Winged rockets and how to deal with them. Military Review and Politics Contemporary Winged Rockets

Top 10 fastest world missiles

P-12U.

The fastest rocket of the medium ballistic range with a maximum speed of 3.8 km per second opens the ranking of the fastest rockets in the world. The P-12U was a modified R-12 option. The rocket was different from the prototype absence of an intermediate bottom in the oxidant tank and some minor changes in the design - there are no wind loads in the mine, which made it easier for tanks and dry rocket compartments and abandon stabilizers. Since 1976, R-12 and P-12u rockets began to be removed from weapons and replaced with mobile primer complexes "Pioneer". They were removed from weapons in June 1989, and in the period to 21 May 1990, 149 missiles were destroyed in Belarus.

53t6 "Amur"

The fastest antira in the world intended for the defeat of highly shaded goals and high-altitude hypersonic missiles. Tests of the 53T6 series of Amur complex were started in 1989. Its speed is 5 km per second. The rocket is a 12-meter pointed cone without protruding parts. Its housing is made of high strength steels using winding from composite materials. The design of the rocket allows you to withstand large overload. The interceptor starts with a 100-fold acceleration and is able to intercept the goals flying at a speed of up to 7 km per second.

SM-65- "Atlas"

One of the fastest American carrier missiles with a maximum speed is 5.8 km per second. It is the first developed intercontinental ballistic missile adopted by the USA. Designed under the MX-1593 program since 1951. The basis of the US Air Force Nuclear Arsenal in 1959-1964, but was then rapidly removed from weapons due to the advent of the more advanced Rocket Minitman. He served as the basis for the creation of a family of spacecraft carrier atlas, operating since 1959 and today.

UGM-133A Trident II

American three-stage ballistic rocket, one of the fastest in the world. Its maximum speed is 6 km per second. "Trident-2" was developed since 1977 in parallel with easier "Traine-1". Adopted in 1990. Starting mass - 59 tons. Max. Clearance weight - 2.8 tons with a start range of 7800 km. The maximum range of flight with a reduced number of combat units is 11,300 km.

RSM 56 Bulava

One of the fastest solid fuel ballistic missiles in the world, which is in service with Russia. It has a minimum damage radius of 8000 km, approximate speed of 6 km / s. The development of a rocket has been conducted since 1998 by the Moscow Institute of Heat Engineering, developed in 1989-1997. The terrestrial basic rocket "Topol-M". To date, 24-test starts "Bulava" were produced, fifteen of them were recognized as successful (during the first start, the mass-barber layout of the rocket), two (seventh and eighth) - partially successful were launched. The last test launch of the rocket took place on September 27, 2016.

Minuteman LGM-30G

One of the fastest intercontinental ballistic missiles of terrestrial basing in the world. Its speed is 6.7 km per second. LGM-30G "Minitman" III has a calculated flight range from 6,000 kilometers to 10,000 kilometers depending on the type of warhead. Minitmen-3 is in service with the United States since 1970 to date. She is the only mine basing rocket in the United States. The first launch of the rocket took place in February 1961, modifications II and III were launched in 1964 and 1968, respectively. The rocket weighs about 34,473 kilograms, equipped with three solid fuel engines. It is planned that the rocket will be in service until 2020.

Satan SS-18 (R-36M)

The most powerful and fast nuclear missile in the world at a speed of 7.3 km per second. It is intended, first of all, in order to destroy the most fortified team points, the mines of ballistic missiles and air bases. The nuclear explosive of one rocket can destroy the big city, quite most of the United States. The accuracy of the hit - about 200-250 meters. The rocket is placed in the most durable mines in the world. SS-18 carries 16 platforms, one of which is loaded with false goals. Going to a high orbit, all the heads "Satan" go "in the cloud" of false goals and are practically not identifiable by radar. "

Dongfeng 5A.

An intercontinental ballistic rocket with a maximum speed of 7.9 km per second opens the top three fastest in the world. The Chinese ICBM DF-5 was commissioned in 1981. It can carry a huge warhead with 5 MT and has a range of more than 12,000 km. DF-5 has a deviation of approximately 1 km, which means that the rocket has one goal - to destroy the city. The size of the warheads, the deviation and the fact that it takes only an hour to fully prepare for launch, all this means that DF-5 is punitive weapon, intended to punish any potential strikers. Version 5A has an increased range, an improvement in the deviation by 300 m and the ability to carry several warheads.

P-7.

Soviet, first intercontinental ballistic rocket, one of the fastest in the world. Its limit speed is 7.9 km per second. The development and production of the first specimens of the rocket was carried out in 1956-1957 near Moscow enterprise OKB-1. After successful starts, it was used in 1957 to launch the world's first artificial satellites. Since then, the rocket carriers of the R-7 family are actively used to launch spacecraft for various purposes, and since 1961, these carrier missiles are widely used in the piloted cosmonautics. Based on the P-7, a whole family of launch vehicles was created. From 1957 to 2000, more than 1,800 carrier missiles on the P-7 base were launched, of which more than 97% were successful.

RT-2PM2 "Topol-M"

The fastest intercontinental ballistic missile in the world with a maximum speed is 7.9 km per second. Limit range - 11,000 km. It carries one thermonuclear battle unit with a capacity of 550 CT. The mine in the basing is adopted in 2000. Start method - mortar. The Marsh Torticultural Rocket Engine allows it to gain the speed much faster than previous types of rockets of a similar class created in Russia and the Soviet Union. This greatly makes it difficult to intercept the means on the active portion of flight.

The second half of the twentieth century has become the era of rocket technology. The first satellite was launched into space, then his famous "went!" Yuri Gagarin said, however, the beginning of the rocket era should not be counted from these fateful moments in the history of mankind.

On June 13, 1944, Hitler Germany inflicted a blow to London with the help of FAu-1 shells, which can be called the first military winged rocket. A few months later, a new development of the Nazis, the ballistic missile of FAU-2, who took thousands of lives of peaceful citizens collapsed on the heads of Londoners. After the end of the war, the German rocket technologies fell into the hands of the winners and began to work primarily on the war, and the study of space was just an expensive way to state PR. So it was in the USSR, and in the USA. Creating nuclear weapons almost immediately turned the rocket in strategic weapons.

