The dream of going into space has not left humanity for centuries, and on April 12, 1961, it was destined to come true - Yuri Gagarin made his first flight. Today at Cosmonautics Day, we want to recall an equally significant space expedition - flight of the first female cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova.
The first space flights took place in harsh conditions competition between the USSR and the USA. Both superpowers worked to ensure that their ships plowed the expanses of the Universe, but, as you know, the palm in this matter belonged to the Soviet Union. After the debut “male” flight, the Americans had only one trump card left - to prepare a “female” flight, but even here the Soviet cosmonauts were ahead. As soon as information about the preparation of the American “women’s team” arrived in the country of Soviets, Nikita Khrushchev personally insisted that among Soviet women We also conducted a competitive selection process.
There were many contenders for the role of the woman who would be the first to go into space. Anyone would envy such a scale modern competitions beauty: out of 800 participants in the competition, 30 made it to the finals. They began to be prepared for the decisive flight. During the preparation process, the 5 best candidates were selected; by the way, Valentina Tereshkova was by no means the first in this ranking. In terms of medical indicators, she ranked last.
The girls went through difficult tests: they were placed in extreme high temperatures and into rooms with high humidity, they had to try themselves in zero-gravity conditions and learn to ground themselves on the water by jumping with a parachute (training was needed for landing during the landing of a spacecraft). Psychological testing was also carried out: it was important to understand how comfortable women would be while in space (by the way, Tereshkova’s experience was unique in that she was in space for almost three days alone, all later flights were made by a duo).
The decision about who would fly into space was made personally by Khrushchev; the story of Valentina Tereshkova perfectly fit the ideal of a “girl from the people” who achieved everything through her own labor. Valentina had simple family, she herself was born in a village and worked at a weaving factory, she had never been professionally involved in parachute jumping, she had less than 100 jumps in total. In a word, the heroine from the people fully corresponded to the desired ideal.
Tereshkova's spacecraft was launched on June 16, 1963. She flew on the Vostok-6 ship. Valentina Tereshkova can rightfully be called a heroine, since during the flight she encountered a huge amount difficulties, but survived all the trials with dignity. The main problem it turned out bad feeling: nausea, lethargy, drowsiness - I had to fight with all this. There was even a recorded case that Valentina stopped responding to requests from Earth; it turned out that she simply fell asleep from overwork; only Valery Bykovsky, another Soviet cosmonaut, who was also in orbit at that time, was able to wake her up. There was an internal connection between their ships, through which the astronauts could communicate.
However, the most terrible test, about which the official authorities were silent for a long time, was a malfunction in the mechanism of Tereshkova’s ship. Instead of landing on Earth, she risked flying into space and dying. Miraculously, Gagarin, who was monitoring the flight, managed to figure out how to correct the situation, and Valentina Tereshkova was still able to return.
Landing in the Altai region turned out to be difficult. Exhausted female astronaut literally fell on her head local residents. Tired and exhausted, she gladly changed into the clothes brought to her, exposing her body, which had turned into a continuous hematoma from the spacesuit, and also tasted peasant food - potatoes, kvass and bread. For this, she later received a reprimand from Sergei Korolev himself, because by doing so she violated the purity of the experiment.
For many years after Valentina Tereshkova's flight, Soviet women did not go into space; too many difficulties arose during the flight due to " individual characteristics female body." But the name of the first Soviet female pilot is forever inscribed in world history!
Interestingly, today there are many versions regarding whether. According to some sources, he was the fourth cosmonaut, according to others - even the twelfth!
Based on materials from the site loveopium.ru
My grandfather, a hereditary peasant with an incomplete school education (the war got in the way), was an unusually intelligent person. And when I, as a boy, told him about Tereshkova, about the first woman in space and so on, he just snorted contemptuously. He said that a sack of potatoes would have coped with such a flight no worse - they say they stuffed Tereshkova into a rocket like a simple load, launched her into orbit, and that’s all her achievements. And this was not sexism, not disdain for the achievements of women from the man - he spoke about Savitskaya quite respectfully. How did he know such details in Soviet years- I don’t know, but Dnepropetrovsk in those days was not the last locality from space, perhaps some rumors reached him.
But, like, 80 years and all that... one could pretend that everything is fine, but it doesn’t work out.
Space pioneer Valentina Tereshkova has forever secured her place in the history books. In June 1963, it orbited the Earth 48 times. However, the astronaut was unable to achieve any significant achievements, since during her three-day flight she ignored the instructions of the chief designer of space technology, Sergei Korolev. On March 6, Tereshkova turns 80 years old.
From a propaganda point of view, the flight of “Chaika” - that was Tereshkova’s call sign - was a serious breakthrough. After the launch of the first satellite in 1957, as well as after the flight of Yuri Gagarin in 1961, this achievement managed to deal the US another blow to the US in the struggle for dominance in the world. outer space. However, from a scientific point of view, this flight brought only disappointments, and with them - catastrophic consequences for other astronaut candidates.
