Primates that are included in this order of mammals. They live in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa, and America. Only one species - magot - is found in Europe - on the rocks of Gibraltar. Zoologists divide primates into two groups (suborders): prosimians and monkeys, or great apes. We, people, also belong to the latter group, representing a family of people, one genus - man and the only kind- modern man of sense. The ancestors of all primates were ancient insectivorous animals that lived at the end Cretaceous period. Outwardly, they resembled tupaya - a representative of prosimians.
Primates: 1 - ghost tarsier; 2 - mandrill; 3 - coata; 4 - Diana monkey; 5 - bonobo pygmy chimpanzee; 6 - gorilla.
Some primates are almost dwarfs, measuring 8.5–12 cm, and our “cousins”, gorillas, reach 180 cm in height. Alone with long tails, helping to cling to branches, others have short tails, and others have no tails at all. The body of primates is covered with thick hair.
These are very active animals. Most prefer to live in trees, where they move with the agility, precision and virtuosity of first-class acrobats. Jumping from tree to tree is swift and unexpected. Small tarsiers jump 1 m, howler monkeys easily cover a distance of 4 m in the air. There are also those who prefer a terrestrial lifestyle - the squirrel-like tupai, ring-tailed lemur, baboon.
Life in the trees left its mark on the structure of the body and sensory organs of primates. They have five-fingered grasping limbs. Weak developed sense of smell compensated by good vision and hearing. The brain is highly developed, and great apes- hemispheres of the brain that provide conscious activity.
Prosimians have up to four young, sometimes twice a year. They make nests in tree hollows and other secluded places. Selected species Lemurs hibernate in the hot season.
The monkeys are especially interesting.
Monkeys are touchingly tender with their young. In the pack, “neighbors” help mothers nurse their children. Japanese macaque- cleanliness: be sure to wash food before eating. The crabeater macaque from Java, an inhabitant of mangrove swamps, catches crabs and collects shellfish, the shells of which are broken by taking a stone in his hand. In addition, he is a good swimmer. Rhesus monkeys are not inferior to him in this: he not only swims, but also dives excellently.
Other aspects of monkey behavior in nature are also interesting. Among monkeys living in herds, a leader dominates, regulating relationships among his subordinates. Sometimes just one look from him is enough - and the quarrel immediately stops. Many monkeys, such as the baboon, are brave, fearless and even engage in single combat with a leopard. Sounds, facial expressions, gestures are various signals for action and means of communication of these animals.
People are trying to better understand the world of monkeys, especially anthropoids: chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans. They are observed in captivity and in the wild.
Monkeys play a big role in human life. Macaques were the first living creatures to rise in a rocket into the stratosphere. Monkeys serve as a model replacing humans in biological experiments. The Japanese macaque became the main supplier of materials for obtaining the polio vaccine, saving hundreds of thousands of people from serious illness.
Monkeys eat fruits, flowers, buds, shoots, honey, as well as bird eggs, lizards, insects, and small birds. But they still prefer plant foods. This is necessary to know when keeping monkeys in living areas. But here's what's interesting. When a chimpanzee born in captivity was released onto an island in the middle of a lake (near Pskov), he did not touch any of the 15 species poisonous plants who grew up on the island. This means that they are able to distinguish edible plants from inedible ones well.
Primates live quite a long time. Lori, tupai - up to 7 years, saimuria - 21 years, hamadryas - 30, capuchin fawn - 40, gorilla - 50 years.
Now only 2.5 thousand orangutans and 10 thousand gorillas have survived in the wild due to excessive hunting. Therefore, most of the monkeys are taken under strict protection.
In 1927, the Sukhumi nursery was created, where up to 3 thousand monkeys were kept, some of them were released into the wild as an experiment. Experiments were also conducted on the acclimatization of monkeys near Moscow. It turned out that they not only tolerate winter well, but also reproduce well here.