It should be noted that the rockets were invented by a person still in ancient times. There are an ancient Greek description of devices, very reminiscent rockets. Especially loved rockets in ancient China (II-III century BC): after the invention of the gunpowder, these aircraft began to use for fireworks and other entertainment. There are evidence of attempts to apply them in military affairs, but at the existing level of technology, they could hardly cause a significant damage to the enemy.

In the Middle Ages, along with gunpowder, rockets were in Europe. These flying devices were interested in many thinkers and natural scientists of that era. However, the rockets were rather a wonder, a practical sense of them was little.

At the beginning of the XIX century, Kongarev rockets are adopted for weaponing the British army, but because of the low accuracy, they soon were ousted by artillery systems.

Practical work on the creation of missile weapons resumed in the first third of the XX century. In this direction, enthusiasts in the USA, Germany, Russia (then in the USSR) worked. In the Soviet Union, the result of these findings was the birth of the RSZO BM-13 - the legendary "Katyusha". In Germany, the brilliant designer Werner von Brown was engaged in creating ballistic missiles, it was he who developed FAU-2, and later he was able to send a person to the moon.

In the 50s, work began on the creation of ballistic and winged missiles capable of delivering nuclear charges for intercontinental distances.

In this material, we will tell about the most famous types of ballistic and winged missiles, the review will include not only intercontinental gigids, but also known operational and operational-tactical rocket complexes. Almost all rockets that have fallen into our list are developed in the design bureau of the USSR (Russia) or the United States - two states with the most advanced missile technologies in the world.

SCUD B (P-17)

This is a Soviet ballistic rocket, which is an integral part of the EL KRUS's operational tactical complex. The R-17 rocket was adopted in 1962, its flight range was 300 km, it could throw almost a ton of payload with accuracy (QWW - a circular probable deviation) of 450 meters.

This ballistic missile is one of the most famous samples of Soviet rocket technology in the West. The fact is that many decades of the P-17 have been actively exported to various countries of the world, which were considered the Allies of the USSR. Especially many units of this weapon were delivered to the Middle East: to Egypt, Iraq, Syria.

Egypt was used by the R-17 against Israel during the War of the Judgment Day, during the first war in the Persian Gulf of Saddam Hussein fired SCUD B territory of Saudi Arabia and Israel. He threatened to use warheads with martial gases, which caused a wave of panic in Israel. One of the rockets fell into the American barracks, killing 28 US military personnel.

Russia used P-17 during the second Chechen campaign.

Currently, the P-17 is used by Yemen's rebels in the war against Saudites.

The technologies used in SCUD B became the basis for Pakistan missile programs, DPRK, Iran.

Trident II.

This is a solid-propelled three-stage ballistic rocket, which is currently in service with the US Navy and the UK. The Triandent-2 rocket ("Trident") was adopted in 1990, its flight range is more than 11 thousand km, it has a combat part with individual guidance blocks, each power can be 475 kiloton. Mass Trident II - 58 tons.

This ballistic rocket is considered one of the most accurate in the world, it is designed to defeat missile mines with IBD and command items.

Pershing II "Persing-2"

This is an American ballistic rocket of medium range capable of carrying a nuclear combat part. She was one of the largest fears of the USSR citizens at the final stage of the Cold War and the headache of Soviet strategists. The maximum range of the rocket was 1770 km, quota - 30 meters, and the power of the monoblock combat part could reach 80 CT.

The United States has placed these in West Germany, reducing the time to the Soviet territory to a minimum. In 1987, the United States and the USSR signed an agreement on the destruction of medium-range nuclear missiles, after which the "Permits" were removed from combat duty.

"Point-U"

This is the Soviet tactical complex adopted in 1975. This rocket can be equipped with a nuclear combat part, with a capacity of 200 CT and delivering it to a range of 120 km. Currently, "Points-U" are in service with the Armed Forces of Russia, Ukraine, the former republics of the USSR, as well as other countries of the world. Russia plans to replace these rocket complexes to more advanced "Iskander."

R-30 "Bulava"

This is a solid fuel ballistic missile for sea basing, the development of which began in Russia in 1997. The P-30 should be the main weapon of submarines of the projects of 995 Borea and 941 "Shark". The maximum range of "Bulava" is more than 8 thousand km (according to other data - more than 9 thousand km), the rocket can carry up to 10 blocks of individual guidance with a capacity of up to 150 ct each.

The first launch of Bulava took place in 2005, and the last - in September 2019. This rocket was developed by the Moscow Institute of Heat Engineering, who was previously engaged in the creation of Popol-M, and make a "Mavel" to the FSUE "Votkin Plant", where Poplar produces. According to the developers, many nodes of these two missiles are identical, which makes it possible to significantly reduce their production.

Saving public funds is, of course, a worthy desire, but it should not harm the reliability of products. Strategic nuclear weapons and delivery tools are the main component of the containment concept. Nuclear rockets should also be sureless and reliable as the Kalashnikov machine, which cannot be said about the new rocket "Bulaw". It is still flying one time: from 26 starts manufactured 8 were recognized as unsuccessful, and 2 - partially unsuccessful. It is unacceptable a lot for the strategic rocket. In addition, many experts comes to too small thrown weight "Bulava".

"Topol M"

This is a rocket complex with a solid fuel rocket capable of delivering a nuclear combat part with a capacity of 550 kt at a distance of 11 thousand km. "Topol-M" is the first intercontinental ballistic missile, adopted in Russia.

ICBM "Topol-M" has mining and mobile basing. Back in 2008, the beginning of work was announced in the work of "Popol-M" to the sharing combat blocs. True, in 2011, the military declared the refusal to further purchase this rocket and the gradual transition to the R-24 Rocket rocket.

MinuteMan III (LGM-30G)

This is an American solid fuel ballistic rocket, which was adopted in 1970 and is on it today. It is believed that Minuteman III is the fastest rocket in the world, at the terminal stage of the flight it can reach a speed of 24 thousand km / h.

