landlocked states Pushkin, landlocked states film
Currently, there are 44 states whose borders do not have access to the World Ocean. The largest number of such states are in Africa (16 states) and Europe (14 states). Asia has 12 landlocked countries, including South America - 2.
Two landlocked states, namely Uzbekistan and Liechtenstein, border exclusively on countries that also do not have access to the World Ocean. Liechtenstein became such a state in 1918 after the collapse of Austria-Hungary, which had access to the sea. the period of the Anschluss of Austria by Germany (1938-1945) Liechtenstein again lost this status, since the Third Reich also had access to the sea. After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Uzbekistan became the second such state.
Three small states completely surrounded by the territory of one other state (enclaves): San Marino and the Vatican border only with Italy, Lesotho - only with South Africa. Nine states are completely surrounded by the territory of two states: Mongolia, Nepal, Bhutan, Swaziland, Liechtenstein, Andorra, Moldova, the partially recognized state of South Ossetia and the unrecognized Transnistria. Most of the states surrounded by two other states are also small in size and population, but there are some large ones among them (for example, Mongolia)
Ethiopia, with 93.8 million inhabitants, is the largest country in terms of population without access to the World Ocean. Also, more than 30 million people live in Uganda (34.7 million), Uzbekistan (31.1 million) and Nepal (30.4 million).
The largest state in terms of area that does not border the World Ocean is Kazakhstan (2,724,900 km²); Mongolia (1,566,500 km²), Chad (1,284,000 km²), Niger (1,276,000 km²), Mali (1,240,000 km²), Ethiopia (1,104,300 km²), Bolivia (1,098) also have a territory of more than a million km². 581 km²).
The majority (9 out of 15) of the states formed after the collapse of the USSR do not have borders with the World Ocean. At the same time, the territory of the states of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan is completely included in the basins of drainless reservoirs and regions - there are no other similar states in the world. At the same time, states with access to the Caspian Sea (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan) can gain access by water to the Black, Baltic and White seas through the Unified Deepwater Transport System of Russia (EGTS) on the basis of international treaties. Currently, the tonnage of ships passing through the Unified State Transport System is up to 10 thousand tons, which allows these states to use not only river-sea class vessels, but also full-fledged sea vessels.
Partially recognized and having observer status at the UN, the Order of Malta, located mainly, like the Vatican, within Rome, leased Fort Sant'Angelo in Malta in 1998 for 99 years.
- 1 Problems of landlocked countries
- 2 Right of States to access the high seas
- 3 List of states without access to the ocean and seas
- 3.1 Asia
- 3.2 Africa
- 3.3 Europe
- 3.4 South America
- 4 Notes
- 5 Links
Problems of landlocked countries
Adam Smith, in his work “The Wealth of Nations,” noted that the importance of indicators economic activity country has access to the sea and, accordingly, to trade routes. Over time, developments in land transportation and communications have reduced the advantages of coastal countries over landlocked countries. However shipping still play a central role in world trade, and in this regard, being landlocked creates certain problems. in particular, neighboring countries may have economic or military reasons for blocking access to the sea or transit through their territory.
Right of States to access the high seas
According to international law (UN Convention on maritime law 1982, Part X), inland countries have the right to access the sea. This right is exercised through the conclusion of special agreements between interested landlocked and transit states.
Inland countries may have sea vessels under their flag based in foreign ports (for example, sea vessels of the Czech Republic use the port of Szczecin based on an agreement with Poland).
On the high seas, inland countries enjoy all rights on an equal basis: in particular, they have the right to carry out shipping, fishing, and flights. aircraft, lay submarine cables and pipelines.
