in 1963, the Sniper Rifle of Dragunov (SVD) was adopted.
Tactical and technical characteristics of the sniper rifle Kalashnikov 1959
Cartridge - 7,62x54r (arr. 1908)
Mass without cartridges and optical sight - 4,226 kg
Length Total - 1155 mm
Stem length - 600 mm
Victory range - 700 m
Store Capacity - 10 Cartridges
Experienced manual machine gun Kalashnikov 1943
In a fairly extensive pre-warning program of the new rifle armament RKKA did not provide for the modernization of the manual machine gun. The experience of the war did not require a significant revision of the rules combat application Manual machine gun, but service and operational requirements have changed. Became the obvious need to create a more compact and light sample without loss ballistic characteristics. Work intensified in two directions - long-standing modernization of the DP machine gun and the creation of a new manual machine gun, which would be serviced and transferred together with the ammunition with one fighter.
The management of small-scale armament of GAU has developed requirements for a new manual machine gun of normal caliber (7.62 mm) and already in 1942, almost simultaneously with contests for lightweight gun-machine and machine machine gun, a competition for developing 7.62-mm manual machine gun was announced. Weigh no more than 7.5 kg. At the same time, a very hard-rigid fire regime was set for a machine gun - up to 500 shots without cooling the trunk, combat rapidity - at least 100 dock / min.
July 6-21, 1942 passed polygon tests Experienced machine guns developed in KB V.A. DEGTHERYAVA, as well as the development of S.V.Vladimirov, S.G. Sonmonov, P.M. Goryunov and beginner designers, including M.T. Kalashnikov.
After his submachine gun was rejected, Kalashnikov decided to realize the machine gun conceived by him, for which he was seconded to the Central Asian Military District. The corresponding task of GAU was issued. The Division of Invention Defense People's Commissariat financed the work. The district allocated to help the inventor of several qualified workers. For two and a half months, five or six copies of the Kalashnikov Obro machine gun were made. 1943
The shock-trigger mechanism allowed only automatic fire. Impact mechanism Drummer type worked from a reciprocate spring mounted in the rear of the box. The drummer contributed after locking the trunk channel when driving into front position. The non-automatic fuse flag was located on the left side. In addition, there was an automatic fuse in the form of a lever (auto-opposite) mounted in the gate and holding the shift in the corded position until the moving system arrives in the extreme front position. A machine gun with a perforated trunk casing hingedly connected with a trigger box.
Food of the Kalashnikov Machine gun 1943 - from a box store sector forminserting from below in the neck of the trigger box. Apparently, in order not to cling the store of the soil store when shooting from the thaw, the store capacity is limited to 15 cartridges, which can be attributed to the disadvantages of the system. Aimicious devices included a cake with five range settings from 200 to 900 m and a fuse flying. The length of the sighting line is 670 mm. Kalashnikov's submission of 1943 had a plane sensor, carrying handle. Butt - folding forward-down with folding shoulder focus. Stamped swivel sushka had cutches to relieve.
At the same time - in the first half of 1944, Kalashnikov spent another work of the "machine-gun" topics at the landfill - developed an adaptation to machine machine gun SG-43 for firing by idle cartridges.
Tactical and technical characteristics of the Kalashnikov machine gun 1943
Cartridge - 7,62x54r (arr.1908)
Mass without cartridges - 7,555 kg
Length with folded butt - 1210 mm
Length with folded butt - 977 mm
Stem length - 600 mm
Victory range - 900 m
Shop capacity - 15 cartridges
Korean version of the auger "Kalashnikova"
Strange weapons - nothing else like a variation on the topic of the Soviet Machine Kalashnikov
A possible device of a screw store in Korean machines, such a store can accommodate from 75 to 100 rounds.
PP-19 "Bizon"
It was developed in 1993 by the son of Mikhail Kalashnikov Victor on the order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The submachine pistol is based on a shortened and folding version of AK-74. PP-19 auger shop accommodates up to 64 9 millimeters caliber cartridges. In addition, the "Bison" was produced and under the cartridge of 7.62 millimeters (like TT pistols).
Designed by the "Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering" as a competitor of PP-19. The submachine gun is designed for caliber of 9 millimeters and with a screw store accommodates up to 64 ammunition.
The folding version of the Kalashnikov machine, created for airborne troops. The photo shows a machine with a drum shop from RPK (handmaker Kalashnikov) for 75 ammunition. In addition, the machine in photograph is completed with a silencer, which is rarely found on AK and their copies.
Pakistani AK
In the photo - the Pakistan version of the Kalashnikov machine gun, equipped with a telescopic butt, as well as picatinni straps for installing additional equipment. The machine is equipped with an optical sight, dongy and anterior handle.
The version of the Israeli Galil Machine, developed for the Columbia Military. Galil itself was designed by the engineers of Israel Military Industries on the basis of the Finnish RK 62 automaton, which in turn is derived from the Kalashnikov machine, produced under license in the Czech Republic.