Space sickness and programming errors
Korolev allegedly said in a narrow circle: “With me, there won’t be a single woman in space again.” Moreover, the word “woman” was most likely invented by journalists so that this much more rude phrase could be published at all. The main purpose of Tereshkova’s flight was to study the influence of space environmental conditions on the functioning of the female body, to improve the control system of the Vostok spacecraft, as well as to photograph the Earth and the Moon. In parallel with Tereshkova, Valery Bykovsky flew around the Earth on the Vostok-5 spacecraft.
However, the astronaut had to deal with space sickness from the very beginning, and, incidentally, she hid this fact from the ground control team. Tereshkova did not follow instructions for orienting the capsule using the system manual control, did not respond to call signs for hours, did not eat according to the planned diet and complained of the oppressive tightness in the capsule. She could not take notes because she had broken her pencils in the bustle.
Neglect of prohibitions
In addition, she quickly realized that the flight path of the capsule of her Vostok 6 spacecraft was programmed incorrectly. Only on the second day of the flight did she receive the correct data. If this had not happened, her flight could have ended in disaster, which Tereshkova admitted only ten years later. Korolev allegedly begged her not to talk about this technical error.
In addition, cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky made his flight around the Earth in a lower orbit, so that visual contact between the two spacecraft was impossible and radio communication capabilities were limited.
To the horror of the doctor, Tereshkova, who landed by parachute 620 kilometers northeast of Karaganda (Kazakhstan), distributed her space food to local residents, while she herself ate potatoes with onions and drank kumiss, which was strictly prohibited.
Tereshkova hid a large bruise on her nose, received during a parachute landing, under a thick layer of makeup. The next day, the landing was staged for filming and photography, which subsequently flew around the world.
For Korolev, the problems and malfunctions that arose during Tereshkova’s flight became a pleasant confirmation of his prejudice, which persists in Russia to this day, that women, in fact, have nothing to do in space. That is why the first squad of cosmonauts of the USSR, which included 20 candidates for the first flight into space, the so-called “Gagarin set”, consisted exclusively of men. In the end, only four women astronauts went into space. In the active cosmonaut corps, along with 33 men, there is only one woman, and she is for the sake of justification.
The chief designer of space technology, Sergei Korolev, after Tereshkova’s flight, disbanded the female cosmonaut corps and canceled all planned further flights of women into space. Only in 1982, 16 years after his death, Svetlana Savitskaya made her flight, becoming the second Russian woman in space, in response to the US announcement of plans to send a woman into space in the person of Sally Ride.
Tereshkova goes into politics
After her flight, Tereshkova avoided the press so as not to have to lie. For this she was forced to come to terms with the fame of a cutesy person. She finally found her true calling in politics. Generously awarded, she enjoyed success primarily in the countries of the Eastern Bloc; she graduated, like Gagarin, from the Air Force Engineering Academy. N. E. Zhukovsky and quickly made a career. She became a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and a member of the CPSU Central Committee, head of the Soviet Women's Committee, as well as a member of numerous international associations.
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, she headed the Russian Center for International Scientific and Cultural Cooperation. In 1995, Tereshkova became the first woman in Russian history to hold the rank of aviation major general.
"Benefactor" Valentina
In 2008, after two unsuccessful attempts to receive a mandate as a State Duma deputy for his contribution to development social movements, Tereshkova became a deputy of the regional Duma of her hometown Yaroslavl from the United Russia party, and soon as deputy chairman. Three years later she managed to move to the State Duma in Moscow.
She decisively fights for the interests of her voters - be it gasification in the Yaroslavl region or strengthening the banks of the Volga in the Rybinsk region. Previously, requests were sent to the Central Committee, but today Tereshkova appeals directly to Putin. The President certainly understands what he owes to Tereshkova. Some of the fame of the cosmonautics icon, still very popular in Russia, goes to him too.
450 red roses for the President
Tereshkova herself makes virtually no public statements about Putin and his party. But for Putin’s 64th birthday, she sent him a bouquet of 450 red roses on behalf of all State Duma deputies. Tereshkova thanked the president for his “tireless work” and promised, just like in Soviet times, to work with him for the benefit of the people.
Shortly before his death in 2011, Boris Chertok found conciliatory words for Tereshkova. Soviet scientist, throughout for long years Korolev, who was Korolev’s closest ally, hinting at her unsuccessful flight, told her that in “public and government activities“She achieved “truly cosmic heights.”
Valentina Tereshkova is the first woman to go into space. To this day, she remains the only woman in the world to go on a space flight alone, without assistants or partners. She also became the first woman in Russia to be awarded the rank of major general. It was in this rank that Tereshkova retired in 1997, at the age of sixty. Valentina Tereshkova forever inscribed her name in the history of the Soviet Union, Russia and the whole world.