List of states without access to the ocean and seas
Asia
- Azerbaijan
- Armenia
- Afghanistan
- Butane
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Mongolia
- Nagorno-Karabakh Republic is an unrecognized state
- Nepal
- Tajikistan
- Turkmenistan
- Uzbekistan
- South Ossetia is a partially recognized state
Africa
- Botswana
- Burkina Faso
- Burundi
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
- Lesotho
- Malawi
- Niger
- Rwanda
- Swaziland
- Uganda
- Central African Republic
- Ethiopia
- South Sudan
Europe
- Austria
- Andorra
- Belarus
- Vatican
- Hungary
- Kosovo is a partially recognized state
- Liechtenstein
- Lugansk People's Republic- unrecognized state
- Luxembourg
- Macedonia
- Moldova
- Transnistria is an unrecognized state
- San Marino
- Serbia
- Slovakia
- Czech
- Switzerland
South America
- Bolivia
- Paraguay
Notes
- 1 2 following the declaration of independence of South Sudan from the Republic of Sudan on July 9, 2011
- CIA The World Factbook // CIA, section “Land boundaries”: “Liechtenstein and Uzbekistan, are doubly landlocked”
- Amanda Briney, The World's Largest Landlocked Countries. List of the Ten Largest Landlocked Countries in the World // About.com, May 02, 2011
- International law: Textbook / Answer. ed. Yu. M. Kolosov, V. I. Kuznetsov. - M.: International. relations, 1994. - 608 p. - Chapter 12. Rights of states that do not have a sea coast.
- List of countries by length coastline// CIA. See Landlocked
- 1 2 3 has access to the Caspian Sea - a body of water that has no natural outlet to the world ocean
- after Eritrea declared independence in 1993
- after Chile captured the port of Antofagasta in 1879
Links
- Landlocked countries: opportunities, problems, recommendations // UN Economic Commission for Europe, 2002. (Original: TRADE/2002/23 Landlocked Countries: Opportunities, Challenges, Recommendations)
landlocked states Pushkin, landlocked states film, landlocked states forum
Landlocked States Information About
There are currently 44 countries in the world that do not have their own access to the sea or ocean. Such countries usually border with other states. In Africa, there are 16 landlocked countries. In the European part of the world, there are 14. Among Asian countries, 12 states do not have their own sea coast, and in South America, 2 countries.
Landlocked countries on the world map
There are also two countries in the world that not only do not have their own sea coast, but also their closest neighbors do not have access to the sea. This is the dwarf state of Liechtenstein, and the country of Uzbekistan.
Enclave states - those that are completely in contact with one state along the entire border, also do not have access to the sea or ocean. This is San Marino, which is surrounded by Italy. The Vatican is the residence of the Pope. There is an enclave state in South America called Lesotho.
The dwarf enclave state of the Vatican
Historically, maritime borders have contributed to a country's economic growth and development, primarily through the maritime trade route. States that do not have access to the sea usually lag significantly behind in global development.
Developing countries that wish to participate in international trade usually lose out greatly on transport costs - without sea freight, almost all trade becomes unprofitable.
Experts emphasize the impossibility of such countries to achieve food and industrial security. From Armenia to Uzbekistan, about thirty percent of all developing countries, which do not have sea channels, are concentrated in Asia and Europe. For these countries, the main source of collateral is Agriculture— due to the difficulty of delivering any goods around the world, practically no production facilities are opened here.
There is also a political aspect that plays a big role in the life of landlocked countries. The fact is that such countries are surrounded on almost all sides by potential enemies - in the event of a major world war, the inhabitants of this country will have nowhere to hide from the advancing guns.
Right to the high seas
For three decades, the UN has been protecting the rights of states that are located inside continents - such countries enter into special agreements with other states that have sea communication, and use them as a transit zone.
Landlocked countries are also allowed to have their own navy, which, subject to agreement, can be based in any foreign port.
The open sea is available to inland states to the same extent as to coastal states - they have every right to fish, lay pipelines and cables along the seabed, and test aircraft.
- Azerbaijan
- Armenia
- Afghanistan
- Butane
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Mongolia
- Nagorno-Karabakh Republic is an unrecognized state
- Tajikistan
- Turkmenistan
- Uzbekistan
- South Ossetia is a partially recognized state
Africa
- Botswana
- Burkina Faso
- Burundi
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
- Lesotho
- Malawi
- Niger
- Rwanda
- Swaziland
- Uganda
- Central African Republic
- Ethiopia
- South Sudan
Europe
- Austria
- Andorra
- Belarus
- Vatican
- Hungary
- Kosovo is a partially recognized state
- Liechtenstein
- Lugansk People's Republic - unrecognized state
- Luxembourg
- Macedonia
- Moldova
- Transnistria is an unrecognized state
- San Marino
- Serbia
- Slovakia
- Czech
- Switzerland
South America
- Bolivia
- Paraguay
Partially recognized and unrecognized states usually do not enjoy the right to sea routes, which are protected by the UN. Politically, these countries are not stable enough to become members of the UN, and such rules do not apply to them.
landlocked states Pushkin, landlocked states film
Currently, there are 44 states whose borders do not have access to the World Ocean. The largest number of such states are in Africa (16 states) and Europe (14 states). Asia has 12 landlocked countries and South America - 2.