The range of the rocket is 13 thousand km, it carries three combat blocks of 475 CT power each.

Over the years of operation, Minuteman III passed several dozen modernization, Americans constantly change electronics on them, control systems, strength assemblies to more perfect.

As of 2008, the United States had 450 MINUTEMAN III III, on which 550 warheads were installed. The fastest rocket in the world will still be in service with the US Army at least until 2020.

Fow-2 (V-2)

This German rocket had a far from the perfect design, its characteristics do not go to any comparison with modern counterparts. However, Fow-2 was the first battle ballistic rocket, the Germans used it for the shelling of English cities. It was Fow-2 who made the first subborital flight, rising to a height of 188 km.

Fow-2 is a single-stage liquid-fuel rocket, operating on a mixture of ethanol and liquid oxygen. She could deliver a combat part weighing one ton at a distance of 320 km.

The first combat launch of FA-2 took place in September 1944, more than 4,300 missiles were released in Britain, of which almost half exploded at the start or collapsed in flight.

Fow-2 is difficult to call the best ballistic rocket, but she was the first, for which he deserved a high place in our ranking.

"Iskander"

This is one of the most famous Russian missile systems. Today, this name in Russia has become almost cult. "Iskander" is adopted in 2006, there are several of its modifications. There is a "Iskander-M", armed with two ballistic missiles, with a range of 500 km away, and "Iskander-K" - a variant with two covered missiles, which can also strike the enemy at a distance of 500 km. Rockets can carry nuclear combat parts with a capacity of up to 50 kt.

Most of the Iskander ballistic missile trajectory takes place at altitudes more than 50 km, which greatly complicates her interception. In addition, the rocket has a hypersonic speed and actively maneuver, which makes it a very difficult target for enemy pro. The rocket target angle is approaching 90 degrees, it greatly interferes with the work of the RLS enemy.

"Iskander" are considered one of the most advanced types of weapons, which has the Army of Russia.

"Tomahawk"

This is an American high-range winged rocket, having a subsonic speed, which can perform both tactical and strategic tasks. Tomahawk was adopted by the US Army in 1983, was repeatedly used in various armed conflicts. Currently, this winged rocket is in service with the US Fleet, Great Britain and Spain.

The range of some modifications "Tomaagvka" reaches 2.5 thousand km. Rockets can be launched from submarines and surface ships. Previously, there were modifications "Tomaagvka" for the Air Force and Land Forces. The QVO of the latter modifications is 5-10 meters.

The United States used these winged rockets during both war in the Persian Gulf, in the Balkans, in Libya.

R-36m "Satan"

This is the most powerful intercontinental ballistic rocket, of all ever created by a person. It was developed in the USSR, in the KB South (Dnepropetrovsk) and was adopted in 1975. The mass of this liquid fuel rocket was more than 211 tons, it could deliver 7.3 thousand kg to a distance of 16 thousand km.

Different modifications of the R-36M "Satan" could carry one combat unit (power up to 20 mt) or to be equipped with a separated head part (10x0.75 MT). Even modern systems are powerless against such power. In the US, it was not for nothing in vain the R-36M dubbed "Satan", because it is really real weapons of Armageddon.

Today, the R-36m remains in service with the strategic forces of Russia, 54 RC-36M missiles consist on combat duty.

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Aviation was considered the main means of delivery of tactical ammunition of high power. Aviation was considered the main means of delivery of tactical ammunition. The emergence of missile weapons, the improvement of rocket technologies led to the fact that modern armed forces received new, powerful and rapid weapons into their own hands - winged rockets. These new means of struggle combined at the same time a large range and high accuracy. New rocket complexes have a sufficiently large affixer effect and could provide a massive blow. A bright representative of this type of weapon is a well-known American winged missile BGM-109 "Tomahawk".

What is the KR "Tomahawk"

The American army became one of the first in the world, which in a massive manner received a new tactical missile complex for equipping. The winged rocket appeared in 1983 became the most massive in its class. In addition, this is one of the few samples of modern types of weapons, which were involved in almost all military conflicts. Tomahawki is associated with the history of hostilities during the first war in the Persian Gulf (1990-1991), the subsequent actions of the NATO multinational forces in Yugoslavia in 1999. Already in the new millennium, American "Tomahaws", having a twenty-year-old track record, again became one of the main types of weapons on the battlefield.

The Americans actually managed to create a universal means of struggle - weapons that became a convenient tool in modern military-political conditions. Symbolically and the name of the rocket, Tomahawk is a combat ax, the legendary weapon of North American Indians. For the modern army, the presence of such weapons is invaluable. Equipped with a new guidance system, this winged rocket, like an Indian ax in flight barely noticeable, is rapid and deadly. The strike is always accurate, we do not expect and unpredict.

The cause of such qualities of weapons lies in the rocket device and in the features of its design. For the first time, a guidance system was installed on the winted rocket, providing a complete autonomy in flight projectile. The rocket is valid according to the principle - brought, released and forgotten. To control the flying projectile, no help of the operator-gunner nor the presence of a satellite guidance system. The combat filling of several hundred kilograms of explosives was able to deal with any goal, both at sea and on land. High combat characteristics became the fruit of long design developments to which the American military authority spent enormous amounts. Only on the development of the project in 1973, American taxpayers spent 560 thousand dollars. In the future, over one million dollars left for the finishing sample.

Tests of the first samples of the new rocket lasted for 6 years. Only in 1983, after more than 100 control launches, the Pentagon announced the adoption of a new winged rocket for the arms of the American Armed Forces. This rocket was created as a universal impactor, capable of carrying a yaz and ordinary charges. As a starting platform, it was assumed to use ships of various classes, including nuclear submarines and aircraft of the US Air Force, so initially created modifications of winged missiles adapted for surface and underwater starts. The new missile complex "Tomahawk" consisted of winged rockets, launchers and rocket firing management systems.

For reference: The first weapons samples were developed in two versions:

• strategic carrier Tomahawk Block I BGM-109A TLAM-N with nuclear warhead;
• anti-worked Tomahawk Block I BGM-109B TASM rocket with a conventional combat part.