Childhood and youth
The biography of this woman begins in the village of Bolshoye Maslennikovo, Yaroslavl region. Valentina's parents came from Belarusian peasants. The mother of the future space explorer worked at a textile factory, and her father was a tractor driver. He took part in battles during Soviet-Finnish war and died.
Young Tereshkova visited Yaroslavl school, received high grades, and also learned to play the dombra (the girl had a good ear for music). Having completed the basic seven-year school education, she decided to help her mother support the family and got a job as a bracelet maker at the Yaroslavl Tire Factory. However, the purposeful girl did not intend to give up education: she combined work with studying at evening school.
The next stage of Valentina Vladimirovna’s life also did not foretell the heights that she was to achieve. So, she studied in absentia at a technical school for light industry and worked for seven years as a weaver at a nearby plant called “Red Perekop.” At this time, Tereshkova began to get carried away parachuting. She enjoyed going to the local flying club and fearlessly jumped from great heights.
Cosmonautics
Valentina's new hobby sealed her fate. By a happy coincidence, just at that time, a Soviet scientist was inspired by the idea of sending a woman into space. The idea was received favorably, and at the beginning of 1962, the search began for that representative of the fair sex who was to receive the proud title of “cosmonaut”. The criteria were as follows: a parachutist under the age of 30, weighing up to 70 kg, height up to 170 cm.
There were surprisingly many Soviet women who wanted to go into space. Workers in the Soviet space industry were looking for the ideal candidate from hundreds of candidates. As a result of a tough selection, five “finalists” were identified: Irina Solovyova, Tatyana Kuznetsova, Zhanna Yorkina, Valentina Ponomareva and Valentina Tereshkova.
The girls were officially called up to military service, received the rank of private and began to train hard. Initially, Tereshkova completed the training program as a student-cosmonaut of the second detachment, but already in 1962, having successfully passed the exams, she became a cosmonaut of the first detachment of the first department.
The training included techniques to develop the body's resistance to the peculiarities of space flight. For example, girls learned to move in weightlessness, tested the body’s resources in a thermal chamber and a sound chamber, performed parachute training, and mastered the use of a spacesuit. The training in a soundproof chamber (a room isolated from external sounds) lasted for 10 days. Each of the five contenders for the role of the first female cosmonaut spent 10 days in the illusion of complete silence and loneliness.
When choosing the applicant who was to make the planned flight, the following were taken into account:
- completion of training, level of practical training, knowledge of theory, results of medical examinations;
- origin (that Valentina Vladimirovna came from a simple working family, who lost her breadwinner during the war, played into her hands);
- the ability to conduct public activities, glorifying the Communist Party.
If the other candidates were not inferior to Tereshkova in the first two points, then she had no equal in public speaking skills. Valentina Vladimirovna easily communicated with journalists and other people, gave laconic and natural answers to questions, and did not forget to add a few words about greatness communist party. She was eventually chosen as the leading candidate to fly into space. Irina Solovyova received the status of backup cosmonaut, and Valentina Ponomareva was appointed as a reserve candidate.
A space flight
The first woman went into space on June 16, 1963. The flight lasted 3 days. Valentina Tereshkova went into space on the Vostok-6 spacecraft, which took off from Baikonur (not from the site from which it launched, but from a duplicate one). How the first female cosmonaut carried out the launch, what reports she gave, received highly appreciated specialists. They assured that Tereshkova carried out the launch better than experienced male cosmonauts.
Soon after the start, Tereshkova’s health worsened; she moved little, did not eat, and sluggishly negotiated with ground stations. Nevertheless, she survived for three days, 48 revolutions around the Earth, and regularly kept a logbook throughout the flight.
Some time before the expected landing, the first female astronaut had problems with the equipment of the spacecraft. Due to improper installation of control wires, Valentina Tereshkova did not orient the ship manually. However, Cosmos 6 was nevertheless oriented and landed on the Earth’s surface thanks to the use of automatic mode, in which such a problem did not arise.
At the end of the flight (the ship arrived in the Altai Territory), Valentina Vladimirovna distributed food from her diet to local residents, and she herself ate the traditional food of these places. This, as well as Tereshkova’s poor health, as well as problems with the orientation of the ship, upset Sergei Korolev. He even promised not to let any more women into space until his death. The next similar flight occurred long after the gifted engineer passed away.
Subsequent career
Since then, Valentina Tereshkova has no longer flown into space. She became an astronaut instructor, worked at the Cosmonaut Training Center as a senior Researcher, even graduated from the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy, becoming a professor and writing over five dozen scientific works. Valentina Vladimirovna stated that she was ready (for a one-way flight).
Tereshkova continues to be involved in politics. During the Soviet Union, she was a member of the CPSU, and in the 2000s she was elected as a deputy of the regional Duma of her native Yaroslavl region from the United Russia party. She also took part in the opening ceremony of the Sochi Olympic Games 2014, became president charitable foundation“Memory of Generations” contributed to the opening of the university and a number of other institutions in Yaroslavl.