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Animal primates
You think that of all the animal species, primates are the easiest to recognize. But in reality, not all primates have the same characteristics. Primates are warm-blooded mammals covered with hair or fur.
Their females feed their young with their milk, all of them are vertebrates. The order of primates includes more than 360 species of monkeys and all 80 species of lemurs, including humans.
Great apes
Higher or apes have much fewer species than the lower monkeys. The species of large great apes can be counted on the fingers of one hand. These are the gorilla, orangutan, chimpanzee and bonobo (pygmy chimpanzee).
The gorilla is the largest of all primates; the weight of a male can reach 300 kg, and the arm span is 3 meters. The lifespan of a gorilla can be 50 years, but in the wild they live up to 35 years. There are actually three subspecies of gorillas, but the most common is the western lowland gorilla. In the wild, she lives in the tropical rainforests of western equatorial Africa. Gorillas live in family groups, which include a dominant male, several adult females and adolescents with cubs. The term dominant male refers to sexually mature males with silvery fur on their backs. But silver fur can grow on the back of a subdominant adult male, so only the leader of the group is called a dominant male. Young males who are not ready to mate have dark fur on their backs. The gestation period of females lasts 36 - 37 weeks, which is only two weeks less than that of humans. Gorillas, despite their size, are peaceful, they eat various parts plants, but most of all they love fruits.
Chimpanzee
Chimpanzees and bonobos are closest to humans in DNA composition. Chimpanzees and humans share 98% of their genes. Although chimpanzees are large great apes, like gorillas, if you look closely you can see striking differences. A male chimpanzee weighs approximately 50 kg. Chimpanzees have large protruding ears, which help them hear other relatives in dense forests.
These animals are very sociable, they not only have clear voices, they also communicate through facial expressions, body language, clapping their hands, and court other members of their group. Family group A chimpanzee consists of 6 to 10 individuals, but these groups form a community, sometimes consisting of hundreds of primates. As is typical for a group of gorillas, an adult male chimpanzee can be the leader of the community, but can also share leadership with several males. This phenomenon is not observed in gorillas. Chimpanzees are omnivores, which means they eat both plant foods and meat. True, their diet consists of seeds, fruits, flowers, bark and honey, but they also hunt small animals - lower monkeys and even small antelopes.
Facial expressions
Monkeys are very expressive: they tell each other what they feel using facial expressions, gestures and other body movements. Like most other social animals, a hierarchy is established in the monkey community. The dominant individual (usually an adult male) has the right to be the first to choose food and sexual partners.
People pout; baby chimpanzees do the same. To attract attention, both cry and sometimes scream.
With his eyes wide open and his lips pressed tightly together, this chimpanzee does not frown, but threatens.
Demonstration of fear: mouth open, teeth exposed, eyebrows raised.
Bonobos
Bonobos In many ways they are similar to chimpanzees, they are similar in size. In appearance, bonobos are slimmer, and their heads and ears are smaller. If the chimpanzee's range includes tropical rainforests, lowland and montane forests of western and central Africa, then bonobos are found only in tropical forests African Congo. They differ from chimpanzees and gorillas in that their communities are ruled by females who even have sexual relations with their sons.
Orangutans are not only distinguished from other great apes by their fiery red fur, but also by the fact that they live only in the forests of the southeastern islands of Sumatra and Borneo. Orangutans do not live in packs and groups, like other great apes, they are solitary animals. Their main group simply consists of a mother and cubs. The baby orangutan has the longest childhood, remaining with its mother until it is 8 years old.
Gibbons
The small great apes include gibbons. There are 12 different types gibbons from white-handed to white-cheeked. And the smallest great ape is the siamang, whose legs are longer than the body, the throat sac swells like balloon, and the expression of the muzzle is almost human.
What do great and low apes have in common? Both types of monkeys are active during daylight hours, they have dry noses, a weak sense of smell and fingernails. As for the differences, with the exception of gibbons, the higher apes are larger than the lower apes. Great apes have arms longer than their legs, they can rotate their shoulders in all directions and they have a wide chest, no facial hair and the most noticeable difference is the absence of a tail.