Features of the design of the Wilt Rocket Tomahawk Block I

It should be noted that the Americans practically approached the creation of a new weapon. The nuclear parity achieved with the Soviet Union in the mid-70s of the XX century, demanded the creation of new means of delivery of nuclear ammunition, so the initially new winged rocket - a new battle ax was developed in several modifications. The main, strategic version of the Tomahawk missile complex had three modifications (A, C, D) and was calculated for strikes under ground targets in the depths of the territory of the likely enemy. To the second, to the tactful version of the rocket treated the modifications B and E. These winged rockets had to destroy any overtakers.

Despite the differences in the targeted application, all modifications had a similar design and device. Tactical and technical characteristics of missiles were identical. The differences concerned only martial rocket equipment - either nuclear warhead, or a head part with a conventional fragmentation feu.

The design of the wilt rocket had all the characteristic features in this way. The housing was a cylindrical monoplet, equipped with a fairing in the nose. The stability of the projectile in flight was provided by the produced wings located in the central part of the housing. In the tail part of the rocket had a cross stabilizer. The main structural material was aviation aluminum and durable plastic. The use of protective materials in the design of the housing ensured a significant decrease in the radar viscosity of the rocket. Turbojet engines Williams F107-WR-400 with a 2.7-kN traction were first raised as the main engine to a new rocket. Later, more powerful engines were installed on other modifications. For modifications of air-based missiles, TELEDYNE CAE J402-CA-401 TRD engines were used, capable of giving 3.0 kN.

The powerful march engine provided a rocket - shell of flight speed over 800 km / h. The range of flight varied in the range of 800-500 km, depending on the modification of the rocket and the basing option. As a rule, winged rockets with nuclear warhead have a greater range. Tactical modifications were able to fly to a smaller distance. The tactical and technical characteristics for the Tomahawk winged missiles look like this:

• flight range for land (surface) missiles 1250 - 2500 km;
• rocket range (underwater start) based on submarines up to 1000 km;
• flight speed of 885 km / h;
• the maximum flight rate on the final flight section at certain angles of the attack - 1200km / h;
• the casing of the rocket had a length of 6.25 m;
• wings span 2.62 m;
• the weight of the oven rocket varied in the range of 1450-1500 kg, depending on the type of warhead;
• the rocket could be equipped with a nuclear warhead, an agricultural feu charge or a cassette warhead.

The power of a nuclear charge, which could carry the BGM-109A winged rocket was 200 CT. The winged missiles in the non-nuclear version of the BGM-109C and BGM-109D were equipped with a semi-convertible combat part weighing 120 kg or a cassette combined action warhead.

In the process of developing and subsequent serial release, the rocket was equipped with three types of guidance system:

• inertial;
• correlation;
• correlation electronically optical.

The last modification of Tomahawk Block IV winged missiles, which today should enter the US Army already equipped with a completely new electron-optical DSMAC correlation action system. In the process of marching, the rocket rate can be adjusted with the meteorological situation in the area of \u200b\u200bthe target and combat environment. In the current conditions, the weapon is a fully automated combat complex capable of making decisions on their own depending on the characteristics of combat use.

What is the main feature of the Kyrgyz Republic "Tomahavk"

The main advantage that the Americans managed to achieve the creation of the Tomahawk wing rocket is almost complete invulnerability of weapons for air defense. Width rocket launched on a low height, robbery during the flight. Ground air defense systems in such a situation are unable to respond quickly to the flying of the projectile, practically without seeing it in flight. Rocket secrecy in flight promotes the streamlined rocket housing, equipped with protective materials.

You can identify the flying "Tomahawk" only if it is known in advance the route of its flight. A visual example of invulnerability of the winged missiles for ground-based air defense systems was the conflict in Yugoslavia. Of the 700-winged Tomahawk block III, created in the early 90s, which were created in the early 1990s, were shot down in no more than fifty missiles. The rockets were shot down either on the territory of Yugoslavia by means of air defense, or were attacked by the Yugoslav Air Force Airplanes on the territory of Yugoslavia. To achieve such results to Yugoslavam allowed one significant disadvantage that American miracle axes possess. The winged rocket has a low speed, which makes it vulnerable to the fire of fighter aircraft. The pilot of a modern aircraft during visual detection of a flying projectile can easily catch up and destroy.

With a single start, it is almost impossible to throw the flying rocket. The massive application of the winged missiles provides the ability to simultaneously strike, both in strategic objects and on the identified objects of the electronic air defense system. Such a combined blow almost paralyzes the enemy, in the future limiting its actions.

Modern tactics for using winged rocket

It should be noted that, despite all its technical perfection, the Tomahawk winged rocket with a large stretch is considered to be a high-precision weapon. Only rockets with nuclear warheads can be considered a means of applying single strikes. In the tactical plan, the American Armed Forces bet on the massive application of this weapon and this despite its high cost. One start of the Kyrgyz Republic "Tomahavk" costs the American taxpayer at 1.5 million dollars.

Accordingly, the use of this type of weapons is different and basing options. Working out a new winted rocket, Americans planned to arm it the main part of their navy. The task is to create a universal missile complex capable of carrying out a massive launch. So on the destroyers of the class ARLEIGH BURKE, the main ships of the US Navy, there are launchers for 56 missiles of this class. At the last American battlefield "Missouri", the remaining of the fleet and participating in the attack on Iraq in 1991, 32 Winged Rockets Tomahawk Block I BGM-109B were located.

The maximum amount, up to 154 winged missiles, could carry an Ohio atomic submarine. Americans built 18 such ships. All this suggests that the new weapon was planned to use the massive. In total, the Pentagon received allocations for the construction and supply of the US Armed Forces more than 4 thousand Condicated Tomahawk Rockets of various modifications.