Personal life
The first husband of the first female cosmonaut was cosmonaut Adriyan Nikolaev. The wedding ceremony took place in 1963, and the guests of this ceremony can be seen in the photo. The family broke up in 1982, when the daughter of Adriyan and Valentina, Elena Tereshkova, turned 18 years old. Subsequently, Tereshkova admitted that among close people her husband showed himself to be a despot, which is why their relationship came to naught.
Valentina Vladimirovna’s second husband was Major General of the Medical Service Yuli Shaposhnikov. No children were born in this marriage. But Elena Tereshkova gave her mother grandchildren Alexei Mayorov and Andrei Rodionov. It is noteworthy that both of Elena’s husbands turned out to be pilots. The only heir of Valentina Tereshkova works at the CITO as an orthopedic surgeon.
Valentina Vladimirovna celebrated her 80th birthday on March 6, 2017. She is a retired major general, spends a lot of time with her family, and also continues to study political career. So, in 2016, during the next parliamentary elections, Tereshkova was elected as a deputy State Duma. The first female cosmonaut loves her native region very much and strives to help Yaroslavl orphanage, native school, to improve the city and help open new educational, industrial, and infrastructural institutions in it.
Despite retirement age, Valentina Tereshkova can boast good health. In 2004 she had complex operation on the heart, because otherwise she would have suffered a heart attack. From then to serious problems there was no information about Valentina Vladimirovna’s health, but according to her active labor activity we can conclude that they are absent.
- To increase the motivation of the five girls who were contenders for the role of the first female cosmonaut, Sergei Korolev promised that all of them, sooner or later, would fly into space. In reality this did not happen.
- Initially, it was planned to simultaneously send two women on different spacecraft, but in 1963 this plan was abandoned. Two days before Valentina Tereshkova’s flight, Valery Bykovsky went into space on the Vostok-5 spacecraft. He spent 5 days outside our planet. This is a single flight record that still stands to this day.
- Newsreel footage shown to the Soviet people and the whole world, were staged. They were re-shot a day after Valentina Vladimirovna’s actual arrival on Earth, since in the first hours after her return she felt very bad and was hospitalized.
Cosmonaut: Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (03/06/1937)
- 6th cosmonaut of the USSR (10th in the world);
- Flight duration (1963): 2 days 22 hours 50 minutes, call sign “Chaika”.
On March 6, 1937, in the village of Bolshoye Maslennikovo, near the city of Tutaev, which is located in the Yaroslavl region of the RSFSR, Valentina Tereshkova, the first female cosmonaut, was born. During the Soviet-Finnish war, Valentina’s father, Vladimir Aksenovich, who was called to the front, dies. In 1945, Valentina entered Yaroslavl high school. IN school years enjoys playing the domra. After completing seven years of training, Valentina gets a job as a bracelet maker at a tire factory in the city of Yaroslavl. Since 1955, she worked at the Krasny Perekop technical textiles plant, where her mother and sister also worked. From 1955 to 1960, Valentina Vladimirovna passes distance learning at the Yaroslavl Technical School, upon completion of which he receives a diploma in cotton spinning. In 1959, Valentina began to get involved in parachuting and made 90 jumps at the Yaroslavl flying club. In 1957, the future cosmonaut joined the Komsomol, and since 1957 she has been the secretary of the committee at the Krasny Perekop plant.
Space training
In 1962, Sergei Korolev decided to send a female cosmonaut into space, as a result of which the search began for candidates among parachutists according to the following criteria: no older than 30 years, no higher than 170 cm and weighing no more than 70 kg. Five women were selected, including Valentina Vladimirovna. After passing the medical commission, she was enrolled as a cosmonaut student in March 1962. Next, Tereshkova’s general space training began in a group of female students. After passing state exams, December 1, 1962, received the position of cosmonaut of the first detachment.
During her preparation, Valentina managed to successfully complete a number of trainings and tests: 10 days in a soundproofing chamber (soundproof room), as well as being in a thermal chamber at +70 °C, 30% humidity and wearing overalls. Several training sessions were conducted in zero-gravity conditions created by aircraft maneuvers. Their duration was about 40 seconds and during this time the candidates had to successfully complete assigned tasks, such as writing names on pieces of paper or attempting to eat.
The commission chose Tereshkova, based not only on the girl’s high academic performance, but also on her social abilities and personal qualities.
Space flight
On June 16, 1963, the commander of the Vostok-6 spacecraft, Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova, launched from Baikonur. As part of the mission, a joint orbital flight of the Vostok-6 and Vostok-5 spacecraft took place, on board which was.