Two landlocked states, namely Uzbekistan and Liechtenstein, border exclusively on countries that also do not have access to the World Ocean. Liechtenstein became such a state in 1918 after the collapse of Austria-Hungary, which had access to the sea. the period of the Anschluss of Austria by Germany (1938-1945) Liechtenstein again lost this status, since the Third Reich also had access to the sea. After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Uzbekistan became the second such state.
Three small states are completely surrounded by the territory of one other state (enclaves): San Marino and Vatican City border only with Italy, Lesotho - only with South Africa. Nine states are completely surrounded by the territory of two states: Mongolia, Nepal, Bhutan, Swaziland, Liechtenstein, Andorra, Moldova, the partially recognized state of South Ossetia and the unrecognized Transnistria. Most of the states surrounded by two other states are also small in size and population, but there are some large ones among them (for example, Mongolia)
Ethiopia, with 93.8 million inhabitants, is the largest country in terms of population without access to the World Ocean. Also, more than 30 million people live in Uganda (34.7 million), Uzbekistan (31.1 million) and Nepal (30.4 million).
The largest state in terms of area that does not border the World Ocean is Kazakhstan (2,724,900 km²); Mongolia (1,566,500 km²), Chad (1,284,000 km²), Niger (1,276,000 km²), Mali (1,240,000 km²), Ethiopia (1,104,300 km²), Bolivia (1,098) also have a territory of more than a million km². 581 km²).
The majority (9 out of 15) of the states formed after the collapse of the USSR do not have borders with the World Ocean. At the same time, the territory of the states of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan is completely included in the basins of drainless reservoirs and regions - there are no other similar states in the world. At the same time, states with access to the Caspian Sea (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan) can gain access by water to the Black, Baltic and White Seas through the Unified Deep-Water Transport System of Russia (UDTS) on the basis of international treaties. Currently, the tonnage of ships passing through the Unified State Transport System is up to 10 thousand tons, which allows these states to use not only river-sea class vessels, but also full-fledged sea vessels.
Partially recognized and having observer status at the UN, the Order of Malta, located mainly, like the Vatican, within Rome, leased Fort Sant'Angelo in Malta in 1998 for 99 years.
- 1 Problems of landlocked countries
- 2 Right of States to access the high seas
- 3 List of states without access to the ocean and seas
- 3.1 Asia
- 3.2 Africa
- 3.3 Europe
- 3.4 South America
- 4 Notes
- 5 Links
Problems of landlocked countries
Adam Smith, in his work “The Wealth of Nations,” noted that access to the sea and, accordingly, to trade routes is important for a country’s economic performance. Over time, developments in land transportation and communications have reduced the advantages of coastal countries over landlocked countries. However, shipping still plays a central role in global trade, and being landlocked poses its own challenges. in particular, neighboring countries may have economic or military reasons for blocking access to the sea or transit through their territory.
Right of States to access the high seas
According to international law (UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, Part X), landlocked countries have the right to access the sea. This right is exercised through the conclusion of special agreements between interested landlocked and transit states.
Inland countries may have sea vessels under their flag based in foreign ports (for example, sea vessels of the Czech Republic use the port of Szczecin based on an agreement with Poland).
On the high seas, inland countries enjoy all rights on an equal basis: in particular, they have the right to carry out shipping, fishing, aircraft flights, and lay submarine cables and pipelines.
List of states without access to the ocean and seas
Asia
- Azerbaijan
- Armenia
- Afghanistan
- Butane
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Mongolia
- Nagorno-Karabakh Republic is an unrecognized state
- Nepal
- Tajikistan
- Turkmenistan
- Uzbekistan
- South Ossetia is a partially recognized state
Africa
- Botswana
- Burkina Faso
- Burundi
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
- Lesotho
- Malawi
- Niger
- Rwanda
- Swaziland
- Uganda
- Central African Republic
- Ethiopia
- South Sudan
Europe
- Austria
- Andorra
- Belarus
- Vatican
- Hungary
- Kosovo is a partially recognized state
- Liechtenstein
- Lugansk People's Republic - unrecognized state
- Luxembourg
- Macedonia
- Moldova
- Transnistria is an unrecognized state
- San Marino
- Serbia
- Slovakia
- Czech
- Switzerland
South America
- Bolivia
- Paraguay
Notes
- 1 2 following the declaration of independence of South Sudan from the Republic of Sudan on July 9, 2011
- CIA The World Factbook // CIA, section “Land boundaries”: “Liechtenstein and Uzbekistan, are doubly landlocked”
- Amanda Briney, The World's Largest Landlocked Countries. List of the Ten Largest Landlocked Countries in the World // About.com, May 02, 2011
- International Law: Textbook / Rep. ed. Yu. M. Kolosov, V. I. Kuznetsov. - M.: International. relations, 1994. - 608 p. - Chapter 12. Rights of states that do not have a sea coast.