The latest modification of the Tomahawk Block IV missile, which began to come to equip the US strategic forces, on the ships of the US Navy and the Air Force, in contrast to previous modifications, it is possible to indulge in several goals. According to preliminary data, the newest rocket is able to keep information about the location of 15 objects. Moreover, the rocket guidance system allows you to change the target parameters during the flight. Noah-how, which American military boasts, is the possibility of a released missile to barrage over the area, expecting an accurate instructions on the purpose and subsequent commands. In addition to improving the guidance system, work is actively working on an increase in the power of the motor installation. The last modification of the rocket by reducing the fuel consumption has an enlarged range. Now Tomaagavka will be able to strike on the enemy, which is from the start place at a distance of 3-4 thousand km.

Works that are constantly under way to improve the winged rocket, they say that this weapon has a great technical potential. The technical capabilities laid into the rocket design make it possible to quickly change the technical parameters of the structure, improving the tactical and technical characteristics of each new modification.

What led to confusion). Often, the term "winged rocket" is mistakenly considered the equivalent of a narrower English-speaking term cruise Missile.However, the latter only applies to manageable rockets, in which most of the flight towards the target takes place at a constant speed.

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Subtitles

Comparison with other types of missiles

Dignity

• The ability to ask an arbitrary rocket course, including a winding trajectory, which creates difficulties for the opponent.
• The possibility of moving at a low height with the rind of relief, which makes it difficult to detect the rocket with radar means.
• Modern winged rockets are designed to defeat the target with high accuracy.

disadvantages

• Relatively small speeds (the order of speed of sound ~ 1150 km / h).
• High cost compared to other ammunition.
• The relatively small power of all discontinuous charges, with the exception of nuclear.

Comparison with airplanes

In parallel, in Britain on the order of the military Archibald Low, the work on the radio-controlled "flying bomb" for the damage to the airship and terrestrial purposes. The first attempt of flight was carried out on March 21, 1917 and ended with an accident. Similar project was developed Henry Folland. The aircraft is about 6-7 meters long, weighing about 230 kg and an engine with a capacity of 35 liters. from. "Aircraft Establishment Royal Aircraft Factory" has been manufactured. As a result of three unsuccessful attempts in July 1917, the project was closed.

In 1920, in England, the standard Bristol fighter fighter aircraft F.2B was equipped with radio control and successfully flew. For insurance in the cockpit was a pilot. However, after a year, the aircraft managed by radio was tested without a pilot.

In 1924, F. A. Zader "Flights to other planets" was published in the magazine "Technique and Life", in which it was proposed to use wings on rocket aircraft.

In 1927, aviation torpedo (on terminology of that time) "Laryng" was created - a small aircraft with a piston star motor and a gyroscopic control system equipped with a moletone mass of 113 kg. After long-term tests of the design with ships and in the deserts of Iraq, production is recognized in impractical.

In 1931, the British created a radio-controlled air target "Queen". In total, three prototypes were built, on the basis of successful tests of which in 1935, a series of radio-controlled targets was tried under the designation of DH.82B "Queen Bee" (Bee-Queen, Bee Matika) in the amount of 420 copies (as believed, from that time to drone climbed a jargon name Drone (drone)). Drone "Queen Bee" was used at the initial stage of the Second World War as intelligence officers. Characteristics: The maximum speed is 175 km / h, the practical ceiling is 4267 m, the duration of the flight is up to three hours.

In the USSR work on telemechanic airplanes It was conducted from the 20s and until 1942. The TB-1 bomber was chosen as a projectile aircraft, for which the TV Telemechanic system was developed. In the future, these works spurred the development of various domestic autopilots. The program addressed various options for projectile aircraft: Sat, I-16, UT-2. In 1940, the development of a radio-controlled TB-3RN aircraft was carried out in two versions: in the first bomber started explosive and was controlled by the operator from the aircraft of escort, in the second version, the development of a remotely managed bomber was carried out, which, after performing the bombing task, was to return to the base and plant. The only combat use of the TB-3 projectile was in 1942, when the aircraft started by four tons of Ternin was to hit the railway node in Vyazma. However, when renting to the goal, due to the transmitter problems aromained on the aircraft of support for DB-3F, the aircraft-shell fell, misappling past the goal.

Also in the USSR, at the end of the 30s, a composite shock was developed. A radio-controlled TB-3 with 3.5 tons of explosives was used as a charge carrier, on the back of which the aircraft of the KR-6 control was attached. The radius of the hitch reached 1200 km.

In 1941, in the United States, the company "General Motors" was developed by an aircraft-shell under the CIFROM A-1, which is a radio-controlled monoplan starting from the trolley. The battle load of La was bombs weighing up to 225 kg. A large number of experienced copies were built, but the program was canceled in 1943. In 1942, research began on the project "Option", which was the result of the construction of the TDN-1 devices, which were used for training and evaluation tests. Then a batch of TDR-1 shells was built in an amount of 189 pieces. Martial use by the American fleet against the Japanese attacking drone TDR-1 took place in the area of \u200b\u200bSolomon Islands in 1944. Of the total launched 46 29 reached the goal, which was regarded by the commander of the fleet by Admiral Chester Nimitz negatively.

In Germany, the program for the development of launching aircraft of various appointments began in 1941 and reached the peak of development by the end of the war. In 1942, a practical study of the Aerodynamics of the Blanger DFS-230 and KL-35, FW-56 and BF-109 control aircraft was launched. As a result, it was decided to use a bundle from the projectile aircraft J-88A and BF-109F (the program "Beethoven"). In 1943, a task was issued to build an experimental batch of 15 system copies, conditionally named "Mistel-1" ( stubbing with manure). In the spring of 1944, a training group formed as part of the 4th group of bombarding squadron KG101. On the night of June 24, 1944, the squadron first attacked the group of allies in the mouth of the Sena River. Based on the results of the strike, the development of Mistel-2 and Mistel-3 systems began. In October of this year, the group, in service consistent, was 60 "Mistelle," was transferred to the experimental KG200. In the spring of 1945, "Mistelles" partially re-equipped KG30, there is no reliable data on the effectiveness of their operation. Serial "Mistel-4" was also built, which are a bundle from J-88G-7 and the TA-152H fighter. Until the end of the war, 250 copies were made, up to 50 were captured by allies. The Mistel-5 project was a bundle from the Lower Earth Airplane TA-154A and the top aircraft of the FW190A-8 control aircraft. During the work, they reached the re-equipment of the first batch in four bundles, then the re-equipment was canceled. The Germans also developed other projects of composite aircraft, including with reactive engines. In particular, 5 squadron squadron KG200 has been issued by the application of the towed projectile aircraft based on reactive Me-328B

On the night of June 4-25, 1944, the unmanned radio-controlled aircraft-shell S.M.79 of the Air Force of the Italian Social Republic produced the first and only combat departure in the direction of Gibraltar, in order to attack the English ships standing there. After the pilot jumped with a parachute, the control was conducted from the CANT Z.1007-II escort aircraft. Due to the defect management of the aircraft, the shell did not reach the goal and fell.