The order of primates was identified back in 1758 by Linnaeus, who included humans, monkeys, prosimians, bats and sloths. Linnaeus accepted the presence of two mammary glands and a five-fingered limb as the defining characteristics of primates.
In the same century, Georges Buffon divided primates into two orders - four-armed (Quadrumana) and two-armed (Bimanus), separating humans from other primates. Only 100 years later, Thomas Huxley put an end to this division by proving that the hind limb of an ape is a leg. Since the 18th century, the composition of the taxon has changed, but back in the 20th century, slow lorises were classified as sloths, and chiropterans were excluded from the number of close relatives of primates in beginning of XXI century.
Recently, the classification of primates has undergone significant changes. Previously, suborders of prosimians (Prosimii) and anthropoid primates (Anthropoidea) were distinguished.
All representatives of the modern suborder Strepsirhini, tarsiers, and sometimes tupai (now considered as a special order) were classified as prosimians. Anthropoids became an infraorder of apes in the suborder of dry-nosed monkeys. In addition, the family Pongidae was previously recognized, which is now considered a subfamily of Ponginae in the family Hominidae.
The order Primates is currently divided into two suborders: 1. Lower primates, or prosimians. 2. Monkeys, or humanoids.
Suborder Lower Primates
Suborder Lower Primates - prosimians. These include tupai, lemurs, tarsiers, etc.
These are small animals, but there are also medium-sized ones - about the size of a dog. All prosimians have tails, often fluffy. The facial part of the skull is elongated, the sense of smell is well developed, and there are tactile hairs on the face - vibrissae. The lower teeth grow forward to form a “comb” for grooming or scraping food. All prosimians mark the territory in which they live with the odorous secretion of specific skin glands - sternum, abdominal, throat, etc., as well as urine. The brain of prosimians is small, without convolutions. Almost all of them lead night image life, except for some species of ancient lemurs. They live in groups or alone, giving birth to one or two young. All except tarsiers have immobile facial muscles, so they do not have the same facial expressions as monkeys.
Tupaia are a transitional form between insectivorous mammals and primates. In terms of the structure of the skull, forelimbs, teeth, and biochemical parameters, they are closer to primates. In Malay, tupaya means “squirrel”, they are small, live in trees and look like squirrels with a bushy tail.
Lemurs are the most typical representatives of prosimians; common in Madagascar. Ancient lemurs live in large groups. There are lemurs with bright colors; for example, the ring-tailed lemur has alternating white and black rings on its tail and white circles around its eyes. This lemur got its name from sounds similar to purring. Ring-tailed lemur- diurnal, feeds on fruits, flowers, leaves. In addition to large lemurs, there are small dwarf species, for example mouse lemur, the size of a fist, with huge eyes, it weighs 40-60 grams. These are nocturnal insect hunters.
Of all the prosimians, the closest to monkeys are the tarsiers, which live in Indonesia and the Philippines. They are the size of a rat, have huge eyes that glow in the dark, for which they are called “tarsier - ghost”. The bare tail with a tassel serves as a balancer when jumping. The facial region is not elongated, like in other prosimians, but shortened, which means that the sense of smell is underdeveloped. Tarsiers have facial muscles, and they can grimace like monkeys. The brain is relatively large, the hind limbs are longer than the front ones, and the heel bone is elongated, which is why they are called tarsiers.
Suborder Greater primates - anthropoid
All higher primates are divided into two sections - broad-nosed and narrow-nosed monkeys. The division is based on differences in the structure of the nasal septum: in broad-nosed monkeys it is wide and the nostrils point to the side, while in narrow-nosed monkeys it is narrow, with the nostrils facing down. They also differ in their habitats. All broad-nosed monkeys live in South America and are called New World monkeys; Slant-nosed monkeys live in Africa and Asia and are called Old World monkeys.