- List of countries indicating the length of the coastline // CIA. See Landlocked
- 1 2 3 has access to the Caspian Sea - a body of water that has no natural outlet to the world ocean
- after Eritrea declared independence in 1993
- after Chile captured the port of Antofagasta in 1879
Links
- Landlocked countries: opportunities, problems, recommendations // UN Economic Commission for Europe, 2002. (Original: TRADE/2002/23 Landlocked Countries: Opportunities, Challenges, Recommendations)
landlocked states Pushkin, landlocked states film, landlocked states forum
Landlocked States Information About
Oceanic and sea waters occupy about 70% of the Earth's surface. Moreover, every fourth state on the planet does not have access to the World Ocean. These countries are frankly unlucky, because the sea is the most important factor economic development.
Which countries are landlocked? And how do they solve this geographical problem?
Without access to the ocean...
So which countries are landlocked? Foreign Europe and Africa have the most such states: 14 and 16, respectively. But on the North American continent there is not a single such country. Moreover, this is where the state with the world's longest coastline is located - Canada (over 200 thousand kilometers!).
Since ancient times the sea has vital importance in the development of states. Thus, it was precisely thanks to its unique geographical position that Great Britain was able to become the most powerful empire in the world. With the advent railway the role of maritime transport has decreased somewhat. Nevertheless, having access to the sea is still important: both from an economic and from a military-strategic point of view.
Which country is landlocked? Kazakhstan immediately comes to mind. This is the largest state in the world, bordered exclusively by land borders (if, of course, you do not take into account the Caspian Sea, which is only called a sea, but is not one in essence). By the way, 9 out of 15 post-Soviet republics After the collapse of the USSR, they found themselves without access to the World Ocean.
Which country is landlocked in Africa? There are many such states on the “dark continent”. First of all, it is worth mentioning Ethiopia, within which about 90 million people live. Thus, it is the largest country by population without a sea.
Which countries are landlocked: list and map
There are 44 such states in total. All of them are marked on the map below green. Among them are two countries that are doubly unlucky: Liechtenstein and Uzbekistan. They not only do not have access to the ocean, but also border on the same failed states. In Western literature, these two countries have their own specific term: doubly landlocked countries.
Which countries are landlocked? Perhaps we should list them. Besides 44 independent states This list also includes a number of unrecognized and partially recognized entities. Among them are Kosovo, PMR and others.
So which countries are landlocked? In Europe it is:
- Czech Republic.
- Austria.
- Switzerland.
- Slovakia.
- Hungary.
- Serbia.
- Macedonia.
- Belarus.
- Moldova.
- Luxembourg.
- Liechtenstein.
- Andorra.
- San Marino.
- Vatican.
- Kosovo.
- Transnistria (PMR).
- South Ossetia.
Asia has no access to the sea following countries:
- Armenia.
- Azerbaijan.
- Kazakhstan.
- Mongolia.
- Uzbekistan.
- Tajikistan.
- Turkmenistan.
- Kyrgyzstan.
- Afghanistan.
- Nepal.
- Butane.
- Laos.
- Nagorno-Karabakh.
In Africa, the following states have no access to the ocean:
- Ethiopia.
- Niger.
- Uganda.
- Mali.
- Botswana.
- Zimbabwe.
- Zambia.
- Burkina Faso.
- Burundi.
- Malawi.
- Lesotho.
- Swaziland.
- Rwanda.
Which countries are landlocked in South America? There are only two such states:
- Paraguay.
- Bolivia.
Life without the sea: problems and solutions
The main difficulty caused by the country's isolation by land is the difficulty of exporting its products to the world market. According to World Bank estimates, the delivery of one unit of cargo from a non-maritime state is almost twice the cost of a similar delivery from a coastal state. In addition, countries that do not have maritime boundaries, are more vulnerable in military and strategic plan.