During the flight it was carried out detailed observation looking after the bodies of women and men in space, the problem of feeding people in space was solved. To prepare for landing, Valentina Tereshkova had to reorient the ship, with which difficulties began to arise. After lengthy adjustments, the astronaut stopped responding to messages from the command center, when the center contacted her through a television camera - it turned out that the girl was sleeping. Long unsuccessful adjustments to the ship's orientation exhausted the astronaut. It is noteworthy that Valentina Vladimirovna correctly carried out all the established commands, however spaceship reacted in the opposite way - moved away from the Earth. It was later discovered that the system incorrectly read the trajectory data that was entered by the astronaut and inverted it into the opposite side. When this problem was clarified, Valentina Vladimirovna entered the changed data and oriented the ship to Earth.
After 2 days and almost 23 hours of flight, the Chaika successfully returned to Earth. In the area of the landing site, the girl distributed the remaining food for the astronauts to local residents, while she herself ate local products, which went beyond the limits established by the mission.
For the successful implementation of a complex space mission Valentina Tereshkova, the first female cosmonaut, was awarded the title of Hero of the USSR.
Future life
From 1955 to 1966, Valentina Vladimirovna was trained to fly on the Voskhod spacecraft. From 1964 to 1969, she studied at the Zhukovsky Military Aviation Institute and received a diploma as a pilot-cosmonaut-engineer. In 1977 she defended her dissertation for Candidate of Technical Sciences. Tereshkova has more than 50 scientific publications. Until 1997, the first woman cosmonaut served in the cosmonaut corps as an instructor-test cosmonaut. From 1966 to 1989, Valentina Tereshkova worked as a deputy of the Supreme Council. For the next couple of decades, the female astronaut devotes her life to politics. In the spring of 2016, Valentina Vladimirovna took part in the internal party elections “ United Russia", where she took first place in the Yaroslavl region.
Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova. Born on March 6, 1937 in the village of Bolshoye Maslennikovo, Tutaevsky district, Yaroslavl region. Soviet cosmonaut No. 6, 10th cosmonaut in the world, the world's first female cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union (1963).
Valentina Tereshkova was born on March 6, 1937 in the village of Bolshoye Maslennikovo, Tutaevsky district, Yaroslavl region, into a peasant family.
Father - Vladimir Aksenovich Tereshkov (1912-1940), born in the village of Vyylovo, Belynichi district, Mogilev region, tractor driver. In 1939 he was drafted into the Red Army and died in the Soviet-Finnish War.
Mother - Elena Fedorovna Tereshkova (nee Kruglova) (1913-1987), originally from the village of Eremeevshchina, Dubrovensky district, worked at a textile factory.
Elder sister- Lyudmila. Younger brother- Vladimir.
Russian by nationality.
After the war, the family moved to Yaroslavl, where the mother began working as a weaver.
In 1945, Valentina entered secondary school No. 32 in the city of Yaroslavl (now named after Tereshkova).
Since childhood, she demonstrated a good ear for music and learned to play the domra.
In 1953, she graduated from seven classes of school and, to help her family, went to work at the Yaroslavl Tire Plant as a bracelet maker in the assembly and vulcanization shop in preparatory operations. There she operated a diagonal cutting machine. At the same time, she studied in evening classes at a school for working youth.
From April 1955, she worked for seven years as a weaver at the Krasny Perekop technical fabrics factory, where her mother and older sister also worked.
Since 1959, she has been involved in parachuting at the Yaroslavl flying club and performed 90 jumps.
Continuing to work at the Krasny Perekop textile mill, from 1955 to 1960 she completed correspondence studies at a technical school light industry. In 1957 she joined the Komsomol. Since August 11, 1960 - released secretary of the Komsomol committee of the Krasny Perekop plant.
After the first successful flights of Soviet cosmonauts, the idea came up to launch a female cosmonaut into space. At the beginning of 1962, a search began for applicants according to the following criteria: parachutist, under 30 years old, up to 170 cm tall and weighing up to 70 kg.
Out of hundreds of candidates, five were chosen: Zhanna Yorkina, Tatyana Kuznetsova, Valentina Ponomareva, Irina Solovyova and Valentina Tereshkova. Immediately after being accepted into the cosmonaut corps, Tereshkova, along with the other girls, was called up for compulsory military service with the rank of privates.
On March 12, 1962, Valentina Tereshkova was enrolled in the cosmonaut corps and began training as a student-cosmonaut of the 2nd detachment. On November 29, 1962, she passed her final exams in OKP with “excellent marks.” Since December 1, 1962, Tereshkova has been a cosmonaut of the 1st detachment of the 1st department. On June 16, 1963, that is, immediately after the flight, she became an instructor-cosmonaut of the 1st detachment and held this position until March 14, 1966.
During her training, she underwent training on the body’s resistance to the factors of space flight. The training included a thermal chamber, where she had to be in a flight suit at a temperature of +70 ° C and a humidity of 30%, and a soundproof chamber - a room isolated from sounds, where each candidate had to spend 10 days.