Section of broad-nosed monkeys. In the section of broad-nosed monkeys, three families are distinguished - small marmosets, callimicos and large capuchin monkeys. All marmosets and callimicos have primitive structural features - a hairy ear, a relatively simple brain, almost without convolutions, up to three young are born. Marmosets are the smallest of all primates; in addition to the marmosets themselves, these include pygmy marmosets and tamarins. All are characterized by a paired family lifestyle; only one adult female breeds in the group, while the male cares for the offspring. Callimico was isolated from the marmoset family relatively recently. In terms of the structure of the teeth, the shape of the skull, and biochemical parameters, they are similar to capuchin monkeys and occupy an intermediate position between them and marmoset monkeys.
Capuchin monkeys have a prehensile tail, the lower end of the tail is hairless, and has the same dermatoglyphic patterns as on the palms. This tail acts as an additional limb. The first finger of the hand is underdeveloped, sometimes absent, but on the foot it is well developed and contrasted with the others. The brain is quite developed, these monkeys have complex behavior and easily learn complex skills. They live in large groups. All of them are arboreal and diurnal, except for one genus of nocturnal monkeys. Like prosimians, all broad-nosed monkeys have skin glands, with the secretion of which they mark territory. Broad-nosed monkeys often form multi-species communities to better protect themselves from predators. They have well-developed acoustic (voice) communication and rich facial expressions.
Narrownose section. Monkey monkeys. They are small or medium in size, their forelimbs are equal to their hind limbs or slightly shorter. The first finger of the hand and foot is well contrasted with the rest. The fur covers the entire body, with the exception of the face, and is usually bright in color. There are ischial calluses and cheek pouches. Cheek pouches are special pockets - folds of the mucous membrane in oral cavity on both cheeks, where monkeys stuff food in reserve. In addition to ischial calluses, they have so-called “genital skin” - areas of skin that swell and turn red during ovulation, this can serve as a signal to the male that the female is ready to mate. Ischial calluses, unlike the genital skin, are vascular-free. They are comfortable when sleeping or sitting on the ground. All monkeys move on the ground and tree branches, among them there are terrestrial forms (baboons, geladas), arboreal forms (rhesus macaques, and lapunders) and purely arboreal forms (all thin-bodied monkeys, langurs, etc.). They are plantigrade, resting on their feet and hands when walking. The tail is never grasping. Some species have well-developed sexual dimorphism, that is, males are larger than females. They are all gregarious, living in forests, savannas, and on rocks. The apes include the genera of marmosets, hussars, baboons, mandrills, geladas, mangobays, macaques and the subfamilies of slender-bodied monkeys, the genera of colobus monkeys, gwerets, and langurs. A very beautiful monkey - Hanuman langur is considered sacred monkey in India, Sri Lanka and other countries. According to the epic Ramayana, the Hanuman langur saved the pious Rama and his wife. In Egypt, the hamadryas baboon is considered a sacred animal, considered the personification of the god Ra - the god of health, fertility, generosity and writing.
Family Gibbonaceae. These are small, gracefully built monkeys, their forelimbs are longer than their hind limbs, their fur is thick, their palms, soles, ears and face are bare. There are small ischial calluses. The fingers are long, the first finger is well opposed to the rest. Distributed in India, Indochina, Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, and the Malacca Peninsula. All of them are arboreal, inhabitants of the tropical forest with a characteristic method of movement - brachiation: alternately intercepting tree branches with their hands, they fly from tree to tree at a distance of up to fifteen meters. They can walk on the ground on two legs, balancing with their arms. Some gibbons exhibit sexual dimorphism in hair color, for example, male gibbons are black and females are light beige. Another feature of the gibbon is family life, while each family has its own territory and has something in common with other families. This behavior is called "singing" or "choiring" by gibbons; The initiator of singing is, as a rule, the male, then the whole family joins him. Joint-toed gibbons - siamangs - even have special throat vocal sacs - resonators to amplify sound.