One way or another, the level of economic development depends not only on geographical location states. After all, among inland countries there are states that are highly developed in all respects, such as Austria or Switzerland.
How in modern world is the problem of isolation from the ocean being solved? Different countries they do it differently. Thus, the Czech Republic entered into an agreement with Poland on the operation of the seaport in Szczecin. Now in the Polish city you can see ships flying Czech tricolors. Kazakhstan, for example, is actively building roads and pipelines on its territory, while simultaneously establishing relations with neighboring China.
Paraguay is also landlocked. However, the territory of this country is crossed by the largest water artery- Parana River. Small cargo ships and boats can freely navigate it Atlantic Ocean.
Right of access to the sea
If anyone doesn’t know, all states on the planet without exception have the right to access the open ocean. And this right has been protected by the UN for several decades in a row. How is it implemented in practice?
Landlocked countries conclude special agreements with their neighbors who have access to the sea, and then use their territories as transit zones. Subject to certain agreements, they can station their fleet in foreign ports. Moreover, states isolated from the sea have the right to conduct full-fledged fishing in the open ocean.
Chile and Bolivia: war over the sea
Arriving in La Paz, all tourists are surprised by the following inscription on the wall of the maritime museum: “The coast was and will be Bolivian.” They are even more surprised by the fact that this South American country has its own naval forces. Moreover, Bolivia celebrates Sea Day every year. How can this be explained, since this country lost its access to the sea more than a century ago?
The so-called Pacific War of 1879-1884 (War of the Pacific) is one of the saddest pages in the history of Bolivia. Wanting to get the richest deposits of saltpeter on the coast, the Chileans treacherously attacked Bolivia. As a result of a long war, the latter lost the province of Antofagasta, thereby finding itself completely cut off from the ocean.
Bolivia continues to make territorial claims against Chile to this day. However, from a legal point of view, they hardly have a chance of implementation. Nevertheless, Bolivians continue to firmly believe in their “sea dream.”
Ukraine and Moldova: profitable exchange of territories
After the breakup Soviet Union the young independent republics were forced to decide whole line acute and pressing problems. Thus, the Ukrainian Budzhak was cut off from the rest of the country. The Republic of Moldova, in turn, was desperately looking for its way to the sea.
In the end two neighboring countries agreed to a mutually beneficial exchange: Ukraine ceded 800 meters of the Danube bank near the village of Giurgiulesti to Moldova for the construction of a port. The Moldovans, for their part, transferred land with a road near the village of Palanca to the Ukrainians for free land communication with Izmail, Reni, Kiliya and others settlements Budjaka.
As a result of this exchange, Moldova gained access to the Danube and, as a consequence, to the Black Sea. In a short time, a large port with an oil terminal was built near the village of Giurgiulesti, which is capable of receiving and servicing both river and sea vessels. Every year this port brings about 10 million lei in income to the Moldovan treasury.
Finally
Now you know which countries are landlocked. There are 44 such states in total. The largest among them are Kazakhstan and Mongolia, and the smallest are the Vatican and San Marino. In addition, 4 more are deprived of access to the ocean unrecognized countries world: Kosovo, Transnistria, South Ossetia and Nagorno-Karabakh.
Access to maritime trade routes has always been considered one of the main signs of a powerful state. Almost the majority of all wars in human history were fought over access to the coastline. With the advancement of technology and changes in transportation patterns, landlocked tensions between states have eased significantly, and landlocked states no longer feel isolated. In addition, the Convention on the Law of the Sea guarantees all states the right to have their own fleet and use the waters of the World Ocean. As a rule, landlocked countries sell the right to use their flag to commercial shipping companies, which thus save on paying taxes in developed countries. For states selling this right, such proceeds are often an important aid.
The UN protects interests
International treaties, the UN Charter and declarations on shipping equalize all states in the rights to use resources open ocean, however, this does not relieve them of the need to enter into separate agreements for the right to use the ports of neighboring landlocked states.
Landlocked countries are located on four continents. Moreover, most of these countries are in Africa. Here is their list:
- Botswana;
- Burkina Faso (formerly known as Upper Volta);
- Burundi;
- Republic of Zambia;
- Republic of Zimbabwe;
- Kingdom of Lesotho;
- Republic of Malawi;
- Mali;
- Niger Republic;
- Republic of Rwanda;
- Kingdom of Swaziland;
- Uganda;
- Central African Republic;
- Federal democratic republic Ethiopia.