Zero-gravity training took place on the MiG-15. When performing a parabolic slide, weightlessness was established inside the plane for 40 seconds, and there were 3-4 such sessions per flight. During each session, it was necessary to complete the next task: write your first and last name, try to eat, talk on the radio.
Particular attention was paid to parachute training, since the astronaut ejected before landing and landed separately by parachute. Since there was always a risk of splashdown of the descent vehicle, training was also carried out on parachute jumps in the sea, in a technological, that is, not tailored to size, spacesuit.
Initially, it was planned for two female crews to fly simultaneously, but in March 1963 this plan was abandoned, and the task became to choose one of five candidates.
When choosing Tereshkova for the role of the first female cosmonaut, in addition to successfully completing training, political issues were also taken into account: Tereshkova was from the workers, while, for example, Ponomareva and Solovyova were from the employees. In addition, Tereshkova's father, Vladimir, died during the Soviet-Finnish War when she was two years old. After the flight, when Tereshkova was asked what Soviet Union can thank her for her service, she asked to find the place where her father died.
Not the least selection criterion was the candidate’s ability to conduct active social activities - meeting people, speaking in public on numerous trips around the country and the world, demonstrating in every possible way the advantages of the Soviet system.
Other candidates, with no worse preparation (based on the results of a medical examination and theoretical preparedness of female cosmonaut candidates, Tereshkova was placed in last place), were noticeably inferior to Tereshkova in what was needed for such social activities qualities. Therefore, she was appointed as the main candidate for the flight, I.B. Solovyov as a backup, and V.L. Ponomarev as a reserve.
At the time of Tereshkova’s appointment as Vostok-6 pilot, she was 10 years younger than Gordon Cooper, the youngest of the first group of American astronauts.
Flight of Valentina Tereshkova on the Vostok-6 ship
Tereshkova made the world's first flight of a female cosmonaut on June 16, 1963 on the Vostok-6 spacecraft. It lasted almost three days. The launch took place at Baikonur not from the “Gagarin” site, but from a duplicate one. At the same time, the Vostok-5 spacecraft, piloted by cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky, was in orbit.
On the day of her flight into space, she told her family that she was leaving for a parachute competition; they learned about the flight from the news on the radio.
“The preparation of the rocket, the ship and all maintenance operations went extremely smoothly. In terms of the clarity and coherence of the work of all services and systems, Tereshkova’s launch reminded me of Gagarin’s launch. Like April 12, 1961, on June 16, 1963, the flight was prepared and started perfectly. Everyone who saw During the preparation for the launch and the launch of the spacecraft into orbit, Tereshkova, who listened to her reports on the radio, was unanimously told: “She carried out the launch better than Popovich and Nikolaev.” Yes, I am very glad that I was not mistaken in choosing the first female cosmonaut."“,” Lieutenant General Nikolai Kamanin, who was involved in the selection and training of cosmonauts, described Tereshkova’s launch.
Tereshkova's call sign for the duration of the flight is "Gull".
The phrase she said before the start: "Hey! Sky! Take off your hat!(modified quote from V. Mayakovsky’s poem “A Cloud in Pants”).
During the flight, Tereshkova had problems with the orientation of the ship. “I talked to Tereshkova several times. I feel like she’s tired, but she doesn’t want to admit it. In the last communication session, she didn’t answer calls from the Leningrad IP. We turned on the television camera and saw that she was sleeping. We had to wake her up and talk to her both about the upcoming landing and about manual orientation. She tried twice to orient the ship and honestly admitted that she couldn’t get the pitch orientation. This circumstance worries us all very much: if we have to land manually, and she cannot orient the ship, then it will not will leave orbit", - Sergei Korolev wrote in the journal on June 16, 1963.
Later it turned out that the commands issued by the pilot were inverted to the direction of control movement in manual mode (the ship turned in the wrong direction as when trained on the simulator). According to Tereshkova, the problem was in the incorrect installation of the control wires: commands were given not to descend, but to raise the spacecraft’s orbit. In automatic mode, the polarity was correct, which made it possible to properly orient and land the ship. Valentina received new data from Earth and put it into the computer. Tereshkova remained silent about this case for more than forty years, because S.P. Korolev asked her not to tell anyone about this.
Valentina Tereshkova is the only woman in the world to have completed a solo space flight.
According to the doctor medical sciences, Professor V.I. Yazdovsky, who was responsible for the medical support of the Soviet space program at that time, women tolerate the extreme stress of space flight worse on the 14th-18th day of the monthly cycle. However, due to the fact that the launch of the carrier that put Tereshkova into orbit was delayed for a day, and also, obviously, due to the strong psycho-emotional load when putting the ship into orbit, the flight mode prescribed by the doctors could not be maintained.
Yazdovsky also notes that “Tereshkova, according to telemetry and television monitoring, endured the flight mostly satisfactorily. Negotiations with ground communication stations were sluggish. She sharply limited her movements. She sat almost motionless. She clearly showed changes in her health of a vegetative nature.”