The Pongid family unites Asian orangutans and African apes - chimpanzees and gorilla. All of them are distinguished by their large body sizes; the gorilla weighs up to 200 kilograms and grows up to two meters. They have a relatively short body and long limbs, no tail, shortened sacral region spine, barrel-shaped chest, broad shoulders. All are characterized by semi-upright movement along branches and the ground, relying on the knuckles of the forelimbs. They have large and complex brains, about six times larger than those of lower monkeys such as macaques. The gorilla's brain weighs 420 grams and has many convolutions. The frontal lobe is larger than that of lower apes. Like humans, apes have well-developed facial muscles, and their lips are very mobile. Chimpanzees have ischial calluses; gorillas and orangutans are rare. The hair on the back and chest is sparse, and there are no tufts of tactile hair on the face (vibrissae). The immunological and biochemical parameters of chimpanzees, gorillas and humans are very similar in blood proteins. The gestation period is the same as in humans (9 months), the baby develops very slowly, up to seven years. All of them have high intelligence and are able to use objects as tools in nature and in captivity.
Orangutans are common in Sumatra and Kalimantan and are distinguished by their massive build (males are 150 centimeters tall and weigh 100 - 200 kilograms). Females are significantly smaller than males. Kalimantan orangutans have developed cheek growths from connective tissue and fat. Hind limbs short, the front ones are long, the fingers on the hands are long, have the appearance of hooks, the first finger is shortened on the hand, and there are large guttural pouches on the neck. The skull of orangutans is long, elongated, the facial region is concave. The skull has sagittal and occipital crests. The lower jaw is massive, the teeth are large, with strongly wrinkled crowns, the fangs rarely protrude beyond the dentition. Brain volume is 300-500 cm3.
Gorilla
There are three subspecies: mountain, coastal and lowland. The lowland gorilla is common in Western equatorial Africa (Cameroon, Gabon), in the Congo River valley and near Lake Tanganyika. The male is about two meters tall, weighs up to 200 kilograms, has a massive neck and shoulders, a skull with a low forehead and a powerful supraorbital ridge. Males also have sagittal and occipital crests. Females are smaller than males. The face protrudes forward, the lower jaw is very massive.
The chimpanzee lives in tropical Africa, in the Congo and Niger river basins. Chimpanzees are shorter and thinner in build, height 150 centimeters, weight 50 kilograms, sexual demorphism in body size is less pronounced than in the gorilla and orangutan. The supraorbital ridge is also less developed, and the occipital ridge is absent. The forehead is straighter, the brain skull is rounder, the fangs are less developed, and the wrinkled crowns are also weaker than in the orangutan. The pygmy chimpanzee or bonob is a living model of early hominids, characterized by its small stature and gracefulness. Lives in Zaire.
Family Hominidae. Body height 140-190 centimeters. Females are 10-12 centimeters smaller than males. Characterized by a vertical body position and movement only on the lower limbs. The first toe loses mobility and is not opposed to the rest. Length lower limbs significantly exceeds the length of the upper ones. The development of the first finger of the hand is of great importance. The head is round, characterized by a highly developed brain part and a slightly protruding facial part. The facial section is located not in front of the brain, but below it. The foramen magnum is directed downwards. The teeth are poorly developed, almost indistinguishable from the incisors. The molars have flattened tubercles on the chewing surface, four tubercles on the upper ones, and 5 on the lower ones. The spinal column is S-shaped curved, which is associated with the vertical position of the body. The sacral and caudal vertebrae fuse into complex bones - the sacrum and coccyx. Characterized by strong development of the femur. The brain is unusually developed, especially cerebral hemispheres with grooves and convolutions. Pregnancy lasts 280 days, one child is born, less often two or three. Humans are characterized by the longest periods of child development and learning among mammals.