The release of this automaton in Finland has established in 1960. Technically, the machine is almost no different from the Kalashnikov machine. External differences More noticeable: the machine received a metal butt and plastic Tsevier. RK 62 was created under the standard cartridge 7.62x39 millimeters from AK.
Even during the First World War, it became clear, the density of the fire of the rifle compartment, created by the help of rifles and carbines, is insufficient.
There was a need for the emergence of personal rapid rainfall infantry from individual soldiers.
This problem was solved with the creation of machine guns and machine guns. World War II gave rise to many different designs Automatic weapons, among which should be noted.
However, by the end of the war, the need for the creation of a new weapon, which it turned out to be solved by the introduction of the Kalashnikov machine gun.
How did the first Kalashnikov machine
In 1943, the Technical Council conducted a study of the German MKB.42 (H), created under the cartridge of the Wehrmacht 7.92 × 33 millimeters. The German experience and experience of American designers who created the M1 Carbine carbine was recognized as successful.
Before soviet designers A question was raised to create similar weapons.
After several attempts to create a universal cartridge, specialists stopped at the caliber of 7.62 × 39. His creators were the designers of N.M. Elizarov and B.V. Semin. By this cartridge Designer, the designer was designed by an AC-44 machine, which went into a small series.
The machine gun passed army tests, but the military recommended to refine the design by reducing the total weight of the machine. Concent Sudaeva stopped working on this design.
The need to create weapons demanded a new round of the competition, at which in 1946 and was shown the first automaton of Kalashnikov. At the end of the two stages, this machine was declared unsuitable, but the designer managed to achieve the right to refine.
After refinement in 1947, the machine still did not meet the necessary requirements, but it was better than the other presented in the competition.
Kalashnikov was sent to Izhevsk, where after refinement and the famous automatic sample of 1947 appeared, for decades, which determined the development of automatic weapons on the planet.
Question Who invented the Kalashnikov machine, does not have such a definite answer as it seems.
It is difficult to believe that not a very compelling Komsomolets was able to create an effective combat weapons.
Designer Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov argued that the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a new automaton appeared from him after reading the book about the arms rifle. But one thing to think, but quite another to create it.
On the other hand, as a Komsomolsky leader, Mikhail Timofeevich quite approached the role of a wedding general.
We will remind, it was this that was previously Alexey Stakhanov, which was recorded on all the development of the brigade.
The layout scheme and technical solutions applied in the Kalashnikov AK-47 machine are largely similar to the Hermann machine gun, as well as the MP-40 created by a group of German specialists.
1946 sample machine
Kalashnikov AK-46 itself was a very raw and intermediate option.
He was rather a transitional model from the most common at the time in the Soviet (red) army of the gun-machine gun-machine to the weapon, which became familiar to everyone called AK-47.
It had a lot of flaws, but it was a necessary step to the subsequent constructive breakthrough. Consider this weapon in more detail.
What was the scheme and device
Since the original automatic was quite different from the sample usual, it is interesting to know what differences were:
- The rod handle was located on the left, and not to the right. The location was changed at the proposal of the State Commission, since when moving, the handle would be restored to the stomach;
- The presence of a separate fuse;
- Archery translation lever with a single queue shooting was a separate device;
- The folding shock-trigger mechanism on the heel.
The gate frame with a rigidly fixed gas piston appeared during refinement at the Kovrovsky factory before the second round tour of the competition.
Her appearance has improved sharply tactical and technical characteristicsSo to the question of how the Kalashnikov machine works, the answer is simple - due to the energy of the diversified powder gases.
Such a device could be copied at the Bulkina Machine, which participated in the competition.
The structure of the automaton in the shooting of queues was changed - the fuse was combined with a translation lever, which significantly simplified the design, making it clearer for fighters.
What specifications were AK-46
- Cartridge caliber 7.62 × 41 sample 1943;
- Barrel 450 millimeters;
- The total length of the machine 950 millimeters;
- Shop with a capacity of 30 cartridges + 1 cartridge in the trunk;
- Mass of the automaton without taking into account the mass of cartridges 4,328 kilograms;
- Aiming 5.8 kilometer shooting range.
How created AK-47 and AKS
After the second round, spent in 1946, the Commission adopted a decision that was reading - none of the automatic contest, even after the improvements, does not satisfy the required characteristics.
The closer to the necessary requirements approached the tactical and technical characteristics (TTX) automatic created by the designer of the butter. However, for considerations of the simplicity and availability of manufacture, and maybe on some other reasons, it was decided to finalize the Kalashnikov machine.
To bring weapons to of the desired characteristics Kalashnikova-Zaitseva design group was sent to Izhevsk. Then a group of famous German designers worked on the Izhevnsky Armory.