Despite the nausea and physical discomfort, Tereshkova survived 48 revolutions around the Earth and spent almost three days in space, where she kept a logbook and took photographs of the horizon, which were later used to detect aerosol layers in the atmosphere.
The Vostok-6 lander landed safely in the Bayevsky district Altai Territory.
After landing, Tereshkova violated the regime in the area of the landing site: she distributed food supplies from the astronauts’ diet to local residents, and she herself ate local food after three days of fasting. According to the testimony of pilot Marina Popovich, S.P. Tereshkova was with her after the flight. Korolev said: “As long as I’m alive, not a single woman will fly into space again.” As you know, the next flight of a woman into space (Svetlana Savitskaya) took place 19 years later, in August 1982 (Korolev died in 1966).
They called her “Miss Universe”, dedicated poems and songs, and presented her with awards. However, Tereshkova was able to walk on her own only after a month, and throughout her subsequent life she suffered from bleeding and brittle bones.
After completing the space flight, Tereshkova entered the Air Force Engineering Academy. NOT. Zhukovsky and, having graduated with honors, later became a candidate of technical sciences, professor, author of more than 50 scientific works. Tereshkova was ready for a one-way flight to Mars.
From April 30, 1969 to April 28, 1997, Valentina Tereshkova - instructor-cosmonaut of the cosmonaut detachment of the 1st department of the 1st directorate of the group of orbital ships and stations, instructor-cosmonaut-tester of the group of orbital manned complexes of general and special purpose, 1st group of cosmonaut corps.
In 1982, she could even be appointed commander of the female crew of the Soyuz spacecraft. On April 30, 1997, Tereshkova left the squad - the last of the female recruits of 1962 due to reaching the age limit.
Since 1997 - senior researcher at the Cosmonaut Training Center.
Social and political activities of Valentina Tereshkova
Since March 1962 - member of the CPSU. In 1966-1989 - deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the VII-XI convocations. In 1971-1990 - member of the CPSU Central Committee. Delegate to the XXIV, XXV, XXVI and XXVII Congresses of the CPSU. In 1974-1989 - deputy and member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
In 1968-1987 she headed the Soviet Women's Committee. In 1969 - vice-president of the International Democratic Federation of Women, member of the World Peace Council.
In 1987-1992, Chairman of the Presidium of the Union Soviet societies friendship and cultural ties with foreign countries.
In 1989-1992 - people's deputy USSR from the Union of Soviet Societies for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries and the Rodina Society.
On January 22, 1969, she was in a car fired upon by officer Viktor Ilyin during an assassination attempt.
In 1992 - Chairman of the Presidium of the Russian Association international cooperation. In 1992-1995 - First Deputy Chairman of the Russian Agency for International Cooperation and Development.
In 1994-2004 - head Russian Center international scientific and cultural cooperation.
In 1995, she was awarded the rank of Major General ( Russia's first woman with the rank of major general).
September 14, 2003 at the II Congress Russian Party Zhizni was nominated as a candidate for deputy in the Elections to the State Duma of the 4th convocation on the Federal party list at number 3, but the party bloc did not overcome the electoral threshold.
In 2008-2011 - deputy of the Yaroslavl Regional Duma from the United Russia party, deputy chairman.
On April 5, 2008, she was a torchbearer of the Russian leg of the torch relay of the Beijing Olympics in St. Petersburg.
In 2011, she was elected to the State Duma of Russia from the United Russia party on the Yaroslavl regional list. Together with Elena Mizulina, Irina Yarova and Andrei Skoch, she was a member of the inter-factional parliamentary group for the protection of Christian values. In this capacity, she supported amendments to the Russian Constitution, according to which “Orthodoxy is the basis of the national and cultural identity of Russia.”
Topped the party list in the Yaroslavl elections regional Duma in 2013.
On February 7, 2014, at the Opening Ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympic Games in Sochi, Russia carried the Olympic flag among eight selected people.
With the assistance and participation of Tereshkova, a university was opened in Yaroslavl, a new building for a technical school of light industry, a river station, a planetarium were built, and the Volga embankment was landscaped. Throughout his life he provides assistance to his native school and the Yaroslavl orphanage.
Since 2015 - President of the non-profit charitable foundation "Memory of Generations".
In the parliamentary elections on September 18, 2016, she took second place in the regional group of United Russia, which includes the Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Kostroma and Tver regions.
Valentina Tereshkova. Seagull and Hawk
Personal life of Valentina Tereshkova:
First husband - Andriyan Grigorievich Nikolaev(1929-2004), USSR cosmonaut No. 3, twice Hero of the Soviet Union.
Their wedding took place in a government mansion on the Lenin Hills on November 3, 1963. Among the guests was. After the marriage and until the divorce, Tereshkova bore the double surname Nikolaeva-Tereshkova.