Problems of primate conservation
Of all orders of mammals, the threat of extinction is most real for primates. Half of all species belonging to this order are on the verge of extinction. These include all species of apes and most lemurs. Over the last thousand years, after people appeared in Madagascar, 15 species of lemurs belonging to 8 genera have disappeared there forever. And golden lion tamarins and silver gibbons could disappear forever from the face of the Earth in the next 50 years.
What is often forgotten when discussing primate conservation efforts is how beneficial these animals are to humans. In the Kibale region of Uganda, for example, monkeys disperse the seeds of about a third of the species forest trees, of which 42% play important role in the lives of the local population, providing them with fuel and furniture, food and medicine, as well as feed for livestock. If the monkeys go extinct, then these trees, and perhaps the entire forest, will disappear. And people will have to leave these places.
The two main factors behind the extinction of monkeys were habitat disturbance and hunting. People are cutting down forests, turning wilderness to agricultural land. For the period from 1981 to 1990. 8% of tropical forests were completely destroyed. Monkeys can, of course, survive both changes in living conditions and the transformation of large forest areas to isolated islands. But they need, at a minimum, food trees! It is also vital that the remaining "islands" of forest are connected by corridors that allow animal passage. Few species of monkeys, such as blue or red-tailed monkeys, tolerate human intrusion into their lives. They easily adapt to new foods in the absence of their usual food. Their small size and high fertility allow populations of these species to restore their numbers even with significant decline.
Hunting monkeys provides people with meat, skins, and organs used in traditional Eastern medicine. The monkey meat trade in Africa has become a serious threat to the populations of many species. Habitat destruction exacerbates the effects of hunting. Logging makes forests easier to access for hunters and settlers, as happened in northern Congo. The worst situation is for monkeys with a low reproduction rate. Large, conspicuous species such as gorillas and mandrills suffer greatly from hunting because they are easy to find and, due to their low reproduction rates, their populations can be easily wiped out.
Most monkey conservation programs aim to protect species in their habitats. In recent years, work in this direction has begun to bear first fruit. Local authorities are tasked with regulating hunting in order to preserve monkey populations for the long term. But for primates this is little support, since they reproduce very slowly. Other ways of protecting monkeys, for example by attracting tourists, have more prospects. Work is also being carried out to breed certain species of monkeys, which are then released into places where they were previously found, but were exterminated. However, this is a more expensive method compared to on-site conservation measures.
Primates – progressive squad placental mammals, numbering over 400 species. It includes monkeys and humans. Having ancestors living on trees in tropical forests, the way of life of most species of these animals is still associated with trees. Of the entire large group of primates, only humans populated all the continents.
For most species, their habitat is the forests of subtropical or tropical regions of Asia, African continent and continents of America. According to research by paleontologists, the ancestors of this animal arose 65,000,000 years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period. The separation from the original forms occurred even earlier - and dates back approximately 85,000,000 years.
Suborders of primates
According to established tradition, primates were divided into corresponding suborders - these are prosimians with the characteristics of the most ancient primates, as well as monkeys with anthropoid characteristics. IN modern science, the order is divided into the suborder of wet-nosed (Strepsirrhini) and dry-nosed (Haplorhini) primates - it includes tarsiers and apes.
Monkey-like animals are usually distinguished as broad-nosed (representatives of the southern and central parts of America) and narrow-nosed (inhabitants of the African continent and southeast Asia). It is generally accepted that man, or more precisely, his ancestors, is a representative of primates belonging to the suborder of the Old World - narrow-nosed monkeys.
Habitat and description of primates
Most species of animals are characterized by an arboreal habit, however, some of them (including apes and baboons), while retaining the adaptations necessary for moving through trees, live a terrestrial lifestyle. The methods of moving through trees are different - jumping between branches or from one tree to another, moving on four or two limbs, walking on the hind limbs and swinging on the front limbs.
Primates, compared to other mammals, have a larger brain relative to their body. For orientation in space special meaning plays vision, which is stereoscopic, and smell. Some species have a contrast to others thumb, there are species that have a tail that can cling to branches.