All African states landlocked countries fall into the developing category according to the UN classification and have serious problems with the standard of living of the population. Obviously, the lack of access to main transport arteries also has an impact on their well-being.
In 2011, as a result of a referendum, the southern provinces separated from Sudan, which has ports on the Red Sea, partially inheriting the name from the previous state. there is one more. However, wealth oil fields allows us to hope for a speedy recovery after the conflict with our northern neighbor. The country's government has joined the East African Union, which will simplify access to transport routes.
The largest landlocked states are located in Africa - which has a population of 93 million people, and Uganda with a population of 34 million people.
Ethiopia had its ports on the Red Sea until 1993, but after the referendum and the separation of Eritrea, it lost its status as a maritime power. It is worth noting here that for Eritrea, access to one of the most important seas in terms of transport turned out to be completely useless. The country produces almost no products, and the government is so corrupt that most of the population prefers to flee to Europe across the Mediterranean Sea, risking their lives in the process.
What is it like in South America?
On the South American continent, despite the enormous length of the coastline, there are two states that do not have their own seaports.
Bolivia lost its coastal territory in 1883 when Chilean troops, supported by Great Britain, annexed the strategically located provinces of Arica and Tarapacá. important deposits saltpeter. Since then, the country has been landlocked until 2010, when an agreement was signed between Bolivia and Peru, providing for the lease of a small area for the construction of a Bolivian port. In addition, Bolivia is the only landlocked state that has its own naval forces.
The second country without its own sea coast is Paraguay, which is located in the very center of the continent. It never claimed access to the sea. Most countries are dry lands, smaller ones are dense rainforests. However, Paraguay has one significant advantage compared to other states without seaports. The second flows through the entire country largest river continent - Parana, flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. Although ocean navigation is possible only in the lower reaches at a distance of 640 km from the ocean, in the middle reaches small ships and boats can be used.
Which country is landlocked in Europe?
There are 16 such states in Europe. Like all other countries on the continent, they have a long and difficult history of struggle for access to the seas. Despite the fact that they lost all these battles, within the framework of the concept of a united and peaceful Europe this deficiency is not felt so acutely.
Here European states landlocked:
- Austria;
- Kingdom of Andorra;
- Republic of Belarus;
- Vatican;
- Hungary (uses Croatian ports on the Adriatic Sea);
- Kosovo;
- Grand Duchy of Luxembourg;
- Moldova;
- San Marino;
- Serbia;
- Slovakia;
- Czech Republic;
- Swiss Confederation.
Peaceful coexistence and the principles of good neighborliness allow European countries interact extremely high level. For example, the Czech Republic has an agreement with Poland on the use of the port of Szczecin.
Anhydrous Central Asia
Many landlocked Asian states are located on the territory of the CIS. Republic former USSR lost access to the sea due to independence. At the same time, Russia has committed itself to providing access to its deep-sea transport system to countries with access to the Caspian Sea. This allows Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to conduct their ships into the Baltic and Black Sea. This passage is possible thanks to complex system canals and waterworks built during the Soviet Union.
Situation in countries South-East Asia is aggravated by complex and conflictual relations between countries located in the interior of the continent and transit countries. At the same time, Mongolia, for example, thanks to friendly relations with Russian Federation, has its own large merchant fleet.
Here is a list of states in Asia that do not have a sea coast:
- Azerbaijan;
- Republic of Armenia;
- Islamic Republic of Afghanistan;
- The Republic of Kazakhstan;
- Republic of Kyrgyzstan;
- Lao People's Democratic Republic;
- Republic of Mongolia;
- Federal Republic of Nepal;
- The Republic of Tajikistan;
- Republic of Turkmenistan;
- The Republic of Uzbekistan;
The partially recognized Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh stands apart, which became the cause of discord between Armenia and Azerbaijan. is also landlocked.
Separately, it is worth mentioning several more states that have a disputed status, but do not have access to the sea - these are the Republic of South Ossetia and the Transnistrian Republic. In conditions of a controversial status and a smoldering conflict, it will be difficult for the Pridnestrovian Republic to soon gain access to the sea, since Ukraine is blocking the republic.
Loading...