In July 1944, US Air Force adopted the Aphrodite program. The meaning of the program was to re-equip the resource of the B-17 bombers in the projectiles, managed by radio from the accompaniment aircraft. Similarly, as in the Soviet TB-3RN, the aircraft lifted the crew from the pilot and the flight engineer into the air, led him to the target manually, then activated the television management, the combat part (9070 kg of Torpex centuries) and emitted with parachutes (the top of the aircraft was cut). The aircraft-shell continued to fly to the target, managed by the radio, and the crew chose the evacuation team. The converted to B-17, which received the BQ-7 index, and the B-17 escort aircraft under the CQ-4 index entered the 562nd bombardment squadron. Earth aircraft several times were involved in combat operations (in August and October 1944), against the German Positions of FA-1 missiles. Operations with the use of shell aircraft against highly protected purposes were recognized as low-handed, therefore it was decided to use them on major industrial purposes. BQ-7 was used several times during nose without success. The program was recognized as unsuccessful, and projectile aircraft BQ-7 are more dangerous for their crews than for the enemy. Nevertheless, the further development of the program was the alteration of B-24 bombers to the BQ-8 shells. The principle of application remained the same. The US Navy began its own program by reworking RB4Y-1 (patrol version B-24). However, due to low accuracy, reliability and high complexity of application, the program was closed.

The world's first classic winged rocket, which was serial and used in real combat actions was "FAu-1" (FI-103), developed by Germany. She was first tested on December 21, 1942. For the first time in combat conditions, it was applied at the end of World War II against Great Britain. However, due to the low accuracy of the rocket guidance system as part of the KG200 experimental squadron, 5 squadron was formed, in which it was quite serious, including the possibility of managing a rocket Fi-103 pilot, which should be in the final portion of the trajectory, theoretically, will be thrown off with parachute .

In September 1944, the wreckage V-1 was delivered to the Moscow CB, and later the samples of missiles and drawings captured in Peimente. The Soviet authorities decided to create their "shells-shells". The development of the project was entrusted to Vladimir Manome. After 9 years, A. I. Mikoyan began in parallel with the man.

In 1947, work on the Komet's winged rocket began in the USSR. The rocket was designed in a special KB-1, the planner of the rocket was created in OKB-155 on the basis of the MiG-15 fighter. The rocket was supplied to the troops over the years and was produced in the options of the air start (KS-1), the ground start (C-2 "Sotka", "Strela", FKR-1). For the development of missile systems and training personnel on the basis of the MiG-17 aircraft, the piloted "Comet aircraft" (SDK) was constructed (SDK), produced by serial.

In the 1950s, the development of winged missiles as strategic intercontinental means of delivering nuclear charges was assumed. In KB Lavochkina, the development of a two-stage winged rocket "Storm" was developed, the work was stopped on economic considerations and due to the success in the development of ballistic missiles. The only intercontinental-class cruise missiles in service was developed in the USA SM-62 Snark, very short time (in 1961) was on battle duty.

In the late 50s of the last century, winged rockets began to be developed with powerful liquid rocket engines, allowing to achieve a significant increase in the characteristics of the rocket.

Classification

Winged rockets are divided

• by charge of charge:
  • with nuclear equipment
  • with ordinary gear
• on solved tasks (destination):
  • strategic
  • tactical
  • operational-tactical (most often anti-workers)
• by type of basing:
  • ground
  • air
  • marine

Currently, ships, missile boats and submarines (see Anti-Development Rocket) are equipped with waters of marine base missiles.

Existing systems

Production in different countries

USSR and Russia

• 10XN
• 16X - an experimental winged air start rocket with a pulsating air-reactive engine.
• KS-1 is the first serial dosward antique winged air start rocket, medium range.
• KSR-2.
• KSR-5 is a supersonic anti-worked winged air start rocket, a large range, with a fugas-cumulative or nuclear BC.
• KSR-11 is a supersonic anti-radiolocation winged air start rocket, a large range, with a fugasic or fugas-fragmentary BC.
• K-10C is a supersonic antique winged air start rocket, a large range, with a fugas-penetrating or nuclear BC.
• X-20 is a supersonic winged air start rocket, a large range, with thermonuclear BC.
• X-22 is a supersonic anti-ferrous winged air start rocket, a large range, with a fugasically penetrating or nuclear BC.

Half a century ago, at the height of the Cold War, the winged rockets were perfectly lost by ballistic on the field of strategic weapons of the far radius of action. But perhaps in the coming conflicts, the main argument will not be a ballistic dubb, and the rapid and insidious winged dagger.

MBDA CVS PERSEUS (France) Perspective supersonic winged rocket. Speed \u200b\u200b- 3 Mach. Length - 5 m. Mass of the combat part - 200 kg. Running from marine and air platforms. Possessed bch. Range - 300 km

When, on July 21, 2011, the Space Shuttle program was officially closed, not only the era of manned orbital shuttle shutters, but in some sense, the entire era of "winged romance", a well-known attempt to make something more from the aircraft than just a plane. Early experiments with a rocket engine molding machine belong to the end of the 20s of the last century. Rocketoplane was also X-1 (1947) - the first in history is a manned aircraft overcoming the speed of sound. Its fuselage had a form of a 12.7 mm large-pulsed pulley, and the rocket engine burned in its chamber the usual alcohol with liquid oxygen.