Most species have characteristic sexual differences, including weight, size of fangs and color. By developing and reaching sexual maturity at a slower rate than similarly sized mammals, primates have longer lifespans. So, depending on the type of primate, life in wildlife ranges from 5 to 50 years.
Adults, depending on the species, live in herds, groups and pairs. The body length of primates is 9 - 180 cm, weight from 45 grams to 300 kg.
Nutrition
Fruits serve as food sources for many species. In addition, eating leaves various plants and various insects, serves as a source for obtaining microelements, vitamins and minerals necessary to ensure normal life. There are primates with a narrow feeding range. For hepadas, their food is mainly grass, and s - eating insects, small vertebrates (including poisonous snakes) and crustaceans, is a predator.
They, on the contrary, have a fairly varied diet, eating from fruits and leaves to various insects and various small vertebrates (birds, squirrels and lizards), their eggs and young. Common ones hunt and eat the Red Colobus, a primate that belongs to the monkey family.
Order Primates
This order includes the most diverse appearance and lifestyle of mammals. However, they have a number of common features: a relatively large skull, the eye sockets are almost always directed forward, the thumb is opposed to the rest, and most have claws on their fingers. When moving on the ground, primates rely on their entire foot.
The brain is significantly developed, especially the large hemispheres of its anterior section, on the surface of which there are numerous grooves and convolutions. Majority leads wood image life, and therefore the organs of vision and hearing are highly developed. Primates see the same object with both eyes at the same time.
They feed on a mixed diet with a predominance of plants; many also eat small animals, such as insects. Reproduce all year round, females give birth to 1–2 cubs.
Primates are common in tropical and subtropical zones Earth. About 200 species are known.
There are two suborders in the primate order: the Lesser Primates, or Prosimians, and the Greater Apes, or Monkeys.
From the book Animal Life Volume I Mammals author Bram Alfred EdmundORDER PROBOSCEDES Page. 285, box 18Now - Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africanaPage 285, box 19 The trunk is not a continuation of the nose, but an upper lip fused with the nose. It is interesting that in zoos an elephant can easily pick up coins or buttons from the floor with its trunk. It is interesting that in order to suck the maternal
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From the book The Story of an Accident [or The Origin of Man] author Vishnyatsky Leonid Borisovich From the book Primates author Fridman Eman PetrovichEman Petrovich Friedman Primates Modern prosimians, monkeys and humans Academy of Sciences of the USSRPublishing house "Science"Moscow,
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From the book of Race. Peoples. Intelligence [Who is smarter] by Lynn RichardSuborder Prosimii, or lower primates Scheme 2 shows 6 families, 23 genera. These are lower primates, which, according to a number of characteristics, stand “on the border” between monkeys and other, in particular insectivorous, mammals. While retaining some primitive features
From the book Mammals author Sivoglazov Vladislav IvanovichSuborder Anthropoidea, or higher primates. We move on to the description of the most interesting and highly developed primates - to the top of the animal kingdom. The suborder Anthropoids includes monkeys and humans: seven families, 33 genera. This includes small, medium, and large
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From the author's bookSection narrow-nosed primates (Catarrhina) We continue the description great apes. This section includes not only the lower apes, as in the previous one, but along with one superfamily of the lower apes (Cercopitliecoidea) - also the superfamily of hominoids, or higher apes and humans
From the author's bookPrimates There are 194 species in the order of primates: humans, 70 species of monkeys in the tropical forests of the New World, 70 in the Old World, and here there are 53 species of prosimians. Primates evolved from insectivores, retaining some of their features. With every new study, science is convinced that
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From the author's bookOrder Insectivores This order includes hedgehogs, moles, and shrews. These are small animals with a small brain, the hemispheres of which do not have grooves or convolutions. The teeth are poorly differentiated. Most insectivores have an elongated muzzle with a small proboscis.
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