On June 8, 1964, their daughter Elena was born - the first child in the world whose father and mother were both astronauts.
The marriage of Tereshkova and Nikolaev was officially dissolved in 1982, after the daughter came of age. “At work there is gold, at home there is a despot,” Tereshkova said about her ex-husband.
However, according to the stories of people close to the couple, the marriage broke up when Tereshkova had another man and the affair could no longer be hidden. Allegedly, she asked for a divorce personally from Brezhnev, who gave the go-ahead.
After breaking up with her husband, Valentina Vladimirovna forbade Nikolaev to see Elena and soon demanded that her daughter change Nikolaev’s last name to her own - Tereshkova.
Nikolaev never married again.
Second husband - Yuliy Shaposhnikov(1931-1999), Major General of Medical Service, Director Central Institute traumatology and orthopedics (CITO).
Daughter Elena Tereshkova- orthopedic surgeon, works at CITO. She was married twice.
The first husband is pilot Igor Alekseevich Mayorov (his father headed the Aeroflot representative office in Europe and was the personal pilot of the secretaries general - Brezhnev, Andropov, Chernenko and Gorbachev). The marriage gave birth to a son, Alexey, on October 20, 1995.
Tereshkova was against her daughter’s marriage to Igor Mayorov. During seven years of marriage, Igor never saw his mother-in-law. And Valentina Vladimirovna did not see her first grandson Alexei until she was five years old - until Elena divorced her first husband.
Elena - daughter of Valentina Tereshkova
The second husband is pilot Andrei Yuryevich Rodionov. We met when he came to her for a medical appointment. At that time, they were both married, Andrei also had a child (daughter). However, they filed for divorce and started a family. The marriage gave birth to a son, Andrei, on June 18, 2004.
Rodionov managed to establish relations with famous mother-in-law, she gave new family daughter a luxurious apartment on Granatny Lane, and communicates with her grandchildren. At the same time, Elena herself followed in her mother’s footsteps: she forbade ex-husband Igor Mayorov to see his eldest son. Mayorov had to seek the right to communicate with the boy through the court.
Valentina Tereshkova with her daughter, son-in-law Andrei Rodionov and grandchildren
In 2004, Valentina Tereshkova underwent complex heart surgery, which prevented a heart attack.
Is honorary citizen cities: Kaluga, Yaroslavl (Russia), Karaganda, Baikonur (until 1995 - Leninsk, Kazakhstan, 1977), Gyumri (until 1990 - Leninakan, Armenia, 1965), Vitebsk (Belarus, 1975), Montreux and Drancy (France), Montgomery (Great Britain), Polizzi-Generosa (Italy), Darkhan (Mongolia, 1965), Sofia, Burgas, Petrich, Stara Zagora, Pleven, Varna (Bulgaria, 1963), Bratislava (Slovakia, 1963).
In 1983, a commemorative coin with the image of V. Tereshkova was issued - it became the only Soviet citizen, whose portrait was placed on a Soviet coin during his lifetime.
The following are named after Tereshkova:
crater on the Moon;
- minor planet 1671 Chaika (according to its call sign - “Chaika”);
- streets in different cities, including Balakhna, Balashikha, Vitebsk, Vladivostok, Dankovo, Dzerzhinsk, Donetsk, Irkutsk, Ishimbay, Kemerovo, Klin, Korolev, Kostroma, Krasnoyarsk, Lipetsk, Mineralnye Vody, Mytishchi, Nizhny Novgorod, Nikolaev, Novosibirsk, Novocheboksarsk, Orenburg, Penza, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Ulan-Ude, Ulyanovsk, Yaroslavl, avenue in Gudermes, square in Tver, embankment in Evpatoria;
- schools in Yaroslavl (where she studied), in Novocheboksarsk, in Karaganda and in the city of Esik (Almaty region);
- Sports and fitness center in the city of Kursk (Solyanka tract, 16);
- Children's sports center for recreation and recreation of children and adolescents in the Kaliningrad region (45 km from Kaliningrad);
- the Cosmos Museum (not far from her village) and the planetarium in Yaroslavl.
Monument to Valentina Tereshkova in the Bayevsky district of the Altai Territory, not far from the landing site of the first female cosmonaut. Also, a monument to Tereshkova stands on the Alley of Cosmonauts in Moscow. One of the monuments was erected in the city of Lvov, but in Ukraine they propose to demolish it within the framework of the law on the so-called. decommunization.
The annual city athletics relay race for the prize of V.V. Tereshkova is held in Yaroslavl. The Yaroslavl DOSAAF military-patriotic education center bears her name.
The songs are dedicated to Valentina Tereshkova: “The girl is called a seagull” (music by Alexander Dolukhanyan, lyrics by Mark Lisyansky, performer -), “Valentina” (in Moldavian, music by Dumitru Gheorghita, lyrics by Efim Krimerman, performer -).
Muslim Magomayev - The girl's name is seagull
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