MBDA CVS PERSEUS (France). Perspective supersonic winged rocket. Speed \u200b\u200b3 Mach. Length is 5 m. The weight of the combat part is 200 kg. Running from marine and air platforms. Possessed bch. Range 300 km.

Engineers of Nazi Germany worked not only over the ballistic V-2, but also over the "pramatel" of all winged rockets - V-1 with a pulsating air - reactive engine. Ohizhen Zenger dreamed of a super-dollar "antipode" rocketoplane-bombard "Zilberfogel", and Wolf Trommsdorff - about the strategic winged rocket with a direct-flow engine (see). At the end of the war, the former allies - the USSR and the United States began to actively study the German heritage in order to create a weapon on it, this time against each other. And although both sides of the Iron Curtain were copied and V-1 and V-2 were copied, the Americans were always closer to the "aviation" approach, which ultimately became one of the reasons for the initial lag of America in the field of ballistic technologies (despite possession of themselves Werner von Brown).

Hypersonic apparatus X-43. Forerunner Wilt Rocket X-51. He was the third stage of the system: bomber B-52 - accelerated winged rocket - X-43. Equipped with GPLR. Installed speed record - 9, 8 Mach.

With a bomb at the "shooter"

And therefore, it was in the United States in fact that the first and only one of ever adopted winged rockets with intercontinental (more than 10,000 km) radius of action - SM-62 Snark was built. It was created in the walls of Northrop Corporation, and in fact it was an unmanned plane, performed (which is very characteristic of Northrop) according to the "Neckless" scheme, so that Elems on the wings were used as the heights of this projectile. This "plane" could even be returned with the task if necessary (if the IEC had not yet occurred) and put on the airfield, and then use again. Snark started using rocket accelerators, then included the aviation turbojet engine Pratt & Whitney J57, and the rocket started his way to goal. 80 km to it at an altitude of 18 km from the projectile with the help of sopatrons, the BC was shot (regularly containing 4 megaton thermonuclear ammunition). Next, the warhead followed the goal of the ballistic trajectory, and the remaining part of the rocket was destroyed and turned into a cloud of fragments, which, at least theoretically, could perform the role of false targets for air defense.

Hyperzvuk in Russia

Representatives of the national "defense" have recently been announced about the plans for creating hypersonic winged rockets. In particular, the General Director of the Reutov NGO "Mechanical Engineering", Alexander Leonov, was shared by the plans. As you know, this company, together with Indian specialists, has developed an anti-worked supersonic BRAHMOS rocket, which is considered the fastest to date the winged rocket, from among the adopted. Also about the intention to start work on the creation of a hypersonic rocket at the enterprise stated the head of the Corporation "Tactical Rocket Arms" Boris Obiaov. These works are charged with the Government of Rainbow in Dubna.

Independent flight of the projectile provided innovative for that time, but a very imperfect astrocorrection system based on three telescopes aimed at different stars. When in 1961, President of the United States Kennedy ordered to remove with weapons barely stood on the combat duty "Tarrak", this weapon was already morally obsolete. The military did not suit the ceiling at 17,000 m at the Soviet air defense air defense unit, nor, of course, the speed that did not exceed the average speed of the modern liner, so the path to the distant goal would occupy a long hours. A single project was buried somewhat earlier, until we lived. We are talking about North American SM-64 Navaho - a supersonic winged rocket, also an intercontinental range (up to 6500 km), which used starting rocket accelerators and direct-flow air-jet engines to reach a speed of 3,700 km / h. The projectile was designed for thermonuclear BC.

The X-51 rocket uses in its GCRD JP-7 fuel, characterized by high flames of ignition and thermal stability. It was created specifically for supersonic aviation and was used in Lockheed SR-71 engines.

Life after ICBM

The Soviet response to Navaho became developed also in the 1950s projects "Storm" (KB Lavochkina) and Buran (KB Meatishchev). Based on the same ideology (rocket accelerator plus PVRS), these projects differed in the weight of the BC ("Buran" was created as a heavier carrier), and the fact that the "storms" were successful starts, and "Buran" never never flew.

Both Soviet, and American intercontinental "winged" projects have been kanul in the summer in the same reason - in the second half of the 1950s, the seeds of the brown background, gave their fruits, and marked serious progress in ballistic technologies. It became clear that both the intercontinental nuclear charge carriers, and for the development of cosmos, is easier, more efficiently and cheaper to use ballistic rockets. The topic of manned orbital and suburbital rocketoophers, represented by Americans Dyna Soar, who was partly embodied by the dream of Oumen Senger, and X-15, and in the USSR, and Tupolev, including the famous "Spiral "

The fire heater developed by the research team "Experimental burning research" in MAI as part of the LEA project. The fire heater, which allows in the laboratory to simulate the airflow parameters at the outlet of the air intake of the GPRLD. Such a heater is constructed in MAI as part of a project preparation of a test flight of a hypersonic aircraft. The project was called LEA, and was initiated by French and MBDA firms, Russian scientists and designers were also attended.

But everything is once returning. And if the ideas and developments in early rocketoplamins were partly embodied in Space Shuttle and his analogue of "Buran" (whose eyelids, however, also passed), then the return of interest in the chicken missile weapons of the intercontinental radius of action We continue to observe these days.

The disadvantage of the ICBM is not only that their trajectory is easily calculated (for which you have to be sick with maneuverized warheads), but also that their use with the existing world order and the current strategic armament mode is almost impossible, even if they carry a non-nuclear ammunition. Conducting launch vehicles are capable of performing complex maneuvers in the atmosphere, are not subject to such stringent restrictions, but, unfortunately, they fly too slowly and not very far. If you create a managed projectile, which can overcome the intercontinental distance at least in an hour and a half, it would be an ideal tool for modern global military operations. About such weapons has recently been often spoken in connection with the American Global Prompt Strike concept. Its essence is well known: American military and politicians expect to receive the means of hitting the strike by non-nuclear warhead at any point of the world, and from making a decision on strike until the goal should pass at no more than an hour. Discussed, in particular, the use of TIDENT II missiles placed on submarines with non-nuclear equipment, but the fact of starting such a rocket can lead to extremely unpleasant consequences - for example, in the form of a response strike, but already nuclear. Therefore, the use of conventional "trident" can be a serious political problem.