Among them were the famous hugo Schmisser, who at one time constructed many samples of automatic and assault weapon. His weapon successfully was used by the Wehrmacht on various fronts of World War II.
It was not known whether the Germans were collaborated with the creators of a new machine, but he was very different from the previously provided.
The machine itself was originally produced with a wooden butt. However for special forces It was inconvenient, first of all, due to the length of the weapon, therefore, a modification of the reduced dimensions of the product was created.
Wooden butt was replaced with metallic, and the latter could be folded. This modification of the weapon was called the Kalashnikov Folding machine (AKS). You could go to battle with this weapon right after the jump with a parachute, not laying out the butt.
What tactical and technical characteristics possessed AK-47
Consider the TTX automaton Kalashnikov sample in 1947. Here it is necessary to consider that the table itself is given for the base model. The folding option is practically no different, except for the mass. It is easier at 400 grams and shorter than 2 millimeters.
- Weapon caliber - 7.62 millimeters.
- Used for firing cartridge - 7.62x39 mm;
- The total length of the automaton is 870 millimeters;
- The length of the stem part is 415 millimeters;
- The weight of the automaton without taking into account the cartridges is 4.3 kilograms;
- The total weight of the cartridges is 576 grams;
- General weight Together with the cartridges - 4.876 kilograms;
- Marketing limit range - 0.8 kilometers;
- The shooting paced - 600 shots per minute;
- Rapidity queues - 400 shots per minute;
- The rapidity of single shots - from 90 to 100 shots per minute;
- The initial velocity of the bullet -715 m / s (2500 km / h);
- The number of cartridges in the store is 30 pieces.
How to appear Kalashnikova modernized (ACM)
At the beginning of the fifties, a new sample was introduced by the designer by Herman Kolobov to the court of specialists and the army leadership. infantry weapons Automatic machine TKB-517.
This weapon has better adhesion, less mass compared to AK-47. Already one fact that the production of TKB-517 was cheaper, meant a lot. Given the best technical and tactical characteristics of the newly presented model, it was clear - the time of new weapons came.
However, the army leadership and government Soviet Union I decided not to change the production technology of production (as well as discharge the docks of the designer) and gave the opportunity to Kalashnikov to upgrade his weapon option.
So the Kalashnikov machine appeared upgraded AKM.
In the new version, the butt was somewhat raised compared to the original, which brought the point of the stop point in the shoulder to the shot line. The sighting distance was increased to one kilometer.
In addition, on the basis of ACM, a unified with him was created manual machine guncalled the name of the RPK.
Is it possible to install a bayonet knife
In the first models of AK-47, the installation of a bayonet knife was not envisaged. This fact is indirectly proved to participate in working on the weapons of German weapons constructors.
The fact is that during World War II on Nazi weapons, it was not possible to attach additional cold weapons. The German infantryman had to be able to apply the weapon so as to hit the enemy bullet.
The infantry soldier simply did not practice the receptions of a hand-to-hand combat.
However, in the future, AK received a blade in two hundred millimeters, which was attached to the gas chamber. He possessed a double blade and share.
The appearance of ACM changed the design of additional weapons.
Instead of a double blade, a single face appeared on the other side.
The length of the blade decreased to 150 millimeters. The bayonet-knife itself received more opportunities to use in the economic field to the need for a soldier.
How did the 1974 model appeared AK-74
At the beginning of the seventies of the last century, the army of potential opponents (NATO) began to massively move in their automatic weapons From the usual rifle caliber, on a lightweight unified cartridge with a 5.56 millimeter caliber.
In front of the armies of the countries of the Warsaw and Soviet Union, there was an urgent need to take a step in the same direction. Replace the rifle cartridge was called by a 5.45 millimeter caliber.
He possessed sufficient dead powerBut possessed less weighing and was less costly in production. The total mass of eight wearable ammunition decreased by 1400 grams.
A new version of the machine has a large range of direct shot, a sturdy plastic store. Thanks to the new dulley brake, the accuracy and accuracy of combat.
What myths and misconceptions harass the Kalashnikov machine
Chief Mythconcerning this type of weapon, this is a conversation that this automatic is the best on Earth. Essentially, on the planet, and in Russia there are many types of small arms, superior in their characteristics "Kalash", you can recall the same "Abakan".
The second myth - the machine was constructed by Mikhail Timofeevich personally. In reality, the assistance of the Zaitsev designer was simply invaluable, in addition, a whole group of designers worked on a weapon. It is impossible to exclude the work of German specialists led by Hugo Schmisser.
Be that as it may, the Kalashnikov machine was, there is also a legend that glorifying Russian designers who created one of the most reliable automata of the 20th century and, no doubt it is the most common.
Kalashnikov still stands in service a huge number states. It is depicted on the coat of arms of 4 states and the flag of Mozambique. Yes, new weapons comes, but such a mass distribution as AK is unlikely to achieve someone else.
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