Disguise under pro

But all new types of non-nuclear weapons, even with strategic tasks, the Americans are not going to bring under any restrictions and actively lead work to create an Arsenal Global Prompt Strike. As an alternative to ballistic missiles, hypersonic aircraft (GZL) are considered, which may have a design of a wilt rocket, that is, to have their own engine (usually referred to the hypersonic direct-current air jet, GPLR), or a planning projectile, the hypersonic speed of which the marching steps are reported conventional ballistic missiles.

The SM-3 Block II is currently developed in the United States is most often mentioned in connection with the modernization of American pro. It, like the previous SM-3 modifications, will arise the AEGIS sea basing system. The Blockii feature is the stated ability to intercept on a specific site of the ICBR trajectory, which will allow the AEGIS to include the US strategic missile defense. However, in 2010, the US military announced that the SM-3 Block IIA would also create a drum range of a large range under the code name Arclight. As planned, the marching steps of the antirakets will remove the planning apparatus on the hypersonic speed, which will be able to fly to 600 km and to deliver a weighing 50-100 kg to the target. The total range of the entire system will be up to 3,800 km, and at the stage of independent flight, the hypersonic glider will fly not through the ballistic trajectory and will be able to maneuver for high-precision guidance on target. The real highlight of this project can be called the fact that thanks to the unification with the SM-3, the Arclight rocket system will be able to be placed in the same vertical starting settings that are intended for the anti-missile. Such "nests" is at the disposal of the US Navy 8500, and no one except the American military will know whether the firefights or weapons "global instantaneous strike" are placed on this ship.

North American XB-70 Valkyrie is one of the most exotic projects of the American aircraft. This high-rise bomber, calculated on the flight with a speed of 3 Mach, was first rose to the air in 1964. It is believed that in addition to the experimental winged Rocket X-51, Valkyrie is an aircraft that have been the characteristics of the glowweet. Due to the downstream of the wing, the bomber used the compression lifting force produced by shock waves.

Rissing "Falcon"

In addition to the development of "advanced" acceleration steps, a separate engineering problem is the design of the glorner itself, due to the specificity of the aerodynamic processes occurring during the hypersonic flight. However, it seems, in this direction, certain successes are achieved.

First test

The world's first flight test of GPVD was held by our scientists and held in the last days of the existence of the USSR.
Despite the obvious leadership of the United States in the field of the design of aircraft with the GPVRD, you should not forget that the palm of the championship in creating the acting model of the engine of this type belongs to our country. In 1979, the Commission of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers of the USSR approved a comprehensive plan of research and development on the use of cryogenic fuel for aircraft engines. A separate place in this regard was allocated to the creation of GPLR. The main part of the work in this area has spent them. L. I. Baranova. The Flying Laboratory for Testing GPVD was created on the basis of the 5V28 anti-aircraft missile, S-200 SP-200 and got the name "Cold". Instead of combat part, a container for liquid hydrogen, control system and the E-57 engine itself were embedded in the rocket. The first test took place on November 28, 1991 at the Sarah Shagan Polygon in Kazakhstan. During the test, the maximum operation of the GPVD was 77 p., Speed \u200b\u200bwas achieved 1855 m / s. In 1998, the Testing of the flight laboratory was held under a contract with NASA.

Back in 2003, the chief "brain trust" of the American defense industry - the Darpa Agency - in collaboration with the US Air Force announced the Falcon program. This word translated from English as "Falcon" is also an abbreviation, deciphering as "an application of force at start-up from the continental part of the United States." The program envisaged the development of both accelerated steps and a hypersonic glider in the interests of Global Prompt Strike. Part of this program was also the creation of an unmanned aircraft HTV-3X on hypersonic direct-flow motors, but funding was subsequently discontinued. But the glider, who received the designation Hypersonic Technology Vehicle-2 (HTV-2), was embodied in the metal and had a kind of dissected by half (vertically) cone. In April 2010 and in August 2011 there were tests of the glider, and both flights brought a certain disappointment. During the first start of HTV-2 went to the flight using the MINOTAUR IV light carrier from Vandenberg Air Force. He had to fly 7700 km to Avadhelene atoll in the Marshall Islands area in the Pacific. However, in nine minutes, the connection with him was lost. The system of automatic stopping of the flight worked, as a result, as a result of the fact that the apparatus "Zakovyatar". Obviously, designers at that time could not solve the problem of preserving the flight stability when changing the position of routing aerodynamic surfaces. The second flight was also interrupted on a ninth minute (out of 30). At the same time, as reported, HTV-2 managed to develop a completely "ballistic" speed of 20 moving. However, the lessons of failures were, apparently, were quickly learned. On November 17, 2011, another apparatus called Advanced Hypersonic Weapon (AHW) has passed the test successfully. AHW was not a complete analogue of HTV-2 and was calculated for a shorter distance, but had a similar design. It started in the three-stage acceleration system from the pad on the island of Kauai Hawaiian archipelago and reached the test landfill. Reagan on the Avadhelene atoll.

Hard breath

In parallel, the theme of the hypersonic glider, American designers are developing self-deviating devices for the Global Prompt Strike or, simply speaking, hypersonic winged rockets. Developed by Boeing Corporation X-511 is also known as Waverider ("Sanding Wave"). Thanks to its design, the device uses an additional lifting force of the energy of shock waves occurring in the air during hypersonic flight. Despite the fact that the adoption of this rocket for weapons was planned just for 2017, today it is still an experimental apparatus that has committed only a few flights with the GPLR included. On May 26, 2010, X-51 dispersed to 5 movings, but the engine worked only 200 seconds from 300. The second start took place on June 13, 2011 and ended in failure as a result of a reclocked engine in hypersonic speed. Anyway, it is obvious that experiments with GPLR will continue both in the United States and in other countries, and, apparently, reliable working technologies will still be created in the foreseeable future.